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This study focused on population structure, species diversity and abundance of the Chitgar Lake fishes in October 2014. Based on the lake location fish samples were collected at 34 stations in water body. In this study , 8 families belonging to 18 species comprised of Cyprinidae (11 species), Cichlidae (one species), Loricariidae (one species), Pangasiidae (one species), Serrasalmidae (one species), Poeciliidea (one species), Salmonidae (one species), and Scaridae (one species) were identified. Among the fishes just one native fish from Capoeta bohsei species observed during the study. The dominant lake fishes were invasive species Hemiculter leucisculus, Alburnus hohenackeri, Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio and Pseudorasbora parva. The highest abundance of fishes were H. leucisculus 62 % and A. hohenackeri 35 % by Seine net. Furthermore, those were dominant abundance (69 and 12 % respectively) in Gill net method. Finally, in Cast net method A. hohenackeri 38 %, Pseudorasbora parva 21 % and H. leucisculus 17 % were dominated in the shore region. The lowest fishes abundance were P. hypophthalmus and Parrotfish. Overall more than 90 % of the fish population were invasive and alien species. Thus, the presence of invasive fishes and lack of predator fishes in the Chitgar Lake might be reason for increasing of trophic level.

Background and Objectives: Chemical gasses, particularly Sulfur Mustard, have a negative impact on physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects of quality of life of those suffering from this gas. It is so serious that even 20 years after being exposed to Sulfur Mustard, we can witness people who are still suffering from various damages of organs particularly the pulmonary system. This research aimed at determining the quality of life of chemically-disabled war veterans with pulmonary complications of Sulfur Mustard from physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects.Methods: This was a descriptive study in which 260 chemically-disabled war veterans living in Sardasht, Iran then, were randomly selected for the study. It should be mentioned that all these people are now treated as chemically-disabled war veterans suffering from the pulmonary complications of Sulfur Mustard Gas and were living in Sardasht at the time of bombardment of that city. Having been acquainted with the procedure, they were then asked to fill in the questionnaires.Results: The results showed that quality of life in 71.5% of the samples was moderate, only in 5.8%, it was considered as good. 11.9% of them in physical domain, 8.1% in psychological domain, 1.9% in social domain, and 22.8% in spiritual domain had a good quality of life. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the quality of life in the social, physical and psychological domains was 1.9%, 11.9% and 8.1% poor, therefore; responsible organizations can help these people in various ways by, for example, providing them with low price drugs, which are usually costly in the market, public transportation designed especially for chemically-disabled war veterans, improving insurance services and developing public services in Sardasht. The researchers, finally suggests a qualitative study be performed on each domain of quality of life of chemically-disabled war veterans.

The purpose of this article is to study the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the interface of Al/Cu bimetal produced by compound casting of molten Al in solid copper tubes. The mechanism of the intermetallic compounds formations at the interface, the effects of molten aluminum pouring temperature and solid copper tubes preheating tempreture,were investigated on the IMCs type and thickness and Al/Cu interface microstructures were characterized by optical microscope (OM) and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). Results show that the interface consists of three main layers, where Layer (I) is α-Al/Al2Cu eutectic structure, layer (II) is intermetal of Al2Cu and layer (III) constituites several intermetallic compounds such as AlCu, Al3Cu4, Al2Cu3 and Al4Cu9. Considering the components of hypereutectic melt at the interface, initially layer (II) was formed by θ phase nucleation and growth mechanism, then layer (I) was formed by Al and Cu dissolving and solidification. Finally layer (III) was formed by solid-state phase diffusion. Raising molten Al temperature and preheating solid Cu leads to increase of the intermetallic compounds thickness at interface which consequently increases the specific electrical resistance and decreases the Al/Cu bond strength. From experimental results it seems that the bond strength is affected by the thicknesses of layer II and III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different types of sleep disturbances can have a serious negative effect on a person's ability, function and overall well-being. One of the most important issues that can result in sleep disturbances are occupational causes, the most important among them is shift work. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of sleep disturbances between shift work and non-shift workers. Material and Methods: This study was designed as a case-control study in 196 shift workers and 204 non-shift workers in a textile factory. The data were collected by using a comprehensive questionnaire including Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, Berlin Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Insomnia Severity Index and Restless Leg Syndrome Questionnaire. Data analyses were carried out using the SPSS software version 13 by student's t-test, Chi square and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The duration of night sleep in shift workers was less than day workers (p<0.001). Prevalence of poor sleep quality and insomnia were higher in shift workers significantly than non shift workers (p<0.001, OR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.7-2.9). The most prevalent type of insomnia was problems in initiating sleep (P=0.022, OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.5-3.2). There was no difference in the prevalence of excessive day-time sleepiness, restless leg syndrome, snoring, obstructive sleep apnea and different types of parasomnias between two groups. Conclusion: Reduced length of sleep and higher prevalence of poor sleep quality and insomnia in shift workers emphasizes the importance of serious attention to sleep disorders in shift workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Ethics in nursing care is very important and professional competence. In nursing, ethics means that the nursing care is based on the principles of bioethics. However the ethical care and ethical competence in nursing students are important unanswered questions. More studies should be carried out in this regard. Materials & Methods: This study is a qualitative study. 35 nursing students of the faculty of Nursing & Midwifery participated in the study. The interviews were analyzed by content analysis. Results: The findings of the analysis were classified in four categories, including clinical environment, curriculum, teacher qualifications and academic knowledge in the field of professional ethics, motivation and interest of students to the nursing profession. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the development of moral competence in nursing students and the same areas are effective. So the moral qualification barriers should be searched and managed in different dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]