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In this study, the performance of slot in the spur dike was evaluated as a way to reduce the scouring around the installed flat spur dike in a 180 degree bend and the development of scouring in the slotted spur dike was compared with that of the spur dike with no slot. To evaluate the effect of the slot on the development of scouring around it, a flat spur dike made of Plax Glass was installed in a position of 70 degrees from a bend (180 degrees) in the flume bed. After determining the maximum of scouring depth at the tip, to reduce the scouring around the spur dike, two slots with the determined height were placed in 4 different positions in the spur dike. Experiments with 4 different discharges and constant flow depth in clear water conditions were conducted. The results of the experiments showed that the created the slot reduced the scouring depth toward the spur dike. In both slots, the minimum of scouring depth was seen in a model with the closest position of the slot toward tip, and its maximum was seen in a model with the farthest position from the slot.

Introduction: Rose Aphid, Macrosiphum rosae L. is one of the most important pests of rose which reducing the quality and quantity of products by attacking and hurting the leaves and branches. Aphids damage plants by sucking sap from plant tissues using highly specialized sucking mouth parts. The usual symptoms of damage are distortion of new leaves and flowers. Aphids damage plants by sucking sap from plant tissues using highly specialized sucking mouth parts. The usual symptoms of damage are distortion of new leaves and flowers. Neonicotinoids insecticides imidacloprid and Acetamiprid is, Which has the effect of sucking insects. The discovery of neonicotinoids as important novel insecticides has represented a milestone in insecticide research over the past three decades. The neonicotinoids represent the fastest-growing class of insecticides introduced to the market since the commercialization of pyrethroids. Diazinon is an organophoshates pesticides to combat pests such as aphids. Pirimicarb of group carbamate insecticides are effective against aphids are active on fruit trees and ornamental plants. Comparison of several insecticides and pesticides and recommend appropriate levels, to combat and prevent outbreaks of pests, can be of great help in pest control product is the increase in market. Materials and Methods: In this study, different concentrations of Acetamiprid and Imidacloprid with Pirimicarb and Diazinon on rose aphid mortality was compared to find the condition of mortality of Macrosiphum rosae as per field conditions in a randomized complete block design during 2011-2012. Each compound was used in 3 different concentration (recommended, higher and lower) including Imidacloprid (200, 600, 400 PPM), Acetamiprid (250, 500 , 125 PPM), Primicarb (250, 500 , 125 PPM) and Diazinon (500, 1000 , 250 PPM) and effects checked on aerial organs and compared by sampling of population aphids on the period of "before , 3,5,7 and 14 days after" spraying.. Results and Discussion: results showed that the average mortality of aphids in three days after spraying, There is a significant difference between treatments and blocks, And the average aphid mortality at 5, 7 and 14 days after spraying, only the treatments, showed a significant difference. Recommended concentrations and higher imidacloprid and diazinon were in a group. The results showed that on the third day of treatment, Diazinon (500ppm) 73/46%, Imidacloprid (400 ppm) 88/77%, Acetamiprid (250ppm) 73/95% and primicarb (400ppm) with 72/8% had the greatest impact on aphid mortality, respectively. As per result the effects of Insecticide reduced to 14th day. Therefore, because of good performance of the neonicotinoid compounds, it can be effective in rose aphid control. The results indicated the suitability of the recommended concentration is well above the concentration, so no need to use higher concentrations. Low concentrations the recommended concentration decreases gradually as the impact on the fourteenth day and have minimal impact on mortality is low for crop growers. This group had different mode of action as compared to the previous insecticides. Imidacloprid was the first member of this family and was effective against many insects showing resistance to carbamates, organophoshates and pyrethroids. Acetamiprid belongs to the second generation of the nicotinoids. The present study demonstrated rose aphid population with neonicotinoid insecticides was significantly different neonicotinic insecticides (imidacloprid and acetamiprid) had the most effective on number of M. rosae. But the introduction of neonicotinoids in the form of imidacloprid and acetamiprid proved an immediate relief for crop growers. This group had different mode of action as compared to the previous insecticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid are commonly used against a wide range of herbivorous insect pests such as aphids, mealy bugs and whiteflies in greenhouses or farms. So, parasitoids and predators are exposed to these chemicals. Conclusion: Due to the losses caused by the toxins and the yield obtained in this study, recommended concentrations of insecticides neonicotinoid are best treatment to combat aphids onroses. The use of high aphid densities Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid in areas where spraying is needed more than once is recomended. our results showed that best effect belongs to recommended dose of Neonicotinoids compounds same as recommended dose for phosphates and carbamate compounds to control the Rose aphid.

Background & aim: Currently, with increasing resistance to synthetic drugs, the demand for natural and safe alternatives to these types of medications has increased. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine and evaluate the antibacterial effects ethanolic extracts of Ziziphus jujuba, Medicago sativa, Reum ribes and Hyssopus officinalis on some standard gram-positive and negative bacteria in vitro. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2019 in the microbiology laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Ahar Branch, Iran. Plants were identified by botanists after being collected from natural habitats. Extraction was performed by Soxhlet extractor and the antimicrobial effects of the extracts were determined by agar well diffusion and determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) on standard bacteria in vitro. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Chi-square. Results: Z. jujuba and M. sativa plant extracts were effective on gram-negative bacteria and extracts of R. ribes and H. officinalis plants were effective on gram-positive bacteria, which with increasing the concentration of extracts. The antibacterial property extracts were dode dependent. MBC / MIC results indicated that Z. jujuba and M. sativa plant extracts were most susceptible to P. aeruginosa and E. coli and R. ribes and H. officinalis extracts were most susceptible to S. aureus and B. cereus. Conclusion: Z. jujuba, M. sativa, R. ribes and H. officinalis plants had significant antibacterial effects, but to introduce these plants as antibacterial drugs requires more complete and comprehensive in vivo studies.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the liver injury as a complication of diabetes mellitus and to assess the hepatoprotective properties of Green tea extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly separated into four groups, each containing 10 animals: Group 1, healthy control rats; Group 2, normal rats treated with Green tea extract (1.5%, w/v) was given in drinking water; Group 3, diabetic rats and Group 4, diabetic rats treated with Green tea extract (1.5%, w/v) in drinking water. The extract was injected in intraperitoneal route for a period of 8 weeks. Control groups received normal saline in similar manner. Diabetes was induced by single injection of STZ (75 mg/kg i.p.). At the end of experiment, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin and bilirubin were measured. For histopathological evaluation, tissue specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and 5 micron thick sections with H&E stain were prepared using routine hitopathological techniques. In diabetic rats, serum levels of functional liver markers were found to be significantly increased in comparison with control group (p