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"nBackground: Overactive bladder (OAB) is one of the most prevalent diseases of lower urinary system. OAB disease is defined by the Standardization Subcommittee of the International Continence Society as urinary urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia with no proven infection or other obvious pathology. Treatment with the antimuscarinic agents tolterodine and oxybutynin is the mainstay of therapy for overactive bladder. The study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and side-effects of tolterodine and oxybutynin in a number of Iranian women."n "nMethods: This study consisted of two trials and done in Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2009; in one trial, 50 patients with overactive bladder were randomized to 4 weeks of treatment with 2 mg of twice-daily tolterodine, and in the other to 5 mg of three times a day oxybutynin. Urodynamic investigations, Episodes of urge urinary incontinence and adverse events were also evaluated."n "nResults: The results showed a good association between the questionnaire and cystometry data but urodynamic studies showed significant differences in efficacy. Tow groups showed significant improvements in all Symptoms, but The results showed that the two drugs had no significant differences in efficacy."n "nConclusion: The data obtained by questionnaire indicated that both drugs increased quality of life but there were no significant differences between the two in symptom cure. Dry mouth was the most common side-effect in the two groups but unlike other studies it was higher in the tolterodine group. Therefore, our study did not show any preference between oxybutynin and tolterodine.

The purpose of this study was the utilization of different methods of tissue culture in proliferation of epithelial cells and autologous graft to cover surface areas without skin specifically, which is due to thermal burns more than 50%. In this experience we performed from rabbits and success to cover almost 24 times original donor site with autograft.

Background and Objective: Amygdalin is likely to have analgesic and metabolic effects. In this study, the effects of chronic administration of amygdalin were investigated on the pain threshold, weight and blood sugar of mice. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, formalin test was used as a chronic inflammatory model of pain. 60 mice (30-35 g) were divided into four groups (n=15) including: control and amygdalin 10, 25 and 50 mg /kgw groups. Amygdalin was solved in saline and injected intraperitoneally every day at 9-10DP. The control group received saline intraperitoneally for one week. After the last treatment, 40µl formalin (2.5%) was injected to the right hind paw of the mice and pain symptoms (frequency of collecting flinching of the back skin and licking injection site) were recorded for 60 min. Weight of the mice was measured before and after the last treatment with amygdalin. Blood glucose was also measured at the end of the experiment. Results were analyzed by using one way ANOVA and Tukey or paired t-test. Results: Intraperitoneal injection of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kgw doses of amygdalin reduced pain in male mice. In concentration of 50 mg/kg, not only the pain was completely inhibited but the animals' weight also decreased compared to pre-treatment period. Chronic injections of amygdalin had no impact on normal blood sugar levels. Conclusion: Chronic intraperitoneal injection of amygdalin increases pain threshold in mice and may also cause weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ascorbic acid (AA) is not synthesized in the brain but it is actively transported through blood-brain barrier by SVCT2 cotransporter and it is stored in high concentrations with heterogeneous distribution in areas such as nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) in the mammalian brain. Previous studies have shown that Ascorbic acid injection into AcbSh decreases feeding therefore, in the present study we evaluated the effects of oral Ascorbic acid pretreatment on changes in feeding upon its injection in AcbSh in adult male rats. Methods: Sixty-three adult male rats (220-280 g) were divided into five treatment and five pretreatment groups. The treatment groups included the control (intact) group, sham-operated Ascorbic acid group that received normal saline as vehicle, and three other groups that received different doses of ascorbic acid (10, 50 and 250 µg/rat) by injection into AcbSh for four days. The pretreatment groups received Ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) for 15 days via gastric gavage before receiving the aforementioned doses in treatment groups into intra nucleus AcbSh. Feeding measurement was repeated every 12 hours by automatic metabolic cage. Results: The results indicated that all injected doses of Ascorbic acid (10, 50 and 250 µg/rat) into nucleus accumbens shell decrease food intake (P

Pharaoh Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) is commercially important and native cephalopods in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In 2013, a total of 150 eggs of Pharaoh Cuttlefish were collected from 20 m depth in about 6 miles south of Lengeh Port and transferred to the laboratory of Mollusks Research Station in Bandar-e Lengeh. Eggs were incubated in temperature of 27.5±0.5 0C (mean ± SD) and salinity of about 37-38 ppt. After about 15±3 days (mean ± SD), eggs were hatched and the mean (±SD) of mantle length and wet weight of new hatched juveniles were 6.1±0.3 mm and 0.15±.04 g, respectively. In the first month, Artemia, Mysid and PL of L. vannamei shrimps were fed to juveniles and in second month it shifted to fish slices. After 30 days, average (±SD) mantle length and wet weight reached to 18.6±0.6 mm and 1.67±0.14 g, respectively. At the age of 60 days they reached to average (±SD) length of 32.3±4.2 mm and average (±SD) weight of 8.00±3.72 g. At the age of 120 days they reached to average (±SD) length of 74.5±11.3 mm and average (±SD) weight of 55.74±13.81 g. The sex was identified on the day of 150, and mate selecting occurred on 180th day, mating and spawning were occurred in days 208 and 210 of rearing period, respectively. Each female laid average (±SD) 185±30 eggs; and average (±SD) life spans for female and male were 212±7 and 218±20 days, respectively. Males were bigger than females and the biggest male reached to 157.9 mm in length and 367.10 g in weight. The biggest female reached to 105.1 mm in length and 227.18 g in weight. Results showed that Pharaoh Cuttlefish could easily be cultured under laboratory condition with possibility of rearing to the next generation after spawning.

In this study, Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) was used for emulsifying and sustained releasing of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).The hormone [D-Ala6,des GlylO] m GnRHa was diluted in 0.25 ml physiological saline and mixed with equal volume of FIA (GnRHa-FIA). A group of Rainbow trout brood stock were injected with GnRHa-FIA and compared with those receiving the treatment in two steps or one acute GnRHa injection. All of the fish that received GnRHa in emulsified form or in two steps injection ovulated in 10 and 11 days after injection respectively. In contrast, only 75% of the control fish and 60% of the fish with an acute injection ovulated up to 36 days after injection. Results showed that GnRHa-FIA injection as two steps injection protocol was effective in advancing the onset of ovulation, synchronizing the ovulation of treated fish relative to controlor acute GnRHa injected groups (P

In winter 1994, a mortality up to70% was observed in cultured silver Carp (H. molitrix) in one of the Khouzestan Province fish farms. Bacteriological studies were carried out on the samples obtained from kidney, liver, eroded tails and gills using Cytophaga medium resulted in isolation of filamenus gram negative bacteria. These bacteria were similar to Flavobacterium psychrophilus from point of chemical characteristics. Histological observations showed some necrosis in skin's layers, tissues or livers, kidneys and some sections of gill filaments. Review of present Literature indicate that there is no pervious report on natural occurence of Flavobacrerium psychrophilus infection in silver carp.