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Psychological analysis of fictional characters provides the ground for achieving the perspectives and attitudes of fiction writers and paves the way to understanding fictional characters correctly. The psychological Enneagram theory is a new typology that categorizes the behavioral traits of human beings into 9 personality types: Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger, and Peacemaker. The main purpose of this research is to examine the adaptability of the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" from the collection of stories "Somewhere Else" written by Goli Taraghi, with the 9 types of Enneagram and also to analyze the behavior of the main character based on the Enneagram pattern. The results indicate that most of the behavioral components of the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" correspond to Type 5 (Investigator) of Enneagram, and in some situations, the behavior of Type 4 (Individualist) of Enneagram shows itself and is consistent with the Enneagram pattern and can be analyzed accordingly.Keywords: Characterization, Short story, The Pear Tree, Goli Taraghi, Enneagram. IntroductionThe psychological analysis of the character element in the story, in addition to obtaining the author's view, leads to the knowledge of the hidden angles of the story and leads the audience to a deeper understanding of fiction literature. Equating fictional characters with various theories of typology helps to analyze and identify their coordinates. The psychological theory of the Enneagram, which categorizes the behavioral characteristics of humans into 9 types, has been considered in the current research due to its universality and originality.On the other hand, examining the works of famous authors of fictional literature helps to clarify the position of this type of literature and also paves the way for knowing the achievements and shortcomings of its authors. The present article analyzes the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" based on the Enneagram model in order to, in addition to a deep understanding of the character, examine the degree of adaptability of the effect to the nine types of the Enneagram, and attempts to answer the question that the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" based on the Enneagram theory can be analyzed in what fields? and is the behavior pattern of the main character compatible with the nine types of the Enneagram? Literature ReviewBased on the research studies carried out, no research has been done on Goli Taraghi's works in the field of fictional character analysis, from the perspective of Enneagram psychological theory, and the present research is innovative from this point of view. Among the research studies carried out, we can mention the article "Analysis of the Archetypes of the Story Elsewhere by Goli Targhi" in which, the archetypes of self, anima and animus, travel, wise old man, mask, shadow, and the process of individuality and rebirth in the story "Somewhere Else" are analyzed and the researcher comes to the conclusion that the plot and characters of the story can be investigated based on Jung's theories (Hadadi, 2010: 147-170). in the article Ecocritical Study of the short story The Pear Tree written by Goli Taraghi, the researcher deals with ecological criticism and examines the relationship between man and nature and concludes that Goli Taraghi tries to redefine the role of nature and her own view in the story of The Pear Tree, and by using double contrasts and symbolism, considers the silent consciousness of nature superior to the modern intellectual consciousness, and looks at ecological nature and values it intrinsically (Niyazi, 1394: 113-127). In the research studies of Persian literature, the theory of Enneagram has been abandoned, and among the few articles presented, we can mention the article "A Psychological Analysis of the Personality Type of King in Masnavi’s Story of ‘King and Maid’ Based on the Model of Enneagram", in which the character of "King" is analyzed based on the Enneagram pattern and by citing evidence from the content of the story, the character of "King" is introduced in accordance with the 8th type of Enneagram pattern (ruler) (Rezaei, 1396: 169-192). MethodologyThis article is a descriptive-analytical research that deals with the analysis of the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" by Goli Taraghi based on Enneagram typology. After introducing the theory of the Enneagram, the researcher matched the main character of the story with the nine types of Enneagram based on the evidence available in the piece, in order to reach the psychological layers of the main character by analyzing the actions and reactions of the main character and helped to a deeper understanding of the events and plot of the story. DiscussionThe story "The Pear Tree" from the story collection "Somewhere Else" is one of the remarkable stories of Goli Taraghi. This story is about the importance of returning to oneself, introspection, and deep thinking. Since literature is the product of the human mind, there is a meaningful relationship between literature and psychology. In psychological criticism, by paying attention to the text and by looking at "symbols and forms of imagination and descriptions and deviations in the artist's language, it is possible to psychologically analyze the effect and understand the soul and mind of its creator." (Shamisa, 2014: 277).Enneagram psychological theory introduces nine personality types. Each type exhibits different behavioral traits. "The Enneagram determines what people of each personality type pay attention to and how they direct their energy and behavior" (Daniels and Price, 2015: 4) and also how they react to any situation.Sometimes, in addition to the usual behaviors of their dominant type, some people may display the behavioral characteristics of their side type in situations, which are called wings according to the number adjacent to the main type of each person. For example, for the dominant type 5, its side types, i.e. types 4 and 6, are considered wings. Therefore, "the wings divide the 9 main types into 18 types." (Pierce, 2017: 53).Through the analysis, the character of the "writer" was obtained based on the Enneagram pattern. The writer exhibits the behavioral characteristics of type 5 and his career is the most important proof of this claim. Type 5 is included in the thinker group, and the thinker group of Enneagram includes types 5, 6, and 7. In this group, type 5 is the type that gets too deep in thought. The writer is deep-thinking, curious, and detail-oriented due to his occupation and being a philosopher. Therefore, his dominant personality is type 5 Enneagram.On the other hand, he sometimes displays behaviors of type 4 Enneagram. His desire and pull towards a love that is far from his reach in adolescence is a characteristic of type 4. Type 4 is in the sentimental triad and is the type that avoids expressing their feelings and tries to express their feelings through art and creativity. The writer also uses his genius to create his works. In the table (1-3) the characteristic features of the writer are recorded. These traits correspond to the characteristics of the 4th and 5th Enneagram types and are mentioned separately for each type. Table (1-3): Bold characteristics of the "writer" personality according to enneagram typesThe bold characteristics of the "writer" personality that match the characteristics of the 5th type of EnneagramThe bold characteristics of the "writer" personality, which are consistent with the characteristics of the 4th type of Enneagram* Great desire to learn* Creative and innovative* Smart* In search of science and knowledge* Introverted* Thoughtful* Has limited interests* Explorer and curious* In search of solitude* Diligent* Focused* In search of individual independence* Analyzer* Absurdist* Unable to express emotions and control them strongly* Inclination to be useful* Sensitive spirit* Desire for unconventional love* * Attached to distant dreams* Creative and artist* Dreamer* Emotional* IntrovertedAs can be seen in the table, the dominant type of the main character in the story "The Pear Tree" is 5; because most of his moral traits are consistent with type 5 of Enneagram; but in some cases, it also shows the characteristics of type 4, so it is "written" type 5 with wing 4 Enneagram. ConclusionBy examining the story of The Pear Tree with the psychological theory of Enneagram, a deeper understanding of the main character of the story was obtained, the relationship between the actions and the main character was correctly explained, and the actions of the actor within the framework of the signified and signifiers of the story became logically understandable, and as a result, the plot of the story and its course of events were easily formed in the mind of the reader. Enneagram theory helped a lot to analyze the story and in this regard, the narrator of the story established a close relationship with the audience.Through the analysis, the type of the main character of the story was determined. Most of the attributes of "writer" are consistent with the 5th type of enneagram, and in some cases, it tends to the 4th type. Therefore, from the analysis, it can be concluded that the main character of the story "The Pear Tree" is adaptable based on the Enneagram theory and can be analyzed and explained accordingly.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) stands as a valuable model organism for delving into molecular mechanisms, notably detoxification. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, serve as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, potentially shaping the complex network of genes engaged in detoxification pathways. This study employs bioinformatic analysis, utilizing Target Scan and DIANA databases, to explore the potential of miRNAs in modulating the expression of detoxification-associated genes in zebrafish. By meticulously scrutinizing miRNA and mRNA datasets in zebrafish, we pinpoint candidate miRNAs predicted to target established detoxification genes. Leveraging bioinformatic algorithms, we dissect the plausible interactions between these miRNAs and their target detoxification genes, which include pgp, gpx1a, gpx3, aldh3b1, gstm3, cyp3c1, gstp1, gpx1b, cyp17a1, sod1, sod2, gsto2, gstz1, akr7a3, gsr, ahr1b, cat, ahr2, and abcb4. Moreover, we assess the conservation of miRNA-target interactions across species and scrutinize potential miRNA binding sites within the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs. Our findings unveil the intricate regulatory interplay between miRNAs and genes involved in detoxification in zebrafish, providing a cornerstone for future experimental validations. This study significantly contributes to our evolving understanding of miRNA-mediated gene regulation within the context of detoxification pathways in zebrafish

In this study a mathematical analysis for estimating the performance rate "RP" of wheel type trenching machine was studied. The mathematical analysis quantifies the analysis and resulted in an equation. This mathematical equation was checked under different operating conditions. The practical study of the performance rate showed that the deviation of the theoretical performance rate from the actual performance rate ranged from 5 to 7% for the 60.4 and 90.5 cm trench depth, respectively. The machine field efficiency also ranged between 43 and 50.1% for 90.5 cm and 60.4 cm trench depth respectively.

Psychological critique of personality is one of the new researches in the field of storytelling. Ahmad Mahmood (1310-1381) in the novel “The Fig Tree of Temples” by addressing new writing styles including 1-Anti-heroic description 2- Difference in characterization 3- Flow of mind-body 4-Uncertainty 5-Smooth Reality and imagination, and the description of the person's minds, has produced different effects and approached psychoanalytic novels. One of the new psychoanalytic theories for describing personality is Karen Horney's theory. He is one of the post-war psychoanalysts who emphasized the role of the community in influencing people's behavior by introducing the theory of "triple personality types" and "self-ideal", such as Adler. The analysis of the behavior of the characters of “The Fig Tree of Temples”, which is influenced by the community, and is subject to anxiety and internal stress, can be adapted to Horney's theory. Hence, in this article, after discussing various aspects of Horney's theory, the author explores the "current, real, and self-ideal triple virtues" component in one of the novel characters, "Faramarz", who played the most important role in the events of the story. Following the confrontation with the "present self", the mentioned character has suffered a fundamental conflict with destructive factors such as contempt, neglect, violence, and impunity, and is in ideological captivity of the ideal self and its consequences: i.e. nervous expectations, pride and nervous needs and his anxiety, anger, and depression increase more and more.

Comparative literature plays an important role in knowing the position of Iranian authors in the world. Knowing the relationships and differences between two cultures will change the boundaries and overlaps and provides a new aspect. Moreover researching fictional literature from the psychological point of view makes it possible to know its hidden angels. Enneagram is a new typology derived from the study of the human psyche. This psychological theory categorizes the behavioral traits of human beings into 9 personality types: Reformer, Helper, Achiever, Individualist, Investigator, Loyalist, Enthusiast, Challenger, and Peacemaker. This study aimed to investigate the compatibility of the main characters of the selected works of Goli Taraghi and Alice Munro with the nine types of Enneagram and psychological analysis of the characters to better identify and compare and compare the analysis results to achieve similarities and differences between the two authors. The present article is a descriptive-analytical study. The results indicate that the fictional characters of both authors are highly compatible with the theory of Enneagram, and both authors use types 2 (Helper) and 8 (Challenger) with the highest frequency, and the difference is that the characterization in Alice Munro's work is more diverse than Taraghi's work.

تحلیل ساختاری زمان از رویکردهای نوین در زمینه نقد ادبی است که خطّ سیر روایت بر مبنای آن شکل می­گیرد. روایت‌شناسی، علم شناخت شیوه­های گوناگون بیان رویدادها و تحلیل ادبیات روایی از جمله «رمان» می­باشد و نقد روایت‌شناسانه در تحلیل ساختار روایت­های داستانی، بستر مناسبی برای بررسی مؤلّفه­های اصلی متن روایی همچون مفاهیم نظم، تداوم و بسامد فراهم می‌سازد. ژنت (Gérard Genette) با کتاب «گفتمان روایی» خود، با تأکید بر عنصر «زمان روایی»، درخشان‌ترین نظریّه را در باب روایت ارائه داده است. پژوهش حاضر می­کوشد با بررسی رمان «بار دیگر شهری که دوست می­داشتم» اثر نادر ابراهیمی براساس نظریّۀ ژنت، ساختار زمانی در این روایت را با شیوه­ای تحلیلی_استنباطی واکاوی کند و بازتاب مسئله زمان در نگارگری ایرانی را تحلیل و ارزیابی کند. نادر ابراهیمی در رمان مذکور با تغییراتی که در سیر خطّی داستان ایجاد می­کند، شکل داستانی مدرن و نوینی پدید می­آورد و در ترتیب و توالی وقایع داستان در قالب گزینشی تازه و تا حدودی پیچیده، زمانمندی خاصّی را برای جهان داستان خود خلق می­نماید. ابراهیمی این رمان را از پایان، آغاز می­کند و درآن، سه زمان متفاوت (جهش­های زمانی) را شاهد هستیم. ازنظر تداوم، داستان دارای سه نوع شتاب مثبت و منفی و ثابت است و بیشتر بسامدها از نوع مکرّر و بازگو می­باشند.اهداف پژوهش:تحلیل مؤلّفه­های روایت و نقش عنصر زمان براساس نظریّۀ ژنت در رمان «بار دیگر شهری که دوست می­داشتم».درک و نگرشی تازه از کاربرد عنصر «زمان» و ساختار در نگارگری ایرانی.سؤالات پژوهش:چگونه می‌توان با تحلیل ساختاری زمان، رمان «بار دیگر شهری که دوست می داشتم» را تحلیل کرد؟نادرابراهیمی تا چه میزان از شیوه­های زمان روایی درسیر روایت رمان استفاده کرده است؟

Background and Objectives: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common zoonotic disease that is transmitted by sandflies. This disease has become endemic in different regions of Iran. This study aims to determine the epidemiological aspects of CL in Qom, Iran from 2016 to 2022. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data of all patients with CL referred to clinics in Qom city from March 2016 to February 2022 were evaluated. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test were used for data analysis. Results: Of 1084 participants, 719 had infection with CL, of whom 539 were male (75%) and 180 were female (25%). Most of patients had 20-30 years of age and 87.3% had a history of traveling to disease endemic areas. The prevalence of CL was higher in autumn. Moreover, 32.2% of the patients had three or more skin lesions, and in 49.3% of cases, the lesions were in the hand. Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of CL in Qom, it is necessary to take effective health measures to control and prevent CL in this re

Background and Objective: In recent years, bleaching materials have been used in many clinics, which may have different effects on natural teeth and composite restorations (omnichroma). The aim of this study is to determine the spectrophotometric effect of external bleaching on natural tooth structure and composite restoration. Methods: In this study, cavities were first created on 26 extracted teeth, and then, omnichroma composite restorations were completed for all these teeth. The color of each tooth sample was evaluated with a colorimeter device. Measurements were obtained before the application of the bleaching agent for initial lightness (L0), after the bleaching agent's first application (L1), and after the second application of the bleaching agent (L2). Total color change difference (ΔE) values between the restorations and natural tooth during first (ΔE1) and second (ΔE2) treatment intervals were compared. Findings: This study found that, as lightness values between natural tooth and composite were compared, there are changes of lightness value; L1 (p=0.000) and L2 (p=0.006) showed that there is a significant difference in lightness value (L) between natural tooth and composite restoration during the first and second treatments. However, the comparisons of total color change (ΔE) found no substantial differences between the composite restoration and natural tooth structure during the first and second treatment intervals ΔE1 (p=0.479) and ΔE2 (p=0.821). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the value of ΔE decreased significantly from L0 to L2 bleaching treatments. As the tooth becomes brighter, it is clear that there is less of a color difference between the omnichroma restoration and the tooth structure.

Background: The fagus orientalis lipesky species includes around one-third of width and correspondingly, the standing volume in the mixed and partly pure stands of northern forests of Iran.. Present research has been carried out to investigate the effects of topographic factors on quantitative characteristics of oriental beech species in Nav Asalem forestry plan.Methods: According to purpose of the research, breast height diameter and height of the oriental beech trees were measured in three altitude levels (800 to 1650 m), five slope classes (0 to 50) and four main geographical classes and recorded on the corresponding forms.Results: The results of one-way variance analysis test showed that two factors of slope and the sea-level altitude had significant effects on quantitative characteristics of oriental beech species wherein Dunkan’s test was used to compare the means and eventually, the results showed that the lowest and highest rates of quantitative characteristics existed respectively in heights of 1300-1440m and 1440-1650m. Also, studying the slope, the highest diameter, cross-section and height of the beech trees were obtained in a slope of 40-50 percents.Conclusion: Thus, due to the nature and ecological characteristics of oriental beech and since the best habitats for the trees of this species to have the greatest diameter and height are the upstream and sloping regions, the results of this research show that Nav Asalem forest habitat is one of the best habitats of the target species.

Increasing energy consumption in the world raises concerns about future energy supplies. In addition, reducing energy consumption will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as CO2. Given that residential buildings have a significant share in energy consumption, reducing energy consumption in these buildings through the Building Management System (BMS) and insulation of their Exterior walls can have a significant impact on reducing energy consumption.In order to evaluate the impact of these factors on reducing the energy consumption of residential buildings, using Building Information Modeling process (BIM) with the help of BIM software is the method used in the present study. Using building information modeling process, after the modeling of the desired properties, the thermal analysis of the building has been done and by changing the parameters, the effect of each one on the energy consumption is investigated.The main objectives of this research is to investigate the effect of the use of thermal insulating materials and building management system on reducing energy consumption, comparing all types of thermal insulating materials in terms of type and thickness, comparing insulation and building management systems in terms of reducing energy consumption and finding optimal energy-saving model between different building models that have different conditions. Comparison in this study has been done between different building models and the actual base model. Finally, by doing the stated studies, the model with BMS system with 34.61% reduction in energy consumption compared to the base model has the most effect on reducing energy consumption.

Background & aim: Methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the fuel oxygenated additive that is used to reduce the environmental pollution resulting from engine combustion. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute (1 day) and sub chronic (30 days) effects of MTBE on some fertility indices in male rats. Methods: In the present experimental study conducted in 2019, 40 male rats with an approximate weight of 180-200 grams entered the study. The mice were then classified in two separate experiments into two acute groups (one day of treatment) and sub chronic (30 consecutive days of treatment) (15 heads in the acute group and 25 heads in the chronic group). In each acute and chronic group, the animals were randomly divided into 5 subgroups of control, oil (sham), 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg body weight and placed in individual cages. At the end of each experiment, selected parameters related to sperm quality (sperm motility percentage, live sperm mania percentage and total sperm count) were examined. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and linear regression. Results: The results of the present study indicated that in a sub chronic experiment, peanut oil as a solvent of MTBE had a significant effect on sperm motility percentage (p

Achieved wireless networks since its beginning the prevalent wide due to the increasing wireless devices represented by smart phones and laptop, and the proliferation of networks coincides with the high speed and ease of use of the Internet and enjoy the delivery of various data such as video clips and games. Here's the show the congestion problem arises and represent aim of the research is to avoid congestion at APs to wireless networks by adding a control before congestion occurs. A wireless connection was made using the Android system, and congestion was predicted based on the analysis of wireless communication packages around the access point using the LSTM deep learning model. The results show that if the amount of information in the input data is large, a more accurate prediction can be made.

Background: Beliefs of women play a very important role in efficacy of screening for cervical cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate their points of view using appropriate tools with suitable validity and reliability. It seems that the Pap Smear Belief Questionnaire (PSBQ) can assess the attitudes and beliefs of women towards screening for Pap smear. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate cross-cultural adaptation of beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening in Iranian women. Method: In the present study, the cross-cultural adaptation was investigated in 318 married participants. Following the translation and re-translation processes of PSBQ, approval by author, and obtaining the views of the experts as well as participants, the face and content validities of questionnaire were determined qualitatively. Moreover, the construct validity was affirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The tool reliability was analyzed by internal consistency and test-retest methods. Results: The construct validity of the questionnaire had four subscales (exam-related factors, benefits, barriers, and vulnerability). Cronbach's alpha was obtained as 0.93 and the intracluster correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating the reliability of the Persian version of this questionnaire. Implications for Practice: The Persian version of PSBQ had an acceptable validity and reliability among the Iranian female population. This reliable instrument can be used to assess the existing status, in addition to study the effectiveness of breast cancer screening beliefs.

Written manuscripts, due to their importance and roles in the history, should be analyzed in terms of different aspects. The first step is to introduce and to edit these works. Muhammad ibn Abdul-razzaq-e-Donboli is among the literary scholars and commentators in the thirteenth century. He has several works and one of them is the interpretation of the Holy Quran in Persian. His written manuscripts are in different libraries across Iran but have not been introduced yet. The work belong to this interpreter show that he possessed a high scientific position. This study, by presenting documents about his life, aims at introducing his interpretation of a written manuscript from content, stylistics, and interpretive aspects. He wrote this interpretation with the aim of obviating the need for the readers to refer to other interpretations. The interpretation is written in a plain and clear scientific language, but at times the author focuses on verbal and spiritual figures of speech. The quantity of this work is an important aspect which consists of almost one-third of the entire of the Holy Quran. Another important aspect of the book is that it is written in Persian and its author is a Twelver Shia. A critical analysis of this work could shed light on different aspects of Persian literature and on a better understanding of the development of Persian interpretations, especially Shiites interpretations, of the Holy Quran.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) stands as a valuable model organism for delving into molecular mechanisms, notably detoxification. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, serve as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, potentially shaping the complex network of genes engaged in detoxification pathways. This study employs bioinformatic analysis, utilizing Target Scan and DIANA databases, to explore the potential of miRNAs in modulating the expression of detoxification-associated genes in zebrafish. By meticulously scrutinizing miRNA and mRNA datasets in zebrafish, we pinpoint candidate miRNAs predicted to target established detoxification genes. Leveraging bioinformatic algorithms, we dissect the plausible interactions between these miRNAs and their target detoxification genes, which include pgp, gpx1a, gpx3, aldh3b1, gstm3, cyp3c1, gstp1, gpx1b, cyp17a1, sod1, sod2, gsto2, gstz1, akr7a3, gsr, ahr1b, cat, ahr2, and abcb4. Moreover, we assess the conservation of miRNA-target interactions across species and scrutinize potential miRNA binding sites within the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs. Our findings unveil the intricate regulatory interplay between miRNAs and genes involved in detoxification in zebrafish, providing a cornerstone for future experimental validations. This study significantly contributes to our evolving understanding of miRNAmediated gene regulation within the context of detoxification pathways in zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study classifies target users of Central Library of Isfahan to identify their behaviors and information needs. The research uses applied and descriptive-survey method with quantitative approach using neural network techniques in data-mining. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire including 64 items with the average reliability of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient 0.862. The sample population consisted of 356 faculty members and graduate students of Isfahan University of Technology in the year 1393-94. Using MATLAB, they were clustered based on each of the main components of the study (the purpose and motivation of information-seeking, the amount of using information sources, information-seeking obstacles and skills, and the amount of using information services). Removing each of the research’s sub-components of the main components demonstrated the highest purpose and motivation of information-seeking among the target population, and the least effective were reaching a scientific level and competition with rivals; the information sources mostly needed by library users were translations of Latin books, and their minimum requirements were reports and research schemes; the main barrier to their information-seeking was lack of access to proper Internet and the least effective factor in lack of access to information sources was inconvenient use of the sources; the skill of awareness about the required information and access to information channel are most efficient items in the information seeking skills. The most inefficient item is the ability of users in recognizing the importance of obtained information from their searches with respect to their required information; the most effective services in meeting the information needs of the users were the ability of librarians and information science experts in information retrieval and their knowledge of information services and resources, and the least effective were familiarity with a variety of information services and resources in their professional major and possibility of using the information sources in the form of digital files needless of attending libraries. According to the purpose and results of the present study, it is possible to classify target users of libraries via using neural network technique in data-mining, based on their needs and information-seeking behaviors.

Background & Objective: The research objective was to investigate the prevalence of infertility in renal transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive agents and compare the impact of tacrolimus (target of Rapamycin inhibitors (TOR-I)) and Cyclosporine on spermogram parameters after the transplantation. Material & Methods: In this prospective study, from March 2013 to March 2014, all male patient who underwent renal transplantation and were treated with Tacrolimus or Cyclosporine, were included. Patients’ spermogram was analyzed in terms of sperm count and motility. Results: Average sperm count in patients receiving cyclosporine and tacrolimus before the transplantation was 1.73 × 106 and 2.08 × 106 and after the transplantation was 1.2 × 106 and 1.22 × 106, respectively (P=0.008)(P=0.002). Average percentage of the motile sperms of patients treated with Cyclosporine, before the transplantation and start of immunosuppressive course was 45.10%, which decreased to 40.50% at the end of the course. The analysis indicated a significant reduction in sperm motility (P=0.001). Average percentage of the motile sperms of patients receiving Tacrolimus, before the transplantation and start of treatment was 46% that decreased to 38% after the transplantation. This finding presents the significantly reduced sperm motility (P=0.002). Finally, the effective sperm motility in patients treated with Cyclosporine was significantly higher than patients treated with Tacrolimus. Conclusion: Tacrolimus reduces sperms’ motility in renal transplant patients significantly higher than Cyclosporine.

Historiography in every era is the complete mirror of that era. One of the brightest eras in Iran history is Safavid era. In this era, Iran history was involved with the greatest changes in different political and cultural arenas. In this era, Safavids with making official of Shia religion, not just took the advantage of ideology for political domination, but they also changed Iran’s ideological and religious face. Historiography was affected a lot by this great event and it even became the complete mirror of it’s era. In fact, the main objective of this research which is prepared by analytical and descriptive method and based on library resources is to answer this important question: What was the effects of changes in religious views in Safavid era on public historiography? Primary investigations show that although Safavid public historiography is the continuation of Teimuri historiography in the method and style, but religous changes also affected this era’s public historiography. Public history beside Safavid political and cultural constitutions, established Shia culture in this era.

This paper treats the car sequencing problem in final assembly line considering the unexpected occurrence of parts supply disturbance. In this regard, a basic integer linear programming model is developed using GAMS software and based on that, problem solving algorithm according to a reactive approach with considering supply disturbance occurrence is presented. Considering NP-hardness of the problem, a metaheuristic approach based on variable neighborhood search algorithm has been presented. For evaluating the proposed method, sample problems in CSPLib have been used and for simulating the supply disturbance occurrence, test problems in 3 sizes of small, medium and large have been designed. The obtained results show the high performance of proposed algorithm with respect to the best existing solution in all three categories of the problem.

Abstract Debate is a poetry or prose in which two things or two people are opposite and discuss the issue with each other until finally one of them overcomes the other. In this genre, the purpose of the writer or poet from this mutuality is proofing a philosophical or moral conclusion or showing his or her art of poetry. In this genre, the main character is human being, animals, other objects or abstract concepts. To compose debate usually the template of odes, sonnets and couplets are used. The base of this kind of literary goes to the time of Plato and Aristotle and the history of it can be divided into before and after Islam. The reasons behind its evolutions and regressions can be studied over the historical periods. Debate before Islam: This method was common in Iranian culture and literature. It seems that the Iranians have adapted this genre which has the characteristics of oral literature from Mesopotamia in ancient periods. One example can be seen in Akkadian, Sumerian texts. The oldest debate in Iranian culture is the one of Drakht-i Asurig[1] in Parthian Pahlavi language in which tree and goat arise to debate and controversy in order to count their advantages and conquered the other side. Finally, this struggle leads to the victory of goat against the tree. Debate after Islam: In Islamic era, debate was more widespread among poets of Azerbaijan and Iraq. Although Hakim Ferdowsi for composing his unique stories has used different species such as dialogue, monologue, praying, brag, lamentation and the debate. But the Unsuri has used this way of expression, to allegory for expressing and proving his theory. Among available Conversations, the debate between "Raven and the Hawk" can be pointed. A.fter the advent of Islam poets such as Ferdowsi, Unsury, Asadi Tusi, Nizami Ganjavi, Dehlavī, Sanai and Attar, Saadi, Rumi, Hafiz, Jami, etc. have paid attention to this genre. After the time of Asadi, many debates of self-description have grown up. In this type of debate each side tries to show his merits to another. At the end of the debate none of the parties are able to defeat each other, so both sides go to the judge and referee ruled that both of them have benefits and peace is better for them. Most of royal poets and writers have taken advantage of this way to entertain the King and Prince. That's why in many of these debates, the king or minister is the judge of debate which is written for him. Also In contemporary literature many examples of debates are detectable as a means to promote education and moral ideas. Among them, Bahar and Parvin can be noted as able poets in this field. Bahar's Specific initiatives in finding the examples of the debate, demonstrates his power, talent and ability in this way. Parvin's attention is directed to methods of Bahar- like other forms of her poetry. His beautiful and informative debates from language of objects, birds and elements of nature, are so strong that most parts of them are used in her Masnavis. Following the old pattern of debate continued by poets in modern poetry. Mohammad Reza Shafiee Kadkani is one of those poets who has pictured inside and outside of the society of Iranian by debate genre. As a founder of the new era in modern Persian poetry, Nima has paid attention to this method in poems such as the Morgh-e -Amen and Rang-parideh. Debate has also considered in prose. A large part of our prose debates has been made with regard to social conditions. Obviously the social conditions of dialogue are directly linked with the political system. Saadi's conflict with the pretender represents the pinnacle of the intellectual system. Among Persian debates which are written in prose, parts of the book Hamidi's Maghamat or debate of "SHatranj va Nard[2]" by Sarrafe Khwarizmi, which are written in musical prose can be pointed. The debate in "Anasur[3]" from Khand mir that was written in simple prose and easy is another example. Debates in either poetry or prose including diverse subjects, among them the main issues are: philosophical debates, mystical debates, debates with religious topic, the debates with critical issues, the philosophical and ethical debates, and finally scientific debates. But the debates also have different types of personalities and parties. are There are usually two opposing elements and characters in debates. These characters must be typical, so they can be classified into the following types: Debate between persons, debate between animals and birds, debate between inanimate objects, debate between concepts and topics. In general, debate is the manner that the world's great literary figures were not oblivious about it and each of them has done something about this format. The reason is that in pattern of dialogue, words logic and perception of audiences grows up. [1]. The Assyrian Tree [2] Chess and Backgammon [3] Elemnts

Introduction and Aims The evaluation of the quality of life helps us to fundamentally focus on the patients’ problems and drastically causes the treatment methodologies to be reconsidered. The present research studies the quality of life and related factors in the Hemodialysis patients in the educational hospitals of Zanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study has been carried out on 74 patients in two Hemodialysis centers in Zanjan. Convenience sampling was done in 3 months. To assess the different parameters, standard of living questionnaire of kidney patients (KDQOL) was used. Results The findings showed that 8.1% of the patients had a good quality of life, 70.2% experienced medium quality of life and 21.7% had a poor quality of life. The mean and the standard deviation were 44.4 and 14.2. The highest average and standard deviation of the quality of life of samples in the 9 aspects were related to “pain” with the scores of 57.6 and 12. Also the lowest was related to “physical health problems” with the numbers of 18.5 and 11. Conclusion According to the results of this research, the poor quality of life is remarkable among the hemodialysis patients. Definitely accurate planning with a proper focus on the most important elements related to the quality of these patients’ lives can be helpful. * Corresponding Author: Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Faculty of Nursing. Email: Meysam.nematikhah@gmail.com

Background and Objectives:Sleep pattern may changes over the lifetime,but the quantity and quality of sleep always depend on individual factors, such as age, gender, and psychological and environmental factors. However, in a child, sleep is as important as growth and development. This study aimed to assess sleep disorders in4-6 years old children referred to health centers of ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences of Tehran. Methods:This study was carried out as adescriptive cross-sectional study on 400 children referred to health centers of ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences of Tehran, 2013. Sampling wasperformed by multi-stage methodandinterviewwith mothers. To assess the sleep disorders,Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) consisting of 5 subscales was used. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics andChi-square test. The significance level was considered p

Assessment of natural resources projects is one of the most basic problems that are done to program the upcoming applied plans and management of these fields in different countries. In this study, the assessment of watershed operation in Tochal watershed basin was carried out through some primary studies and then integrating them together. In addition to watershed operation, was studied biological operation in study region. According to pizometric statistics wells in studied area, was appraised to improvement of water resources in before and after of Implementation of operation. At first, the efficiency percentage was determined for each of the applied structures by evaluating the condition of structures through field study. The aim of the execution of biological operation has been increase of the rate of permeability in construction operation, in addition of consolidation of sediment in area. The result of reviews show, the efficiency percentage of gabion, stone – cement, and the other structures were 75, 66, and 14. 8 respectively. In biological operation, some activities are offered, for example, nothing Spades, working Plant, seeding, drilling and protection. that among of this the proposed operation is executed: 10 hectare for working plant,1000 hectare for drilling , 700 hectare for seeding and 500 hectare for protection. The biological operation has just done for erosion controlling and soil conservation the volume of the precipitation behind the structures was calculated as 49775. 3 m3 and most of the structure capacity to control precipitation was for sediment control. Also with considering climatic parameters, SPI index statistical period was drawn. With drawing underground water hydrograph, the performance of biological and structural operation was considered in increasing of underground water level. The average of discharge has increased 30.36 liter/second.

Wheat, as one of the worldwide fundamental agricultural products is an efficient weapon in political and global relations. The strategic importance of wheat is increasing every day. In this study the price of this product will be forecasted during 2009-2011 period taking into account the vital mission of supply of food security and self sufficiency in production of fundamental agricultural products such as wheat in National Document of Agriculture Section Development in Fourth Plan and undeniable role of price in this regard, underlying and selecting an appropriate model. To do this the forecasting performance of structural and time series models will be evaluated and compared according to the common criteria. The data used in this research include annual farm and guaranteed prices of wheat and rice and the wheat stock at the end of years during 1966-2008 period extracted from reports of Ministry of Agricultural and Central Bank. The research results show the preference of time series models (Unit root and ARIMA) for forecasting of wheat price.

Background & Objective: Nursing and Midwifery students experience different and numerous sources of stress. Stress is a complex phenomenon that may be experienced by all. Nursing and midwifery students have multiple sources of stress due to their work environment. In order to reduce their stress and prevent the complications, all sources of stress should be recognized. This study was carried out to compare sources of stress between midwifery and nursing students of Tehran universities of medical sciences. Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional study. All senior midwifery and nursing students of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities were invited to participate in the study (n=380). Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic section (15 questions) and sources of stress of educational environment, clinical environment, and social-personal problems (54 items). Data were analyzed using SPSS and tested with chi-square test.Results: 363 students participated in the study. Research findings showed that the followings are the most cited sources of stress among the students: ambiguous professional view, incompetent professional knowledge after graduation, caring for terminally ill patients, discordance between theory and clinical education, concerns about employment. Also results showed that there were significant differences between some sources of stress and the study programs.Conclusion: The nursing and midwifery students had numerous sources of stress in the educational, clinical, and social-personal domains of their life that can affect their physical and psychological health and cause learning problems. Using appropriate approaches to control and manage these sources of stress are recommended

Background & Aim: Item analysis is a process in which both test items (questions) and students' answers are examined in order to assess the quality and quantity of the items and test as a whole. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of analysis of multiple choice test items of summative exams on quality of the test design by faculty members of Tehran Nursing and Midwifery School. Methods & Materials: A quasi experimental method (pre-test and post-test) without control group was used in this study. After a pilot study, 33 nursing faculty members of school of nursing and midwifery at Tehran University of Medical Sciences were chosen through census sampling. Then one of their exams designed in the second semester (83-84) were chosen to be analyzed. The analysis results were reported to the faculty members. Then their designed tests for the next semester were analyzed again. The analysis was carried out using a checklist which included item structure, whole structure of exam, content validity, and levels of thinking skills reflected in questions and criteria for holding an exam. Moreover, for the quantitative analysis of questions, item difficulty and discrimination index were calculated. Item distracter analysis was examined by calculating the percentage of examinees who selected incorrect alternatives. Integrated t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and Fisher's exact test were used for the statistical analysis.Results: 1056 questions before presenting the feedback and 803 questions at the end were analyzed and then the results were compared. According to the results, there was a significant difference between before and after intervention in variables item structure (P

Background & Aim: Item analysis is a process in which both test items (questions) and students;apos answers are examined in order to assess the quality and quantity of the items and test as a whole. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of analysis of multiple choice test items of summative exams on quality of the test design by faculty members of Tehran Nursing and Midwifery School. Methods & Materials: A quasi experimental method (pre-test and post-test) without control group was used in this study. After a pilot study, 33 nursing faculty members of school of nursing and midwifery at Tehran University of Medical Sciences were chosen through census sampling. Then one of their exams designed in the second semester (83-84) were chosen to be analyzed. The analysis results were reported to the faculty members. Then their designed tests for the next semester were analyzed again. The analysis was carried out using a checklist which included item structure, whole structure of exam, content validity, and levels of thinking skills reflected in questions and criteria for holding an exam. Moreover, for the quantitative analysis of questions, item difficulty and discrimination index were calculated. Item distracter analysis was examined by calculating the percentage of examinees who selected incorrect alternatives. Integrated t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and Fisher;aposs exact test were used for the statistical analysis.Results: 1056 questions before presenting the feedback and 803 questions at the end were analyzed and then the results were compared. According to the results, there was a significant difference between before and after intervention in variables item structure (P

برای ارتقای عملکرد کارکنان در سازمان تمهیدات فراوانی اندیشیده شده است که همه آنها وجهی مشترک دارند و آن مشارکت است. سه راه عمومی افزایش مشارکت کارکنان عبارتند از استفاده از سیستم پیشنهادات، تشکیل گروه های کاری و توانا سازی کارکنان.

Objective: Hearing impairment is the most frequent sensorineural defect in 2 forms, syndromic and non–syndromic. The aim of this study is haplotype analysis of seven loci of non–syndromic autosomal recessive hearing loss in Iranian families. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, forty one Iranian families with 2 or more affected individuals segregating as an autosomal recessive non–syndromic hearing loss were selected simply and conveniently. The patients have been tested negative for the following loci, DFNB1, DFNB2, DFNB3, DFNB4, DFNB6, DFNB7/11, DFNB8/10, DFNB9, DFNB12, DFNB16, DFNB18, DFNB21, DFNB23, DFNB29 and DFNB4 previously. The subjects have been investigated additional 7 loci (DFNB22, DFNB28, DFNB30, DFNB31, DFNB36, DFNB37 and DFNB67) , to determine the prevalence of these genes involve in these loci. Homozygosity mapping was applied using number of STR (Short Tandem Repeat) markers. Results: Three families linked to the following loci DFNB28, DFNB30 and DFNB 31. Conclusion: In this research, the cause of additional 7% of non–syndromic hearing loss was determined in Iranian population.

Background and Objective: It seems that using a combination of aerobic and anaerobic exercises (resistance exercises) can induce beneficial physical, psychological, and social effects on hemodialysis patients who are encountered with various stressors. This study aimed to determine the effect of combined aerobic and anaerobic exercises on quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: In this study we used a pre and post semi-experimental design with two comparison groups. The subjects consisted of 74 patients from two hemodialysis centers affiliated to Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. All subjects were randomly allocated into two groups. Kidney Disease Quality of Life- Short Form (KDQOL-SF) was used to assess quality of life in patients with kidney disease. Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of quality of life before the intervention in the combined exercises group was 47.7 ± 15.56 and in the aerobic exercise group was 41.1 ± 11.51. But after the intervention, the mean and standard deviation of quality of life in the combined exercises group increased to 77.1±28.06 and in the aerobic exercise group increased to 56.4 ± 12.78 indicating significant differences between the two groups (P<0.0001). Both aerobic and combined exercises increased quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Though, the effect of the combined exercises during the hemodialysis was outstanding in enhancing quality of life in hemodialysis patients in comparison to aerobic exercises alone. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the aerobic exercises, especially combined exercises in hemodialysis patients may lead to an increase in their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ghohroud granitoid body is located 116 km of north-west of Isfahan on the magmatic strip of Urumieh-Dokhtar belt. The body of granodiorite and tonalite with middle Miocene age intruded into the Jurassic shale and sandstones as well as the Cretaceous and Eocene limestone and marls in the north and the south of Ghohroud village caused the contact metamorphic of surrounding rocks lead to formation of skarns. On the basis of the petrographic and geochemical data the Ghohroud body is granodiorite and tonalite in nature and calc-alkaline and meta-aluminous composition which point to I-type granite forms in the tectonomagmatic environment related to continental arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 25 sites were selected for construction of new towns in Iran between 1980 and 2000. Nevertheless it seems that a comprehensive assessment has not been performed on the new towns construction policy. The purpose of this study is to analyze the site selection methods for new towns in the recent three decades. The main question of this research is the conformity measure of the used methods in site selection of new towns in Iran with common scientific methods of site selection. In some cases, quality assessments (not relying on scientific methods) lead to involvement of personal taste and policies in site selection. The scientific and analytical process of site selection is not obvious in most of these studies and it seems that site selection is justified for pre-selected sites. For this purpose, a comparison was made between the different known decision-making methods in the site selection field with the methods used in site selection of new Iranian towns. The comparison includes the manner of determining appropriate sites ,selection criteria, weighting the criteria and the manner of determining the final score of each option. Eight towns in Iran including Sahand, Golbahar, Binalood New-Towns (in 1360's) Bakhtaran, Hasanlou, Eyvanaki New-Towns (in 1370's) Kelardasht and Parnian New-Town (in 1380's) were studied. The paper attempts to build a conceptual model of site-selection process based on the related used methods in Multi-Criteria Decision Making area. In this model, the central points and main steps are defined then the site-selection processes are readjusted by these steps and final results are concluded. The results indicate a relatively simplistic outlook in site selection of new towns in a way that the methods used did not have much conformity with common scientific methods of site selection. Although tendency towards application of scientific methods of site selection has increased since 1980, the achievement of urban development in this field, which is one of the complicated spatial decision making processes, is not significant. It seems that managerial and political factors have obvious roles in site selection for new towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Nursing research plays an outstanding role in the quality of care. One strategy to put the research into practice and change current practice is to identify barriers and then implement tailored interventions to reduce them. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe Registered Nurses perceptions of barriers to utilization of research results at University affiliated and educational hospitals of Zanjan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study data were collected using the Funk's Evidence Based Practice Barriers Scale. Sample of the study consisted of 170 graduate nurses employed in Zanjan Educational Hospitals. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data. Results: According to the research results, the first three important barriers were insufficient facilities (65.3%), lack of time to read research results (64.7%), and insufficient time on the job to implement new ideas (62.4%). However, perceptions of barriers to research utilization did not show a significant difference based on demographic variables of the nursing staff. Conclusion: It is highly recommended that the Zanjan hospitals education styles should be modified in order to provide the nurses with sufficient facilities and time to read and implement recent research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]