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Introduction: The lack of proper management and choosing the right place for disposal and burial of waste creates problems for the environment. Khoda Afarin city has a population of about 34977 people and Kalibar city has a population of about 48837 people. In the last few decades in these cities, with the increase in population, consumerism, and the change in people's eating habits, the increase in the consumption of packaged materials along with the imitation of people's consumption patterns has caused an increase in the production of a large amount of waste. Despite this problem, there is still no proper way to dispose of waste in these cities. The purpose of this research was to locate landfill centers based on the ANP network analysis process model and Boolean logic in the geographic information technologies (GIS) environment by using the opinions of experts in the form of pairwise comparison questionnaires and descriptive-analytical methods. Material and methods: In this research, in order to select landfill centers due to the complexity of the influencing factors, the necessity of using GIS and its integration with other management and planning matters has been proposed. Therefore, in this research, ARC GIS software has been used to create databases, spatial analysis and superimposition of information layers, as well as ANP model and Super Decision software to calculate criteria weight and Boolean logic model. Results and discussion: In this research, 17 layers of information including surface water resources, slope, city and village areas, protected areas, fault, soil, road network, lithology, land use, erosion, NDVI, dem, climate, land side, dam, and aspect were used. Then, in the network analysis process model, Super Decision software was used to apply weights for each of the criteria, and in the ArcGIS environment, the information layers were combined with the final weight, and the value of each cell was determined in the final map. The area of 369221 hectares was divided into four categories: unsuitable 174720 hectares, relatively unsuitable 146677 hectares, suitable 42670 hectares and completely suitable 5154 hectares in terms of landfill location, and in Bolin logic, the estimated area of unsuitable 365457 hectares and suitable 3938 hectares for landfill location were detected. Finally, due to the closeness of the areas to each other, the final maps of both models were overlapped, and after merging the locations of 2679 hectares, a suitable location was determined, which covered 73 percent of the suitable areas of the Boleyn model. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of the results shows that in the ANP model, only 1.4 percent of the area is completely suitable, and in the Boleyn model, 1.2 percent of the area has optimal conditions for the landfill. One of the most important achievements of the results of this research is the use of a completely suitable place and a map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling and managing of seasonal and sudden floods in arid and semi-arid regions, especially in areas where surface water is out of reach is necessary. Flood spreading is one of the best ways to control surface runoff and recharge groundwater resources. In the present study, the appropriate sites for flood spreading project in border area of Taybad county in Khorasan Razavi province is selected using Boolean logic .For prioritization the suitable locations, TOPSIS and VIKOR multi-criteria decision making methods were used. Firstly, using Boolean logic inappropriate areas based were removed on criteria (slopes greater than 8%, urban area, agriculture and covered pediment). Then, 11 zones were selected as the suitable areas of using TOPSIS and VIKOR models based on the criteria of slope, groundwater quality, geology, alluvium thickness, transmission capability, drainage density, surface permeability, groundwater loss, distance from the village, distance from wells and land use.. Results showed that most suitable areas are located in alluvial fans. Based on the TOPSIS model, location J with value of 0.75 was selected as the best site, and using the VIKOR model, location K with a value of 0.96 was selected as the best location for flood spreading projects.

Background and purpose: In recent years, the rapid growth of cities has been led to an increase in the production of various types of solid wastes in urban areas. Although landfilling is the last step in municipal solid waste management, but it is one of the common methods in developing countries’ municipal solid waste management. The purpose of this study is to accurately locate urban landfills in Naien county by using a combination of fuzzy and boolean methods. Materials and methods: In this study, AHP model was used to standardize and determine the weight of criteria and sub-criteria. The innovation of this research is the combination of the results of fuzzy and boolean logic. The fuzzy method consists of two groups, the first group is calculation the weight of criteria and the other one by calculating the weight of sub-criteria, and the results of boolean logic with five classes including calculation the weight of criteria and sub-criteria. Results: The results of this study show that the mentioned fuzzy and boolean methods have identified 34, 48779, 16000 and 7630 hectares of areas in Nain county as the most suitable areas for creating urban landfills. According to the weight of methods, a single map with four main patches is resulted by combination of these four methods, which includes a total of 5055 hectares in Nain. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the combination of fuzzy and boolean logic results provides better areas for landfill than using the methods individually.

Underground dams are structures blocking the natural flow of groundwater and provide groundwater resources. In arid regions with limited water resources, it can be managed by constructing these structures. The purpose of this study was to select suitable site for the construction of underground dams in ShahreKurd and Marghmalek watersheds based on site selection criteria. As several different criteria should be considered, it is essential to use methods that are capable of fulfilling the desired criteria. For this purpose, GIS and Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used in this research. To prioritize the areas, different criteria and sub-criteria such as water (quantity, quality), reservoir (reservoir depth, reservoir slope, permeability and reservoir area), axis (axis length, axis depth and lithology of the supports) and socio-economic factors (distance from rural areas, distance from road, drinking, agricultural and industrial water supplies, and impact on water resources) were considered. The water quantity with a weight of 0.83 had the highest rank. Finally, 15 regions were introduced for prioritization out of 60 suitable sites in the study area using Boolean logic. The results showed that the best axes for underground dam construction were located in alluvial beds of low slope, high-flow rivers, with large reservoir volume, high runoff, and high permeability.

Flood control and storage are the main factors in combating desertification especially in arid and semi arid regions. This study aims at recognizing suitable sites for flood spreading by coupling fuzzy inference systems and RS & GIS techniques. In this resarch, Davarzan watershed selected as a one of the most flood prone area in northeastern Iran because of its strategic location in upstream of Etka agricultural regions. Various thematic maps of the study area including slope map, surface infiltration, pollution generating potential of each formation type, runoff volume and aquifer depth on 1:50000 scales were selected as inputs and analyzed using ARC GIS 9.3 package. Land use map on 2002s ETM+ image after field measurement and identifying training sites in ENVI 4.8 software is also extracted. For weighting and integration of information layers, any techniques such as index overlay, Boolean logic and fuzzy logic model has been used. Results showed that fuzzy gamma 0.9 and index overlay with maximum overlaying surface with the control sites (5 and 4% respectively) are the most appropriate methods. Screening output maps, it is revealed that alluvial fan located in upstream of Etka agricultural regions was unsuitable. It is mainly due to accelerated erodibility of formations PLc and K1l, lying on the outlet section and resulted in aggregated marl sediments on the alluvial fan which made it unsuitable for flood spreading.

Shahr-e-Babak town lacks sanitary landfill for waste disposal. This paper, therefore, deals with siting a proper landfill using GIS software and Fuzzy and Boolean Logic. Hence, several relevant layers including distance to the town, distance to the ways, land-use, hydrography, soils, lithology, faults, as well as groundwater direction, aesthetic aspects and wind direction were prepared. Afterwards, using Boolean and Fuzzy logics, these layers were mixed and several proper sites were selected. From these, site No1, located at 5 Km southeast of the town was ranked first. This site, compared to others, is closer to the road, which makes the transportation of waste more feasible. At the same time it is not too far from the city. Its distance to the town and to a road is suitable and lies down side to the winds as well as to the groundwater flow.

Following technological advancements and integrated municipal solid waste management in recent decades, various methods such as recycling, biotreatment, thermal treatment, and sanitary landfills have been developed and employed. Creating sanitary landfills is a major strategy in the integrated solid waste management hierarchy. It is cheaper and thus more common than other disposal methods. Selecting a suitable solid waste landfill site can prevent adverse ecological and socioeconomic effects. Landfill site selection requires the analysis of spatial data, regulations, and accepted criteria. The present study aimed to use the geographic information system and the analytic hierarchy process to identify an appropriate landfill site for municipal solid wastes in Najafabad (Isfahan, Iran). Environmental and socioeconomic criteria were evaluated through different information layers in the Boolean and fuzzy logics. The analytical hierarchy process was applied for weighing the fuzzy information layers. Subsequently, two suitable sites were identified by superimposing the maps from the Boolean and fuzzy logics and considering the minimum required landfill area for 20 years. However, proximity of these two sites to Tiran (a nearby city) made them undesirable landfill sites for Najafabad. Therefore, due to the existing restrictions in Najafabad, the possibility of creating landfill sites in common with adjacent cities should be further investigated.

The present study were conducted to determine the potential habitat of olive (Olea europea L.) species adapted to Mediterranean climate in order to expand the native and man-made forests of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiary province using Geographic information systems. The first step of the project was to collect the at-hand data and maps. Then three different data layers were extracted from topographic maps with 1:25,000 scales. For climatic sorting, the province was divided into three homogenous sub-regions and regressions models were calculated. The required climatologically layers were created through DEM for various dry months. Digitizing the available existing soil maps from various sources led to six layers in data base. The land-use layers were produced in eight layers including irrigated agriculture lands, rain fed agriculture lands, range lands, forest lands, agro forestry lands, bare rock lands, urban lands and other lands. Considering the ecological requirements of the selected species, the produced environmental data layers were combined with Boolean and Fuzzy logics to depict the potential habitat. The areas of these sites were 8708 and 7238 ha with Boolean and Fuzzy method, respectively which decreased to 693 and 2010 ha after considering soil texture limitations.

The nature has always shown its destructive face with the phenomena such as floods, volcanoes, earthquakes and ....These risks have been always considered as a threat to human activities.Davarzan basin as a case study has been studied from this approach. This basin is located in west of Sabzevar Plain. The area of this basin is equal to 498.69 kilometers. The issue under study is that every year a large portion of the river water is wasted and damages to agricultural activities. The research aim is to determine the flooding zones by zoning maps. Lack of hydrometric station, hydrological data and statistics and impassable of the areas at upstream of the basin for field works and the necessity for long term measurements have been the main problems of this research .In this study, GIS software and conceptual models have been used as the main tools. In determining the flooding zones, several factors are involved and each with different degrees of importance impact on zoning, thus, the natural condition like slope, lithology, morphometry, soil type, CN and vegetation condition are the main data of research. However, fuzzy algebraic sum operator as recognized 91.03% of the basin with very high flooding and 0 .13 percent with flooding and therefore davarzan basin has low flooding sensitivity.Thus the fuzzy gamma operator among all operators in the models studied in GIS, has the high accuracy in flood zoning of basins in davarzan basin. This model also has determined 18.82 percent of the basin located in high zone of flooding and 24.62 percent of basin is placed in very high flooding. Units that are consistent with low flooding shall have the lowest weight. So that 19.32 percent has been identified as low flood and 37.24 percent as moderate flood. Finallt, the final result has been presented in the form of zoning maps.