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Background and purpose Due to climate changes in recent decades, traditional animal husbandry systems based on rangelands have faced serious challenges. In this regard, adaptation strategies are necessary to reduce the vulnerability of rangeland users. The present research has investigated the adaptation strategies of Turkmen pastoralists in the face of climate change in the Qaradong region of Golestan province. Materials and methods This research is descriptive and has been carried out using a survey method. The research statistical population consists of 249 beneficiaries from 7 local communities in the Qaradong region of Golestan province, of which 148 people were selected as the sample size based on the Krejcie and Morgan table using a stratified random sampling method. The measuring tool used in the research was a researcher-made questionnaire. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the opinions of rangeland experts, and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results The results showed that the degree of pastoralists' adaptation in the face of climate change is moderate to high. The findings indicate significant differences in climate change adaptation strategies among the pastoralists. Thus, the most used strategies were combined developmental, saving, correct consumption, and emergency strategies. Also, the results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the adaptation of pastoralists in dealing with climate change with the history of livestock pastoralism and the amount of income derived from it at the 99% confidence level and also with the variables of age, the number of household members, and the amount of income from non-livestock occupations at the 95% confidence level. Conclusin The livelihood dependence of the pastoralists on the pasture and the one-dimensionality of their economic source often cause the continuation of the climate change process to increase their vulnerability. Therefore, adopting new activities in the form of diversifying income sources and creating alternative job opportunities, as well as multi-purpose use of pastures, will bring users more adaptability to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of livability, quality of life and on a larger scale; Rural sustainability is intertwined with resilience; In the field of rural planning today, instead of focusing on vulnerability (crisis formation and management), emphasis is placed on the resilience of local communities (risk management and active action). Among these, the realization of resilience due to the complex, multidimensional, systemic nature and multiplicity of actors and actors in today's variable internal and external environment; It requires the provision of conditions, needs and requirements in the rural environment, the lack of which means the creation of numerous obstacles and challenges and the continuation of environmental vulnerabilities, and in order to change the situation and move in the direction of resilience, identify these challenges and Obstacles and removing them can be considered a fundamental and important step. The present user research has been conducted for this purpose in high-risk and deprived border rural areas of Marivan county with a descriptive-analytical method and quantitative-qualitative (mixed) nature. In the qualitative part; Identifying the barriers and challenges facing the provision of resilient environment in the rural areas studied and in the quantitative part, tried to confirm and generalize the findings of the qualitative sector and provide analysis of the performance of these barriers. In the qualitative part, the in-depth and open interview method was used, and in the quantitative part, the questionnaire was distributed. The statistical population of the study includes development managers, village heads and councils, local rural knowledge, scientific and academic experts in the region and economic activists in the region, which purposefully and by snowball method, select and identify barriers to providing a swing environment Rural (quality section) and their approval (quantitative section) was done by them. The analysis of the collected data in the qualitative part based on the open coding method and in the quantitative part based on the factor analysis test showed that 64 obstacles or variables in the form of four main factors of weakness in planning, policy making, implementation, supervision and monitoring on the development process in the development management field of Marivan county (the most important and effective factor); Lack of attention and explanation of the concept of resilience and the lack of an efficient risk/crisis management structure (natural and human); The inadequacies of the social environment and the inappropriate business environment for the economic development of the villages and the weak support for providing environmental resilience in the rural areas of Marivan are effective obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paying attention to the activity of medicinal plants is one of the analytical approaches in the field of rural development studies. This study tried to analyze the obstacles to the activity of medicinal plants in the cold-weather rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The statistical population consisted of 13 villages of cold regions of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. Considering the census of 2021 and based on Cochran's formula, 383 questionnaires were randomly distributed among local people. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The attitude of the local people in 13 villages of this province was investigated and measured. To answer the questions of the research, factor analysis was used. Therefore, the value of KMO for examining the obstacles to the activities of medicinal plants was 0.696 and Bartlett's value was 630.019, which was significant at the 99% confidence level. They explain the percentage of variance of all the variables and 46.696% of the remaining variance is related to other factors that have not been predicted. So, the first factor, economic barriers with its specific value (3.269), explained more than 11.273% of the total variances, and the sixth factor is information barriers with a specific value of 2.273 and its variance value is 7.838 is in the last factor. The results showed that there were many obstacles in carrying out medicinal plant activities in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Chronic immobilization is a type of stress that causes behavioral disorders such as anxiety and memory deficits by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation and modification of the neurotransmitters in the brain. In the present study, the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of dried lemon peel (Citrus aurantifolia) on learning, spatial memory, and anxiety-like behavior in adult male rats exposed to chronic immobilization was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were used, which were divided into four groups: control, lemon, stress, and stress-lemon. To induce immobilization stress, the rats were immobilized in the restrainer cage for 6 hours every day for 21 consecutive days. Rats were treated with lemon extract (400 mg/kg) by gavage. Spatial learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze, and anxiety was studied using an elevated plus maze. Results: Based on the obtained findings, the lemon extract treatment in animals exposed to immobilization stress led to more swim time and distance in the target quarter in the water maze compared with the stress group (P<0.05). The extract increased the percentage of entry into the open arm (P<0.01) and the percentage of time spent in the open arm (P<0.05) of the elevated plus maze in the rats. Conclusion: Dried lemon peel extract improved learning and spatial memory in rats exposed to chronic immobilization and reduced their anxiety-like behaviors. Dried lemon peel extract possibly has a neuroprotective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to analyze farmers' perceptions of drought management solutions in small-scale farming units. The statistical population included all smallscale farmers in Isfahan province (166030 people) who were exposed to drought conditions. Using Morgan table, the sample size was determined by stratified proportionate sampling method of 394 people and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that the most important solutions used by farmers for drought management are "increasing information about drought and ways to deal with it", "better management of agricultural water", "timely irrigation", "planting windbreaks around" "Farms like poplar" and "seasonal migration to the surrounding areas for income." In order to categorize these solutions, factor analysis was used and a total of 5 factors such as irrigation management and moisture conservation solution; proper management of agricultural operations; household economy optimization solution; communication and information strengthening solution and "Social affairs adjustment solutions" were identified and named. The extracted factors explained 52.852% of the total variance changes, and at the end, based on the research findings, suggestions for increasing the adaptability of by smallscale farmers to climate change and drought were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at comparing the effects of four commercial herbal additives and a growthpromoting antibiotic (virginiamycin) on the productive traits, some blood biochemical parameters, and serum hepatic enzymes activity of broilers. Nine hundred one day-old male broilers (Ross 308 strain) were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of 30 birds. The experimental treatments included the diets containing Noviherb®, Bioessence®, and Biostrong® (each at a rate of 100 g ton-1 of diet), diet containing Novigrow® (1000 g ton-1 of diet), and diet containing virginiamycin (100 g ton-1 of diet) as positive control. The amount of feed intake, body weight, mortality percentage, feed conversion ratio, and European broiler index were measured during 1 to 42 days of broilers age. At the 28 and 42 days of age, the blood samples were taken from four birds per replicate and the blood parameters including the concentration of total protein, uric acid, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase serum enzymes were measured. The results showed that the effects of tested herbal additives on the performance and European broiler index were not significant in comparison with the antibiotic. The concentration of blood parameters and the activity of serum liver enzymes at the 28 and 42 days of age were not affected by the experimental treatments. Based on these results, the additives evaluated could be suitable alternatives to the growthpromoting antibiotics without adversely affecting the performance and serum biochemical parameters of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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