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Background: It seems that the fear of missing out on meaningful relationships, especially in romantic relationships, is rooted in attachment styles, and this leads to self-sufficiency in women. Therefore, the study of the antecedents affecting women's self-silence can lead to some psychological problems in them. Aims: The purpose of this study was to design and test the structural pattern of self-silence in married women based on attachment style, emotional expression, and loneliness with the mediation of selfcompassion. Methods: The research method was fundamental research and descriptive and correlational research (structural equation modeling analysis). The statistical population was married women referred to psychological and counseling services centers in Tehran in 2023. The research sample was 400 married women referred to psychological and counseling services centers in Tehran in 2023, who were selected by random sampling. Data were collected using a self-silencing scale (Jack, & Dill, 1992), Adult Attachment Style Inventory (Hazan, & Shaver, 1987), Emotional Expression Questionnaire (King, & Emmons, 1990), Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (DiTommaso et al, 2004), and Self-compassion Questionnaire (Neff, 2003). To analyze the data AMOS software was used. Results: The results of the data analysis showed that emotional expression has a positive and significant effect on self-compassion and a negative and significant effect on self-silence (P< 0.05). The direct effect of emotional loneliness on self-compassion was negative and significant, and on self-silence was positive and significant (P< 0.05). The direct positive effect of secure attachment styles on self-compassion was positive and significant, and on self-silence was negative and significant (P< 0.05). Also, the direct effect of avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment styles on self-compassion was negative and self-silence was positive and significant. Also, emotional expression, emotional loneliness, and attachment styles through self-compassion had an indirect effect on self-silence. Conclusion: According to the results, it is possible to moderate an important part of loneliness and emotional self-assertion in married women by teaching self-compassion skills. Therefore, it is possible to benefit from teaching self-compassion skills to silence women in counseling and psychotherapy clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It seems that the fear of missing out on meaningful relationships, especially in romantic relationships, is rooted in attachment styles, and this leads to self-sufficiency in women. Therefore, the study of the antecedents affecting women's self-silence can lead to some psychological problems in them. Aims: The purpose of this study was to design and test the structural pattern of self-silence in married women based on attachment style, emotional expression, and loneliness with the mediation of self-compassion. Methods: The research method was fundamental research and descriptive and correlational research (structural equation modeling analysis). The statistical population was married women referred to psychological and counseling services centers in Tehran in 2023. The research sample was 400 married women referred to psychological and counseling services centers in Tehran in 2023, who were selected by random sampling. Data were collected using a self-silencing scale (Jack, & Dill, 1992), Adult Attachment Style Inventory (Hazan, & Shaver, 1987), Emotional Expression Questionnaire (King, & Emmons, 1990), Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (DiTommaso et al, 2004), and Self-compassion Questionnaire (Neff, 2003). To analyze the data AMOS software was used. Results: The results of the data analysis showed that emotional expression has a positive and significant effect on self-compassion and a negative and significant effect on self-silence (P< 0.05). The direct effect of emotional loneliness on self-compassion was negative and significant, and on self-silence was positive and significant (P< 0.05). The direct positive effect of secure attachment styles on self-compassion was positive and significant, and on self-silence was negative and significant (P< 0.05). Also, the direct effect of avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment styles on self-compassion was negative and self-silence was positive and significant. Also, emotional expression, emotional loneliness, and attachment styles through self-compassion had an indirect effect on self-silence. Conclusion: According to the results, it is possible to moderate an important part of loneliness and emotional self-assertion in married women by teaching self-compassion skills. Therefore, it is possible to benefit from teaching self-compassion skills to silence women in counseling and psychotherapy clinics.

Labor children, as one of the most vulnerable social classes who have been forced to take to thestreets due to their living and family conditions, are exposed to many physical and mental harm, according to many studies. The aim of this study was to compare attachment styles, psychological hardiness and Subjective Vitalityof labor children and normal children in Shiraz. The research design was causal-comparative. Using convenience sampling method, 48 children aged 7 to 17 years (24 working children and 24 normal children) were selected. The instruments of this study included Hazan& Shaver Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazan& Shaver, 1987), Ahvaz Hardiness Questionnaire (Kiamarsi, Najarian, & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, 1998) and Ryan and Frederick Subjective Vitality Questionnaire (Ryan and Frederick, 1997). After completing the questionnaires, the data was analyzed using Spss software, t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the attachment styles of the two groups (P

Background: Children facing challenges such as social deficiencies during childhood may struggle in social interactions and unhealthy emotional relationships, thus increasing their vulnerability to sexual addiction. The relationship between childhood traumas and sexual addiction is influenced by various factors such as social support, mental framing, and attachment styles, highlighting the importance of thoroughly examining the impact of each of these factors on this relationship. Strong scientific evidence can guide decision-makers in implementing effective measures and policies to prevent childhood traumas and sexual addiction. Aims: The present study aimed to model the structural equations of the relationship between childhood traumas and sexual addiction, with the mediating role of perceived social support, mental framing, and attachment styles. Methods: The current research employed a descriptive correlational approach and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all virtual students in Tehran universities during the academic year 2021-2022. The sample size was determined to be 322 individuals based on the Klein formula (2011), considering the possibility of dropouts, with 370 individuals ultimately included. Data collection utilized the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), Sexual Addiction Screening Test (Carnes, 1988), and Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (Collins & Read, 1990). The gathered data were analyzed using path analysis in LISREL and SPSS software. Results: The research findings indicate significant correlations, confirming the hypothesized correlation between variables for developing the structural equation model (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between childhood traumas and sexual addiction is influenced by various factors, including social support, mental framing, and attachment styles, underscoring the critical importance of thoroughly investigating the impact of each of these factors on this relationship. Strong scientific evidence can guide decision-makers in implementing effective measures and policies to prevent childhood traumas and sexual addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy matrix training on the communication patterns of married women with an avoidance and anxiety attachment personality style. The investigation included all female students at the University of Bojnourd from 2019 to 2020. The study included 40 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and two control groups. The subjects completed Christensen and Sullaway'’s Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ) both before and after the intervention. Multivariate analysis of variance was implemented to analyze the data. The results suggested that the acceptance and commitment therapy matrix had an impact on communication patterns by increasing constructive communication patterns (P0.05). According to the research findings, the acceptance and commitment therapy matrix can be implemented to enhance the communication patterns of married women.

Background: In case of inadequacy and inadequacy of parents, issues and problems occur, including child abuse by them or the people around them; Child abuse is one of the big social problems that includes all societies, both advanced and developing, so that the health and comfort of the injured child is endangered. Aims: The purpose of this article is to determine the fit of the prediction model of dark personality traits based on childhood traumas with the mediating role of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment styles. Methods: The current research was of correlational type and according to the objectives, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was also used, based on Klein's formula, 147,400 people were considered. Also, separately from the questionnaires of dark personality traits (Johnson and Webster, 2010), self-regulation by Miller and Brown (1999), adult attachment style of Collins and Reed, (1990), mentalization or reflective performance by Fonagy et al. (2016), trauma Childhood Questionnaire (CTQ) was used by Bernstein, Stein, Newkamp, Walker, Pugh, et al. (2003) to adjust the model. In this research, descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and inferential statistics of correlation, regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the research show that the direct path of childhood trauma to dark personality traits was not significant, but all the indirect paths were significant, which indicated the confirmation of the mediation of the three variables of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment style (p

Background: In case of inadequacy and inadequacy of parents, issues and problems occur, including child abuse by them or the people around them; Child abuse is one of the big social problems that includes all societies, both advanced and developing, so that the health and comfort of the injured child is endangered. Aims: The purpose of this article is to determine the fit of the prediction model of dark personality traits based on childhood traumas with the mediating role of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment styles. Methods: The current research was of correlational type and according to the objectives, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was also used, based on Klein's formula, 147,400 people were considered. Also, separately from the questionnaires of dark personality traits (Johnson and Webster, 2010), self-regulation by Miller and Brown (1999), adult attachment style of Collins and Reed, (1990), mentalization or reflective performance by Fonagy et al. (2016), trauma Childhood Questionnaire (CTQ) was used by Bernstein, Stein, Newkamp, Walker, Pugh, et al. (2003) to adjust the model. In this research, descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and inferential statistics of correlation, regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the research show that the direct path of childhood trauma to dark personality traits was not significant, but all the indirect paths were significant, which indicated the confirmation of the mediation of the three variables of self-regulation, mentalization and attachment style (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that experts in the field of psychology focus on educating and supporting mothers to enhance their abilities in shaping secure attachment styles in their children. Clinical psychologists and therapists should particularly emphasize interventions aimed at improving cognitive restructuring and self-regulation for individuals with dark personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Background: The existence of problems in attachment style, interpersonal compatibility and communication pattern is evident in people with bulimia nervosa.The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on attachment style, interpersonal compatibility and communication pattern of people with bulimia nervosa in Isfahan city. Methods and Materials: : The current research method was quantitative and of the type of semi-experimental studies with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included people suffering from bulimia nervosa in Isfahan city who visited the health centers of Isfahan city in 1401. In this study, 30 women with bulimia nervosa disorder who were diagnosed by psychologists and psychiatrists were selected by sampling method. were selected as available. The people in the control and experimental groups completed the attachment style, interpersonal compatibility and communication pattern questionnaires In two stages, pre-test and post-test. Multivariate covariance test and spss-23 software were used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed that dialectical behavior therapy had a significant effect on secure attachment style, avoidant attachment style, constructive communication, creditor woman communication pattern, mutual withdrawal communication pattern and interpersonal compatibility (p

Introduction: Given the significant impact of the early developmental period on the formation of EGO strength, this study aimed to investigate the predictive role of attachment styles in relation to EGO strength and its subscales, including hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom.Method: This research employs a descriptive correlation methodology. The participants included 250 students from Tehran University and Shahed University who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Collins and Reid Attachment Style Questionnaires and Markstrom's Ego Strength Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.Result: The correlation results indicate a significant relationship between attachment styles and EGO strength. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis reveals that this model can predict 33.3% of the variance in EGO strength. The prediction results for the subscales and percentage of change variance are as follows: Hope: 7.30, Will: 9.23, Purpose: 31, Competence: 3.25, Fidelity: 9.13, Love: 3, Care: 9, Wisdom: 5.26.Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the secure attachment style positively predicts EGO strength and its subscales, while the avoidant and anxious attachment styles negatively predict EGO strength and its subscales. These findings demonstrate the significance of secure attachment in predicting ego strength.

Background: The role of childhood trauma in the development of borderline personality disorder has long been studied. The most accurate theoretical models are multifactorial and consider a range of factors including childhood trauma, attachment styles and mentalization ability to explain the developmental pathways of borderline personality disorder. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the fit of the structural model of borderline personality syndromes of childhood trauma experience and attachment style with the mediating role of mentalization. Methods: This research was descriptive research of the correlation type that was conducted in the statistical population of people by identifying borderline personalities who referred to the psychiatric clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in Karaj in 1401. 319 people were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was borderline personality questionnaire (Lishnernig, 1999), attachment style questionnaire (Collins, & Reid, 1990), childhood trauma experience questionnaire (Bernstein and et al., 2003) and mentalization questionnaire (Dimitrijević and et al., 2018). Results: Analyzes with Pearson's correlation method and structural equation modeling showed that experience of childhood trauma (β= 0.79; P< 0.01), fear attachment styles (β= 0.61; P< 0.01) and anxiety (β= 0.68; P< 0.01) had a positive and significant effect on borderline personality symptoms, and the attachment style of faith (β= 0.62; P< 0.01) and mentalization (β= 0.77; P< 0.01) 01) have a negative and significant effect on borderline personality disorder. Conclusion: These results can be helpful for clinical specialists in the field of borderline personality disorder treatment and plan efficient treatments considering the role of predictive factors in these patients.

Introduction: Marital satisfaction serves as a fundamental predictor of stability and well-being within individuals' lives and families. Aim: This study aims to develop a structural model that predicts marital satisfaction among young couples by examining the interplay between behavioral activation/inhibition systems and attachment styles. Method: The current study was a description of structural equations. A sample of 370 young couples in Tehran during the year 2021 was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), the Behavioral Activation/ Inhibition Scale (1994), and the Adult Attachment Scale (2015). Path analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25 and LISREL version 8.8 for data analysis. Results: The results of the path analysis revealed several significant findings. Firstly, the inhibition system demonstrated a direct negative impact on marital satisfaction (ß=-0.16, P

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to predict psychological toughness and emotion regulation based on students' religious orientation and attachment styles. Method: The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the research was made up of all second year high school students of Kashan city (... people) in the academic year of .... The sample size in this research was determined as ... people using cluster staged sampling method. The tools used to collect information from the questionnaires were Kubasa's stubbornness scale (...), Gross and John's emotional regulation inventory (...), Collins and Read's (...) attachment style questionnaire, and Allport and Ross' religious orientation questionnaire (...). The data were collected using Smart software version .... And spss version ... was analyzed. Results: The findings showed that internal religious orientation, secure attachment style had a positive and significant relationship with emotion regulation and psychological toughness. External religious orientation, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles had a negative and significant effect on emotional regulation and psychological toughness. It can be said that external and internal religious orientation, secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles, together with anxiety have explained ... of changes in psychological toughness. Extrinsic and intrinsic religious orientation, secure, avoidant and ambivalent, anxious attachment styles have together explained ... of emotional regulation changes. Conclusions: Since the type of attachment style and internal religious orientation is very important for regulating and adjusting emotions and increasing psychological toughness in teenagers, educational planners should pay more attention to this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of childhood trauma in the development of borderline personality disorder has long been studied. The most accurate theoretical models are multifactorial and consider a range of factors including childhood trauma, attachment styles and mentalization ability to explain the developmental pathways of borderline personality disorder. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the fit of the structural model of borderline personality syndromes of childhood trauma experience and attachment style with the mediating role of mentalization. Methods: This research was descriptive research of the correlation type that was conducted in the statistical population of people by identifying borderline personalities who referred to the psychiatric clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital in Karaj in 1401. 319 people were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was borderline personality questionnaire (Lishnernig, 1999), attachment style questionnaire (Collins, & Reid, 1990), childhood trauma experience questionnaire (Bernstein and et al., 2003) and mentalization questionnaire (Dimitrijević and et al., 2018). Results: Analyzes with Pearson's correlation method and structural equation modeling showed that experience of childhood trauma (β= 0.79; P< 0.01), fear attachment styles (β= 0.61; P< 0.01) and anxiety (β= 0.68; P< 0.01) had a positive and significant effect on borderline personality symptoms, and the attachment style of faith (β= 0.62; P< 0.01) and mentalization (β= 0.77; P< 0.01) 01) have a negative and significant effect on borderline personality disorder. Conclusion: These results can be helpful for clinical specialists in the field of borderline personality disorder treatment and plan efficient treatments considering the role of predictive factors in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The problem of addiction potential experienced by young adults is usually accompanied by narcissistic personality traits. Research has confirmed two distinct forms of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. Meanwhile, shame as the main emotion and attachment style plays an essential role in these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing research on addiction potential and the role of narcissistic factors, shame experiences, and attachment patterns. Using the Google Scholar database, key words such as Addiction Potential, Narcissism, Shame and Attachment Style were searched. PubMed was searched for Addiction, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, shame, and Attachment Styles. All time periods were used for this review and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted based on the criteria. Conclusion: The results showed that in some studies, a significant relationship was observed among potential for addiction, narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns; in some other studies, potential for addiction was predictable through narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns. In general, we can conclude that addiction is a big problem that is affecting many societies today, by identifying how these factors are formed in children and development paths affecting it, a big step can be taken in the direction of educating parents and communities.

Background and Objectives: Adolescence is an important stage of psychological development. Their health level has a significant impact on their success. Psychological well-being is among the variables that are important in this field. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between perceived parenting style and attachment in the psychological well-being of adolescents with the mediating role of self-control. Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population was the secondary school students of Kashan City in 2022-2023, of whom 500 were selected based on random cluster sampling. Data were collected based on four questionnaires of Psychological Well-Being, Parental Authority, Attachment Style, and Self-Control. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation test and structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that permissive style with (β=-0.181, p<0.01) and authoritarian style with (β=-0.152, p<0.01) had a significant and negative role, and style authoritarian with (β=0.311, p<0.01) had a significant and positive role in predicting psychological well-being. Ambivalent style (β =-0.162, p<0.01) had a significant and negative role in predicting psychological well-being, and self-control (β=0.220, p<0.01) had a significant and positive role in predicting psychological well-being. Among the 6 predictor variables, autocratic, authoritarian, safe, ambivalent, and avoidant styles had a significant relationship with psychological well-being through the mediation of self-control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Self-control plays an important role in the relationship between perceived parenting style and attachment with the psychological well-being of adolescents. Considering the importance of parenting style, it is suggested to try to increase selfcontrol and psychological well-being of teenagers through family education classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marital satisfaction serves as a fundamental predictor of stability and well-being within individuals' lives and families. Aim: This study aims to develop a structural model that predicts marital satisfaction among young couples by examining the interplay between behavioral activation/inhibition systems and attachment styles. Method: The current study was a description of structural equations. A sample of 370 young couples in Tehran during the year 2021 was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), the Behavioral Activation/ Inhibition Scale (1994), and the Adult Attachment Scale (2015). Path analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25 and LISREL version 8.8 for data analysis. Results: The results of the path analysis revealed several significant findings. Firstly, the inhibition system demonstrated a direct negative impact on marital satisfaction (ß=-0.16, P<0.05), along with ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=-0.42, P<0.01) and avoidant insecure attachment (ß=-0.19, P<0.05). Conversely, secure attachment displayed a direct and positive effect on marital satisfaction (ß=0.26, P<0.01). Furthermore, the inhibition system exhibited a direct and positive influence on avoidant insecure attachment (ß=0.18, P<0.01) and ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=0.19, P<0.01). Additionally, the activation system had a direct positive effect on secure attachment (ß=0.28, P<0.05) but a direct negative effect on avoidant attachment (ß=-0.30, P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the study underscore the direct predictive role of the activation/inhibition system in marital satisfaction, with attachment styles playing an indirect role. Therefore, therapists should consider these variables to enhance satisfaction levels in couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescents are one of the most vulnerable groups against risky behaviors. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between attachment styles and rumination of anger in high-risk behaviors of adolescents by analyzing the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation. Methods: The method of the current research is descriptive-analytical of the correlation-path analysis type. The statistical population of this research was all the students of the first secondary level in the marginal areas of Kermanshah city in the academic year of 2011-2014 and the sample included 530 people who They were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, Iranian youth risk-taking questionnaire, Hazen and Shiver attachment scale, Sakodolski, Glob and Cromwell anger rumination scale, and Gertz and Roemer scale of difficulty in regulating emotions were used. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the path analysis model and the statistical software Smart PLS version 3.3 and SPSS version 25. This study with ID IR.IAU.KSH.REC.1402. 014 has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Kermanshah Islamic Azad University. Results: The path of attachment style to risky behaviors (β = 0.81 and t = 2.32), the path of anger rumination to risky behaviors (β = 0.45 and t = 2.32), the path of attachment style to risky behaviors with mediation Emotion regulation difficulty (β = 0.61 and t = 3.28), rumination to risky behaviors with the mediation of emotion regulation difficulty (β = 0.21 and t = 3.55), it was found that all values at the error level are less than 0.05 are significant. Conclusions: Through the mediation of difficulty in emotion regulation, there is a positive and significant relationship between attachment styles and rumination of anger in high-risk behaviors of adolescent girls. These results emphasize the difficult role of brahmin in regulating emotions in high-risk behaviors of adolescent girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Divorce brings emotional separation and psychological pressures for most women, which requires the most changes for re-adaptation in these people. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to determine and develop a structural model of adjustment after divorce based on social and psychological factors in divorced women in Shiraz. Methods: The present descriptive correlational study was conducted in Shiraz city in 2018. The statistical population of the study included all divorced women who were divorced for at least two years and were not remarried. 416 samples were selected through available sampling from fifteen psychological clinics under the supervision of welfare and family courts. Moreover, they were evaluated through Fisher's post-divorce adjustment questionnaires, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, Bell's Social Adjustment Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire, Neo Short Form Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire, and Emotion Cognitive Regulation Strategies Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, multiple regression and Fisher's statistical tests. Results: The results indicated that the variables of perceived support, attachment styles and personality traits through the variables of cognitive regulation of emotion and social adjustment had a significant effect on adjustment after divorce (p

Background & aim: Divorce brings emotional separation and psychological pressures for most women, which requires the most changes for re-adaptation in these people. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to determine and develop a structural model of adjustment after divorce based on social and psychological factors in divorced women in Shiraz. Methods: The present descriptive correlational study was conducted in Shiraz city in 2018. The statistical population of the study included all divorced women who were divorced for at least two years and were not remarried. 416 samples were selected through available sampling from fifteen psychological clinics under the supervision of welfare and family courts. Moreover, they were evaluated through Fisher's post-divorce adjustment questionnaires, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, Bell's Social Adjustment Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire, Neo Short Form Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire, and Emotion Cognitive Regulation Strategies Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, multiple regression and Fisher's statistical tests. Results: The results indicated that the variables of perceived support, attachment styles and personality traits through the variables of cognitive regulation of emotion and social adjustment had a significant effect on adjustment after divorce (p

Aim and Background: The present study was aimed to investigating the mediating role of psychological hardiness in the relationship between attachment style and psychological distress during the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus. Methods and Materials: The design of the current study was descriptive-correlational with path analysis. The statistical population of the study was all students of public universities in Tehran, who themselves or their first-degree family members had at least one history of contracting the Covid-19 virus between the months of March to November 2021, from which 384 persons were selected by available sampling and asked to fill the Lang and Goulet Hardiness Scale (LGHS), Collins and Read Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-42) questionnaires online. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and path analysis and SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The results showed that in this model, attachment style has a direct and significant effect on psychological hardiness, attachment style and psychological hardiness have a direct and significant effect on psychological distress, and also the mediating role of psychological hardiness between attachment style and psychological distress was significant. Conclusions: During the Covid-19s outbreak, attachment style and psychological hardiness have a direct effect on psychological distress, and psychological hardiness has the mediator role in the relationship between attachment style and psychological distress.

Introduction Peptic ulcer is one of the common psychosomatic diseases which is suggested to investigate the effectiveness of psychological treatments on the recovery and management of this disease. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of attachment-based therapy on attachment style, difficulty in emotional regulation and medical adherence in patients with chronic peptic ulcer. Material and Method This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test, post-test, followup design and a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all patients with chronic peptic ulcer who referred to specialized polyclinics and internal specialists in Mashhad during the research period. Sampling was done by available method. 34 patirnts who met the conditions for entering the study were randomly placed in two intervention and control groups. The intervention group received attachment-based therapy. The participants were evaluated with revised version of adult attachment scale(1990), Morisky(2008) medical adherence questionnaire and Gratz and Roemer(2004) emotional difficulty scale. To analyze the data, the statistical method of repeated analysis of variance was used in SPSS22 statistical software. Results The results showed that the participants in the intervention group reported a more secure attachment style, higher medical adherence and better emotional regulation after the intervention. The scores of the participants in the intervention group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease in avoidant and anxious attachment styles (P<0.001). Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that attachment-based therapy can be used to better adapt to chronic peptic ulcer disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Old age is one of the most important and dangerous periods of human life and its problems are one of the most basic problems in the world today. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to present the modeling of the structural equations of happiness based on attachment styles and communication skills with the mediation of self-compassion in the elderly. Methods: The research method was analytical and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the elderly living in nursing homes located in the cities of Gilan province in 1398-1399 and the sampling method was available. According to the number of research variables, the statistical sample of this research was 210 people. In order to collect data, Oxford's happiness scales (2002), Queen Damm's interpersonal communication skills (2004), Neff et al.'s self-compassion (2003), and Hazen and Shaver's adult attachment style (1987) were used. SPSS version 24 and Amos version 24 and Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that communication skills were significantly related to self-compassion (P=0.002, Beta=1.3) and self-compassion to happiness (P=0.41, Beta=2.8). But attachment style was not related to selfcompassion (P=0.21, Beta=1.2). Also, the indirect effect of attachment style on happiness was equal to 2.7 (P=0.013) and communication skills on happiness was equal to 0.052 (P=0.025). The goodness of fit indices of the fitted conceptual model were obtained as (CMIN/df=0.3, GFI=0.94, NFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.08). Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that strengthening the communication skills in the elderly will increase their level of happiness. Also, attachment styles affect the happiness of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Given that basic psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation, attachment styles and mental vitality are among the factors that play a protective role in the occurrence of high-risk behaviors; therefore, predicting the underlying or eliminating factors of high-risk behaviors seems necessary. Aim: This study was conducted to predicting high-risk behaviors based on satisfying basic psychological needs, cognitive regulation of emotion and attachment styles mediated by mental vitality in female adolescents. Method: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all female students of the second year of high school in Tabriz in the academic year 2018-2019, from which 282 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale (IARTS), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS), Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Mental Vitality Questionnaire (MVQ). Data were analyzed using path analysis method in SPSS-23 and Lisrel-8 software. Results: There is a negative and significant relationship between high-risk behaviors with the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (P=0.001, r=-0.230), and mental vitality (P=0.001, r=-0.313) and attachment styles (P=0.001, r=0.247) there is a positive and significant relationship; while only the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (P=0.004) can predict high-risk behaviors due to the mediating role of mental vitality. Conclusion: Satisfaction of basic psychological needs due to the mediating role of mental vitality has the ability to predict high-risk behaviors; these findings can be helpful in effectively preventing high-risk behaviors among female adolescents.

This study is to compare body esteem, body image flexibility, and attachment style in women with and without self-compassion. It is a basic research and causal-comparative. The statistical population consists of all female students of Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad branch (11 thousand subjects). Among them, 210 women were selected as available sample size, of which 119 had self-compassion and 91 did not have self-compassion, who filled out the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), Body Image–Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Self-Compassion Scale–Long Form (SCS-LF). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS25 software. The results of one-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of women in body appreciation, body image flexibility, and attachment style. The significance level of the research variables was 0.05. Overall, women with self-compassion showed more body appreciation than women without self-compassion, and their attachment style was more secure and anxious, while women without self-compassion had more body image flexibility than women with self-compassion and their attachment style was avoidant.

The present study examines the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social self‌-efficacy in the relationship between attachment styles and social anxiety in female high school students. The statistical population includes all female high school students in Ilam, i.e., 3822 individuals who were studying in the academic year 2020-2021. Among these students, 360 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The method of the study is descriptive-correlative and its purpose is basic. The path analysis method and SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software were used to analyze the research data. The instruments used in this study are: Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire- Short form (CERQ-S) and Self-Efficacy for Social Situations (SESS). The path analysis results showed that cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social self-efficacy mediated the relationship between attachment styles and social anxiety. On the other hand, the results showed that the variables of the model were able to explain 0.38 of the variance of social anxiety in the present study. The results of the present study suggest that attachment style can predict the level of social anxiety by influencing cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social self-efficacy.

Introduction: Given that basic psychological needs, cognitive emotion regulation, attachment styles and mental vitality are among the factors that play a protective role in the occurrence of high-risk behaviors; therefore, predicting the underlying or eliminating factors of high-risk behaviors seems necessary. Aim: This study was conducted to predicting high-risk behaviors based on satisfying basic psychological needs, cognitive regulation of emotion and attachment styles mediated by mental vitality in female adolescents. Method: The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all female students of the second year of high school in Tabriz in the academic year 2018-2019, from which 282 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale (IARTS), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS), Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Mental Vitality Questionnaire (MVQ). Data were analyzed using path analysis method in SPSS-23 and Lisrel-8 software. Results: There is a negative and significant relationship between high-risk behaviors with the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (P=0.001, r=-0.230), and mental vitality (P=0.001, r=-0.313) and attachment styles (P=0.001, r=0.247) there is a positive and significant relationship; while only the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (P=0.004) can predict high-risk behaviors due to the mediating role of mental vitality. Conclusion: Satisfaction of basic psychological needs due to the mediating role of mental vitality has the ability to predict high-risk behaviors; these findings can be helpful in effectively preventing high-risk behaviors among female adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized anxiety disorder can be followed by numerous psychological and emotional damages for the students that appropriate psychological therapies should be applied to treat this disorder. therefore the present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion-based therapy on the idealism and attachment styles in secondary high school female students with generalized anxiety disorder? it was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest with control group. The statistical population of the current study was secondary high school female students with generalized anxiety disorder in zone 14 Tehran in academic year 2018-19. 30 high school female students with generalized anxiety disorder were selected through purposive sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15). The experimental group received self-compassion-based therapy intervention (Gilbert, 2009) during two-and-a-half months in ten seventy-five-minute sessions. The applied questionnaires in this study included generalized anxiety disorder questionnaire (Spitzer, et.al, 2006) and idealism (Hill et.al, 2004) and attachment styles questionnaire (Collins and Reed, 1990). The data from the study were analyzed through MANCOVA method. the results showed that self-compassion-based therapy has had significant effect on the idealism and anxiety, safe and avoidant attachment styles in secondary high school female students with generalized anxiety disorder (p < 0.001)

Background: Family functioning and attachment styles are important variables in children's behavioral problems. But the key question is, can internalization behavioral problems in students be predicted based on attachment styles and family functioning? Aims: To predict internalizing behavioral problems based on attachment styles and family functioning in elementary school students in Tehran. Method: This was a correlational study. The statistical population consisted of all elementary school students in Tehran in 1396-97 with their families, 341 (175 girls and 166 boys) using multistage cluster random sampling. Samples were selected. The tools included: of the Family Assessment Questionnaire (Epstein, Baldwin & Bishab, 1983), Child Behavior Inventory (Achenbach, 1) and Attachment Style Questionnaire (Collins & Reed, 2). Analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and structural equations. Results: The results showed that family functioning directly and indirectly through attachment style predicts internalizing behavioral problems, and all three types of attachment styles are able to predict internalizing behavioral problems and attachment variable Safe has a negative impact on internalized behavioral problems (P≤0/05). Conclusions: Safe attachment and effective family functioning with empathetic behaviors and appropriate emotional involvement, protective care and positive parenting can be used to prevent internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression

Aim and Background: Recognizing and examining the factors that contribute to the consolidation of marriage and the social institution of the family can be a useful step towards promoting the culture of society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the model of marital commitment based on attachment styles mediated by self-differentiation. Methods and Materials: In a correlational study, among the married students of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran in 2017, using the available sampling method, 400 persons (200 women) were selected. They participated in the study, completed the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSIR), and Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ). Data were analyzed through multiple regression in two stages in a, and b paths and c path. Findings: Results showed that safe and anxiety attachment styles significantly explain the variance of self-differentiation. Also, safe and anxiety attachment styles significantly explain the variance of marital commitment. Finally, self-differentiation can significantly explain the variance of marital commitment. The results show that self-differentiation has mediator role in relationship between safe and anxiety attachment styles with marital commitment. Conclusion: The results showed that since marriage and marital relationship are one of the important decisions in adulthood, focusing on attachment styles in adults can be supplemented with pre-marital education on marital commitment and continuity of relationships in couples.

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate cognitive abilities in children with chronic medical conditions based on their attachment style. In this regard, 45 children aged 12-15 years (24 women, 21 men) meeting the diagnosis criteria for chronic medical condition (diabetes, or thalassemia, or kidney disease) were selected by available sampling method and entered the study. Inclusion and exclusion criteria, investigated from initial interview and child’s medical document, and a child who meet the inclusion criteria participated in the research after their permission and signed informed consent form was signed by their mothers. After Children completed the Collins and Read Attachment Style Questionnaire and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, they were assigned into three groups with secure, avoidant and anxious attachment style based on their scores. These groups were matched in demographic characters, and then in the next step cognitive abilities for all subjects were assessed. The result of One-way analysis of variance analysis showed a significant difference between three groups in cognitive abilities. Children with secure attachment style had higher performance in the cognitive abilities than children with avoidant and anxious attachment styles. These results showed that one of the factors, which can have an effect on the health status, especially on children’s cognitive abilities with chronic medical conditions, is their attachment style.

Aim and Background: High levels of sexual risk behaviors in young adults constitute a major public health concern and understanding the transition to risky behaviors during emerging adulthood is a challenge for researchers. The present research was aimed to investigate the mediating role of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies in relationship between attachment styles with high-risky sexual behaviors in students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. Methods and Materials: In this correlation and descriptive study with structural equation modeling approach, among all students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz in the academic year of 2018-2019, 747 students were selected by random cluster sampling method. Data were collected by Risky Sexual Behaviors Questionnaire (RSBQ), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Qquestionnaire (CERQ) and Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and then, were analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel software and using structural equation modeling. Findings: The results showed that the relationship between attachment style and risky sexual behaviors questionnaire is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The rate of fit indices of GFI was equal to 0.95, CFI was equal to 0.98, NFI was equal to 0.97, IFI was equal to 0.98, NNFI was equal to 0.98, AGFI was equal to 0.93, RFI was equal to 0.97 and RMSEA was equal to 0.061, all of which indicated the fitting of the proposed model with the data. The findings also showed that 50% of the variance observed in high-risk sexual behaviors can be explained by combining attachment styles variables, positive emotion regulation strategies, and negative emotion regulation strategies. Conclusions: The findings of study supported the proposed conceptual model in which the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of happiness was mediated through positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies. So considering the role of these predictors and the mediators by professionals, therapists and planners appears to be necessary in work with students and specifically in counseling and treatment centers.

The purpose of this study was to predict psychological resilience based on social support and attachment style mediated by self-efficacy and meaning in life. The methodology of research was structural equation modeling. From among undergraduate female students of Isfahan University, 300 subjects were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Then they were asked to complete the Connor and Davidson's Resilience Scale, Zimet et al.’s Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Hazan and Shaver’s Attachment Style Questionnaire, Schwarzer and Jerusalem's Self-efficacy Questionnaire, and Steger et al’s Meaning in Life Questionnaire. The results indicated that psychological resilience is predictable directly by social support, secure attachment style, self-efficacy and meaning in life, and it is also predicted by social support indirectly through self-efficacy and meaning in life. In addition, the results showed psychological resilience is indirectly predicted by secure attachment style through self-efficacy but it is not predictable through meaning in life.

Background and Aim: A successful marriage is often accompanied by both partner consent to sex, on the other hand, the structure of a balanced family is based on sound marital relations. One of the most important factors in strengthening this relationship, is the attachment style of couples. The purpose of this study was Effectiveness of emotionally-focused couple therapy on the style of attachment and sexual satisfaction of couples. Materials and Methods: The method of study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The study population consisted of all couples referring to clinic in Neyshabur city in 2016. Based on inclusion criteria, 32 couples were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into intervention (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. For data collection, Haddison and Kruskaph Sexual Satisfaction Index and Collins and Read Adolescents Adjustment Scale were used. Paired t-test and covariance analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that in post-test, there was a significant difference between sexual satisfaction and attachment style of the intervention group and control group (P0.05). Also, it had a significant effect on attachment style and its subscales of proximity, dependency, and anxiety. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the beneficial effects of emotional-couple therapy in improving attachment style and marital satisfaction of couples.

Background: Attachment styles and personality types are key determinants of intimate relationships such as life and sexual satisfaction. The issue of the present study is the lack of sufficient data regarding the relationship between attachment styles and personality types with life and sex satisfaction considering the interactive effects between them. Aims: The aim of this research is to compare the rate of life satisfaction and sexual satisfaction with respect to attachment styles in two personality types A and B. Method: The study was a causal-comparative design. Statistical population contains all married students of Payame Nour University of Tabriz in academic year 2018-2019, which amounts to 7000 subjects of whom 400 subjects were selected as sample through classified random sampling method. Diner's life satisfaction questionnaire(2008), Hadson's sexual satisfaction questionnaire(1981), Hazen and Shaiver's attachment style questionnaire(1987) and Burtner's personality type questionnaire(1967) were carried out on these subjects at first, and finally after eliminating 15 subjects from these samples because of errors contained in questionnaires, two-factor variance analysis of sample containing 385 subject was done. Results: Findings show that the rate of life satisfaction is affected by the interaction between the type of attachment style of subjects and their personality types so that subjects with immune attachment style have higher rate of life satisfaction in both personality types, (p0/05). Conclusions: Accordingly rate of life satisfaction is affected by their personality type according to their attachment style.

Background: research has shown the relationship between emotional schemas, attachment styles and personality traits in patients with Body dysmorphic disorder. But could this relationship be predicted in individual prone to cosmetic surgery?Aims: The present study aimed to determine the roles of emotional schemas, attachment styles, and personality traits in body dysmorphic disorder in individuals prone to facial cosmetic surgery. Method: The study sample included 273 people selected using non-randomized sampling method among all individuals prone to cosmetic surgery in the city of Ahvaz. Participants completed Stoizin et al. body dysmorphic questionnaire (2007), Leahy’s emotional schema (2002), the NEO-short form of personality traits (2003), and Hazen and Shaver’s attachment style (1987). Results: The results of this study showed that according to the cut-off score of the body dysmorphic questionnaire, 1.7 percent of men and 8.8 percent of women suffered from body dysmorphic disorder. Conscientiousness in the first step (β=-0/34), avoidance attachment in the second step (β=0/28), and the simplistic view of emotions in the third step (β=0/21) as well as the control component in the fourth step (β=0/16) predicted body dysmorphic in women. In men, only validation predicted body dysmorphic (β=0/27). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the role of personality traits, attachment style, and emotional schemas in body dysmorphic disorder in men and women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family function, attachment style and parenting styles with Internet addiction in adolescents. The present study was descriptive and correlation study method, among the statistical population of the present study, all female students aged 12 to 18 years in the 5th district of Tehran in the second half of the academic year of 1959-96 had 2688, A sample of 338 people was selected by cluster sampling and assessed by Collins and Reid Adult Inventory, Shepherd Parenting Styles, Internet addiction and Family Measurement Tool were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software and descriptive and inferential statistics including correlation and stepwise regression were used. The results of data analysis showed that family function and parenting styles and secure attachment style had a negative relationship with internet addiction, there is a significant positive correlation between ambivalent attachment styles and avoidance of internet addiction. It is suggested that the results of this study be used in the design of juvenile addiction treatment training programs.

Background: Chronic pain is a burdensome symptom. Different psychological models have been proposed to explain the role of psychological and social factors in developing and maintaining chronic pain. Attachment is a psychological construct of possible relevance in chronic pain. Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of predicting attachment styles on pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain. Methods: In a descriptive-correlational study, convenience sampling was used to select 120 chronic pain patients from pain clinic of akhtar hospital in Tehran, Iran during three months. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire, Adult Attachment Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and step by step regression models. Results: The correlations between attachment styles & depending variables in this study were significantly (P

Abstract: Introduction: This study examined sensation seeking as a mediator between willingness to social networks and attachment style with family cohesion among marriage women. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational study design was used. The study population included all marriage women of Neyshabour Azad University. 200 individuals were selected by available and voluntary sampling. In order to obtain data, question form Zuckerman Sensation Seeking (1999), Hazan and Shaver Adult Attachment Scale (1987), Salimi use of social networks (2014) and Samani family cohesion questionnaire (2002) were used. The data were analyzed through correlation and path analysis using the SPSS and AMOS. Results: Results showed that sensation seeking satisfaction play a significant mediating role in the relationship between willingness to social networks and attachment style with family cohesion and so, willingness to social networks and attachment style have significant correlation with family cohesion (P

Introduction: The feeling of happiness plays an important role in the quality of life of individuals and the finding of the factors associated with this feeling is important. Therefore, the present study was aimed to develop a model of happiness based on personality traits, emotional intelligence, attachment styles, voluntary activities and demographic characteristics. Method: The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of 12373 women employed in organizations of Lorestan province. 400 people were selected by stratified random sampling based on Cochran formula. Data were collected through NEO Personality Scale, Shirin Emotional Intelligence, Collins & Reid Attachment Inventory, Voluntary Activities Questionnaire and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the happiness model had the necessary fit and direct and indirect effects of neuroticism and the direct effect of extraversion and openness on experience was significant on happiness (p

Aim and Background: Today, one-child adolescents form a part of the society and this question comes to mind: Are there any differences in predicting depression between two groups of one-child and multi-child based on predictor variables of stress, resiliency, attachment styles, and family relations? Methods and Materials: This was a correlational study. The statistical population included all high school students from both one-child and multi-child families. The statistical sample included 150 boy and girl students from both groups in Isfahan, Iran. In order to collect data, Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS), Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Collins and Read’s Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and Barnes and Olson’s Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression. Findings: In both groups anxious and avoidance attachment style and stress had a positive significant relationship with depression (P < 0.05). There was a negative significant relationship berween resiliency and depressiom in one-child group (P < 0.05), but this relationship was not significant in multi-child group. No significant correlation was found between secure attachment style and depression in both groups and finally, predicting depression based on predictor variables was very different between two groups; so that, family relations and resiliency predicted lack of depression in one-child group, but in multi-child group, avoidance attachment style predicted depression. Conclusions: Regarding the predictor variables of the present study, being one-child or multi-child makes a difference in predicting depression.

The present study was carried out to assess the mediating effect of insecure attachment styles in the effect of perceived maternal rejection on abandonment and emotional deprivation schema in women. The sample consisted of 102 women aged 20 to 45 years old. Sampling was done by convenience method. Participants completed the early maladaptive schemas scale - short form (Young, 1998), the adult attachment style (Hazen & Shaver, 1978) and the parental acceptance-rejection/control questionnaire (Rohner, 1991). A series of mediation analyses were conducted by regression analysis and Sobel test to test the hypothesis. The results showed that among insecure attachment styles, insecure-ambivalent attachment style mediates the effect of perceived maternal rejection on abandonment and emotional deprivation schema. This study develops our understanding of the mechanisms through which interactions with parents in the early years of life contribute to the development of early maladaptive schemas, and expands our understanding of effective therapeutic mechanisms based on attachment-driven theories.

Introduction: Addiction has been recognized as one of the most important social, economic and health problems of the present century, that its consequences are considered as serious threat to human society and the need to pay more attention is felt. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on attachment style, marital adjustment, and social adjustment in drug abusive men. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population was all men with drug abuse. The sample consisted of 30 men with drug abuse who were selected by available sampling method and were placed in two groups of experimental and control (n=15 in each group). The experimental group received compassion-focused therapy, but the control group did not receive any treatment. Data collection tools were Hazen & Shaver Attachment Style Questionnaire (1987), Spaniard DAS Marital Adaptation (1976) and California Social Compatibility CPI (1953). Data were analyzed by SPSS-23 statistical software and analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that compassion-focused therapy had a significant effect on attachment style, marital adjustment and social adjustment in drug abusers (p <0.001) and the effect size in this study was 0.453, which indicates that 45.7% of the difference in the posttest scores of the variables of attachment style, marital adjustment and social adjustment of the subjects in the experimental group was related to the effectiveness of compassion-focused treatment. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, compassion-focused therapy is an effective treatment to remove the individual and social problems of drug abusers, and performing the interventions based on this approach can be effective in improving their relationships with their families and other social relationships. Therefore, using this treatment in medical centers for such patients and the patients with other types of diseases and mental disorders can be effective in improving the health and well-being of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: A successful marriage is often accompanied by both partner consent to sex, on the other hand, the structure of a balanced family is based on sound marital relations. One of the most important factors in strengthening this relationship, is the attachment style of couples. The purpose of this study was Effectiveness of emotionally-focused couple therapy on the style of attachment and sexual satisfaction of couples. Materials and Methods: The method of study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The study population consisted of all couples referring to clinic in Neyshabur city in 2016. Based on inclusion criteria, 32 couples were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into intervention (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. For data collection, Haddison and Kruskaph Sexual Satisfaction Index and Collins and Read Adolescents Adjustment Scale were used. Paired t-test and covariance analysis were used for data analysis. Results: The results of the analysis of variance showed that in post-test, there was a significant difference between sexual satisfaction and attachment style of the intervention group and control group (P<0.05). The results showed that emotional-couple therapy had a significant effect on sexual satisfaction and subscales of sexuality and sexual intimacy, but it had no significant effect on the subscales of sexual behavior and quality of sexual relations (P>0.05). Also, it had a significant effect on attachment style and its subscales of proximity, dependency, and anxiety. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the beneficial effects of emotional-couple therapy in improving attachment style and marital satisfaction of couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The goal of this research is surveying the relation between attachment, Self-concept and loneliness in the students of secondary school of Eastern Bandpey of section in Babol of city. Method: the method in this research is Descriptive of a Correlation type and 278 students (139 girls and 139 boys) have attended in by filling out Hazan and Shaver Interest style questionnaire, Rogers Self concept scale and UCLA loneliness scale. Results: for analyzing the data we used Correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Conclusion: results showed that there is a meaningful relation between attachment and feeling style. There is no meaningful relation between Attachment style and self-conception. There is a significant inverse relationship between self-conception and loneliness. Attachment style is a stronger predictor of loneliness than self-conception.

An important aspect of university life is romantic relationships. Research has showed these relationships effect major areas of youth function such as close relationships, identity development, sexual development, and peer relationships. The present study examined the gender differences in attachment style and personality traits in love styles among university students. For this purpose, among Ardebil university students, 200 participants were selected based on random sampling. Participants were responded the HEXACO Personality Inventory (Ashton & Lee, 2004), attachment styles scale (Colins & Reed, 1990) and Love Attitude Scale (Hendric & Hendric, 1989). The investigation of gender differences in love styles showed that boys reported higher scores in ludus and pragma and girls reported higher scores in eros (P< 0/01, P< 0/05). Also regression analyses showed that, in boys, conscientiousness, and in girls close attachment were as a significant predictor of eros. Also, in boys, honesty-humility predicts ludus, and anxious attachment and agreeableness predict pragma. In girls, emotionality and anxious attachment predict pragma (P

Introduction : the aim of this study Predicting love style respect with attachment style in married student of Roudehen University Methodes : This research was correlation and regression study which carried out on 145 student were available sampeling selected. The participants were asked to complete the adult attachment scale (RAAS ,Colins& Read ,1990) , identity style scale (ISI, Berzonsky, 1989), love style scale (LAS , Hendrick, 1986) . The data were analyzed by statistical methods of pearson correlation coefficient and regression Results : The results showed that 0/10 of variance and variability Eros and Storg love and 0/18 of variance and variability Mania love and 0/13 of variance and variability Agape love were determined by attachment style. Conclusion : According to the findings Since the initial interaction of the different attachment styles as an important factor to predict the level and quality of adult relationships gives recognition to their attachment styles can be people in building adult relationships (loving and marriage) helped.

Introduction: The aim of the present research is to predict the quality of life of the women suffering from infertility regarding their health based on alexithymia, attachment styles, and the perceived social support. Methods: The studied population included all the unfertile women. Therefore, 74 women suffering from infertility were selected through convenience sampling method based on the sample size selection formula in correlation studies from the Infertility Center and Reproduction Sciences of Yazd. The participants filled out the filled out the Multidimentional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Hazan and Shaver’s Adult Attachment Questionnaire, TAS Alexithymia Questionnaire, and WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire. The data collected were finally analyzed by SPSS software and through using Pearson correlation statistical method and multiple regression. Results: The findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between alexithymia and the health-related life quality in infertile women. There was a negative correlation between avoidant/ambivalent attachment styles and the aspects of quality of life. There is also a positive correlation and a significant relationship between secure attachment style and the aspects of quality of life. A significant relationship was found between perceived social support of women suffering from infertility and their quality of life related to health. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was a positive and significant relationship between alexithymia, secure attachment, and the perceived family support and the quality of life of infertile women.

parenting style can be a predictor of early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction. Understanding variables that effect of parenting style is very important. The aim of this present study is to explanatory theoretical model to parenting style, attachment style and differentiation of couples. The research was a descriptive-correlational study. The population consisted of all teachers have a child and their spouses who were teaching in the academic in Kamyaran, Iran in 2014. The sample consisted of 500 parents (250 couples) who were selected by simple sampling method and completed differentiation of self, attachment style, parenting style. The data from the questionnaires were analyzed using AMOS software. The Results indicate a positive and significant correlation between authoritative parenting with secure attachment style, Iposition and reactivity emotional, and between permissive parenting with anxiety attachment style. Also negative and significant correlation was observed between authoritative parenting with emotional cutoff. Also significant correlation between attachment components with differentiation of self. The results indicate that levels of differentiation and attachment style can be a predictor of parenting style. Modification these two variables we can develop of authoritative parenting in parent.

The present study was carried out to assess the mediating effect of insecure attachment styles in the effect of perceived maternal rejection on abandonment and emotional deprivation schema in women. The sample consisted of 102 women aged 20 to 45 years old. Sampling was done by convenience method. Participants completed the early maladaptive schemas scale - short form (Young, 1998), the adult attachment style (Hazen & Shaver, 1978) and the parental acceptance-rejection/control questionnaire (Rohner, 1991). A series of mediation analyses were conducted by regression analysis and Sobel test to test the hypothesis. The results showed that among insecure attachment styles, insecure-ambivalent attachment style mediates the effect of perceived maternal rejection on abandonment and emotional deprivation schema. This study develops our understanding of the mechanisms through which interactions with parents in the early years of life contribute to the development of early maladaptive schemas, and expands our understanding of effective therapeutic mechanisms based on attachment-driven theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Background: Based on the theories of etiology of self-injury behaviors, several psychological and social multivariate models have been investigated to predict self-injury behaviors in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self–criticism and distress tolerance in relationship between attachment styles and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors in adolescents. Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive-correlational study with structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of all high school students in Kashmar city in the years 2018-2019. Initially, a sample of 700 students was selected among all high school students were selected by multistage cluster sampling, but the final analysis was performed on 292 students who reported at least one experience of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Data were collected using Deliberate Self–Harm Inventory (DSHI), Childhood Attachment to Each Parent Scale (CAEPS), Distress Tolerance Scale (DES) and Forms of-Self–Criticism/Attacking & Self-Reassuring (FSCRS) and were analyzed in SPSS and LISREL software by using structural equation modeling. Findings: The results showed that the relationship between attachment styles and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors mediated by self-criticism and distress tolerance. The amount of fit indices of GFI, CFI, NFI, IFI, NNFI, AGFI, RFI and RMSEA were equal to 0.94, 0.93, 0.90, 0.93, 0.90, 0.90, 0.89 and 0.071, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed model fits the data well. The findings of the study showed that 34% of the observed variance in non-suicidal self-injury behaviors can be explained through a combination of parent attachment, self-criticism and distress tolerance. Conclusions: The findings of this study confirmed the mediating role of self-criticism and distress tolerance in the relationship between attachment styles and non-suicidal self-injury behaviors. Thus, it seems necessary for experts, therapists and planners when working with adolescents and specifically in counseling and treatment centers to consider the role of these mediating variables.