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Introduction: This study aims to investigate the level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in non-diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis and the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on HbA1 levels.Materials and methods: In this clinical trial study, 40 non-diabetic subjects 30 to 50 years old were selected in the study in two case and control groups. The case group included 20 non-diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis and the control group included 20 non-diabetic subjects with healthy periodontium. Clinical periodontal parameters included pocket probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured in all subjects. The case group received non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Subjects were re-evaluated for periodontal and HbA1c after three months.Results: Before the non-surgical periodontal treatment, the level of HbA1c in the case group was higher than in the control group (P

The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatments on insulin resistance and periodontal indices in diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis based on blood glucose control in Isfahan dental faculty in years 2015-2016.Materials & Methods:This single blinded controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients referred to Khoram treatment center and Isfahan dental facultyin 2015-16. Patients were divided into four groups based on blood sugar control.Before treatment, periodontal indices were measured, and insulin resistance was detected by measuring of salivary resisting. Then phase 1 of periodontal treatment was performed andfollowing three months the mentioned indices were measured again. Finally, the data was analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance test, Tukey’s Post Hoc Test and paired sample t-test. The significance level was set at α = 0.05.Results:The results showed that average of glycated hemoglobin, pocket depth, percentage of areas with bleeding and plaque index had a significant difference before and after treatment in each of the four groups p value < 0.05, although the mean changes between groups were notsignificant (45, 58, 19 & 48%).Conclusion:Non-surgical periodontal treatment improves periodontal indices and reduces glycated hemoglobin and salivary resistin, however there was no association between severity of diabetes and the mentioned indices.

Background and Aims: chronic periodontitis is a slowgrowing inflammdory disease mostly evident in adults Many mental disorders such as depression are related to some physical diseases. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the indicators of chronic periodontitis in people with major depression compared to healthy people in Ilam city in 2021-2022. Materials and Methods: The type of cross-sectional study is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population included 84 patients with major depression who are hospitalized or outpatients in the psychiatric department of Mustafa Hospital. Information was collected through a researcher-made form. This form contains two parts: demographic information part (age, sex, education, place of residence, contact number, duration of illness); periodontal information section (including plaque index, pocket depth, bleeding and adhesion limit). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18 and t-tests, analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation. Results: In this study, 84 people including depressed patients (42people) and healthy people (42people) were investigated. The average age of the two groups was 36.11 and 32.9 years, respectively. The indices of pocket depth and buccal and palatal bleeding, clinical attachment level and plaque were significantly higher in depressed patients. Older age, female sex, and lower education were more common in people with depression, but only the level of education was statistically significant (P<0.001). BOP in depressed patients was significantly more than healthy people.(p<0.01) This plaque index was significantly higher in depressed patients with less and higher education than healthy people .(p<0.01) Conclusion: It seems, Periodontal indexes such as gingival bleeding and pocket depth were higher in patients with major depressive disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity in cytokines such as interleukin α1 and interleukin 1β is involved in altering the immune response in inflammatory diseases such as chronic periodontitis and changes the risk of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms 4845G> T interleukin 1α and 3954C> T interleukin 1β with the risk of chronic periodontitis.Materials & Methods:Participants including 133 healthy individuals and 133 individuals with chronic periodontitis referred to Isfahan Dental School, were included in the study. The genotype of blood samples at the site of the above polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP method. The relationship between the studied polymorphisms and chronic periodontitis was calculated by logistic regression test. Statistical analyzes were performed by SPSS software. The p value level < 0.05 was statistically significant.Results:Data analysis showed a significant relationship between CT and TT genotypes and T allele of polymorphism 3954C> T interleukin 1β and increased risk of chronic periodontitis and no significant relationship between polymorphism 4845G> T of interleukin 1α and the risk of Showed chronic periodontitis.Conclusion:Based on the above data, T> 3954C polymorphism is a risk factor for chronic periodontitis and serves as a potential biomarker for screening people prone to this disease.

Periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases, characterized by destruction of connective tissue and supporting structure of the tooth. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of skeletal tissue characterized by a decrease in bone mass and leads to the destruction of bone structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between systemic osteoporosis and periodontal status in menopausal women referred to the bone density measurement center in Gorgan.Materials & Methods:In this case-control study, 56 menopausal women aged 45-65 years participated. Among the participants, 28 individuals had osteoporosis and 28 women were healthy. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and gingivitis index(GI) were measured for each patient. Finally, the data were analyzed using 95% confidence level.Results:A total of 56 menopausal women were included in the study. The mean GI in the osteoporotic group was 0.74 ± 1.43 and in the non-osteoporotic group was 0.77 ± 1.32 (p value = 0.280). The mean periodontal pocket depth in the osteoporotic group (0.63 ± 3.73) was more than the non-osteoporotic group 0.57 ± 3.66 (p value = 0.363). PI mean in the osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic groups were 37.11 ± 15 and 37.39 ± 15, respectively (p value = 0.363).Conclusion:The mean clinical attachment level in menopausal women with osteoporosis was significantly higher than normal menopausal women. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in other indices of periodontal disease such as PPD, PI, GI

Background and Aim: Periodontal is a group of inflammatory diseases that can cause tooth loss. This study investigated two types of mouthwash, chlorhexidine and green tea of the Irsha and Colgate brands to patients with moderate chronic periodontitis based on gingival factors, including gingival index (GI) and sulcus bleeding index (SBI) . Methods: Ninety patients were divided into three equal groups: chlorhexidine, Colgate green tea, and Irsha green tea . The sampling patients were randomly selected among adults with moderate chronic periodontitis. The SPSS statistical software (version 22) was used for data analysis. An independent t -test was used to investigate the significant difference between treatment groups and paired t -test was used to assess the significance of GI and SBI parameters before and after treatment with mouthwash in each group of patients. P -values less than 0.05 indicated significant differences between the groups . Results: There was no significant difference between the chlorhexidine and Colgate green tea groups regarding the GI index ( P = 0.023). However, Irsha green tea has significantly reduced the GI index compared to chlorhexidine (P = 0.025) and Colgate green tea ( P = 0.021). In addition, the statistical results did not show a significant difference between chlorhexidine and Colgate green tea in terms of the SBI index ( P = 0.116). However, Irsha green tea has significantly reduced the SBI index compared to chlorhexidine ( P = 0.003). The amount of SBI index in the two green tea brands was similar ( P = 0.445) . Conclusion: The effectiveness of Colgate green tea mouthwash in reducing GI and SBI index was similar to chlorhexidine; however, the effect of Irsha green tea mouthwash on these indices was significantly less than that of chlorhexidine mouthwash. Between the two brands of green tea, no noticeable changes in the reduction of the SBI index were observed . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The association between periodontal diseases and endometrial cancer (EC) has been assessed in some studies but the probable role of inflammatory factors such as visfatin is unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the levels of visfatin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with EC and chronic periodontitis (CP) to address this gap. Materials and methods: In a case-control study with matched age and body mass index controls, 120 female participants were divided into four groups. Case groups included group I (EC-CP [n=20]), group II (EC without CP [n=20]), and controls were group III (without EC but diagnosed with CP [n=40]), and group IV (healthy without EC or CP [n=40]). GCF samples were collected and visfatin was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Clinical periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing were significantly higher in EC-CP group than other groups (P

Background and purpose: Systemic conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease are associated with periodontal disease. Recent studies suggested a link between periodontitis and gastrointestinal cancers. Due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in patients suffering from gastric, esophageal, and colorectal cancers attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2017-2018. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, clinical examination of 100 patients was performed by assessing clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth loss. After recording the periodontal pockets' depth and gingival recession, the CAL was calculated. Chronic periodontitis was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe based on classification of periodontal disease. Chi-Square and ANOVA were applied for data analysis. Results: According to findings in patients with gastric cancer (n= 23) mild, moderate and sever periodontitis were seen in 8.7%, 26.1%, and 26.1%, respectively. There were 10 patients with esophageal cancer of whom 40% were healthy, 40% had moderate periodontitis, and 20% had severe periodontitis. Among patients with colorectal cancer (n=67), 7.5% had mild periodontitis, 46.3% had moderate periodontitis, and 1.5% had severe periodontitis. Conclusion: In patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, due to the loss of periodontal support of the teeth that leads to loosening the teeth, the chances of tooth loss increase which naturally disrupts the patient's eating process and causes digestive problems.

Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most common periodontal diseases, characterized by destruction of connective tissue and supporting structure of the tooth. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of skeletal tissue characterized by a decrease in bone mass and leads to the destruction of bone structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between systemic osteoporosis and periodontal status in menopausal women referred to the bone density measurement center in Gorgan. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 56 menopausal women aged 45-65 years participated. Among the participants, 28 individuals had osteoporosis and 28 women were healthy. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI) and gingivitis index (GI) were measured for each patient. Finally, the data were analyzed using 95% confidence level. Results: A total of 56 menopausal women were included in the study. The mean GI in the osteoporotic group was 0.74 ± 1.43 and in the non-osteoporotic group was 0.77 ± 1.32 (p value = 0.280). The mean periodontal pocket depth in the osteoporotic group (0.63 ± 3.73) was more than the non- osteoporotic group 0.57 ± 3.66 (p value = 0.363). PI mean in the osteoporotic and non-osteoporotic groups were 37.11 ± 15 and 37.39 ± 15, respectively (p value = 0.363). Conclusion: The mean clinical attachment level in menopausal women with osteoporosis was significantly higher than normal menopausal women. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in other indices of periodontal disease such as PPD, PI, GI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:This study aimed toevaluate the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash on microhardness and elastic modulus of dentine and cementum of healthy and periodontally involved extracted teeth. Materials and Methods: Totally, 30 teeth extracted due to chronic periodontitis and 30 healthy teeth that were removed due to orthodontics treatments or latency were examined in this cross-sectional study. In each group, half of the samples were placed in 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash and the other half were placed in artificial saliva for two weeks. Subsequently,1 mm slices from beneath the CEJ in parallel with the horizon were prepared and the microhardness and modulus elasticity of dentin and cementum were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and t-test (α=0.05). Results: There was an interaction between group and chlorhexidine for the variable of dentin microhardness; however, the interaction between group and chlorhexidine was not significant in terms of the variables of cementum microhardness, dentin, and cementum elasticity (P=0.196, P=0.897, and P=0.829, respectively). The mean dentin microhardness in the healthy and periodontitis samples in chlorhexidine was significantly higher compared to samples without chlorhexidine. In addition, the cementum microhardness, and dentin and cementum elasticity were significantly higher in the healthy group compared to those in the periodontitis group with or without chlorhexidine. Furthermore, the mean cementum microhardness, as well as dentin and cementum elasticity in the group of samples with chlorhexidine was notably higher compared to the group of samples without chlorhexidine. Conclusion:Based on the obtained results,the application of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash improved the mechanical properties of the teeth (microhardness and modulus of elasticity) in the healthy and chronic periodontitis groups compared to those without mouthwash. The mechanical properties of dentin and cementum of healthy teeth were also higher compared to those with chronic periodontitis.

Background and Aims: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that results from the accumulation of plaque and mass around the gingival tissue. Hypertension is one of the main causes of fertility in the world. The present study aimed to compare periodontal parameters’ means in people with normal blood pressure and hypertension. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on patients referred to the Dental School of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected from patients referred to the dental school by convenience sampling method. Firstly, the periodontal parameters including periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were assessed in all of the participants. Then, the patient's blood pressure was measured. Results: Participants in this study were 280 subjects including 102 male and 178 female between the ages of 20 to 50 years with a mean age of 33 ± 7.5. However, the increased means of plaque index, gingival index, and periodontal pocket depth in people with high blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) compared to normal blood pressure were not statistically significant. Still, the mean of clinical attachment loss was significantly higher in people with high blood pressure (0.79 ± 0.78) than in people with normal blood pressure (0.53 ± 0.57) (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Considering the changes in periodontal parameters in people with high and normal blood pressure and the possibility of a possible relationship between periodontal tissue loss and high blood pressure as a clinical event, the joint efforts of physicians and dentists can be played an effective role in improving community general health. Background and Aims: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that results from the accumulation of plaque and mass around the gingival tissue. Hypertension is one of the main causes of fertility in the world. The present study aimed to compare periodontal parameters’ means in people with normal blood pressure and hypertension. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted on patients referred to the Dental School of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected from patients referred to the dental school by convenience sampling method. Firstly, the periodontal parameters including periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI), were assessed in all of the participants. Then, the patient's blood pressure was measured. Results: Participants in this study were 280 subjects including 102 male and 178 female between the ages of 20 to 50 years with a mean age of 33 ± 7.5. However, the increased means of plaque index, gingival index, and periodontal pocket depth in people with high blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) compared to normal blood pressure were not statistically significant. Still, the mean of clinical attachment loss was significantly higher in people with high blood pressure (0.79 ± 0.78) than in people with normal blood pressure (0.53 ± 0.57) (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Considering the changes in periodontal parameters in people with high and normal blood pressure and the possibility of a possible relationship between periodontal tissue loss and high blood pressure as a clinical event, the joint efforts of physicians and dentists can be played an effective role in improving community general health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Ascorbic acid is an important antioxidant and its depletion is a risk factor for periodontal diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 2% atorvastatin dentifrice and ascorbic acid on improving clinical periodontal parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: This clinical trial included 72 patients with moderate and severe chronic periodontitis attending periodontology department in Yazd Dental School, Iran. They were randomly divided into four groups (n=18 per group). Group 1 was the control group that used 0.2% fluoride dentifrice after Scaling and Root Planing (SRP). Group 2 used 0.2% flouride dentifrice + adjunctive use of atorvastatin 2% following SRP. Group 3 used 0.2% fluoride dentifrice and 250mg chewable ascorbic acid tablet after SRP. Group 4 used 0.2% fluoride dentifrice + adjunctive use of atorvastatin 2% and 250mg chewable ascorbic acid after SRP. Periodontal parameters including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and modified gingival index (MGI) were measured at baseline and one month after treatment. Data were analyzed in SPSS V17 applying Chi square, ANOVA, and Tukey test. Results: After one month, significant decreases were seen in CAL (P= 0.0001) and MGI (P= 0.029). In groups 2 and 4, the decrease in CAL was significantly higher than the control group (P= 0.0001) and in comparison between case groups there were significant differences between groups 3 and 4 (P= 0.0001). In group 3, significant decrease was seen in MGI compared to the control group (P

Background and purpose: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory genodermatosis, and periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the protective tissue of the tooth. There is increasing prevalence of psoriasis and periodontitis and some studies indicated a relationship between psoriasis and periodontitis. The purpose of this investigation was to study the frequency and severity of periodontitis in patients with psoriasis. Materials and methods: In this study, the severity of psoriasis and mouth and teeth examination results of 40 patients were recorded. Tooth looseness, number of missing teeth, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment loss were measured using periodontal probe. Data analysis was carried out applying t test, Chi square, and correlation coefficient. Results: The overall prevalence of periodontal diseases was 80%, including loose teeth (10%), missing teeth (47.5%), gingival bleeding (60%), and gingival resorption (62.5%). Periodontal diseases were found to be significantly associated with duration and severity of psoriasis (P = 0.032 and P

Background and purpose: Systemic conditions, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease are associated with periodontal disease. Recent studies suggested a link between periodontitis and gastrointestinal cancers. Due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in patients suffering from gastric, esophageal, and colorectal cancers attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2017-2018. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, clinical examination of 100 patients was performed by assessing clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and tooth loss. After recording the periodontal pockets' depth and gingival recession, the CAL was calculated. Chronic periodontitis was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe based on classification of periodontal disease. Chi-Square and ANOVA were applied for data analysis. Results: According to findings in patients with gastric cancer (n= 23) mild, moderate and sever periodontitis were seen in 8.7%, 26.1%, and 26.1%, respectively. There were 10 patients with esophageal cancer of whom 40% were healthy, 40% had moderate periodontitis, and 20% had severe periodontitis. Among patients with colorectal cancer (n=67), 7.5% had mild periodontitis, 46.3% had moderate periodontitis, and 1.5% had severe periodontitis. Conclusion: In patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, due to the loss of periodontal support of the teeth that leads to loosening the teeth, the chances of tooth loss increase which naturally disrupts the patient's eating process and causes digestive problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The association between periodontal diseases and endometrial cancer (EC) has been assessed in some studies but the probable role of inflammatory factors such as visfatin is unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the levels of visfatin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with EC and chronic periodontitis (CP) to address this gap. Materials and methods: In a case-control study with matched age and body mass index controls, 120 female participants were divided into four groups. Case groups included group I (EC-CP [n=20]), group II (EC without CP [n=20]), and controls were group III (without EC but diagnosed with CP [n=40]), and group IV (healthy without EC or CP [n=40]). GCF samples were collected and visfatin was assessed by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results: Clinical periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing were significantly higher in EC-CP group than other groups (P<0.001). Mean visfatin level in GCF was found to be significantly different in group I compared with groups II and IV (P<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference in visfatin concentration in GCF between group III and group IV (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to current study, GCF visfatin concentration is probably associated with EC and CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Periostin acts as necessary protein in tissue development and has a key role in tooth-supporting tissues such as periodontal ligament. The effect of inflammation on reducing periostin level has been shown in some studies. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) periostin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy peers. Methods & Materials: In this matched case-control study, 106 participants (53 patients with chronic periodontitis and 53 healthy controls) were studies after signing a informed consent form. They were matched for age, gender, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The GCF and salivary samples were collected from all participants and were assessed using standard Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The statistical analysis was conducted in Stata V. 11. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.34). Results: The salivary and GCF periostin levels was significantly lower in patients than in healthy subjects (P

Introduction: In periodontal pockets, the exposed root surfaces are contaminated with an accumulation of plaque and calculus. Usually, in the initial phase of periodontal therapy, debridement of the diseased root surface is non surgically. However, complete removal of plaque and calculus is not always achieved with only the use of conventional mechanical therapy. The outcome of other studies showed that adding diode laser therapy to the initial phase of periodontal therapy significantly improved treatment results. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effects of diode (980 nm) laser on clinical periodontal parameters after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Methods: Twenty-one patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (11 men and 10 female with mean age of 42.2) were selected and divided into the control group (SRP) and test group (SRP + laser). Two months after the last scaling and laser radiation, clinical parameters were recorded and compared with baseline. This clinical trial study was in splint mouth design which was done on randomized selection in two quadrant (Maxilla and Mandible) in test group. the data were entered in computer and analysed bying SPSS 16 and Mannywhitny and Wilcoxon test. Results: After two months, clinical parameters improved in both groups. There were statically significant difference between two groups in PI and PD (0-3) mm, however in CAL and PPD (3-5) mm, (>5) mm no statically significant difference were seen. Conclusion: According to an overall improvement in clinical parameters, usage laser as an adjunctive treatment besides common methods could be suggested.

Background and Aim Periostin acts as necessary protein in tissue development and has a key role in tooth-supporting tissues such as periodontal ligament. The effect of inflammation on reducing periostin level has been shown in some studies. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary and Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) periostin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy peers. Methods & Materials In this matched case-control study, 106 participants (53 patients with chronic periodontitis and 53 healthy controls) were studies after signing a informed consent form. They were matched for age, gender, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The GCF and salivary samples were collected from all participants and were assessed using standard Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The statistical analysis was conducted in Stata V. 11. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.34). Results The salivary and GCF periostin levels was significantly lower in patients than in healthy subjects (P<0.001). Moreover, the periostin levels was significantly different based on periodontal parameters (P<0.001). Conclusion There is association between the incidence of chronic periodontitis and salivary and GCF periostin levels. Hence, the periostin may act as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis and prevention of its progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pathogenic bacteria cause degeneration of periodontal tissues, which is essential for the reduction of gingival bacteria in order to reduce scaling and leveling. But there is no perfect treatment in pockets with a depth of more than 4 mm. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorhexidine gel as a topical supplementation after scaling and leveling the root surface in the treatment of moderate to advanced periodontitis. METHODS: This tripartite clinical trial was performed on 31 patients with chronic periodontitis, each with at least four pockets of depth of 4 to 6 mm. 62 areas as controls and 62 regions of the experimental group were selected randomly. In all patients, scaling and leveling of the root surface were done. In the experimental group, in addition to the scaling and leveling, the chlorhexidine gel surface was injected into the pockets. In four steps, before treatment, 2, 3 and 6 months after treatment, the clinical parameters of gingival index, bleeding index, plaque index, adhesion index and probe index depth index were measured and recorded. (IRCT:1R1N2013081314350). FINDINGS: The plaque index, bleeding index, gingival index and pocket probe depth in the group receiving the topical gel of chlorhexidine showed a significant difference in all levels of measurement compared to the control group (PI: control group was 2.75±0.44 and case group was 1.94±0.38, p=0.000, BI: The control group was 1.0±0.5, the case group was 0.05±0.44, p=0.000, PPD: the control group was 4.62±0.73, the case group was 3.88±0.83, p=0.000, GI: The control group was 1.77±0.42, case group was 1.18±0.18, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: The results showed that injection of chlorhexidine gel with scaling and leveling of the root surface resulted in a greater improvement in periodontal clinical indices than SRP alone.

Background: Chemical treatments for the modulation of host response are applied along with mechanical modalities as adjunctive to periodontal treatment. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of locally-delivered alendronate sodium gel in adjunction to scaling and root planning on periodontal indices and bone formation within vertical defects of smokers with chronic periodontitis. Methods and Materials: In this study vertical defects (n=8) with depth>5 mm have been investigated. After performing the phase I of periodontal treatment, alendronate sodium gel (1%) was applied into the periodontal pockets. The whole procedure was repeated after 4 weeks. Periodontal indices (plaque and bleeding), probing depth, gingival recession, and radiographic parameter (depth of bony defect) were measured at the beginning and following 6 months. Results: Compared to pre-treatment, the probing depth, radiographic depth of bony defect and bleeding and plaque indices were significantly reduced by local application of alendronate sodium gel (P=0.026; P=0.012 and P=0.007 respectively). Gingival recession showed significant increase (P=0.011). Conclusion: Local alendronate sodium gel (1%) plays an important role in the improvement process of periodontal indices and bone formation within vertical bony defects of smoker patients with chronic periodontitis.

Introduction: Relationship between periodontal infection and pulp pathosis has been debated for many years. This human case control study was performed to evaluate the possible effects of moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis on pulp stone formation and pulpal calcifications. Methods: Current study is an experimental case control study. Samples included 23 hopeless permanent teeth, affected with periodontitis in the case group and 23 periodontally healthy teeth in the control group, which were extracted for reasons like full denture treatment plan. After extraction and sectioning the apical 2-3 mm of root, teeth were immersed in 10% Formalin solution for 7 days. Then, teeth were decalcified in 5% HNO3 for 10 days. After implementation of tissue preparation steps, sections were made of apical, middle and coronal part of root of each sample. After histological processing, sections were examined by an experienced pathologist under a light microscope. Prescence of pulp stone was investigated in the sections and the results of the two groups were compared with each other. Results: Frequency of pulp stone showed no significant differences between the case and control groups in non of sections. (P-value= 0.730, 0.300, 0.760). Conclusion: Inflammation of periodontium in chronic periodontitis has no influence on pulp stone formation.

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting tissues that is caused by specific microorganisms, which results in degeneration of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone and causes gingival recession. In recent years some evidence has emerged on the relationship between human herpes virus and periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of HSV-1 virus in periodontal pockets of subjects with chronic periodontitis in Qom, Iran. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 92 subjects with chronic periodontitis were collected from Hakim and Ali-ibn Abi-Talib Clinics in Qom in 2016-17. Real-time PCR technique was used to evaluate HSV-1 infection of patient samples. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 in terms of the relationship between age, sex and intensity of chronic periodontitis and the incidence of HSV (α = 0.05). Results: In this study, three cases (3.3%) of HSV were found in subjects with chronic periodontitis. There was no relationship between chronic periodontitis, age and sex and HSV-1. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest further screening techniques and more accurate techniques to detect HSV-1 and larger sample sizes to clarify the role of HSV-1 in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease with microbial etiology; furthermore Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, considering Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus that can lead to candidiasis infection; The aim of this study is to comparing the average number of colonies of candida albicans in gingival sulcus fluid in diabetic and non-diabetic patient with chronic periodontitis. Materials & Methods: This case control study included 60 patient aged 40-60 years that leave in 4 group composed 15 individuals each group: healthy subjects, diabetic without periodontitis, non-diabetic with periodontitis and diabetic with periodontitis patients. Samples were acquired using sterile paper points from gingival sulcus and centrifuged, then cultured on chrome agar medium and incubated. Number of colonies were counted and analyzed with ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: Counting number of colonies in different groups showed, in healthy subjects, 33.3 percent with mean 4.2 colonies and in diabetic patients without periodontitis, 66 percent with mean 13 colonies of candida albicans were grew; whereas other two groups presented candida albicans in all samples and the highest mean of colonies was found in diabetic with chronic periodontitis and non-diabetic with chronic periodontitis, 80.5 and 37.8 respectively. The average number of colonies of candida albicans was Statistical difference between groups (p value <0.001). Conclusion: The result of this present study showed that accompaniment periodontitis and diabetes can doubled influence in increase average number of colonies of candida albicans in gingival crevicular fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It has been demonstrated that cytokines are important factors in the progression of periodontitis and some of them have an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to compare IL-23 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects. In addition, the relationship between IL-23 levels and probing pocket depths was assessed. Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, samples were collected from the gingival crevicular fluid of 19 patients with chronic periodontitis and 19 healthy subjects, using paper points. The samples were transferred to the laboratory in transfer vials. IL-23 levels were determined using ELISA reader. The relation between IL-23 levels and probing depths was assessed. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20 using independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (α = 0.05). Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in IL-23 levels in GCF between healthy subjects and patients with chronic periodontitis, with higher IL-23 levels in patients with chronic periodontitis (p value < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant and direct correlation between IL-23 levels and pocket depths in patients with chronic periodontitis (p value < 0.001, r = 0.811) and healthy subjects (p value < 0.001, r = 0.858). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, IL-23 levels in gingival crevicular fluid can be used for the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis are common worldwide disorders and since periodontal diseases are more common and more severe in diabetic patients, the aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between HbA1C serum levels and chronic periodontitis. Materials & Methods: In this case‒control, descriptive/analytical study, the HbA1C levels were evaluated in 55 subjects, 35‒45 years of age, in two groups with and without periodontitis, who were healthy otherwise. Thirty subjects had chronic periodontitis (PPD > 2 mm) and 25 subjects had healthy gingiva. HbA1C levels were determined by means of Ichroma equipment. Data were analyzed with independent t-test using SPSS 18 (α = 0.05). Results: Independent t-test showed significantly higher serum levels of HBA1C in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy subjects (p value = 0.021). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, inflammation in chronic periodontitis disturbs the metabolism of glucose, possibly resulting in periodontitis in the long term. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis along with proper oral health is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate the Effect of topical tetracycline gel application with non surgical periodontal therapy on HbA1c and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: A total of 30 type 2 diabetic patients were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received scaling and root planning, whereas the second group received scaling and root planning with topically applied tetracycline gel. Clinical factors such as GI, PI, PPD and biochemical factors such as HbA1c and lipid profile were assessed in beginning of study and 3 months later. Results: Comparing the clinical factors between the two groups revealed that periodontal pocket depth significantly reduced in tetracycline-received group. Regarding the biochemical factors, triglyceride levels decreased significantly in tetracycline-received group. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in regard with other clinical and biochemical factors. Conclusion: The study findings demonstrated that clinical and biochemical parameters have been improved after non surgical periodontal treatment in both groups. Although it seems that application of topical tetracycline gel combined with non-surgical periodontal therapy is effective in improvement of some clinical and biochemical factors like PPD and TG, it doesn’t offer any superiority in regard with other factors compared to mere non surgical periodontal therapy.

Background and Aims : Antibiotics are commonly used for controlling the growth of porphyromons gingivalis (P.g) which is one of the most important etiologic factors in the periodontal diseases. Different side effects of synthetics and chemical drugs such as increasing the drug resistancy in the human pathogens have led to study on the herbal antibacterial effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon on the growth of porphyromons gingivalis in chronic periodontitis patients with deep pockets. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, samples were provided from patients having pockets. After culturing the microorganism and diagnosis of P.g by gram staining and biochemical tests, cinnamon in different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1500 mg/ml ) with oil solvent were prepared and placed by disks in the cultures medium. Positive controls were amoxicillin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and gentamycin . Oil was negative control. Then the plates were incubated for 24 hours in 37 0 C and then non-growth halos by disk diffusion method, MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) were determined. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA test. Results: The results showed that the cinnamon at the concentration of MIC=750 mg/ml had the inhibitory effects of bacteria and at the concentration of MIC=1500 mg/ml had killing effect. However, this antibacterial effect compared with commonly used antibiotics (amoxicillin, metronidazole), was much weaker (P

Background and Aims: Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Previous studies suggest that apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, on the other hand it is also suggested that diabetes mellitus enhances apoptosis of connective tissue cells. Thus, we measured expression of proteins which are relevant to apoptosis in the gingival tissue of diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in comparison to non diabetic individuals. Materials and Methods: 25 patients with diabetes and chronic periodontitis and 16 non diabetic controls were included in this study. 4 weeks after scaling and root planning and oral hygiene instructions, periodontal surgery was done and gingival tissues obtained during surgery, were sent to lab to investigate expression of Fas, P53, Bcl-2 and Survivin using real-time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-squared. Results: Pro-apoptotic proteins (Fas, P53) were significantly (P

Abstract Introduction: Periodontitis, a prevalent oral disease, has been associated with several systemic conditions, including lipid metabolism disturbances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on decreasing plasma lipids levels. Materials and Methods: In this case/control study sera were collected from 25 adult periodontitis patients and 25 healthy control subjects referring to the Faculty of Dentistry in Isfahan. Plaque indexes, pocket depths, bleeding on probing (BOP), attachment loss (AL) and serum lipid levels (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL) were recorded in both groups. Periodontal treatment was carried out only for the test group patients. Six weeks after periodontal treatment, serum lipid levels were measured again in both groups and the results were compared with the initial values (α=0.05). Results: The serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL in the test group before treatment were 156/96,184/64, 49/20, 116/68 mg/dL, respectively, with 121/36, 157/56, 47/85, 114/36, respectively, after treatment. The decreases in triglyceride and cholesterol serum levels were significant but decreases in HDL and LDL levels were not significant. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between periodontal treatment and a decrease in serum lipid levels. The possible mechanism is the relationship between bacterial endotoxins and induction of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in changes in the metabolism of lipids, which gives rise to hyperlipidemia. Key words: Cholesterol, Chronic periodontitis, Triglyceride.

مقدمه: در عفونت‏های پریودنتال پیش نیاز شروع پاسخ‏های میزبان، شناخت پاتوژن‏‏ها توسط سیستم ایمنی میزبان می‏باشد. خانواده رسپتور‏های Toll-like (TLRs)، مسئول شناسایی ساختار‏های حفظ شده میکروبیال نظیر لیپوپلی ساکارید (LPS) باکتری‏ها می‏باشند و مسیر‏های سیگنال دهنده را که در نهایت منجر به پاسخ‏های ایمنی می‏شود، فعال می‏کنند. هدف از مطالعة حاضر، ارزیابی مقایسه میزان بروز TLR-2 و TLR-4 توسط تکنیک Real-time PCR در بافت لثه‏ای سالم و دچار پریودنتیت مزمن بود. مواد و روش‏ها: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی، که به تصویب کمیته اخلاق رسیده است، بیوپسی‏های لثه از 20 فرد مبتلا به پریودنتیت متوسط تا شدید جمع آوری شد. از هر نفر، 2 نمونة بیوپسی یکی از سایت سالم (mm3≥PD و BOP منفی) و یکی از سایت بیمار (mm5≤PD و BOP مثبت) برداشته شد. RNA استخراج شده از بیوپسی‏ها پس از ساخت cDNA، تحت آنالیز واکنش زنجیره پلیمراز کمی یا PCR کمی قرار گرفتند تا مقادیر نسبی mRNATLR-2 و TLR-4 در نمونه‏ها مشخص شود. سپس مقادیر نسبی به دست آمده از دو ژن در گروه‏های مختلف، توسط آنالیز آماری ویلکاکسون زوجی با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. یافته‏ها: سطوح نسبی بیان ژن‏های TLR-2 و TLR-4 در سایت‏های بیمار (به ترتیب 06/2±41/2 و 16/1±25/1) نسبت به سایت‏های سالم (به ترتیب 04/1±91/0 و 60/0±41/0)، به طور معنی‏داری افزایش پیدا کرده بود (01/0P

Given the fact that, periodontal disease is a disease with an infective agent, treatment by using antibiotics with scaling and root planing (SRP) has been considered as an adjunctive therapy. According to disadvantages of systemic antibiotic therapy such as: resistance, fluctuations in concentration, need for cooperation and side effects, local drug delivery systems in the form of irrigants or forms of drug releasing agents, seems to be a suitable substitute. Because periodontal diseases are often limited to several teeth. A local delivery device consists of a drug reservoir and a limiting element that controls the rate of medicament release. The goal is to maintain effective concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents at the site of action for long periods, despite drug loss from cervicular fluid clearance. Current data suggest that local delivery of antimicrobials into a periodontal pocket can improve periodontal health. It can be concluded that the adjunctive use of local drug delivery may provide a defined, but limited, beneficial response.

Introduction: Polyphenpls are the most common antioxidants in foodstuffs, which have an important role in the prevention of chronic diseases. Periodontitis is a chronic disease of the supporting structures of teeth, which can destroy periodontal structures and result in tooth loss. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the effect of polyphenols on periodontal diseases.Review report: All the relevant articles indexed in the Pubmed from 2002 to 2011 were surveyed. After studying the abstracts of 48 collected articles, 13 irrelevant ones were excluded and full texts of 35 remaining articles were assessed.Conclusion: Regarding the existing articles about polyphenols, it appears consumption of polyphenol-containing products may be effective in plaque control and prevention of periodontal diseases. Therefore, it is suggested that the results of in vitro studies be assessed by clinical trials. Key words: Chronic periodontitis, Dental plaque, Gingivitis, Polyphenols.

مقدمه: بیماری‏های پریودنتال بعنوان یک عامل خطرساز برای بسیاری از بیماری‏های سیستمیک مطرح می‏باشد. با توجه به مطالعات اخیر در خصوص ارتباط این بیماری با میزان آلبومین سرم، هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی غلظت آلبومین سرم، به عنوان یک مارکر پیش‏بینی‏کننده شدت بیماری پریودنتال بود. مواد و روش‏ها: در این مطالعه مقطعی که مسائل اخلاقی آن مورد تایید کمیته اخلاق دانشگاه علوم پزشکی همدان قرار گرفته است، 64 بیمار مبتلا به پریودنتیت مزمن و 64 فرد سالم در محدوده سنی 50-20 سال انتخاب شدند. پس از بررسی وضعیت پریودنتال و سیستمیک از کلیه افراد مورد مطالعه cc2 خون وریدی گرفته شد و با استفاده از روش COBASMIRA غلظت آلبومین سرم اندازه‏گیری گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری توسط آزمون‏هایt، Chi-square و One-way ANOVA انجام گرفت. یافته‏ها: متوسط غلظت آلبومین سرم در تمام افراد مبتلا پریودنتیت مزمن gr/dl 7/2± 05/5 و در افراد سالم gr/dl 39/0± 40/4 بود که این اختلاف از نظر آماری معنی‏دار بود (001/0P

Introduction: Considering the role of host inflammatory response in progression of periodontal destruction confirms the host tissue modulation. Piascledin is one of the most medicines decreases periodontal disease symptoms. The aim of this study was evaluating of clinical effects of this herbal medicine in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Methods and Materials: Twenty for patients with chronic periodontitis were divided in two groups and clinical and radiographic measurements including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), Plaque index (PI), Bleeding index (BI) and bone density were evaluated. Then phase I of treatment plan was done for all the patients. Test group received piascledine (300 mg) q.d and control group received placebo q.d for 6 months. The patients were recalled at 1, 2, 4 and 6 months for review of the parameters .All of the findings were analyzed by SPSS soft ware with paired t- test. Results: PI, BI, PPD, CAL and bone dentistry had no significant difference between test and control group after 6 months (P = 0.013, P = 0.089, P = 0.861, P = 0.134, P = 0.485, P = 0.864, respectively).Conclusion: The findings of this study don't suggest the use of Piascledine in the treatment of chronic periodontitis; but according to other researches that confirm the effectiveness of this herbal medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis and periodontitis, it is suggested that other invivo studies should be bone. Key Words: Chronic Periodontitis,Piaschledine,Plaque,Probing depth,Clinical attachment level,Bone density

Background and Objective: The traditional diagnosis methods have been considered efficient to distinguish between active and non-active states of Periodontitis. These indicators will provide information about the severity and extent of disease rather than on the current activity of the disease. The present study was a guideline to determinate the effect of elastaese in salvia before and after treatment of periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on the chronic periodontitis. Full-mouth bleeding on probing (BOP)، probing depth (PD)، Plaque index (PI)، clinical attachment loss (CAL) and salivary elastase were recorded from all patients before and after six weeks of treatment (first phase of periodontal therapy). The levels of elastase were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results demonstrated significant differences in the above mentioned clinical parameters and levels of salivary IL-8 among study groups (P<0.05). Smokers with periodontitis had the highest and nonsmokers with healthy periodontium had the lowest salivary IL-8 level. Conclusion:The levels of elastase in saliva before treatment were higher than post treatment. Therefore، periodontal disease seems to be related to higher levels of elastase in saliva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destructs the dental attachment apparatus. Interleukin18 is an effective pro-inflammatory cytokine in destruction of periodontium. Since smoking is an important risk factor for periodontitis, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of smoking on levels of salivary IL-18 in smoker and non-smoker individuals with either healthy periodontium or periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 individuals referred to dental clinic were divided into four groups (n=20) (Non-smoker with healthy periodontium, non-smoker with periodontitis, smoker with healthy periodontium, and smoker with peridontits). Bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, probing pocket depth and plaque index were registered for each group. Salivary sampling was performed and levels of IL-18 were measured by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA, Tukey test, t-test and chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The results showed a significant differences in the above mentioned clinical parameters and levels of salivary IL-8 among groups (P<0.05). Smokers with periodontitis had the highest and non-smokers with healthy periodontium had the lowest salivary IL8 level. Conclusion: According to the present study it seems a significant increase occurs in levels of salivary IL-18 in individuals with periodontitis, but the effect of smoking on IL-18 levels is minor and non-significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: Chronic periodontitis is one of the most prevalent periodontal diseases in the world"nwhich may be treated through surgical or non-surgical approaches."nPurpose: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Doxycycline and placebo following SRP in"nnon-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis."nMaterials and Methods: This double blind interventional study was conducted on patients attended to the"nperiodontology department of Tehran faculty of dentistry from 2002 to 2003. After SRP, 22 cases and 23"ncontrols were received Doxycycline and placebo, 20 mg twice a day for 3 months, respectively. Bleeding on"nprobing (BOP), pocket depth (PD)7mm, and also clinical attachment level (CAL)7mm in cases and controls after 3 and 6 months were compared by student t-test."nResults: BOP after 3 and 6 months in Doxycycline recipients following SRP were significantly lower than in"nplacebo recipients (P^0.007 and P=0.045 respectively). PD7mm, CAL7mm in 3"nand 6 months after SRP in cases were much lower than controls."nConclusion: This study showed that the administration of Doxycycline for 3 months after SRP resulted in"nimprovement of clinical indices as compared with SRP alone. Therefore, Doxycycline administration is"nrecommended for chronic periodontitis treatment after SRP.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a common disorder which is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and hyperglycemia that might lead to periodontitis by suppressing the immune system. Due to the availability of a limited number of studies and discrepancies in the results of previous studies, this study was undertaken to assess the association of MS and chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: In this case‒control study, 32 patient with MS and 32 systemically healthy adults (age >25 years) were selected for the case and control groups, respectively, from those referring to the Dental Clinic of Azad Dental School of Isfahan (Khorasgan) and the Clinic of Medical School of Isfahan (Imam Mousa Sadr). The subjects underwent periodontal examinations, including pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding index (BI). The number of missing teeth was recorded in each subject. Independent t-test was used to analyze data (α<0.05). Results: Average PD, CAL, BI and missing teeth were significantly higher among patient with MS compared to healthy adults in both genders (p value < 0.001). Of all the components of MS abdominal obesity was significantly associated with periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Patients with MS had poor periodontal status and MS might result in a higher incidence of chronic periodontitis similar to other inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The porphyromons gingivalis (P.g) is always one of the most important etiologic factors in the periodontal diseases, antibiotics are commonly used for controlling its growth. Different side effects of synthetics and chemical drugs such as increasing the drug resistancy in the human pathogens cause that the tendency to study about antibacterial materials from other sources, like plants. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon on the growth of porphyromons gingivalis in chronic periodontitis patients with deep pockets. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, samples provided from patients having pockets. After culturing the M.O and diagnosis of P.g by gram staining and biochemical tests, cinnamon in some concentration (10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1500 mg/ml) with oil solvent prepared and placed by disks in the cultures medium. Positive controls were Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin and Gentamycin. Oil was negative control. Then plates were incubated 24 hours in 37°C and then non growth halos by disk diffusion method, MIC and MBC were determined. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA test. Results: The results showed that cinnamon at the concentration of MIC=750 mg/ml had the inhibitory effects of bacteria and at the concentration of MIC=1500 mg/ml had killing effect that the course of this work compared with commonly used antibiotics (amoxicillin, metronidazole), was much weaker. Conclusion: Results show that cinnamon has acceptable antimicrobial effect on P.g in chronic periodontitis patients with deep pockets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds and Objectives: The main purpose of one-stage full-mouth disinfection is the rapid elimination or depletion of all oro-pharyngeal pathogens using scaling and root planning, subgingival periodontal pocket irrigation and tongue disinfection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of this technique on serum levels of IL-17 and IL-23 in patients with moderate-to-advanced chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study conducted on 24 eligible patients with moderate to advanced chronic generalized periodontitis. 20 (11 male- 9 female), healthy subjects and with no history of drug therapy during the last 6 months were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from the patients before the intervention. Then, full-mouth disinfection was carried out in one session. Blood samples were taken again 6 weeks after the intervention. The ELISA method was used to evaluate serum levels of IL-17 and IL-23. Results: The Pre and post-treatment serum levels of IL-17 were 103.8±38.6 and 14.1±8.6 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.003); in case of IL-23, The Pre and post-treatment serum levels were 124.9±40.1 and 17±8.8 pg/mL, respectively (P = 0.001). The differences were statistically significant in both cases. Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-advanced chronic periodontitis, serum levels of IL-17 and IL-23 significantly decrease subsequent to one-stage full-mouth disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant environmental factors in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. Some studies have shown the deleterious effect of smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on response to periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the results of non-surgical periodontal treatment between non-smokers and passive smokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: This study included 40 patients with chronic periodontitis, aged 20 to 50. The subjects were divided into two groups based on exposure or lack of exposure to environmental smoke. Both groups were treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy. Four periodontal parameters, including probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index, were measured and recorded before treatment and -month and 3-month post-operative intervals. The clinical periodontal parameters were compared at 0.95 level of significance, using ANOVA, paired t-test and independent t-test with SPSS 19. Results: There were statistically significant improvements in all the clinical parameters 1 month and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment compared to preoperative clinical parameter means in both groups (p value < 0.001). Despite improvements in clinical parameters in general, probing depth and clinical attachment level 1 month and 3 months after treatment exhibited significantly higher improvements in non-smokers compared to passive smokers (p value < 0.05). However, 1 and 3 months after treatment bleeding on probing and plaque index scores did not show any significant differences between the two groups (p value = 0.461 and p value = 0.770, respectively). Conclusion: Under the limitations of the present study, ETS adversely affected the results of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and the response to treatment in non-smokers was better than that in passive smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are multifactorial conditions that are induced in the presence of bacteria and under the influence of environmental and genetic factors. Management of environmental factors might help prevent such diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between interleukin-1α, β gene polymorphism and chronic periodontitis (CP). Materials and Methods: This case-control study included 36 subjects with chronic periodontitis referred to Periodontology Department of Khorasgan Dental School and 36 periodontally healthy controls, with an ethnic origin of Isfahani Iranian race. Extracted DNA from peripheral blood was used to evaluate interleukin-1α, β gene polymorphism. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests (α=0.05). Results: There was a significant association between IL-1α -889, 2/2 genotype and CP and between IL-1α -889 allele and periodontal health (p value = 0.03). There was no significant association between IL-1β +3954 genotype and CP (p value = 0.14). There was no significant association between IL-1β +3954 alleles and CP (p value = 0.06). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, association between IL-1α -889 polymorphism in the population presented here confirms this gene as a risk factor for CP. However, the lack of any association between IL-1β +3954 polymorphism and CP makes it dubious to use this gene as a marker of susceptibility to CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Previous studies suggest that apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. On the other hand, it is also suggested that diabetes mellitus enhances apoptosis of connective tissue cells. Thus, we measured expression of proteins which are relevant to apoptosis in the gingival tissue of diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in comparison to non diabetic individuals. Materials and Methods: 25 patients with diabetes and chronic periodontitis and 16 non diabetic controls with chronic periodontitis were included in this study. 4 weeks after scaling and root planning and oral hygiene instructions, periodontal surgery was done and gingival tissues obtained during surgery, were sent to lab to investigate expression of Fas, P53, Bcl-2 and Survivin using real-time PCR technique. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-squared. Results: Pro-apoptotic proteins (Fas, P53) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in gingival tissues of diabetics (9.5×10-6, 2.4×10-6, respectively) in comparison to non diabetics (9.4×10-7, 5.6×10-7), whereas the difference in expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Survivin) between 2 groups was not significant (9.7×10-8, 3.5×10-7 in comparison to 1.4×10-7, 3.1×10-7, respectively) (P=0.91, P=0.29 respectively). Conclusion: Apoptosis was increased in gingival connective tissue of diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in comparison with non diabetic ones. Therefore, intervention in expression or function of pro-apoptotic proteins (Fas, P53) could be a new goal in the treatment of periodontal disease of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]