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Purpose: Pair formation is an important step in pair trading that has only been examined manually or through numerical instructions. These methods fail in the multivariate mode and do not consider conflicting goals in the problem structure. In this research, a method is presented to create multivariate pair combinations by considering contradictory multiple goals in stock pair trading. Methodology: In this study, the statistical sample is limited to the top 30 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange due to the need for high-frequency transactions. The problem is developed in the form of a Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) model, and due to non-convex constraints and exponential solution space, a multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to obtain multivariate pair combinations. To achieve multiple goals, the developed type of genetic algorithm, namely, The Chaotic Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (CNSGA-II), was used. In this method, chaos theory is used to create the initial population of the genetic algorithm in order to obtain appropriate and high-precision solutions. Findings: The results showed that the use of chaos theory could increase the degree of convergence in evolutionary algorithms. In addition, these results indicate the superiority of the multi-objective pair trading strategy based on the distance approach over the traditional single-objective model. Originality/Value: In order to optimize pair trading, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm was used. Also, the initial population of individuals was created in a multi-objective genetic algorithm based on chaos theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The foundation of accounting knowledge has always been to provide essential information for users to make informed economic decisions. However, evidence suggests that the standards derived from the current policy-making process prevalent in accounting fail to be notably effective in providing valuable information for decision-making, especially for investors. The primary cause of this inefficiency and ineffectiveness in accounting policy-making stems from the dependence on linear reasoning. The policymaking process in accounting is plagued by an array of contradictions, disorders, repetitions, challenges, and provisional agreements among groups without a logical and unified framework. This research aims to analyze the content of the policy-making process in accounting and present a novel approach to rectify this process and strategically guide it towards fulfilling its objectives in light of the chaos theory. Methods This study adopts a mixed-methods research approach. Initially, content analysis was employed to extract components affecting patterns in the policy-making process. Specialized questionnaires tailored to these identified components were subsequently distributed to gather the opinions of experts. These questionnaires were crafted to evaluate both the prevailing policy-making process in accounting and the decisionmaking behaviors of accounting information users, especially those of investors. The statistical population consists of certified accounting experts, i.e., practicing auditors affiliated with the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants, Accounting Faculty members, accountants affiliated with the Iranian Institute of Certified Accountants, and other experts in the accounting policy-making process, its standards, and the economic decision-making process. Purposive sampling was then employed to select the participants. Out of 60 distributed questionnaires, 42 were completed and returned. Single-sample t-tests and regression analysis were then conducted to analyze data. Results The research findings indicate that the investors' decision-making process inherently follows a nonlinear pattern, whereas the accounting policymaking process has traditionally followed a linear approach. Therefore, as long as this inconsistency exists, there can be no improvements or changes in recognizing the informational needs of various user groups, establishing clear standard-setting directions, aligning standards with user needs, and avoiding crafting contradictory accounting standards, leading to a regressive and ineffective cycle. Furthermore, the use of the chaos theory principles can guide the accounting policymaking process toward a both realistic and efficacious trajectory. Conclusion The financial events and informational demands of accounting information users follow complex, ever-evolving nonlinear dynamics. Therefore, integrating the chaos theory methodologies into the accounting policymaking process can facilitate the development of effective standards that cater to the decision-making needs of accounting information users and fulfill the ultimate objectives of accounting knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Game of Thrones is the first book of the Song of Ice and Fire series by American author George Raymond Richard Martin; a fictional-epic story set in the realm of Westeros. The main line of the story is the struggle and war to reach the Iron Throne, during which several other stories are born. What distinguishes its plot is the existence of chaos in the system of government that seeks a unified leadership over this chaotic world. This research traces Nancy Katherine Hayles and Edward Lorenz’s chaos theories in the novel–as a complex and chaotic system—, and shows various forces that dominate time, place, and characters who make the end of the story unpredictable. It shows the "Butterfly Effect" in the story, and since events in the history of this complex system are repeated, the role of "Fractals" is identified. The researchers show the structure of this novel is full of chaos and disorder and the author tries to create order from these irregularities. Background of the Study: A collection of analytical readings edited by James Lowder on Song of Ice and Fire entitled Beyond the Wall (2012) examines Martin’s fantasy collection. This anthology provides a way to explore Martin’s multifaceted world. Moreover, different works have been conducted on the series from romanticism to psychological reading. However, there is not a single work from a chaos perspective. Therefore, the present research can fill the existing gap in these fields. Methodology: This research reads Martin’s Game of Thrones through an interdisciplinary method based on Catherine Hayles and Edvard Lorenz’s theories of chaos. Martin’s works are implicitly chaotic in nature; the narrative forms problematize the linear structure and coherence presenting multiplicities of points of view that serve to augment individual insights, a carefully crafted and cohesive drama about the prevalence of the disorder in life. The other major concepts of chaos like the "Butterfly Effect" and "Fractals" which are overarching patterns, probable and possibly deterministic but not predictable, lay underneath the texts. The researchers aim to apply the principles of the chaos theory to the novel and explore the changing nature of this system in which truth, precision, and predictability cannot be obtained. Conclusion: Reading Game of Thrones—having a non-linear history, full of complexity, the entanglement of stories, and a variety of characters—based on chaos theory facilitates a more complex understanding of the oeuvre. Westeros’ chaotic world with its protective Wall functions as a closed system. However, chaos is an inevitable phenomenon that takes place due to reliance on the initial condition. Based on the "Butterfly Effect", the smallest change in the system can cause the greatest events. Westeros is full of unpredictabilities in which consequences surprise the characters and the existence of "Fractal" adds to the complexity of chaos. History repeats itself with the same pattern for the characters; they are living in a deterministic system in which their destinies have already been decided through complex relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the behavior of water surface evaporation is one of the basic issues in design, operation, and studies related to water engineering. Therefore, the application of new methods such as chaos theory in hydrology and water resources has recently been considered due to its innovation and capabilities. Since the fluctuations of evaporation from free water surfaces are dynamic and non-linear in nature, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of chaotic behavior in evaporation from the free water surface in the Semnan synoptic station on daily and monthly time scales in 1995-2018 using the concepts of chaos theory. The daily, monthly, and annual evaporation rates of this synoptic station were calculated to be 68.8, 200, and 2600 mm, respectively. To reconstruct the state space, two parameters of delay time and embedding dimension are needed. The mean of mutual information and false nearest neighborhood has been used to estimate these two parameters. The first step to study a process with chaos theory is to investigate the chaotic nature of the correlation dimension method as one of the most common methods. First, the embedded dimension was calculated by the nearest neighborhood method equal to 3. To calculate the delay time, cross-evaporation diagrams were drawn at Semnan station at different time scales. According to this method, the first local minimum in the diagram is considered the latency, which was obtained for evaporation at daily and monthly scales of 30 and 3, respectively. Unlike complicated and conventional computational methods, these results are obtained by observation and in the least amount of time, as follows: monthly data are more chaotic than daily data. The enclosed dimension and the slope of the correlation dimension diagram were obtained at 8.8 and 9.8, respectively, after calculating the latency and reconstruction of the state space.

This paper deals with the dynamic economic and emission dispatch during a day as an important challenge in engineering. On the other hand, renewable energy provides an undeniable contribution to the energy supply. Therefore, to create an efficient model, the probability wind energy models have been proposed. In principle, this problem has several limitations and to bring it to reality, practical and nonlinear constraints such as power balance, ramp rate, prohibited zone, non-smooth cost function, and production constraints have been considered. Since these functions i.e. emission, cost, and wind models are conflicting in nature, to solve this problem, a multi-objective virus colony search algorithm (VCS) based on Pareto theory has been proposed. To improve the performance of the virus colony search algorithm, the chaos theory has been employed that eliminates the weakness of the standard algorithm, ie the speed of convergence and increased number of iterations of the algorithm to achieve the optimal solution. Chaos theory refers to the nature of complex systems with unpredictable behavior. Using the stochastic properties of chaos system, Chaos theory can improve the quality of population distribution in search space and enhance algorithm convergence function. The fuzzy decision function is also used to select the best solution from the set of solutions. The proposed model and method are applied to different systems and in some cases are compared with other methods in the articles. The results show an improvement in the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results also show that the presence of renewable resources has reduced production costs and thus increased network security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the behavior of water surface evaporation is one of the basic issues in design, operation, and studies related to water engineering. Therefore, the application of new methods such as chaos theory in hydrology and water resources has recently been considered due to its innovation and capabilities. Since the fluctuations of evaporation from free water surfaces are dynamic and non-linear in nature, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of chaotic behavior in evaporation from the free water surface in the Semnan synoptic station on daily and monthly time scales in 1995-2018 using the concepts of chaos theory. The daily, monthly, and annual evaporation rates of this synoptic station were calculated to be 68.8, 200, and 2600 mm, respectively. To reconstruct the state space, two parameters of delay time and embedding dimension are needed. The mean of mutual information and false nearest neighborhood has been used to estimate these two parameters. The first step to study a process with chaos theory is to investigate the chaotic nature of the correlation dimension method as one of the most common methods. First, the embedded dimension was calculated by the nearest neighborhood method equal to 3. To calculate the delay time, cross-evaporation diagrams were drawn at Semnan station at different time scales. According to this method, the first local minimum in the diagram is considered the latency, which was obtained for evaporation at daily and monthly scales of 30 and 3, respectively. Unlike complicated and conventional computational methods, these results are obtained by observation and in the least amount of time, as follows: monthly data are more chaotic than daily data. The enclosed dimension and the slope of the correlation dimension diagram were obtained at 8.8 and 9.8, respectively, after calculating the latency and reconstruction of the state space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Recently, issues raised by changes in precipitation, especially problems brought about by floods and droughts, along with the environmental effects of diminished rainfall, have underscored the importance of precipitation studies at different temporal and spatial scales. Due to the pervasive impact of precipitation parameter in various urban, industrial and agricultural fields with respect to water supply, the identification of fluctuations, changes and precipitation structure is of particular importance, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The similarity feature in climatic variables allows the use of fractal geometry and analysis of temporal and spatial changes. Accordingly, the use of fractal geometry in predicting the behavior of many natural processes, including precipitation in different regions, has a special place. The goal of this study is to investigate the structure of different time periods of precipitation in Shiraz synoptic stations to explore changes and determine the spatial position of precipitation in the stability and instability period. Methodology In this study, daily precipitation data was received over a period of 58 years (1956-2013) from the Meteorological Organization of Fars Province to investigate the structure governing precipitation parameter. Then, statistical deficiencies were corrected by restructuring using difference ratio and linear regression. The methodology and algebraic logic of calculations in this study are such that in the first step, research parameters are arranged from minimum to maximum in an ascending order. Then, based on the triangular threshold coordinates(2Π), the minimum and maximum were extracted based on linear structures of the desired criteria and algebraic mathematical reference was conducted using Relation (1). Relation (1) F (x) = Then, in order to apply the fractal structure by applying the criterion for mathematical reference using Relation (2), the real structure of the desired meteorological parameters was obtained. Relation (2) Y = m2 × sin (1/m) Finally, by overlapping the output charts of the actual structures and the classical structure of the fractal (Figure 2) in the algebraic ranges of -0.4 to +0.4, the algebraic process of each climatic parameter was evaluated separately. Results and discussion In this study, based on the results, in addition to the daily analysis of the governing structure of precipitation over a 58-year period (1956-2012), which covered 21185 days, the governing structure along with the analysis of equilibrium dynamics of structures and its functions in three time periods (three 20-year periods) of different daily precipitation were also examined separately. The first period began in January 1, 1956 and lasted for 7065 days. The relevant calculations were performed on the data derived from the first period, which based on the findings of this study, precipitation in Shiraz''s synoptic stations do not follow the fractal logic in the first period by applying fractal algebraic structures, Also, in the second period, similar to the first one, the precipitation structure does not comply with a particular fractal logic. In other words, the logic governing precipitation parameter during the first and second periods changes from equilibrium to non-equilibrium. However, unlike the previous two periods, the fractal logic is followed in the third period. Conclusion The self-similarity feature in climatic variables allows the use of fractal dimension and analysis of temporal and spatial changes. Accordingly, the use of fractal geometry in predicting the behavior of many natural processes, including precipitation in different regions, has a special place. The goal of this study was to investigate the structure of different periods of precipitation in Shiraz synoptic station to identify changes and determine the spatial position of precipitation structure in the period of stability and instability. The behavior of meteorological parameters in various parts of the world is a function that never follows uniform algebraic structure. Therefore, the analysis of complex systems and changes in nonlinear climate parameters using chaotic, fractal and fuzzy concepts offers a suitable way to understand the equilibrium state and dynamic analyses of climate fractal changes. The results indicate the dynamic transition of this time period from non-equilibrium to equilibrium. Therefore, according to the three time periods, the equilibrium dynamics of the daily precipitation structure approaches fractal structure.

The main question of the present article is "How has Covid-19 affected the globalization discourse in the current crisis? And what will be the scenarios facing Corona and the globalization discourse?" The results of a future research method show that the discourse of globalization is hurting by the central sign of liberalism and by floating signs such as the free market and global trade before the Corona crisis. Corona's oversight has intensified, with states continuing to tighten their policies, such as blocking borders, controlling and restricting information and news, disregarding social justice and human rights, the spread of nationalism, authoritarianism and severe censorship. This practice gradually challenged the rest of the floating signs. Seems that there are five scenarios for the future of the globalization discourse, which are as follows: A) Favorable future: the return of globalization to the past and reunification between states. B) Probable future: 1. Reducing the speed of the globalization process and turning states to utilitarianism. 2. Reducing the speed of the globalization process, and temporarily shrink the international environment. C) Possible future: stopping the discourse of globalization, the failure of capitalist ideology and the emergence of new ideologies.

Background COVID-19 was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly throughout the world including Iran. Objective The purpose of this paper is to predict the prevalence of coronavirus and the number of confirmed cases and deaths in Iran based on the theory of chaos and measuring the Lyapunov exponent. Methods In this analytical study, the number of confirmed cases, recovered patients, total tests, and deaths between February 20 and May 30, 2020 were collected daily from the website of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The prevalence rate and the time to reach saturation in a short period were estimated using a formula using Lyapunov exponent and the initial and final number of confirmed cases in Matlab software. Findings Simulation of all confirmed cases between 20 February 2020 to 4 May 2020 show the number of people infected with the coronavirus would be close to saturation, but in end of May 2020 the number of people with the disease re-entered the second phase of increase. The slope of the simulation curve decreases in the second phase and the virus spreads in May at a slower rate than in the first phase (April). The simulation diagram of the total confirmed patients to the total number of tests performed also shows the entry into the second phase of increasing in May. Conclusion Simulation results of all confirmed cases and total deaths in Iran, using chaos theory and the Lyapunov-based model, can properly represent the real data and can predict the trend of spread and time to approach saturation in a short time. Sensitivity to the initial condition in the equation by changing the quarantine restrictions and the observance of health protocols causes a change in the rate of total number of confirmed patients enters the third or fourth increasing phase. Also, based on the calculated deaths, it is predicted that the total number of deaths at the end of May will reach less than 5% of the total number of people who have recovered and died.

Aim @ Backgrounds: Physical texture of urban areas can have chaotic behavior due to their non-linear and unpredictable characteristics. The theory of chaos in urban development attempts to explore physical development which has fractal geometry, as a non-linear, sensitive to preliminary conditions and generalizable to different scales with an emphasis on geometric aspects of it. In this study, with the aim of achieving the physical growth pattern, the physical status of a part of Mashhad urban complex has been investigated and analyzed as a coherent whole with homogeneous function (tourism). Methodology: The research method in this study is analytical-descriptive. In order to achieve the goals of the research, the urban fabric of a designated area has been studied with the help of up-to-date maps and specialized software. Scaling has been adhered to as a generalizable process, In the process, Therefore, this research is one of the applied research. Findings: With respect to scaling, the correlation coefficient between the geometric parameters indicates a significant relationship between these parameters. The fractal spectrum of the study area at various scales (whole and component) indicates the autopsy of the study body and describes its process. Conclusion: As a result, physical growth process in the studied area is chaotic and it follows a specific growth pattern at different scales. Far from the populated cores (Mashhad, Toos, Torghabeh and Shandiz),physical geometry tends to be linear, and it is also in relation to transport arterieschr('39') geometry.

Background: Today having monitors and instruments which are able to automatically and precisely determine the depth of anesthesia from the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is important. The purpose of this was is to provide an approach to assess the dynamics of brain chaos and its electrical activity in order to take advantage of the achievements of this theory in cognitive science. Methods: According to the chaos theorem, the chaotic features of the electroencephalogram signal in different anesthesia levels have been extracted and evaluated as a chaotic system trajectories. In order to evaluate the effect of anesthesia level on the chaotic behavior of electroencephalogram signal, different models created based on the random forest, and the support vector machine modeling. We proposed a procedure to extract largest Lyapunov exponential and Higuchi’s fractal dimension as chaotic features from one channel electroencephalogram in 20 patients under the different depths of anesthesia with sevoflurane; the evaluation was done using K-fold procedure. Findings: Evaluation of extracted models indicated that mentioned models had repeatability and separability with the accuracy of more than 93%. Conclusion: Results show that the brain and its electrical activities have chaotic dynamism. Therefore, we can take advantage of chaos theorem in developing of anesthesia monitoring, as well as in many other researches related to the cognitive sciences by analyzing the electroencephalogram signal based on the chaos theorem.

River discharge is among the influential factors on the operation of water resources systems and the design of hydraulic structures, such as dams; so the study of it is of great importance. Several effective factors on this non-linear phenomenon have caused the discharge to be assumed as being accidental. According to the basics the chaos theory, the seemingly random and chaotic systems have regular patterns that are predictable. In this research, by using methods of phase space mapping, correlation dimension, largest Lyapunov exponent and Fourier spectrum power, a period covering 43 years of Zayandehrud River discharge (1971-2013) was evaluated and analyzed based on the chaos theory. According to the results, the non-integer value of the correlation dimension for Eskandari and Ghale Shahrokh stations (3.34 and 3.6) showed that there was a chaotic behavior in the upstream of Zayandehrud-Dam Reservoir. On the other hand, in the Tanzimi-Dam station, the correlation dimension curve was ascending with respect to the embedding dimension, showing that the studied time-series in the downstream of Zayandehrud-Dam Reservoir was random. The slope of the Lyapunov exponent curve for Eskandari, Ghale Shahrokh and Tanzimi-Dam stations was 0.0104, 0.017 and 0.0192, respectively, and the prediction horizon in the chaotic stations was 96 and 59 days. The non-periodical feature of time series was studied by using the Fourier spectrum power. The wide bandwidth, besides other indices, showed that river discharge in the upstream stations of Zayandehrud Reservoir was chaotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River discharge is among the influential factors on the operation of water resources systems and the design of hydraulic structures, such as dams; so the study of it is of great importance. Several effective factors on this non-linear phenomenon have caused the discharge to be assumed as being accidental. According to the basics the chaos theory, the seemingly random and chaotic systems have regular patterns that are predictable. In this research, by using methods of phase space mapping, correlation dimension, largest Liapunov exponent and Fourier spectrum power, a period covering 43 years of Zayandehrud River discharge (1971-2013) was evaluated and analyzed based on the chaos theory. According to the results, the non-integer value of the correlation dimension for Eskandari and Ghale Shahrokh stations (3.34 and 3.6) showed that there was a chaotic behavior in the upstream of Zayandehrud-Dam Reservoir. On the other hand, in the Tanzimi-Dam station, the correlation dimension curve was ascending with respect to the embedding dimension, showing that the studied time-series in the downstream of Zayandehrud-Dam Reservoir was random. The slope of the Lyapunov exponent curve for Eskandari, Ghale Shahrokh and Tanzimi-Dam stations was 0.0104, 0.017 and 0.0192, respectively, and the prediction horizon in the chaotic stations was 96 and 59 days. The non-periodical feature of time series was studied by using the Fourier spectrum power. The wide bandwidth, besides other indices, showed that river discharge in the upstream stations of Zayandehrud Reservoir was chaotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postmodern or constitutive criminology is one of the theories of critical criminology that was born in 90s and introduced a systematic description of postmodernism into the writings on criminology. Despite the skeptical versions of postmodernism that have influenced humanities and social sciences, postmodern criminology provides an affirmative approach and despite accepting the criticisms of postmodernism on modernism and in particular positivist empiricism, it does not believe in nihilism and subjectivism. This theory does not accept the one-dimensional readings of crime which pre-existed in criminology and combines different theories from various scientific disciplines and uses all flows of thought in the realm of postmodernism to provide a compressive analysis. Seeing criminology as a social fact has no place in this theory and postmodern criminologists believe that due to complexity of social engagements and personal relationships, complicated causation theories like choatic theory are needed. in postmodernism cause of crime is not predictable and linear rather is sensitive to initial conditions and unpredictable . Therefore, in this descriptive-analytic study we attempted to investigate and analyze the theoretical and intellectual dimensions of postmodern criminology on crime, both in terms of concept and causation

The sediment load of a river is one of the major parameters in designing a dam, as it not only affect configuration and construction on its upstream, but also due to its negative consequences resulting from sediment dredging and some environmental issues that arise in its downstream. Therefore, elucidation of sediment transport mechanisms is of utmost importance. As several independent and nonlinear factors affect this phenomenon, its randomness has been accepted by many hydrologists as an axiom. The chaos theory states that many complex systems with random behavior are limited only by the number of parameters, and their behavior is predictable in a short term. The dynamics of sediment transport, and also the influence of a dam on its patterns are studied in this project benefitting from the chaos theory, and the reconstructed phase space and correlation dimensions methods. Results indicate that the sediment time series have low-dimensional chaos, and in a period as short as 10 days, a dam affects the dynamics and converts a chaotic phenomenon in to random ones. However, due to the created information and disconnection that takes place in a chaotic system in longer times, i.e. one month, the above mentioned transformation disappears an the system resumes a chaotic behavior.

سیستم‌های غیرخطی پویا، رفتارهای متفاوتی از خود نشان می‌دهند به طوری که در تفسیر بسیاری از پدیده‌های اقتصادی به ظاهر تصادفی، می‌توان این دسته از سیستم‌ها را به کار گرفت. نظریه آشوب یک رویکرد جدید برای بررسی روند تغییرات سیستم‌های غیرخطی پویا در بازارهای پولی و مالی ارائه می‌کند. این مقاله با استفاده از نظریه آشوب، آزمون BDS و بوت استرپ، ماکزیمم نمای لیاپانوف، نمای هرست و بازسازی فضای فاز و با بکارگیری داده‌های فصلی طی سال‌های 1338 تا 1389 به بررسی وضعیت رفتار رشد اقتصادی در ایران پرداخته است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش پاسخ به این سوال است که آیا رشد اقتصادی در ایران دارای یک توزیع یکنواخت مستقل است یا از یک فرایند غیرخطی (تصادفی یا آشوبی) تبعیت می‌کند. نتایج حاصل از آزمون BDS و نمای هرست نشان می‌دهند که رشد اقتصادی دارای فرایندی غیرخطی است. همچنین نتایج حاصل از دو آزمون آشوبی شامل ماکزیمم نمای لیاپانوف و بازسازی فضای فاز، وجود آشوب در GDP را تایید نموده­اند.

By considering the chaos theory, the condition for stability of nuclear reactor is studied. By considering the enrichment fuel as a control parameter, the lyapunov exponent is used for the study of the critical condition. This study, as an example, will focus on the special type of spherical ZPR-III nuclear reactor.

New scientific achievements in engineering, in the field of complex systems, and analysis of nonlinear systems can be used as an appropriate solution for the challenges not only in the science and engineering, but also in the humanism and especially in social challenges and historical research. Based on these achievements, this paper proposes a new method in the field of history as variations of open nonlinear time-variant system. In this research, the concepts of the word system, linear and nonlinear system, open and closed system, certainty and uncertainty, chaos and butterfly effect, and complexity in systems are presented. Furthermore, the applications of these words in the field of analysis of historical events are discussed, and finally, the new method based on science and engineering feats is presented. Using the proposed method, various societies presented, as an open nonlinear time-variant system can be analyzed. This kind of analysis can provide a new approach in the historical research.

Despite advances that has been made in natural sciences, human is still unable to predict accurate status of some of these natural disasters. Experience has shown that in the absence of necessary infrastructures natural hazards may result in massive tragedies. One of the important tasks that landscape architects should tackle these days is the management of these threats and their impact on human environments. Landscape as an innately dynamic phenomenon, can offer new perspectives and approaches for dealing with transitional environments. The Chaos Theory proposes principals for managing stressful systems in order to enable them to endure damages. Resilience can be known as the reflection of management strategies of Chaos theory in ecology and environmental management systems. This concept has suggested a few resolutions to confronting unexpected disasters. Resilience is the result of revision of the earlier concepts of sustainability. In the new conceptions of ecological sustainability, it is defined as the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions, and perceived as a dynamic concept. Considering dynamics of the landscape in this approach, gives opportunities for interactive responses and sustainability of landscape, especially in unpredictable situations and crisis conditions. This essay, at first offers introduction of the principals of Chaos theory and its impact on decision management. Furthermore, it expresses the reflections of Chaos theory on sustainable ecology and strategies that it represents for designing resilient landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Order is one of the most important necessities of social life with numerous functions. At the individual level, it leads to success in goal achievement and increasing self-esteem and happiness. At the organizational level, it causes improvement in efficiency and at the social level, it causes reduction in crime rates, improving thereby security, encouragement of pro-social behaviors, social cohesion and development. Although everyone acknowledges the importance of order in life according to their human nature, when it comes to practice, many people are not disciplined. Concept of disorder includes a broad range of features such as confusion, disorganization, disruption, and chaos. In other words, disorder is indicative of erosion in values and norms. It is an important social problem especially in urban areas in Iran. At the behavioral level, disorder is influenced by multiple factors, but many researchers believe that there is a significant relationship between social control and disorder. Therefore, based on control theory, we assume there is a direct relationship between performance of control systems and the degree of disorder. In other words, if the systems of social control perform better monitoring on the behavior of people through formal or informal mechanisms, disorder or deviation from cultural values and norms will be reduced. But this relationship has been rarely considered in Iran. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between social control and disorder in Dehdasht, which is one of the three major cities of Kohgiloye-Boyerahmad province in south west of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

پژوهش حاضر به مطالعه پیش‌بینی شاخص قیمت سهام در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران به وسیله شبکه‌های عصبی و ارایه‌ی شواهدی مبنی بر رفتار آشوبناک شاخص قیمت در بورس اوراق بهادار می‌پردازد. دو مجموعه از داده‌ها برای ورودی شبکه عصبی انتخاب شده‌اند. وقفه‌های مختلفی از شاخص و عوامل کلان اقتصادی به عنوان متغیرهای مستقل. شبکه‌های عصبی به‌کار گرفته شده در این پژوهش از نوع پرسپترون چند لایه (MLP) است که به روش الگوریتم پس انتشار خطا آموزش دیده‌اند، و شامل شبکه‌های عصبی پیش خور سه لایه و چهار لایه با تعداد نرون‌های مختلف در لایه‌های ورودی و پنهان است. هم‌چنین از مدل خطی ARIMA برای پیش‌بینی شاخص قیمت در هفته‌ی بعد استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شبکه‌ها عصبی عملکرد بهتری نسبت به مدل خطی ARIMA برای پیش‌بینی شاخص قیمت دارند و هم‌چنین مقدار قابل قبول MSE برای خطای شبکه در داده‌های آزمون و برآورد نشان‌دهنده‌ی این مطلب است که حرکات آشوبناک در رفتار شاخص قیمت وجود دارد. و آزمون R2 محاسبه شده نشان دهنده‌ی شواهدی علیه فرضیه بازار کارا وگشت تصادفی است.