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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are carcinogenic compounds formed while beef patties are cooked. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of wheat fiber (1% and 2%), and the mixture of xanthan and guar gums (0.5%) on the PAHs and HCAs formation in the grilled beef patties. According to results, the application of wheat fiber, xanthan and guar gums in the formulation of beef patties significantly decreased moisture, fat and protein content, compared to the control. The pH values of treatments significantly increased compared to the control as a result of the application of wheat fiber and xanthan and guar gums. PAHs and HCAs levels in all treatments significantly decreased compared to the control. The highest reduction in these compounds was related to BkFA (42%) and IQ (74%). Generally speaking, the treatments consist of wheat fiber with xanthan and guar mixture selected as the best samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims : Aniline as one of the aromatic amines is a widely distributed environmental pollutant resulting from the manufacture of dye materials and agricultural chemicals such as herbicides. It is frequently used by the industry such as the raw material in the manufacture of dyes, rubbers, pharmaceutical preparation, plastic and paint. It is also a common by product from paper and textile industries. Aniline has been found to distribute in an aqueous environment and interfere with aquatic species life . It is known to be carcinogenic for human and also reacts easily in the blood, thereby preventing oxygen uptake. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of electrochemical process for the treatment of a hard biodegradable compound called aniline from synthetic wastewater using iron electrodes in a batch laboratory-scale system. Methods: This Experimental study was carried out in a laboratory scale and in a glass reactor. The effect of operating parameters such as voltage, pH, reaction time and initial Aniline concentration on the removal efficiency has been investigated. Results: In operational conditions of 10 volts, 100 mg/L of initial Aniline concentration, acidic pH of 5.5 and 1 cm interelectrode distance following 120 minutes, the removal efficiency of aniline and COD were obtained 92% and 60% respectively . Conclusion: The results indicated that electrochemical process can be used as an effective method for Aniline removal from industrial wastewater.