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Background and purpose: Metals are widely influenced in environmental pollution and disease development in humans. Since children are exposed to chemicals in the environment more than adults, risk assessment should be taken into consideration. Therefore, the investigation of the difference in children's contact levels in environments with different pollution and monitoring the concentration of metals through tissue sampling are essential for identifying and preventing such effects. Materials and methods: Teeth were collected according to the inclusion criteria from dental clinics in Sari and Tehran. The samples were completely turned into powder by a grinder and prepared using an acid dissolution process to determine the concentration of metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, the maximum, minimum, mean, median and standard deviation values of the data were calculated. The normality of the data was determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software (v. 16). Results: The average concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Al, Mn, Ba and Sr in two cities had a significant difference (P0.05). Additionally, in terms of tooth type a significant difference was observed among all these elements except Ba (P

Background: One of the factors affecting deciduous occlusion is infant feeding modes. The objective of this research was to identify and document the malocclusions that arise due to various approaches of infant feeding, and to assist in clarifying ambiguities surrounding skeletal growth complications that result from infant feeding practices.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2021 on 284 children with an age range of 4-5 years who were selected from kindergartens and preschools in Sari by cluster sampling and then systematic sampling. After obtaining written consent from the parents and recording the child's personal information in the demographic checklist, the surface of the teeth was cleaned with a sterile gauze and then examined. The relationship of deciduous molars, overjet and overbite, open bite, posterior crossbite, and the relationship of deciduous canines were recorded. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square and one-way ANOVA using SPSS software (version 22). P-values of

The anterior open bite is a multifactorial malocclusion and a challenge between orthodontists. Based on the origin, divided in two types as dental and skeletal, and appear in the anterior or posterior segments, (unilateral or bilateral). Dental open-bite in the most of patients have environmental etiologic factor such as oral habits, tongue trust, mouth breathing, large tongue. In skeletal type, excessive vertical growth of the maxilla is etiologic factor and accompany with downward-backward rotation of the mandible.Case Report:The case was a 27years woman with an anterior open bite and unilateral impacted upper canine and congenital missing of lower 2ndpremolar in the left side and retained 2ndlower deciduous molar and upper canine in the left side. She consulted for orthodontic treatment in Tehran Dental School of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in October of 2017.The Orthodontic treatment was down with MBT slot 22 system (USA. Orthoorganizer, inc) for apply extrusive force on impacted upper canine in left side with auxiliary 014 ss, segmented arch wire. loop arch wire technique with 16×22 ss rectangular continuous arch wire was used for space closing in extraction site and correction overbite. The extracted teeth were right lower 2ndpremolar and left 2nddeciduous molar and 1stpremolars in upper arch. As recommended advancement genioplasty for correction chin deficiency the patient refused it. Conclusion:In this technique we used Orthodontic treatment alone instead of Orthognathic surgery for open bite correction

Background and purpose: One of the main goals in pediatric dentistry is to maintain deciduous teeth until the permanent teeth grow. In cases where the pulp of deciduous teeth is involved, pulpectomy is needed which requires determining the correct working length of the canals and cleaning and filling their interior space using a proper filling material. The principles of successful endodontic treatment in permanent teeth are well known, but, determining the anatomy of the canal of deciduous teeth is difficult due to the resorption and deposition of hard tissue in the root canal, the shape, dimensions, and variable conditions of root apex. Therefore, in this narrative review, we investigated the accuracy of Ipex-I and Root ZX mini electronic apex locators and conventional radiography in root canal length determination in resorbed primary molars. A thorough search was conducted in Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Irandoc, SID, Magiran, and Iranmedex covering the articles published in 2000–2020. According to findings, all techniques mentioned were found to have almost similar accuracy in determining the working length in resorbed deciduous molars. However, obtaining radiography images may be difficult in children, therefore, apex locators are more preferable to the conventional method.

مقدمه: دندان­های انسان شاخص­های ارزشمندی از گنجایش فلزات در بدن هستند. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین غلظت عناصر روی و مس در انواع مختلف دندان­های شیری کودکان 12-5 ساله شهر بیرجند بود. مواد و روش ها: در تحقیق کابردی حاضر، نمونه­های دندان از کلینیک­های دندانپزشکی شهر بیرجند جمع­آوری و سپس به روش هضم اسیدی برای آنالیز آماده گردید. نمونه­های دندان با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی شعله­ای برای تعیین غلظت مس و روی آنالیز شدند. نرمال بودن داده­ها توسط آزمون Kolmogorov Smirnove مورد آزمون قرار گرفت و مقایسه بین گروه‌های دندان با استفاده از آزمون آنالیز واریانس One Way ANOVA و مقایسه بین جنس‌های مختلف، با استفاده از آزمونt-test مستقل انجام شد. سطح معنی‏داری 05/0P< در نظر گرفته شد. یافته­ ها: براساس نتایج به دست آمده از این مطالعه میانگین غلظت مس و روی در نمونه­های دندان به ترتیب برابر با 22/4±44/8 و 81/94±17/218 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. نتایج همچنین نشان می­دهد که میزان مس در دندان پسرها به طور معنی­داری بیشتر از دختر­ها بود، در حالی که از نظر میزان روی اختلاف معنی­داری بین دندان پسرها و دختر­ها یافت نگردید. غلظت عناصر روی و مس وابسته به نوع دندان متغیر بود. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که دندان‏ها شاخص­های زیستی ارزشمندی هستند. تمام نمونه­ها غلظت روی بالای 90 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم داشتند که نشان دهنده این است که بچه­ها مصرف روی کافی داشته­اند. همچنین دندان پیش بیشترین ظرفیت تجمع فلز مس را از دیگر انواع دندان­ها داشت. ------------------------------------------------------ # مولف ‏مسؤول، نشانی: بیرجند، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بیرجند، تلفن: 09186145701 E-mail: khadijeh_pashmi@yahoo.com

Background and Aim: Lead and cadmium are as main environment pollutants, and even in low concentrations have harmful effects on human health. Baby teeth are efficient indicators of environmental exposure of children to heavy metals. The aim of the present study is to determine the concentration of lead and cadmium in deciduous teeth of 5-12 year old girls and boys in Birjand in 2010. Materials and Methods: In this applied research, teeth samples of children were collected from different clinics of Birjand. The samples were prepared by means of acidolysis method and metal levels were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data analysis was conducted thanks to SPSS software (version 16) and P

AbstractIntroduction: Stainless steel crown (SSC) is an extremely durable restoration with several clear-cut indications for use in primary teeth, including restoration after pulpotomy/pulpectomy, restoration of teeth with developmental defects, and large carious lesions involving multiple surfaces. The aim of this review article was to assess the efficacy of SSCs for the restoration of primary molars compared to other restorative materials.Review Report: Medline and ISI Web of Science were searched for scientific papers based on the use of SSCs in order to compare the efficacy and longevity of SSCs compared to other restorative materials from 1950 to 2010. Inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in English and human studies.Results: Children with extensive decay, large lesions or multiple-surface lesions in primary molars have been treated with stainless steel crowns. Because of protection from future decay provided by their full-coverage feature and their increased durability and longevity, SSCs should be particularly considered in children who are treated under general anesthesia.Conclusion: The majority of clinical trials have recommended the use of SSCs in the restoration of primary molars due to successful treatment results and their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Key words: Deciduous tooth, Efficacy, Molar, Tooth crown.

Introduction & Objective: Based on the carried out studies, the prevalence of dental caries in preschool children is high and ranges from 31.64 to 83.7 percents in Iran. The dmft criterion is not able to compute the impact of neighboring teeth on caries status of a tooth in deciduous teeth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the above issue in a sample of 3-5 years old children in Tehran during 2008-2009. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a group of 400, 3–5 years old children who lived in Tehran and referred to Pediatric Dentistry Department of the Dentistry Faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, for treatment of their deciduous teeth were investigated The demographic variables and mouth health cares data were collected by a questionnaire and the caries status of deciduous teeth were diagnosed by standard methods. The caries statuses were considered as spatially correlated binary data. The auto logistic regression model was implemented for inspecting the association of a tooth and its neighboring teeth which consists of two adjacent teeth and the opponent tooth. The effects of factors were tested using z-score. Results: The fitted model and the computed criteria showed that there was a strong dependency between caries statuses of a tooth and its three neighbors (including the two adjacent and the vertically opponent teeth) (p=0.0001). Also the effect of spatial auto covariate which is equivalent to the sum of statuses of nearest neighbors of a tooth is highly significant. Furthermore, the effects of local variables such as jaw and posterior-anterior positions were also highly significant (p=0.0001). Conclusions: In deciduous teeth, the three nearest neighbors have a high effect on a tooth. As a result, the teeth in maxilla and posterior locations are decayed sooner than the other ones. These findings may be considered in preventive programs of health of mouth and tooth in children.

Introduction: Radicular and Residual cysts are by far the most common cystic lesions in the jaws which consist 50-75% of all oral cystic lesions. Radicular cysts have been considered rare in the primary dentition. It has been suggested that pathogenesis of radicular cysts in primary and permanent dentition could be different; although caries and pulp infection still are the most important of all. After extracting or shedding of the causative tooth, the cyst remains in jaws and from now on is considered a residual cyst.Case Report: A 12 year old female patient came to our clinic because of a painless swelling in the lower back region of her left jaw. According to surgical and microscopic findings, the lesion was diagnosed a radicular cyst associated with her 2nd deciduous molar which has had a pulp treatment. The cyst was enucleated.Conclusion: Although radicular cysts in deciduous dentition is considered to be rare, but it has been seen in primary molars treated endodontically which could be due to remaining of infection in inaccessible parts of root apex or periapical irritation with formocresol containing materials used in root canal filling. Assuming that the pathogenesis of radicular cysts is identical in primary and permanent dentition, the low frequency in the former is yet to be clarified.Key words: Deciduous tooth, pulp treatment, Radicular cyst, Residual cyst

Background and Aims: The exfoliated human deciduous tooth contains multipotent stem cells [Stem Cell from Human Exfoliated Deciduous tooth (SHED)] that identified to be a population of highly proliferative and clonogenic. These cells are capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types including osteoblast/osteocyte, adiopcyte, chondrocyte and neural cell. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differentiation of SHED to osteoblast in standard osteogenic medium and comparing the results with medium which supplemented with glucosamine in form of chitosan. Materials and Methods: Dental pulp cells were isolated from freshly extracted primary teeth, digested with 4 mg/ml collogenase/dispase, and grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 10 percent fetal bovine serum. The clonogenic potential of cells was performed after 3 weeks of culture. Flowcytometric analysis, performed at day 21 of culture to identify surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells. The cells from 3rd passage were used for osteogenic differentiation in routine osteoinductive medium. Chitosan (10 μg/ml) was added to the culture medium of case group. Alizarin Red Staining and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity were done to evaluate osteogenic differentiation in the developing adherent layer on the third passage. The results were analyzed using T-test. For the analysis of normal distribution of data, non-parametric Kolmogrov-Smirnov test was used. Results: The colonogenic efficiency was more than 80%. Flowcytometric analysis showed that the expression of mesenchymal stem cell marker CD90, CD105 and CD146 were positive in SHED, while hematopoietic cell marker CD34, CD45 and endothelial cell marker CD31 were negative. Quantitative analysis of Alizarin Red Staining demonstrated that: mineralized nodule formation was higher in the group supplemented with glucosamine (chitosan). Results from Alkaline Phosphatase activity test, on day 21, demonstrated a significantly higher ALP activity in the group supplemented chitosan (P<0.001). Conclusion: Stem cells isolated and cultured from exfoliated deciduous teeth pulp can be differentiated to osteoblast. Addition of chitosan can be beneficial to promote osteogenic differentiation of these cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human teeth are valuable indicators of the capacity of metals in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of zinc and copper in different teeth types in 5-12 year old children population living in the city of Birjand. Materials & Methods: Teeth samples were collected from dental clinics and prepared for analysis using acid digestion. Samples were analyzed for Zn and Cu concentrations by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Kolmogorov Smirnov was used for normal data, One Way ANOVA was used for comparison among teeth groups and t-test for comparison between sexes (P<0.05). Results: Based on the results of this study, the mean concentrations of copper and zinc in tooth samples were 8.44±4.22 mg/kg and 218.14±94.81 mg/kg, respectively. The results also showed that copper levels were significantly higher in the teeth of boys compared to that of girls, while a significant difference in zinc level between the teeth of the boys and girls was not found. The concentrations of copper and zinc were statistically different depending on the type of teeth. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that teeth are valuable bio- indicators. All samples had a zinc concentration up 90 mg/kg, indicating that children consumed sufficient zinc. Also, incisor teeth had the highest content of copper compared to the other teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]