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Introduction: The shift in traditional family roles has led to a complex understanding of power within the family, and couple interactions have undergone significant changes. Given the lack of knowledge in this field and its culturally oriented nature, this research was conducted to elucidate the concept of power perception in Iranian couples' marital relationships and present a theoretical model. Method: This qualitative study used data-based analysis among Iranian couples in 2022. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews (in pairs and individually) with 11 couples until data saturation was reached. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 20 software. Results: This research identified 18 secondary themes, 10 main themes, and one central category consistent across both study groups. The constitutive and effective concepts on the perception of power in couples included personal sufficiency, causal attitudes, dos and don'ts, personality and demographic characteristics, growth and unconscious conflicts, and subsequent strategies of perceived power. Ultimately, improving the quality of life and confusion in marital relations were two categories obtained within the framework of the consequences of power perception. Additionally, the central category of situational power-attachment fusion was identified. Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrated the significant impact of power perception on couples' quality of life. Given that this issue encompasses culture and society, educational measures in power perception in marital relationships are paramount and warrant further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: Immigrants are more susceptible to somatic symptom disorder because they often experience a series of traumatic and stressful events in their pre- and post-immigration lives. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and the severity of somatic symptoms in Iranian immigrants living in Germany. Methods: This correlational and cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to explore the association between demographic characteristics and the severity of somatic symptoms of Iranian immigrants living in Germany in the summer of 2023. A total of 253 Iranian immigrants in Germany participated in this research, providing their responses via an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of two parts of demographic information (including age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, proficiency in English and German, immigration ways, and length of stay) and a 15-item somatic symptoms questionnaire of the Patient Health Questionnaire by Spitzer et al. (1999). The collected data were subsequently analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) using descriptive statistics and stepwise regression. Results: The participants included 155 women and 98 men, with an average age of 35.15 and a standard deviation of 6.95. The average somatic symptoms in the groups of women (8.97), divorced people (10.9), diploma education and less (9.33), unemployed people (9.39), English language proficiency at the basic level (9.75) and German (9.96), migration through asylum (9.91), and six months stay (8.89) were higher than other groups. The regression model in five steps identified the variables of German language proficiency, gender, English language proficiency, migration ways, and marital status to predict the severity of somatic symptoms. The multiple correlation coefficient was 0.63, and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.40, which indicates that demographic characteristics can explain 40% of the changes in somatic symptoms of immigrants. Conclusion: It is essential to pay attention to the demographic characteristics of individuals in researching and treatment of somatic symptoms. Considering the individual-social background and the current situation of the immigrant will be the basis for better guidance in healthcare services.

Background and Aim: Better and higher adaptation of students to the college environment can have a significant impact on the academic performance of individuals and ultimately their academic progress. The purpose of this research is to investigate the personality traits that affect the academic adjustment of dental students in Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences in 2021-2022. Material and Methods: This descriptive research was conducted on randomly selected students. Two questionnaires were used: 1: Anderson academic adjustment 2: HEXACO 6-factor model. The questionnaires also contained demographic information such as (age, sex, year of education, marital status). Kruskal-Wallis test was used to investigate the relationship between academic adjustment and subgroups of personality traits, and the role of variable factors was determined by regression analysis. All calculations were done using SPSS software version 26. Results: The average academic adjustment score among 250 participating students was 34.3 ± 2.582. The average score of honesty-humility, excitability, extroversion, pleasantness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness personality traits were obtained as 11.97, 10.19, 13.49, 10.40, 13.55, and 13.85 respectively. There was a positive and significant relationship between personality subgroups, extroversion and conscientiousness with compatibility, and between personality subgroups, excitability and agreeableness, there was an inverse and significant relationship with compatibility (p<0.05). Conclusion: It seems, status of academic adjustment for dental students of Tehran Islamic Azad University was suitable Extraverted and dutiful had more academic adjustment and excited and negotiable ones had less adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying and exploiting existing opportunities is the basis for creating and promoting employee creativity and requires appropriate prerequisites. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of leadership styles on the innovation climate and its impact on employee creativity with the moderating role of creative self-efficacy and the mediating role of trust and personal identity of the General Directorate of Information Technology of the Tax Administration. This is an applied and descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population includes managers and employees of the General Department of Information Technology of the Tax Administration, from which 138 were selected by simple random sampling. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. To test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was performed with the partial least squares approach using Smart PLS software. All hypotheses were confirmed except the hypotheses related to trust and creative self-efficacy. Also, by using transformational and interactive leadership styles as well as identifying employees, innovation can be created in the organization and thus employee creativity indicators will be improved [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Construction industries have a complex nature, so they have a high rate of occupational accidents. Construction workers are known as one of the most stressful jobs. In addition to the mental health of employees, occupational stress also has a negative effect on the safety of the workplace. The present study investigates occupational accidents and job stress in a construction company and its relationship with the demographic characteristics of employees. Materials and Methods: In the present study, occupational accident reports in a construction company were examined. After removing the incomplete reports, the information on 100 accidents such as the type of accident, the cause of the accident, the consequence of the accident, and the person who experienced the accident was collected. After collecting the accident data, the job stress of the injured employee was checked using the Osipow Job Stress Questionnaire. Data analysis was done in SPSS-24 software. Results: The results showed that slipping and falling from a height had the highest frequency (41%), and electrocution had the lowest frequency (8%) among the accidents. The majority of the injured employees (96%) were placed in the moderate to severe stress group. No significant relationship was found between occupational accidents and demographic variables (P>0.05). Also, a positive and significant relationship was found between job experience and job stress (P

Background and objectives: Mental health as one of the dimensions of health is especially important in middle-aged women. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to mental health based on social cognitive theory in middleaged women referring to the comprehensive health service centers in 2019. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 438 middle-aged women referring to three comprehensive health service centers by random sampling in 2019. The questionnaire used consisted of three sections: demographic characteristics, mental health and the structure of social cognitive theory. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 18 software using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Results: The structures of self-efficacy (p-value < 0/001, β = -0/62), social support (p-value = 0/002, β=-0/12) and self-control (p-value=0/001, β = -0/17) showed a significant and inverse relationship with mental health. According to the results, social cognitive theory constructs were able to significantly explain the mental health of the studied women and predict 61% of their mental health changes. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, self-efficacy and social support were the main determinants of mental health in middle-aged women, therefore, in planning interventions to improve the mental health of this group, more emphasis can be placed on strategies to improve the aforementioned structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction With the advancement of technology and health and medical sciences, the population of the elderly is increasing all over the world, in such a way that the population of people aged sixty years or more is estimated to reach 2.03 billion by 2050 (Nations, 2015; Zhao & Chung, 2017). The elderly are among the valuable capitals of any country and a symbol of the development of societies. As a result, understanding the needs of this part of the society and planning to meet their needs can improve their quality of life and life expectancy (Moghimi & Momeni, 2019). In most epidemiological studies, the factors affecting the health of the elderly have been studied, one of which is satisfaction with their place of residence, with a great impact on the performance and well-being of the elderly (Balfour & Kaplan, 2002). Satisfaction with the place of residence is an important issue in environmental psychology because it is one of the most prominent environments in human experience, especially for the elderly; For those with physical and financial limitations, their homes and places of residence often make up the focus of their daily lives, which makes it very important to understand and identify the factors affecting satisfaction with the place of residence (Rioux & Werner, 2011). Satisfaction with the place of residence is a factor with great impacts on the health, performance, well-being, and quality of life of the elderly. In Iran, however, there have not been enough studies in the field of environment and aging. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the level of satisfaction with the place of residence and the relevant factors in the elderly in the city of Sanandaj, Iran. Theoretical Framework In the present study, the theoretical framework of Rioux and Warner’s research was used. This framework includes two parts of satisfaction levels: residence and predictive factors. The examined levels of satisfaction with the place of residence included the assessment of the dimensions of the neighborhood (beauty, safety, etc.), access to services and shopping centers (transportation and conditions of sidewalks), social relations with neighbors (mutual, positive respect and respect for privacy, and internal features of the house (desirability, comfort of accommodation, absence of coercion, etc.). The investigated predictive factors included the convenience of the physical environment (properties of the residence, distance from shopping centers, and distance from green spaces), social environment (meetings, visits, and transition in the neighborhood), self-perceived well-being (self-perceived health, self-perceived economic status, etc.), and demographic characteristics (age, gender, household size, etc.) have been investigated (Rioux & Werner, 2011). Methodology The present research is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study that was performed on 280 older people in the city of Sanandaj, Iran in 2021. The population included all the residents of Sanandaj aged 60 years or older. In this study, the multistage cluster sampling method was used. The data were collected using a questionnaire measuring satisfaction with the place of residence, and the SPSS software version 24.0 was used to analyze the data. Results and Discussion The mean age of the older adults in the present study was 68.34 with a standard deviation of 7.26, and 55% of the participants were men. The mean score of satisfaction with the place of residence in this study was 3.65 with a standard deviation of 0.54, the lowest mean score pertained to the quality of the surrounding environment (mean = 3.51, sd = 0.90), and the highest mean concerned the facilities (mean = 3.85, sd = 0.78). Significant relationships were found between satisfaction with the place of residence and the following according to the results of bivariate analysis: gender (t = 2.47, p < 0.01), marital status (t = 4.52, p < 0.001), academic degree (f = 22.62, p < 0.001), employment status (f = 10.96, p < 0.001), economic status (f = 60.81, p < 0.001), length of stay in the neighborhood (r = -0.29, p < 0.001), general well-being (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), economic well-being (f = 60.10, p < 0.001), and self-perceived health status (f = 32.58, p < 0.001). According to the multilinear regression model, controlling the simultaneous effects of the predictor variables demonstrated that the participants with better general well-being, economic well-being, and health status were more satisfied with their places of residence. Moreover, the elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence than those who lived in houses. Overall, the regression model explained 59% of the changes in satisfaction with the place of residence among the participants. Conclusion According to the results, there was a significant relationship between satisfaction with the place of residence and wellbeing (general well-being, self-perceived health, and financial well-being). These results are in line with those of Rioux’s study. The elderly who considered themselves more active and healthier reported the highest satisfaction with their places of residence, because the more capable and active people are, the more easily they can match and adapt themselves to their residential conditions and places of living (Rioux & Werner, 2011) The results of the present study also demonstrated that the elderly who lived in apartments were more satisfied with their places of residence than those who lived in houses. In James’s study, however, different and even contradictory results have been expressed. In some of the studies mentioned in this research, dissatisfaction has been reported with life in apartments because of overcrowded buildings; dissatisfaction has been stated with houses, on the other hand, as the residents may be far from each other in terms of location, leaving the residents less capable of establishing social connections (James, 2008). The results of this research also indicated that there is moderate satisfaction with the residence among the elderly. The findings can help policy-makers in the field of housing and urban planning to pay attention to the level of satisfaction of the elderly and their health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Children with learning disabilities do not have problems with intelligence and motivation and are not lazy or deaf and dumb. In fact, most of them are as smart as others and are healthy in terms of brain, but this difference affects the way they receive and process information (4). Researches have mentioned three factors of children's characteristics, family aspects and social environment as the main and influential factors in the occurrence of children's disabilities (5). Therefore, methods that can simultaneously affect more aspects of these factors will have more and more stable therapeutic effects. Play therapy is one of these lasting and effective methods (6). Among the new methods of play therapy that are used for children with behavioral or functional problems are therapy and philial therapy. The results of various researches support the effectiveness of therapy on depression (8), anxiety (9) and behavioral problems (7) in children. In fact, this approach is a combination of interpersonal theories of human development, such as object relations theory, Balbi and Inworth's attachment theory (10). On the other hand, filial therapy, as a play therapy method, is a structured and direct theory for working with parents and children (11). Filial therapy is designed as a treatment program for children with emotional problems. In this intervention approach, children play with their caregivers and find out that they are lovable and important (12). These methods simultaneously affect the family environment, the quality of the parent-child relationship, and the psychological characteristics of children, this multifacetedness highlights the therapeutic importance of this method. One of the psychological characteristics in children that may help students with learning disorders or deepen their problems when facing stressors is coping behaviors. Coping behaviors or skills refer to cognitions that control stressful situations and become more specific along with the growth of children and adolescents (14). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of play therapy in two ways, therapeutic and filial, on students' coping behaviors or not? Methods: The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-testpost-test-follow-up plan with a control group. For this purpose, the statistical population of the present study includes 183 male and female students with learning disabilities in Isfahan city, 54 students (30 boys and 24 girls) with learning disabilities without mental disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, and obvious physical and sensory motor disorders with mothers without obvious clinical symptoms. They were selected as available for cooperation. Then they were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (18 people in each group). In the previous stages, immediately after and 2 months follow-up, they completed the Hernandez (2008) Coping Behavior Questionnaire. Also, to check and diagnose the learning disorder, the clinical interview was used based on the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5, which was conducted by a child psychiatry specialist. And the teenager took place. In the following, the Terapoly play therapy group gave its program based on the guide of Booth and Jerenberg (2019) to the first experimental group of 10 one-hour sessions (once a week for 10 weeks) and the filial therapy group gave its program based on the guide of Brighton et al. (2006). and Kalam et al. (2013) conducted 10 one-hour sessions (once a week for 10 weeks) to the second experimental group. Finally, the data were analyzed using software version 26 and using the multivariate analysis of covariance method. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of all three components of coping behaviors, including deviation from the problem, coping with the problem, and destructive coping, had a significant difference over time. Table 3 shows the results of intersubject analysis. Based on this table, the average scores for the dimension of deviation from the problem (F = 8.98 and P = 0.001), the dimension of coping with the problem (F = 6.91 and P = 0.002) and the dimension of destructive coping (42 F=83 and P=0.001) were obtained, which indicates that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The results showed that filial therapy and therapy play therapy has been effective in improving the coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities. Also, based on the results of Table 4, there was no significant difference between the average of all three components of coping behaviors in the two experimental groups in the post-test phase (P<0.001), which shows that both methods equally affect the components of deviation from the problem and coping with the problem. and destructive coping have been effective. The results of the Bonferroni test in Table 5 show that the average scores of the components of deviation from the problem, coping with the problem, and destructive coping in the post-test and follow-up stages are significantly different from the pre-test stage, but there was no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. It indicates that the average scores in the post-test and follow-up stage have changed compared to the pre-test stage and managed to maintain this change. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that therapy and filial therapy methods are effective in improving coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities. In explaining this finding, it can be said that both therapy and filial therapy methods have been able to leave a positive impact on the improvement of dimensions related to the coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities with a different structure (19). Because Teraplay is a type of short-term interactive play therapy that focuses on attachment-based games in the form of active games to create better relationships between parents and children. The therapist takes more responsibility for the progress of play sessions, as characterized by more attachment, empathic behavior, interactive play, interpersonal eye and body contact (24). Thus, in the present study, both parents and therapists helped the children in the test groups to strengthen their self-esteem and sense of competence and self-efficacy by providing playful challenges. Challenges caused frustration for children who learned how to face challenges and stress with the help of play (25). On the other hand, the emotional release capability of play is another explanation for the effect of parent-child play therapy, which helps children externalize their emotions in a completely safe and comfortable manner, and finally, these capabilities, when used in the context of parent-child play therapy are used to help not only children, but also mothers who have been placed in the role of coach and play therapist during play therapy to help their children get rid of the stresses and pressures of everyday life (16). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hospitals have conflicts because of their complex nature, so they need managers with high emotional intelligence for effective conflict management. There are contradictory results in the correlations between demographic characteristics, emotional intelligence and conflict management; therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the correlation between them in different managerial levels of the hospitals. Material & Methods: This analytical observational study was conducted on 100 senior and middle level managers (samples) of 8 selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. We used a three-part questionnaire: Demographic characteristics, Emotional intelligence and Conflict management strategies, to collect data. SPSS 20 and statistical correlation tests including Pearson, t-test and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. Findings: There was a significant direct relationship between the mean score of emotional intelligence and its domains with problem-solving strategy (P

Background and Objective: COVID-19 is a contagious respiratory infection. Due to the resistance of new virus variants to existing vaccines, the best way is to adopt preventive behaviors. But most people don’t follow them. Understanding the factors affecting people’s decision making in adherence to behaviors is essential. Constructs of models can be effective in predicting behavior. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the Predictive factors of adopting COVID-19 Preventive behaviors by using the health belief model. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted by cross-sectional method in 1400 among 500 Urmia citizens who were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by using a researcher- made questionnaire with four sections including demographic variables, items of knowledge, constructs of health belief model and COVID-19 Preventive behaviors. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression in SPSS software. Results: The mean and standard deviation of preventive behaviors was 22.37 ± 3.22. It was also shown that among the constructs of the HBM, self-efficacy, knowledge, cues to action, benefits, and barriers were predictors of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Overall, these variables, along with demographic characteristics could predict 47% of behavioral changes. Conclusion: In designing educational interventions, special emphasis should be placed on the self-efficacy construct as the most important predictor of adopting COVID-19 preventive behaviors among citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: A Pap smear test is one of the most effective procedures utilized for cervi cal cancer (CC) screening purposes. Nevertheless, many women do not like to do such a test. The present study aimed to monitor the impact of an educational intervention developed based on the expanded Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) on CC screening behavior. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experiment was conducted on 200 women referred to Karaj health centers, Iran. The participants were randomized into experimental and control groups. The data was collected by a Standardized questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the constructs of the PMT, and a self-administered Emotional Social- Support questionnaire (ESS). They filled the questionnaire before, after, and at 6-months follow-up. Eight educational sessions based on the model were held for the experimental group via lecture, group discussions and role play. The data were analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 24) and repeated measures ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results: In the pre- intervention and post-intervention stages, the mean score of perceived susceptibility from 8.07±3.28 to 11.83±1.99, perceived severity from 12.64±3.46 to 15.19± 2.85, response efficacy from 12.66±5.37 to 16.06±3.6, self-efficacy from 25.94±5.38 to 29.68±4.68, emotional social support from 27.01±7.16 to 31.46±5.76 and intention from 11.01±2.14 to 13.42±1.65 increased and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean score of fear from 10.37±2.29 to 5.54±2.76 and response cost from 6.62±2.13 to 3.97 ±1.69 decreased and that was statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in the control group. Besides, the Pap smear test was increased after the educational intervention in the post-test and follow-up in the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, PMT and ESS can be used as a framework for designing educational programs to promote CC screening behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: "The dynamics of a city as a living being" depends on vitality and hilarity. Creating and promoting vitality in an urban space requires that the characteristics of the space meet the needs of citizens as this can increase their continued presence and life qualities. Purpose: Urban parks as one of the important elements of public spaces play an important role in providing citizens' leisure times. The existence of vitality in these spaces causes attraction of more population and promotes social interactions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the vitality situation in Ata Coastal Park in Miandoab. Method: This research was done from the perspective of purpose in terms of nature and based on a descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected using a documentary and field method. Results: Analysis of vitality indices in the coastal park of Miandoab indicated the average status of this park in terms of urban vitality indices. According to the findings of this study, the criteria of perceptual-sensory and social interactions played an important role in the vitality and happiness of the citizens of Miandoab in Ata Park. Such features caused formation of a significant and positive relationship between the visitors’ demographic characteristics and the park vitality. However, there was considerable dissatisfaction with the quantity and quality of recreational facilities, as well as the safety of sports facilities and the park space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant life-threatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with peoplechr('39')s cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns. Results: The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of womenchr('39')s self-care was higher than men (P

Introduction & objectives: Aging is a period of life that is affected by the deprivation of social activities, lifestyle, and life satisfaction. Social capital plays a key role in the social, economic and health dimensions of individuals. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between social capital and demographic characteristics of the elderly who referred to the houses in the neighborhoods of Tehran in 2018. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Elderly people aged 60 years and older referring to the neighborhoods of Tehran were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. Data collection tools included the Demographic Information Questionnaire and the Onyx Social Capital Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using spss-21 software and both descriptive and inferential statistics. The significance level of the test was considered p≤0. 05. Results: The mean score of the elderlychr('39')s social capital was 80/15 ± 14.89. Although the score of womenchr('39')s social capital (81.86) was higher than men. There was no significant statistical relationship between the numerical indicators of social capital and gender. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that a significant percentage of the elderly have the desired social capital. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to promote the health of the elderly referring to the neighborhood houses with respect to positive aspects of "social capital" and realize of the concept of "healthy and active aging.

Introduction and purpose: Occupational hazards in the workplace cause serious injuries to workers and create many problems for them. The assessment of workerschr('39') safety attitudes and implementation of codified safety training can reduce accidents, unsafe practices, human errors, and costs. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the demographic characteristics of individuals and the safety attitude towards work in the workers of a dairy company. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on all 168 employees working in a dairy companychr('39')s production line. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire, and the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21). Results: As evidenced by the obtained results, most workers had a positive attitude toward safety (6.7±80.18). There was a significant relationship between the number of occupational accidents and the level of workerschr('39') safety attitude (P=0.01). Moreover, the results pointed to the significant relationship between the number of occupational accidents and the work experience of workers (P=0.004) and the number of occupational accidents and job satisfaction (P=0.044). Conclusion: The assessment of safety attitudes and its dimensions can be of great help to identify those areas of training that require more attention and better design. Prioritizing safety and improving workerschr('39') safety attitudes can reduce occupational accidents in the industry.

In this study, besides investigating the efficacy of Social - Cultural Factors on organizational health, the role of valuation as a mediating variable are studied. Because recognizing the relationship among these variables is considered essential in order to survive in the turbulent world today. The present applied research is descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population includes managers and employees of selected organizations in Maragheh and Zanjan. The statistical sample size determined as 443 subjects using Cochran's formula and the questionnaires were distributed among samples using stratified random sampling. structural equation modeling of SPSS20 and PLS software were used to test the hypotheses. Results show that Social - Cultural Factors affects organizational health with severity (0.19) and it affects organizational health with mediating role of valuation with severity (0.66). Also, the Islamic Development Organization allocated the highest mean score of Social - Cultural Factors (4/39) the organizational health score (3/64), and The Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs (3/47).

Aim and Background: Children's cancer is a special bio-psychological status that challenges the perceived social support and locus of control of mothers with different educational levels and affects their psychological adjustment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the direct and indirect role of education, with the mediating role of locus of control and perceived social support, on psychological adjustment of mothers of children with cancer. Methods and Materials: This research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with cancer who referred to the clinics of pediatricians of Mashhad. The sample size of 220 people was selected using targeted sampling method. Data were collected using psychological adjustment to illness scale, Rotter locus of control, multidimensional perceived social support, and demographic characteristics. Findings: According to the results of this study, the increase in education directly and indirectly through increased perceived social support reduced maladjustment (P

Introduction: Aging is associated with several health threats, including poor sleep quality which is one of the most common problems among elderly people. Sleep problems are prevalent in hospitalized elderly patients, out of which one can name having trouble falling asleep or waking up frequently during the night. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sleep quality of elderly patients with coronary artery disease admitted to Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2018. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly people with coronary artery disease. The sampling was performed using a continuous method. After data collection, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 25). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethics code: IR.IUMS.REC.1397.800 Findings: The mean±SD age of the elderly was 68.87±7.83 years. Regarding the sleep quality, the majority of the elderly (75.5%) had poor sleep quality. Moreover, sleep quality had no significant correlation with age, gender, marital status, educational level, and occupational status. Discussions & Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the sleep quality of the majority of the elderly was poor. Moreover, sleep quality was not significantly correlated with demographic characteristics. Therefore, health policy makers should consider necessary interventions in education regarding the importance of sleeping for the elderly and their families.

Objective (s): Caring for elderly with Alzheimer can lead to the development or exacerbation of many physical and psychological problems for caregivers. The purpose of this study was to assess the anxiety and depression in caregivers of elderly with Alzheimer. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 315 caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The mean and standard deviation of caregivers’ anxiety was 12.61± 10.48 which was significantly higher in women than men (p = 0.004). The mean and standard deviation of caregivers’ depression was 13.23 ± 9.52 which was significantly higher in women than men (p = 0.001). The results of t-test and one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between total anxiety score by gender, caregiver-to-elderly ratio, health status and caregivers’ income status (p = 0.001). There was also a significant difference between the overall score of depression and marital status, gender, income and caregivers health status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study showed that Alzheimerchr('39')s caregivers experience mild to moderate levels of anxiety and depression. The findings suggest strategic planning to increase social support among Alzheimerchr('39')s caregivers is essential.

Introduction: Hospitals have conflicts because of their complex nature, so they need managers with high emotional intelligence for effective conflict management. There are contradictory results in the correlations between demographic characteristics, emotional intelligence and conflict management; therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the correlation between them in di fferent managerial levels of the hospitals. Material & Methods: This analytical observational study was conducted on 100 senior and middle level managers (samples) of 8 selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2019. We used a three - part questionnaire: Demographic characteristics, Emotional intelligence and Conflict management strategies, to collect data. SPSS 20 and statistical correlation tests including Pearson, t -test and analysis of variance were used for data analysis . Findings: There was a significant direct relationship between the mean score of emotional intelligence and its domains with problem -solving strategy (P <0.001). Also, statistically significant correlations were observed between age, marital status, major, organizational position, and work experience in a managerial position with emotional intelligence (P <0.05). In addition, there was a direct and statistically significant relationship between avoiding and problem -solving strategies with age and work experience, respectively (P <0.05). Discussion& Conclusion: It is necessary to take appropriate action to raise emotional intelligence and improve conflict management in hospitals, and according to the significant and direct relationships that observed, we can pay attention to select relevant managers for the hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at identifying the psychological, personal, social, economic and technological factors leading to the delay marriage age in the Jordanian society from the perspective of the single youth in Al-Karak as well as revealing whether there are statistically significant differences regarding factors leading to the delay marriage age in the Jordanian society due to the different demographic characteristics. In order to achieve the study objectives, the researcher used the analytic descriptive survey approach for the sample and the questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection. Due to the specificity of this study, a randomized, random sample of 354 unmarried respondents whose age ranges between 18-45 years old from the Jordanian families was chosen in Al-Karak. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical methods, t-test for independent samples, one-way analysis of variance, as well as the test of the least significant differences in order to perform the post comparisons. The study results showed that the issue of the late age of marriage is attributed to four main factors, that are ordered according to their importance, as : the economic factors, where the means of respondents 'responses towards these factors at a high level. As for the technological factors, the means of respondents 'responses towards these factors at a high level .The means of respondents 'responses towards the social and cultural factors at a high level. Finally, the means of respondents 'responses towards the psychological and personal factors, with a medium level. Based on the study results, the study recommended about a number of recommendations, including: raising the awareness and activating it among the single youth and community institutions regarding the importance of marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the advances in occupational safety, many accidents occur in the workplace. The most of these accidents caused by poor workers safety performance. Knowing the factors that affect safety performance is a suitable guide to planning for occupational accident prevention. This study was conducted to assess workers safety performance and determine its associated demographic factors in a gas refinery. Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on 487 employees of a gas refinery in 2018. In order to assess the safety performance, the Neal and Griffin questionnaires were used. Demographic characteristics were measured by researcher-made questionnaire. to ensure the validity and reliability of the safety performance questionnaire, firstly, psychometric properties of this questionnaire were measured. Then, the relationship between demographic characteristics and safety performance was assessed by one-way ANOVA and independent sample t-test using SPSS version 23 software. Results: The primary results of this study showed that the safety performance questionnaire has a desirable validity and reliability. Also, workers safety performance was at the desired level. Among the demographic characteristics, the relation between age and job experience with safety performance were significant (p-value

Introduction: Hypertension is a chronic disease that leads to many complications in vital organs of the body and can reduce the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between demographic characteristics and quality of life of hypertensive patients referring to the Farshchian Cardiac Hospital in Hamadan. Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The quality of life of 282 hypertensive patients was evaluated in Farshchian Cardiology Center of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences at 2018. The data was collected using a two-part questionnaire including demographic questionnaire and quality of life questionnaire for hypertensive patients. In this study, validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data analysis was done using SPSS 23. Results: 142 (50.4%) of the patients studied had good quality of life status, 135 (47.9%) had moderate quality of life and 5 (1.8%) had poor quality of life. The difference in mean of quality of life in patients under study was determined by the duration (year) of hypertension (P=0.011), occupational status (P=0.036) gaining information through television (P=0.444) and the number of drug use (P=0.026). Conclusion: In this study, the relationship between patients’ quality of life and some characteristics was illustrated. Therefore, nurses and health planners should consider the demographic characteristics of patients as a health promotion factor in care and education.

The aim of the research was studying the prosocial behavior in old age to investigate the role of relationship with God and demographic characteristics of the elderly adult. Prosocial behavior is any behavior that is socially constructive or helpful in some way to another person or group. Prosocial behavior in Islam is different instances, so maintaining a relationship with God on prosocial behavior imaginable. The present study is a descriptive and correlational research which was implemented in 1396. The population of the study were elderly (those 60 and older) living in Tehran. Of the population 338 persons as the sample, in the way of multistage sampling were selected. The research tools include: 1. Pener Inventory of prosocial personality (PSB) and 2- God relationship Questionnaire. After analyzing the data using ANOVA test and Regression test, the results showed that those who had a weak relationship with God than those with high relevance or even moderate relationship with God, had a lower prosocial behavior. Also, when in the form of a regression model the effect of different variables on the prosocial behavior was studied, it was observed that variables such as gender, age and occupation had no significant effect on prosocial behavior while relationship with God and education had a significant effect on prosocial behavior. This also means that those who have a stronger relationship with God and have higher levels of education have a more prosaical behavior.

Objectives The current study aimed to determine the relationship between oral health and demographic characteristics of retired elderly people. Methods & Materials This cross-sectional study was conducted on 158 older adults aged ≥60 years. The subjects were selected using random sampling method and personnel codes. All the elderly participants were retired members of the Tehran Municipality Administration. The study data were collected by direct visit to the subjects’ place of residence and conducting interviews. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included 2 sections. The first section consisted of demographic, socioeconomic, and health profiles, while the second section consisted of Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Results We collected data from 158 participants (90 men, 68 women). The mean age of the participants was 68.78 years. The obtained data suggested that 38 (24.05%) participants had a poor state of oral health. About 50% of the participants mentioned high dental care costs as a reason for not referring to the dentist. According to the findings of this study, there is a direct relationship between educational level and oral health status in the elderly (P

Background: One of the most common outpatient surgeries is cataract surgery which requires a short anesthesia with fast recovery time providing minimal complications. This study aimed to compare sevoflurane with propofol in terms of extubation time and recovery parameters in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial recruited 60 patients 18-75 years old with ASA 1 and 2 who were candidate for cataract surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (30 patients per group). Group 1 received propofol 100 μg/kg/min and group 2 received sevoflurane 0.5%-1.5% to maintain anesthesia. Demographic data, hemodynamic parameters, surgery data, pain severity and patient satisfaction were recorded. Data were analyzed in SPSS 19 at significance level P<0.05. Results: Patients in both groups matched for demographic characteristics. They showed no significant difference in terms of hemodynamic parameters, duration of surgery and anesthesia, awakening time, extubation time and recovery time. Patients in the two groups did not significantly differ in terms of nausea, vomiting, shivering and pain after the surgery. Patient satisfaction was high in both groups with no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The results showed that propofol and sevoflurane are useful medications for maintaining anesthesia during cataract surgery, and can be used based on patient’s conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the purchase amount of shrimp in the market and the relationship between consumption amount and some of demographic characteristics. The statistical population of this study is the whole country that 10 cities including Mashhad, Tehran, Tabriz, Birjand, Kermanshah, Gorgan, Yazd, Bandar Abbas, Ilam and Shiraz were randomly selected and a total 1000 questionnaires were completed by citizens proportionate to the household population of the studied cities. In order to evaluate the number of shrimp purchases per year as well as the amount of each purchase, from the output of SPSS software and to investigate the existence of a significant relationship between consumption amount and demographic characteristics, correlation tests were used. According to the results the number of times shrimp were bought by the household varied from one to twelve times a year (average 1.71±1.11). 44.2% of households of the consumption society bought shrimp once a year and 28.6% of them bought shrimp twice a year. It was further found that the amount of shrimp purchased by household varies from 0.5 to 2 kg per purchase (average 0.92±0.26 kg). While 76.3% of households of the consumption society purchase one kilogram of shrimp in per purchase. According to the findings, consumption amount had no significant relationship with the age, job and field of study variables (p>0.05). But the relationship between this index with the education level and number of household members variables was significant (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases in the pandemic stage have significant lifethreatening, psychological and social effects. Identifying the characteristics associated with people's cooperation in self-care leads to greater immunity for themselves and others. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the self-care of the Iranian people according to their individual and social characteristics in face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A survey study was conducted on 1056 adults aged 18 and over in different provinces of Iran through a form of answering online researcher-made questions (n=40, α=0.9) in social networks in four days. This paper studies the level of self-care of people against Covid 19 pandemic which was conducted with the support of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in April 2016. Data were analyzed using Student t-test and variance. Moreover, "decision tree technique" was used to identify communication patterns. Results: The findings showed that the average self-care score in women, the most educated, married women, women aged 41 to 55, housewives and some other occupations was very high. However, the average self-care score of single men with a diploma was average. In general, the mean score of women's self-care was higher than men (P<0.0001) and the educated were more than the less educated literate (P=0.007). There was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status and employment. Conclusion: The results showed that the average scores of self-care in women, more educated people, married women, women in the age group of 41 to 55 years, housewives and some other occupations were reported to be very high; While the average self-care score reported in single men with a diploma was average. Overall, the mean score of self-care reported in women was higher than men (P<0.0001) and people with doctoral education reported more self-care than illiterate people (P=0.007). Besides, there was no significant difference between the self-care scores of the respondents in terms of their marital status (single and married) and their employment status (employed and non-employed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Headache is the most common reason for referring to a physician. Therapeutic approaches of this condition include the treatment of the acute attacks and prevention of future attacks. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effect of three medications, namely levetiracetam, sodium valproate, and nortriptyline on the control of migraine headaches in patients with migraine referred to Birjand Neurology Clinic, Birjand, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted based on a quasi-experimental research method. According to the physician, 120 migraine patients were divided into three groups of levetiracetam (a daily dose of 250 mg), sodium valproate (500 mg), and nortriptyline (25 mg) for four weeks. A questionnaire was used to collect the demographic characteristics of the patient. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) through the chi-square tets, paired t-test, and ANOVA. Results: The patients (n=120) were divided into three groups of 40 cases per group. The mean age of the patients was 33±11 years, and the majority of the cases (53.3%) were female. In total, 46.7% of the cases had severe headache before taking these medications; however, none of them experienced severe headache after taking the medicine. It should be noted that 77.5% of the patients experienced mild headache. The group taking levetiracetam showed the greatest decrease in headache intensity (P=0.01). Conclusion: According the results, levetiracetam appears to be more effective than the other two medications, especially sodium valproate, in terms of the mitigation of different degrees of headache. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Job satisfaction is one of the effective factors on the quality of the nurses' performance. Therefore, studying these main organizational variables has been considered by many researchers. This study analyzes nurses' job satisfaction in Hamadan educational hospitals. Methods: This is an analytic-descriptive study that was performed on 304 nurses chosen via stratified random sampling of relative type in Hamadan University of medical sciences' hospitals. Data collection tools included Spector's job satisfaction questionnaires, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), inferential statistics, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey post-hoc. Results: The results showed that the majority of participants 74.3%) had moderate job satisfaction level, 1.3% percent had high job satisfaction level and 24.4% percent had low job satisfaction level..Participants in areas of supervision (%51), co-workers (%51) and nature of work (%53) had high level of job satisfaction, in terms of promotion (%46/7) and communication (% 48/4) they had moderate level of job satisfaction, and regarding payment (%69/1), contingent rewards (%79/6), operating conditions (%91/4), and fringe benefits (%79/6) they had low level of job satisfaction. There was a significant statistical difference in nurses' job satisfaction based on their gender (t=2.8, P=0.005) and job experience (F=4.95, P=0.005). There was not a significant statistical difference in nurses' job satisfaction based on their age. Conclusions: The results showed that nurses in the areas of payment, contingent rewards, fringe benefits and operating condition were least satisfied. Therefore, it is expected that the custodians pay more attention to economic components of nursing jobs and reduce unnecessary bureaucracy.

Background and purpose: In developing countries, a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is reported among drivers. However, there are few researches in Iran on this problem among suburban drivers. The present study aimed at investigating the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and its related factors in suburban drivers in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive analysis was carried out in 1850 suburban drivers. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the demographic questionnaire were completed for all drivers. Logistic regression analysis was done in SPSS V22 applying Chi-square test. Results: The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the past 12 months was found in neck (16.3%), knees (13.9%), and back and elbow (10.7%). Other factors such as age, work experience, smoking, previous accidents, and marital status showed a significant relationship with pain in various parts of the body (P

Background and purpose: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. It could occur following physical problems such as traumatic brain injury. This study was conducted to investigate the level of depression after traumatic brain injury based on demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the research population included 409 patients with traumatic brain injury attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran, 2010-2014. Among these, 97 patients were selected using purposive sampling. Depression was measured by administering Beck Depression Inventory and demographic characteristics were recorded using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was done in SPSS V19. Results: The findings showed a significant relationship between depression after traumatic brain injury and sex (P =0.010). But depression after traumatic brain injury did not significantly correlate with age groups (P= 0.25), educational level (P= 0.191), material status (P= 0.088), and place of residence (P= 0.821). Conclusion: Comorbidity of depression with traumatic brain injury was found to be higher in females compared to males. Therefore, psychiatric interventions are necessary in these patients for diagnosis and management of depression.

Background and Objective: Aging period is associated with potential threats such as loneliness and isolation. One of the most common mental disorders in the elderly is cognitive disorders and depression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of smartphones use in depression in the retired elderly people of Yazd. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 408 elderly people who were covered by the retirement center of Yazd province in 2018. The samples were selected through random sampling method. The questionnaires included demographic characteristics, internet usage, and GDS (Depression Scale). After data collection, analysis was performed using SPSS software version 18 and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square. Results: 74.1% (74 people) of the elderly who used the Internet had no depression and 38.4% (60 people) of the elderly reported the reason for using the mobile phone is obtaining information and severe depression in this group was less than the other group (8.3% including 5 people). Mean depression score by gender (p = 0.046), marital status, education, income, lifestyle (p≤0.001), and reason for internet use (p = 0.043) were significantly different in the two groups of Smartphone and non-Smartphone users. Conclusion: Given the results and the positive role of smart phones in reducing depression in the elderly, programs for the elderly need to be designed through social networks. Using the Internet and social networks can help increase the respect and confidence of older people at community level, and isolate and loneliness caused by child marriage, death of a partner, and physical and mental disabilities can be Reduced by using a Smartphone and improved the mental health of the elderly, also through proper policymaking and activation of support systems to improve their well-being, efforts can be made to achieve a favorable period for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pre-op anxiety has adverse effects on the patient's anesthesia and treatment. Currently, electrical interventions are widely used as non-invasive methods to control pre-op anxiety and may have advantages as compared with medical therapies. This study aimed to determine the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation on anxiety and hemodynamic response of patients undergoing surgery. Materials and Methods: This study enrolled 50 patients undergoing surgery with anesthesia class (Ι). Before surgery, the experimental group received a transcranial alternating current stimulation for 20 min. The control group underwent a sham electrical stimulation. The post-test was done 2 hr after the intervention and before surgery. The independent t-test, Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS v.16. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic variables between the groups. Patients’ anxiety level was not significantly different before the intervention between the groups. However, anxiety level of the experimental group was less than that of the control group after the intervention (P= 0.005). The pre-op systolic blood pressure and heart rate were less in the experimental group as compared with the control group (respectively P<0.001, P=0.001). A positive and significant correlation was observed between two variables of anxiety level and the pre-op need for information (P=0.00). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that transcranial alternating current stimulation is effective on reducing pre-op anxiety and stability of hemodynamic response of patients. Furthermore, training patients and furnishing them with information before surgery can reduce their anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Healthy breakfast and snacks have important role to student thought and body health. The aim of this study was to survey the Behavior And perceptions of mothers about the benefits and barriers of preparation of healthy breakfast and snacks for school children. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2017. 315 elementary school boys and girls selected by cluster random sampling and their mothers were invited to participate in the study. Data were collected using by questionnaires that included demographic characteristics, questions related perceived benefits, perceived barriers and behavior. Questionnaires Validity were assessed in two ways face and content validity. Test-retest method and internal consistency were used for questionnaires reliability. Data were collected and analyzed by SPSS 16 software and using T-tests and ANOVA. Results: The significant difference between the perceived benefits of mothers and their employment status (p<0.001) but no significant relationship between mothers' perceived interests with other demographic variables (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between mothers' behavior with age (P-value <0.041) and spouse's education (P-value<0.000) and the most crucial perceived barriers among mothers for preparing healthy breakfast and snacks were hurry, not having enough income and time, breakfast as a boring (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is better to planning and designing educational interventions to solve children’s nutritional problems should be done to reduce perceived barriers of mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective:AIDS is one of the most important infectious diseases in the world and the disease is increasing especially among young people. Since the youth are exposed to high-risk behaviors, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of education based on the Health Belief Model in creating AIDS preventive beliefs in Turkmen girl students. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled field trial study was done on 78 female high school students in Aq-Qala, Golestan province. Using multi-stage sampling, two high schools in the interventional group and two high schools in the control group were selected, then two classes selected from each high school, data were collected before and after of intervention by using a questionnaire based on HBM. Data were analyzed using SPSS.17 software and Chi-square, Fisher exact test, T-paired test, Wilcoxon, Independent T-test, and ANCOVA. Results: Before training, there was not a significant difference in the mean scores of the health belief model constructs and in terms of demographic characteristics between two groups except in knowledge construct. After the educational intervention, the T-paired test showed that the mean of knowledge and perceived susceptibility were increased significantly, and the mean of perceived barriers was decreased significantly in the experimental group (P<0.05). ANCOVA also showed that compared with the control group, knowledge and perceived susceptibility were increased significantly after the intervention. Conclusion: According to the present study, education based on the Health Belief Model was effective on the knowledge and perceived susceptibility. It is suggested that educational interventions based on Health Belief Model be designed and implemented to promote AIDS preventive beliefs in high school female students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Fatigue is the most common side effects caused by congestive heart failure that can be as a complaint debilitating and often goes unnoticed by the health care team. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of fatigue severity with demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with congestive heart failure. Methods: This correlational and cross-sectional study was performed on 93 patients with heart failure who were selected using simple sampling method in Shariati hospital and Isfahan cardiovascular research center during 9 months in 2015. Data collection tools were Demographic Questionaire and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive and analytical statistics such as mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, Spearman and one way ANOVA. Results: 64 (68.8%) patients were male and 29 patients (31.2%) were women. The mean age of patients was 61.26±7.39 years. The mean of fatigue score was 5.52±1.4. 82.8% of patients with congestive heart failure suffered from severe fatigue. There was a significant correlation between fatigue with different levels of education level and presence of other chronic diseases (P=0.032 and P=0.041). Conclusion: The findings suggest that the severity of fatigue among patients with chronic heart failure is high. So, perception and recognization of fatigue signs and symptoms and its effective factors for suitable administration of patients by health careers is in priority.

Introduction: Child abuse remains a significant public health and social problem in developing countries. Studies on this subject could provide valuable information regarding the scope and nature of this phenomenon and its impact on public health. This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics and risk factors of children and parents involved in subtypes of child abuse in a psychosocial support department. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a pediatric hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran from 2011 to 2013. The understudy population consisted of 519 child abuse cases that had been referred to psychosocial support departments for further investigations. Data regarding demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected using a questionnaire. Data analyzed through descriptive statistics, Logistic regression and SPSS software version 16. Results: From the total, 315 (60.7%) were boys and 355 (68.4%) were under 6 years. A total of 152 (29.3%) parents had mental disorders. The most common type of abuse in children was neglect (77%). Physical abuse was more commonly done by working mothers. Study results also revealed that physical abuse was less prevalent among children of less educated mothers and fathers. Physical abuse was also more common among children of parents with mental disorders and single parent families. Conclusion: This study showed that demographic characteristics of the child and parents and some related risk factors have a significant effect on child abuse subtypes.

The increasing expansion and development of commercial, residential and recreational spaces changed the face of Mashhad as the second largest metropolis in Iran over the past decade. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the development of tourist sites on the satisfaction of religious tourists. The research population is religious tourists who have traveled to Mashhad in Nowruz 1395(from Sunday, March 20, 2016 to Friday, April 1, 2016 is considered as Iranian new year holiday). The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that there is a significant positive relationship between the development of tourist sites and religious tourist’s satisfaction. Among the independent and effective variables in the model, the variable of development of recreation centers has the most effect on the satisfaction of religious tourists as a dependent variable and subsequently, the variables of the development of residential centers and the development of shopping centers are effective on the satisfaction of religious tourists. Meanwhile, the results of Pearson correlation test showed that there is no relation between travel motivation and demographic characteristics of tourists with the satisfaction of religious tourists.

Introduction: Presence of conflict seems inevitable in organizations, especially in therapeutic and educational centers, considering the variety of personnel, patients, and their families' education and cultures. Nurse managers could effectively be involved in conflict management at these therapeutic and educational centers. This study aimed at assessing nurse managers' conflict management strategies at Hamadan therapeutic and educational centers. Methods: A correlation descriptive study was conducted by Putnam and Wilson's conflict management questionnaire on 400 nurse managers of Hamadan therapeutic and educational centers. Data were analyzed by SPSS (Version 16) via Pierson correlation coefficient, t test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: Overall, 52.2% of nurse managers used problem solving (collaboration and accommodation), 37.8% used none-confrontational strategies (avoidance and compromising) and 3% employed control (competing) styles for conflict management at Hamadan therapeutic and educational centers. There was a significant correlation between their conflict management strategies and age, marital status, work experience, managerial work experience, and employment status (P < 0.05). Conclusions: There were direct and significant correlations between nurse managers' conflict management styles and some of their demographic characteristics. Therefore, it is important to consider demographic characteristics before the selection of managers. Conflict management education could improve nurse managers' capabilities for conflict management at Hamadan therapeutic and educational centers

Background & Objectives: Opioid use has a long history in Iran. In recent years, with the changing pattern of drug use from traditional to industrial substances, the use of stimulants, especially methamphetamine has been increased. The aim of this study was to compare the demographic characteristics of methamphetamine and opioid users in a selected addiction treatment center in Zahedan city. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study that was done in the period from April to March 2015 on the record of 156 users of methamphetamine or opioids referred to the selected addiction treatment center in Zahedan. The required information was collected from patients' records. Data analysis was done using chi-square and logistic regression and through SPSS software (version 21). Results: Most of the participants were male (89.7%), less than 35 years (50.6%), married (59%), employed (60.3%), illiterate or with primary education (35.9%). In terms of age, methamphetamine users were significantly younger than opioid users (P=0.004). The two groups did not have a significant difference in terms of gender (P =0.15), education level (P= 0.6) and marital status (P=0.94). In addition, in terms of job status, the majority of methamphetamine users, unlike opioid users, were unemployed (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that use of methamphetamine, in comparison to opioid, is more prevalent in younger and unemployed people; therefore, through promoting cultural and educational opportunities for youths, this kind of problems can be prevented. Keywords: Demographic characteristics, Methamphetamine, Opioid, addiction treatment center, Users Citation: Ebrahiminia M, Ebrahiminia M, Azizi M. Comparison of Demographic Characteristics of Methamphetamine versus Opioid Users in an Addiction Treatment Center: A Case Study. Journal of Health Based Research 2017; 3(1): 13-24.

The formation of rural areas as the initial cores of civilization and activity can be attributed to environmental factors, but the continuity of the economic and social life of villages has faced major challenges over time as a result of the widespread and accelerated transformation of the effects of modernity and unbalanced development planning. Demographic disorders and rural work-force structure, followed by a decline in economic functions, especially in relation to agriculture, are the main identity challenges for the communities and rural areas. The present study investigates the evolution of rural identity in Markazi province with emphasis on demographic structures through using statistical evaluations and modeling. The statistical population consists of all villages with more than twenty households in the two censuses of 1996 and 2011. By extracting all of the same population variables in two time intervals, several demographic indicators for each of these intervals were defined and calculated. After statistical descriptions and evaluation of distribution indices, the modeling of the demographic identity of rural areas of the province in two intervals was done using structural equation based on self-propelled approach. The household dimension, youth level (Wertheim Index), aging rate, kinship ratio, literacy and occupation rate constitute the common indices in both final and valid structural models of both intervals. The comparison of the statistical description and indices pattern coefficient in the structures and variables indicate that the household dimension, youth level of population and literacy rate are important determinants of the demographic characteristics of rural areas in Markazi province in both intervals. In contrast, the aged population at both intervals and much greater in 2011 threatened the structure and the demographic identity. The kinship rate in 1996, with a moderate and rational status had a positive contribution in the population structure of the villages of the province, but in 2011, it has an opposite role and influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Despite the advances in occupational safety, many accidents still occur in the workplace, most of which are due to the poor safety performance of the workers. The knowledge of the factors affecting safety performance is a suitable guide regarding the plan developments for occupational accident prevention. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure and determine demographic factors affecting the safety performance of workers Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on 487 workers working at a gas refinery in 2018. The Persian version of the Neal and Griffin questionnaires were used in order to measure their safety performance. Moreover, demographic characteristics were measured by a researcher-made questionnaire. Psychometric properties of this questionnaire were initially measured to ensure the validity and reliability of the safety performance questionnaire. In addition, the relationship between demographic characteristics and safety performance was assessed using SPSS software (version 23) through one-way ANOVA and independent sample t-test. Results: The primary results of this study showed that the safety performance questionnaire had desirable validity and reliability. Moreover, the safety performance of workers was at the desired level. According to the results obtained from the demographic characteristics, safety performance was correlated significantly with age and job experience (P<0.05). In other words, low experienced and younger workers had a poor safety performance, compared to the elderly ones. Conclusion: Considering the poor safety performance of young and low experienced workers, compared to the older and high experience ones, it is necessary to pay more attention to these two groups in the development of safety plans in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, the most important causes of mortality and disability include four non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. Out of these diseases, diabetes is the greatest epidemic in human history and has affected the greatest numbers worldwide. Therefore, the present study was conducted to screen the population aged 25-65 years in Zahedan regarding the risk of developing type II diabetes in 2016. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on all 25- to 65-year-old Iranian population living in Zahedan. A total of 1000 samples who met the inclusion criteria were selected using multistage sampling and evaluated in this study. The data were collected through Finnish Type II Diabetes Risk Assessment Form which is a screening tool for the assessment of the risk of type II diabetes. Results: The mean age of the samples was 21.37(11.05)years. Out of all participants, 57.1% and 42.9% of the subjects were male and female, respectively. According to the results, there was a significant difference between males and females regarding the mean score of the risk of developing diabetes (P=0.001). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between males and females regarding the mean score of the risk of developing diabetes in different categories of body mass index (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of screening 25-65 aged population living in Zahedan suggest that these individuals are not at a threatening condition in terms of diabetes risk factors. In fact, the mean score of this population regarding risk factors for type 2 diabetes is below 7, implying a very low probability to develop type II diabetes in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Nowadays, job involvement is introduced as an important factor in the effectiveness of the organization, so that the high job involvement will increase the effectiveness of the organization. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between job involvement and demographic characteristics of the nurses. Methods: In this cross - sectional descriptive-analytic study, 436 nurses from hospitals in Tehran and Kerman in 2013 were recruited by convenience sampling. The Job Involvement Questionnaire was used for data collection. The cutoff point for job involvement score was 40 and the relationship between job involvement and demographic characteristics of the nurses was evaluated. Results: Most the average age of participating nurses in the study 31-40 years. The mean score of job involvement was 36.07± 10.02. Among the demographic characteristics, in terms of gender, men had higher job involvement than women (P=0.01). Also, the job involvement of nurses in military hospitals was higher than civilian hospitals (P0.05). Conclusion: According to the low scores of job involvement, attention to the effective factors and motivation factors in environment variables to improve nurses' job involvement is recommended.

Background and purpose: In developing countries, a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is reported among drivers. However, there are few researches in Iran on this problem among suburban drivers. The present study aimed at investigating the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and its related factors in suburban drivers in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive analysis was carried out in 1850 suburban drivers. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the demographic questionnaire were completed for all drivers. Logistic regression analysis was done in SPSS V22 applying Chi-square test. Results: The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the past 12 months was found in neck (16.3%), knees (13.9%), and back and elbow (10.7%). Other factors such as age, work experience, smoking, previous accidents, and marital status showed a significant relationship with pain in various parts of the body (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (especially in neck and knee) among suburban drivers in Mazandaran province. Such disorders could be easily prevented by designing ergonomic seats based on Iranian anthropometric sizes, doing stretch exercises, having sufficient rest, and trainings on correct sitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. It could occur following physical problems such as traumatic brain injury. This study was conducted to investigate the level of depression after traumatic brain injury based on demographic characteristics. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the research population included 409 patients with traumatic brain injury attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran, 2010-2014. Among these, 97 patients were selected using purposive sampling. Depression was measured by administering Beck Depression Inventory and demographic characteristics were recorded using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was done in SPSS V19. Results: The findings showed a significant relationship between depression after traumatic brain injury and sex (P =0.010). But depression after traumatic brain injury did not significantly correlate with age groups (P= 0.25), educational level (P= 0.191), material status (P= 0.088), and place of residence (P= 0.821). Conclusion: Comorbidity of depression with traumatic brain injury was found to be higher in females compared to males. Therefore, psychiatric interventions are necessary in these patients for diagnosis and management of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pediculosis has been reported as neglected and reemerged infestation that caused in addition to direct problems in people, social problems, academic failure and depression. This study aimed to determine the demographic and environmental factors associated with patients with head lice in Mashhad. Materials &Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data of 3767 persons with Pediculosis who refered to health centers of Mashhad in the fall of 2017 collected and were analyzed with the SPSS20 software. data was described by frequency tables, measures of central tendency and dispersion and data analysis was done with Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and chisquare test. Results: Of 3767 patients, 3362 (2/89%) were women, 1810 (48.7%) in the age group was 12.7 years. Middle age of patients at three years less for women than men (10 vs. 13 years, Pv< 0.001). The number of infected people in families with more boys than girls (3 vs. 1, Pv< 0.001). In 2945 patients (58.5%) said school was the source of contamination. exposure in 1964 patients (52.1%) associated with the infected person and in 1342 (35.6%) was the use of common tools. No significant difference between level of education was lower and the number of infected people in the family (Pv<0.001 . Conclusion: People in ages 7-12 years and girls are more vulnerable to Lice infection. schools were the most probable places of contamination, and contact with infected person were the most common way of contamination was obtained. lower Family education was assosiated to risk of more infected people in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to study predicting factors of post divorce adjustment among divorced women in Isfahan.The research was a correlation study and statistical population were selected from all divorced women in Isfahan in 1388 who had no remarriage .The Participants consisted of 100 divorced women from Behzisty's organization centers and Komite Emdad Emam in Isfahan that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and according to the research purpose and hypotheses.The Research hypothesis includes: there is a relationship between psychological factors(attachment styles, personality characteristics, mental health) and demographic characteristics with post divorce adjustment .The research instruments were Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale, Adult Attachment Inventory, Five Factor Inventory (short form), SCL 90 questionnaire, and demographic characteristics which was made by the researcher. Data were analyzed by pearson correlation method and step by step regression analysis. The results of the study demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between attachment styles ,personality characteristics(neuroticism ,extroversion),mental health ( depression ) and post divorce adjustment (P

The purpose of the present study was to investigate mental health status in physical education teachers (PET) and non-physical education teachers (NPET) based on demographic characteristics. 403 teachers consisting of 105 PETs and 298 NPETs from West Azerbaijan province were selected by multiphase cluster sampling method and completed mental health inventory (MHI). The results of the study revealed that PETs scored higher in psychological well-being than NPETs. Male teachers (PETs and NPETs) had higher scores in psychological well-being and lower scores in psychological distress than female teachers. Having a second job was negatively associated with psychological well-being in both PETs and NPETs. Married teachers showed lower psychological well-being than single teachers. Employed teachers had higher scores in psychological well-being than non-employed teachers. Male teachers who had an employed spouse showed lower psychological well-being than male teachers who had a non-employed spouse. No significant association was found between number of jobs, marital status, and employment status with psychological distress.