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AbstractThis investigation aims to examine the available unconformity of the Late Alpine orogenic phases in the Lurestan sub-basin, with particular emphasis on the Baba Habib and Sultan anticlines. The disconformity occurs at the boundary between the Shahbazan and Asmari formations. Biostratigraphic examinations indicate that the Shahbazan Formation belonged to the middle to late Eocene, while the Asmari Formation is dated to the early Miocene. The investigated sections indicate prevalent marine deposits from the Late Eocene. According to research, the Late Alpine Orogenic phases had an exposure on this area of the Arabian Plate during the Late Eocene, as evidenced by the development of microkarst. Based on the amount of precipitation, the study area was located in a hot and humid climate zone.Keywords: Tethys, Pyrenees, Shahbazan, Asmari, Palaeomicrokarst, Lurestan, Zagros Introduction During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods, the Eurasian and Gondwanan continents collided to form the Alpine-Himalaya Mountain range, which includes Iran in its central region. An important ocean called Tethys, which James and Wynd (1965) initially discovered in the Cenozoic strata of the Zagros was present at the location of the main Zagros thrust line (Piryaei and Davies 2024). The discontinuous boundary between the Asmari and Shahbazan formations can be established using karst events as indicators. This research attempts to identify and characterize the preserved discontinuity within the microkarsts development by using classified microkarren shapes. Material & MethodsBased on previous research by Adams and Bourgeois (1967), Laursen et al. (2009), Van Buchem et al. (2010) and Boudagher-Fadel (2013), this study aims to identify the genera and fossil species of the Asmari Formation by sampling two sections. Two studies, one by Hottinger (2015) and the other by Sirel (2007), used the Shahbazan Formation to determine the taxa and species of fossils; the other, by Van Buchem et al. (2010) and Laursen et al. (2009), determined the biozones of the Asmari Formation and represent biological zonation. Bourgeois and Adams's (1967) study has led to the biozonation of the Shahbazan Formation. Hottinger (2015) and Sirel (2007) studied fossils from the Shahbazan Formation, while Van Buchem et al. (2010) and Laursen et al. (2009) examined the biozones within the Asmari Formation. Additionally, Bourgeois and Adams (1967) contributed to the biozonation of the Shahbazan Formation. In order to find evidence of a discontinuity in the end-Alpine Orogenic phases at the boundary of the Shahbazan-Asmari formations, the Babahabib and Sultan anticlines in the Lorestan area were examined. Discussion of Results and & ConclusionsBased on variations in the thickness, color, lithology, and sedimentary geometry of the strata, the carbonate succession in these areas found in the Asmari and Shahbazan formations can be divided into eight lithostratigraphic units in the Sultan section and seven units in the Baba Habib section. According to lithostratigraphy, these formations are classified as marine carbonate strata in this study. The presence of benthic foraminifera has allowed researchers to determine the age of sediments. In the biostratigraphic study, two biozones for the Shahbazan Formation were identified. An area with barren index fossils is determined. It is concluded that the Shahbazan Formation is between the Lucene and Priabonine periods of the Middle to Late Eocene based on the fossil accumulations that have been found. Biostratigraphic studies of benthic foraminifera in the Miocene (Aquitanian–Burdigalian) period indicate that the Asmari Formation was deposited in this region. Two different biozones were identified within the Asmari Formation in the study area which does not contain any elements of the Rupelian–Chattian or the Eocene age. A paraconformity between the Shahbazan and the Asmari deposits are located within these sections. Evidence of discontinuity, such as limestone conglomerate fragments between the Asmari-Shahbazan contact, and the extinction and subsequent appearance of particular foraminifera microfossil species are observed in this study along the boundary between the two formations. Additionally, palaeomicrokarst phenomena as result of sea level fall in the upper part of the Shahbazan Formation are also observed. The upper section of the Shahbazan Formation is marked by discontinuities observed in the fifth unit of the Babahabib transect and the seventh unit of the Sultan anticline. During the Eocene period, as the seas began to form, these discontinuities were revealed due to erosion and the creation of subaerial outcrops. The karst phenomena seen in this research originate from the interaction of tectonic activity and the dissolving of limestone deposits by meteoric fluids with particular acidity. The temperature significantly influences the evolution of karst formations. Tectonic forces during the late Alpine Orogeny caused the compressive force necessary for the uplift and displacement of strata, eventually leading to the closure of the Neotethys. The investigation of the Eocene deposits demonstrates that tectonics and climatic cycles significantly influence the transgressions and regressions of the sea level within the sedimentary basins. Structural and field evidence, particularly the occurrence of ancient red soils like bauxite and laterite, indicate that Eocene deposits formed under oxidizing conditions characteristic of continental and humid environments. This implies the disconformity surface between the Shahbazan and Asmari formations. It contains remnants of several microkarsts evidence for the hot and humid climatic conditions prevalent throughout the Eocene–Oligocene epoch.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of effectiveness of media (Radio and TV) advertisement on the extent of consumers’ urge to consume national commodities. This research is applicable in terms of purpose, and is a descriptive-survey research in terms of nature, which has been conducted as a field work. Statistical population of the research is the population of Mashhad city. Using Cochran formula, 384 people were selected as the statistical sample. In order to gather data, a researcher-made questionnaire with 61 questions was used. Content validity of the questionnaire was approved by 15 academic and practitioner experts in the field of advertisement and media. The reliability of the questionnaire according to Cronbach's alpha was 0.824. Also, SPSS and SPLS applications were used to analyze data. Results of the research indicate that effectiveness of media advertisement positively and in a meaningful manner affects consumers’ urge to consume national commodities. Extended Abstract Introduction The economic sector in Iran is particularly vulnerable compared to other fields, largely because of the country’s reliance on oil revenues and imports. Consequently, adversaries have recognized that economic sanctions against Iran could more effectively achieve their objectives (Motaqi & Motaqi, 2013). While many studies have explored resistance economy, consumption patterns, and specifically domestic product consumption, there has been little significant action to enhance and cultivate the purchase of domestic products through effective and targeted media advertising. Since one of the roles of mass media is commercial advertising, it is expected to raise public awareness, assist in decision-making, foster healthy competition among producers, and facilitate economic activity (Salhi & García-Villoria, 2015; Prieler et al., 2015). Media plays a vital role in advertising, cultural, and supervisory functions by creating a mental framework for accepting the necessity of reform and revising the allocation and distribution of resources and income (Hayek, 2015). Thus, there is a significant need for a coherent and coordinated advertising system that can effectively communicate and attract consumers to domestic products through different official and unofficial media channels. This study specifically explores the promotion of domestic product consumption through media advertising, aiming to determine whether the effectiveness of media advertising (Radio and Television) significantly influences consumer inclination towards domestic products. Theoretical Framework: Effective advertising is defined by its ability to attract the audience’s attention, create memorable effect, stimulate purchasing actions, and awaken the audience’s sensory reception (Rejón-Guardia et al., 2016). Because of cultural, political, social, and other contextual differences, advertising in Iran differs from that in other parts of the world. As a result, internal and localized influencing factors must be considered to determine its effectiveness. Two perspectives on consumer attitudes towards domestic versus foreign products exist: 1) Rational Processing Model: Consumers evaluate and select products based on rational processes. 2) Emotional Processing Model: This perspective suggests that product choice is influenced by emotional factors. For instance, factors like quality, price, accessibility, after-sales service, and availability of spare parts for domestic products are cognitive factors that drive inclination towards domestic goods. On the other hand, emotional factors such as national loyalty and ethical opposition to foreign products also play a role (Maison & Maliszewski, 2016; Zeugner-Roth, 2015). Motiee (2023) identified "national and organizational consensus," "geographical requirements," and "economic growth" as key features supporting domestic production, achievable with institutional support such as from Radio and Television. HajialiAkbari & Sadighian (2019) found that quality, price, product functionality, packaging, post-purchase regret, design, and warranty are the most significant factors affecting consumer decision-making for domestic products. Methodology: This research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlative in terms of data collection. The statistical population consists of Mashhad residents. According to the 2016 census, the population of Mashhad was 3,001,184, forming the research population. A sample size of 384 was determined using the Cochran formula. The measurement tool was a researcher-made 44-item questionnaire for assessing media advertising effectiveness, and a 17-item questionnaire for evaluating factors affecting consumer inclination towards domestic goods, based on a Likert scale with five options. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SPLS software, employing descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate the respondents' demographic characteristics, and inferential statistics, structural equation, and path analysis were used to analyze data and test hypothesis. Findings: The main hypothesis showed that media advertising effectiveness (Radio and Television) has a path coefficient of 0.781 on consumer inclination towards domestic goods consumption. Thus, with 95% confidence, it can be stated that media advertising effectiveness significantly impacts consumer inclination towards domestic goods. Other secondary hypotheses were also confirmed, with path coefficients for various roles including: information features (0.594), advertising selection activities (0.506), advertising ranking (0.591), advertising engagement (0.623), advertising tools and visual methods (0.523), emotional features (0.498), motivational dimensions (0.522), overall advertisement viewing (0.618), internal vs. external product evaluation (0.642), consumer nationalism (0.705), and preference for domestic vs. foreign products (0.603). Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that media advertising effectiveness has a positive and significant effect on consumer inclination towards domestic products. This finding aligns with Hamidizadeh & Nourian (2013) regarding the impact of television advertising on customer attraction. The study’s results are consistent with research by Naghdi et al., (2023), Motiee (2023), Bashokouh et al., (2023), and Sanaeimehr et al., (2021). Among the factors affecting advertising effectiveness, advertising engagement had the highest impact. This is because engagement directly addresses the mental involvement of the audience, leading rationally to higher effectiveness compared to other factors. Despite Roshandel Arbatani et al., (2010) not addressing the importance of identified metrics, this study clarifies their significance, with engagement, overall ad viewing, information features, ad ranking, advertising tools, and emotional characteristics being of notable importance. The position of emotional features in this study supports findings by Samsamshariatmm et al., (2007). Regarding factors influencing consumer inclination towards domestic products, the study aligns with research by Motiee (2023), Naghdi et al., (2023), Amiri et al., (2022), Haghighi & Hosseinzadeh (2010), Vadhanavisala (2015), and Maison & Maliszewski (2016), highlighting consumer nationalism as a crucial factor. The study suggests that Radio and Television should create various programs to emphasize domestic product consumption, thereby altering consumer preferences. Media should leverage advertising for Iranian products, prominently featuring them in visual content, series, and films to instill the value of domestic production. Emphasizing the benefits and advantages of domestic products and avoiding unnecessary advertising content should be prioritized. Advertising should be diverse and avoid repetition, and a culture of quality focus among domestic producers should be promoted.

Background: It is very important to pay attention to the issues of young people, especially their psychological problems. During the COVID-19 pandemic, access to smartphones led to aggression, violence, and addiction among many students. Therefore, by using appropriate treatment methods, it is necessary to act in a way that reduces the severity of these problems. Aims: The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of treatment based on commitment and acceptance on domestic violence, aggression and mobile addiction in first secondary students. Methods: The present study was an applied study in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental methodology in a series of pretest-posttest designs with a control group. The statistical population included all high school students in Sanandaj in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample consisted of 30 high school students in Sanandaj who were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were collected using the Adolescent Violence Questionnaire (Sadat Hajati et al., 2008), Aggression Questionnaire (Zahedifar et al., 1997) and Mobile Phone Addiction Questionnaire (Savari, 2014). The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-27 software. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the scores of the relaxation group in violence, aggression, and mobile phone addiction decreased compared to the control group. In other words, acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in reducing violence, aggression, and addiction to mobile phones in adolescents (P< 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the research, the approach of acceptance and commitment education can be used as an effective program for reducing and managing anger, violence, and mobile phone addiction in adolescents in counseling centers and psychological services, by counselors and social workers.

The present research, using the qualitative method and analytical-descriptive method, aims to performance a comparative study and explain the foundations and examples of the civil responsibility of electricity supply institutions. The findings of this research show that the civil liability of the mentioned institutions in Iran and America in the stages of production and transmission is considered as "Sovereign Acts" and in the stage of distribution among subscribers and consumers is considered as "Employee Acts"; In addition, the civil liability of the electricity supplier entities is "Contractual and Non-Contractual" in nature, and both Iranian and American legal systems consider the civil liability of the electricity supplier entity in the production phase, which is a liability based on the contract; with the difference that the basis of responsibility is different in these two legal systems; As in Iranian law, this responsibility is based on "Fault" and claimable damages resulting from the violation of contractual obligations are subject to the specification of the parties, custom or law; But in American law, the basis for establishing the contractual liability of the aforementioned entities is "Pure Liability" or liability without fault, and the liability of these entities is established solely based on the breach of obligation; Therefore, in this legal system, as soon as a breach of contractual obligations is established, regardless of the reason for the breach or fault, the obligee is responsible for compensation. In the stage of electricity distribution, in Iran's legal system, it is possible to point out the responsibility resulting from the lack of care and maintenance of the facilities and equipment for the transmission and distribution of electricity to the subscribers, as well as the responsibility resulting from negligence and failure to take preventive measures, which is the factor of "Fault" Civil liability plays a fundamental and key role for the aforementioned supplier institutions; But in the American legal system, one can find very limited cases in which civil liability can be proposed for the mentioned institutions at this stage, and basically it is very difficult to establish civil liability at this stage, and this is due to the mechanisms that exist in this country in In order to comply with electricity transmission and distribution standards, division of responsibility and the involvement of consumers and subscribers in possible damages are applied.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of organizational intelligence on the performance of public library employees in Bushehr Province.Methodology: This research follows an applied purpose and a descriptive-correlational approach. The population consists of 164 employees from public libraries in Bushehr Province. Given the small size of the population, a census method was applied. Data were collected using two questionnaires: Karl Albrecht's (2003) organizational intelligence scale and an employee performance questionnaire based on the Echio performance model. Data analysis involved Kolmogorov-Smirnov, linear regression, Friedman, and chi-square tests.Findings: The results revealed that organizational intelligence components, such as strategic vision, desire for change, morale, unity and agreement, application of knowledge, common destiny, and performance pressure, are significantly correlated with employee performance in public libraries. Additionally, no significant differences were found regarding demographic variables (gender, education level, and work experience) in relation to the effect of organizational intelligence on employee performance.Conclusion: The study concludes that organizational intelligence significantly influences the performance of librarians in public libraries. Identifying and strengthening the various components of organizational intelligence can enhance library staff performance.Value: This research emphasizes the importance of human resources and highlights the role of organizational intelligence in improving performance, which is particularly relevant in the context of public libraries.

Background: Studies have shown that individuals who experience divorce often face challenges in adjusting to their new circumstances and may encounter difficulties in managing emotions, coping with stress, and maintaining healthy relationships. Online interventions have emerged as a novel approach to supporting individuals in the post-divorce period. These interventions typically provide interactive resources and tools through digital platforms, offering guidance, support, and skill-building exercises to assist individuals in navigating the challenges of divorce and enhancing their psychological well-being. However, there is a gap in the existing research regarding the design and validation of online intervention protocols, particularly tailored to post-divorce adjustment. Aims: The aim of the present study was to design and validate an online intervention protocol for post-divorce adjustment. Methods: This research was conducted using a qualitative method (thematic analysis) through semi-structured interviews, with the target population consisting of all family experts in Khuzestan province. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling method. The criteria for selecting individuals included holding a doctoral degree in counseling or psychology and having a minimum of 5 years of therapeutic experience with couples and families. The interview data were analyzed in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, using MAXQDA software. Results: In the developed protocol, interventions were categorized into three sections: self, children, and emotions and stress. The self-section comprised five topics: stress and anxiety management, anger management, resilience, communication with the ex-spouse, and remarriage. The children section included five topics: investing in children's future, interactions regarding parenting, interactions with families, remarriage, and interactions with children during holidays and celebrations. The emotions and stress section encompassed two topics: forgiving the ex-spouse and accepting divorce and reality. Conclusion: Considering the positive validation results of the designed protocol, its utilization for post-divorce adjustment during contagious diseases that require non-face-to-face services will aid in the adjustment of these individuals. It is recommended that mental health professionals take steps to expand its implementation in the field of mental health.

Background and aims: One of the most prevalent and significant syndromes affecting the elderly is frailty syndrome, which plays a crucial role in their quality of life and overall health status. While this syndrome can be viewed as a natural part of the aging process, it can actually be identified, prevented, and treated. This study investigated the ability of motor function tests to predict frailty and related disorders in elderly men. Methods: A total of 100 elderly men over 65 years of age from Kerman city were selected using an available sampling method. All participants completed the Tilburg Vulnerability Index (TFI) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Following this, motor function tests, including the Timed Up and Go (TUG), Chair Stand, Arm Curl, and Stork Stand tests, were conducted. Data analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and logistic regression. Additionally, the sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off points of the tests were evaluated. Results: The results indicated that a TUG test time greater than 8.50 seconds, a Chair Stand test score below 10, an Arm Curl test score under 14, a Stork Stand test time less than 15.50 seconds, and an IPAQ score below 320.91 are associated with an increased susceptibility to frailty in elderly men. Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that the TUG, Chair Stand, Arm Curl, Stork Stand tests, and IPAQ can effectively predict frailty in elderly men. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize these tests as screening tools for frailty in this population.

Floods have been the third most destructive disaster after earthquakes and tropical storms in the past few years. Since many cities are located in floodplains or on the coasts due to economic interests, flood risk management has become a significant issue. The potential for flood damage in cities is very high because, in addition to river flooding causing flooding in cities, the concentration of population and valuable assets causes flood damage to be very widespread in urban areas. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the components of the flood risk function properly and to make effective plans for each one according to the conditions of each region. In this study, flood risk is defined as a function of hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. Considerable focus has been placed on the role of poverty in exacerbating flood risk because, in big cities, management strategies in different urban areas should be different, depending on the cultural situation and level of economic development of those areas. Also, this article emphasizes the necessity of participatory management and planning in flood-prone areas and highlights the consequences of excluding affected communities and stakeholders. Finally, various sections are presented to create a comprehensive framework for flood risk management.

Extended Abstract Background: Artificial insemination is widely used as a basic technique in livestock and poultry breeding programs. The use of this technique requires sperm freezing, a process during which superior genes are widely expanded and more progeny can be obtained from a male animal with high genetic characteristics. However, sperm undergoes much damage during the cooling and freezing process due to the drop in temperature and cold shock and the subsequent excessive production of free radicals. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) of the sperm plasma membrane occurs due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damages the structure of the sperm membrane. The attack of free radicals on intracellular organelles, especially mitochondria and sperm DNA, can often disrupt sperm functions and have a very negative effect on sperm fertility. Therefore, adding antioxidant compounds to sperm thinners is considered essential for freezing and maintaining sperm quality. Curcumin, as a natural antioxidant compound obtained from turmeric root, with the characteristic of having a phenolic ring and a beta-di-ketone part in its structure, is capable of neutralizing free radicals and thus maintaining the quality of sperm cells. This compound has been introduced as a very strong antioxidant compound in most pharmaceutical, medical, and food industry studies, and even in some studies, it has been reported to be the co-base of known antioxidant compounds, such as vitamins E and C, and the superoxide dismutase enzyme. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of adding different levels of curcumin to diluents on the physical, structural, and biochemical parameters (oxidative stress) of ram epididymal sperm after the freezing-thawing process. Methods: In this experiment, testicular tissue was collected from a slaughterhouse and transferred to the laboratory. Sperm cells were collected by cutting the tail of the epididymis. Sperm samples were selected after an initial evaluation and diluted in a Tris-egg yolk-based diluent with a concentration of 50 million sperm per milliliter. Different concentrations of curcumin, including 0, 10, 25, and 50 μM, were added to the sperm-containing diluent at 37 °C. Samples containing different concentrations of curcumin in different experimental groups were poured into a 15 ml Falcon and transferred to 5 °C in isothermal water for cooling. After about 2 hours, the samples reached equilibrium at this temperature. Then, the experimental groups were filled and sealed at the same temperature in one-quarter straws at the same temperature. The peyotes were frozen at a distance of 4 cm from the surface of liquid nitrogen by nitrogen vapor for 7 minutes and then immersed in liquid nitrogen. The frozen peyotes were kept in a nitrogen tank until the evaluation (about 1 month). Physical parameters, survival, apoptosis status, plasma membrane health, abnormality percentage, biochemical parameters (including measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, activity of superoxide dismutase enzymes (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT), and H2O2 concentration assay were evaluated after thawing at 37 °C for 30 seconds. The data obtained from the evaluations were analyzed by SAS software and the GLM procedure at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results of kinematic parameters, such as the total kinematics (TM) of the diluent containing 10 and 25 μM curcumin, the progressive kinematics (PM) of the diluent containing all three concentrations of curcumin (10, 25, and 50 μM), and the speed in the mean path (VCL) diluent containing 25 μM of curcumin, showed significantly better performance than the control group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the experimental groups for the other kinematic parameters such as velocity in a curved path (VAP), velocity in a straight path (VSL), transverse head movement (ALH), linearity of kinematics (LIN), and the percentage of straight movement (STR) (p > 0.05). The analysis of structural parameters indicated that the diluent containing all three levels of curcumin (10, 25, and 50 µM) significantly increased the percentage of sperm plasma membrane health after thawing. Moreover, the diluent containing 25 µM of curcumin significantly increased the viability percentage compared to the other treatment groups, with better performance. The addition of the same level significantly reduced the percentage of early apoptosis compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the treatments in the percentage of secondary apoptosis, necrosis, and abnormalities (p > 0.05). The results of the evaluation of biochemical parameters (oxidative stress) showed that the MDA concentration and CAT enzyme activity did not differ significantly among the experimental groups (p > 0.05). In the case of SOD activity, dilutions containing 10 and 25 μM of curcumin, and for GPX, dilutions containing 25 μM of curcumin significantly increased the activity of these antioxidant enzymes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the addition of all three concentrations of curcumin (10, 25, and 50 μM) significantly reduced the H2O2 concentration compared to the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this experiment show that the use of curcumin in the freezing diluent can improve the quality of ram epididymal sperm after the freezing-thawing process. Therefore, it is recommended to use a curcumin concentration of 25 μM in the freezing diluent.

Extended Abstract Background: The identification of selection targeted genomic regions is one of the main aims of biological research. Domestication and selection have significantly changed the behavioral and phenotypic traits in modern domestic animals. The selection of animals by humans has left detectable signatures on the genome of modern cattle. The identification of these signals can help us to improve the genetic characteristics of economically important traits in cattle. The interest in the detection of genes or genomic regions that are targeted by selection has been growing over the last decade. Identifying the signatures of selection can provide valuable insights about the genes or genomic regions that are or have been under selection pressure, which in turn leads to a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships. This study aimed to identify effective genes and genomic regions on positive signatures of selection in Beetal goats using selection signature and gene ontology methods. Methods: In this study, data from 631 Beetal goats genotyped using the Caprine 50 K Bead Chip were used to identify genomic regions under selection associated with important traits in Beetal goats. Quality control measures were performed in Plink by setting an animal call rate of 0.90, SNP call rate of 0.95, and SNPs with minor allele frequencies (MAF) lower than 0.05 or that do not conform to the Hardy–Weinberg expectation (p-value ≤ 0.000001) and unknown positions. After quality control of the initial data using Plink software (v1.90; http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/plink), 36,861 SNP markers in 594 animals of cattle were finally entered for further analysis. To identify the signatures of selection, the statistical method iHS was used under REHH software packages. Candidate genes were identified by SNPs located at 1% upper the range of iHS using Plink v1.9 software and the gene list of Illumina in R. Additionally, the latest published version of Animal Genome Database was used for defining QTLs associated with economically important traits in identified locations. In addition, the DAVID database (http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov) was used to determine biological routes. At this stage, it is assumed that genes belonging to a functional class can be considered a group of genes that have some specific and common characteristics. GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org) and UniProtKB (http://www.uniprot.org) databases were also used to interpret the function of the obtained genes. Moreover, gene ontology analysis for identified genes was performed using the DAVID online database. Results: After quality control filters, 36,861 SNPs were left while 9761 SNPs were removed due to Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, 1342 SNPs were removed due to unknown positions, 3963 were removed due to a minor allele threshold, and 1342 were removed due to missing genotypes. Besides 37 individuals were removed after quality control measures. Using the iHS approach, 10 genomic regions were identified on chromosomes 4, 6, 7, 11 (two regions per chromosome), 13, 14, 15, 17, and 18. Some of the genes located in identified regions under selection were associated with body size (SPP1, SCN9A, and TNPO2), fat metabolism (SDCBP), skeletal development (IBSP and MEPE), and energy metabolism (UCP2, TRPC3, and FBP1). Some of the genes under selection were found to be consistent with some previous studies. Results of the gene ontology analysis identified two biological pathways, namely skeletal system development and a calcium channel complex, with two important KEGG pathways, including the glucagon signaling pathway and the AMPK signaling pathway, which play an important role in glucose metabolism, homeostasis, and skeletal system development. Conclusion: Overall, various genes found within these regions can be considered the candidates under selection based on function. Most of the genes under selection were found to be consistent with some previous studies and to be involved in several processes, such as growth, body weight, metabolic pathways, and domestication-related changes, including system development and immune systems. Furthermore, a survey on extracted QTLs showed that these QTLs were involved in some important economic traits in goats, such as feed conversion ratio, subcutaneous fat, Marbling score, meat tenderness, body weight, average daily gain, conformation traits, the length of productive life, carcass traits, and composition carcass traits. However, it will be necessary to carry out more association and functional studies to demonstrate the implication of these genes and surveys on QTLs related to selected regions. However, will be necessary to carry out more association and functional studies to demonstrate the implication of genes obtained from association analyses. Using these findings can accelerate genetic progress in breeding programs and can be used to understand the genetic mechanism controlling this trait. The results of our research can be used to understand the genetic mechanism controlling growth traits. Since this study supported previous results from the genome scan of production traits and revealed additional regions, using these findings could potentially be useful for genetic selection in goats for a better body weight.

Introduction: Pelleting is one of the most common methods of thermal processing for poultry feed. The primary goal of pelleting is to agglomerate smaller feed particles using mechanical pressure, moisture, and heat. Previous studies have shown that pelleted feeds enhance production economics by improving feed efficiency and growth performance. A key step in the pelleting process is conditioning the mash prior to pelleting, which reduces the electrical energy usage (EEU) of pellet mill motors by facilitating the smooth passage of materials through the die press, playing a crucial role in forming high-quality pellets. Additionally, effect on productive performance, reported conditioning temperature is the main factor affect it. Moderate thermal processing of broiler diets causes the separation of protein matrix, starch and fat, gelatinization of starch, destruction of anti-nutritional sensitive to heat and destruction of cell walls, and are considered positive chemical and physical changes in the process of pelleting with steam heat. Thermal processing improves the nutrient value of broiler diets, which usually has beneficial effects on performance. The use of high conditioning temperatures can damage the nutrients in the feed, leading to reduced nutrient intake and decreased bird performance. However, the better physical quality of pellets obtained at higher conditioning temperatures may affect broiler performance depending on the extent of negative effects of conditioner temperature on nutrient availability. Feed form affects the metabolizable energy of broiler pelleting and increases the apparent metabolizable energy of grains. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the influence of conditioning temperature on EEU of the pellet mill motors, feed pellet quality, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), and apparent nutrients digestibility in the broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: A diet were formulated on the broiler Ross 308 strain recommendations bases for grower period. The diet was prepared according to the experimental design, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 11 treatments and 5 replicates per treatment. The treatments included mash feed, cold pelleting (unconditioned), and pelleting following conditioning at three different temperatures (55, 70, and 85°C), with feed samples collected at three different stages during feed preparation. The diet conditioning was done by conditioner manufactured by Feedtech at steam mixture for 30s and two bar steam pressure and then were pelleted through 2.5 mm die using a pellet mill. The desired temperatures of the conditioner were applied by increasing the volume of steam and continuously measured during the passage of the feed using a digital thermometer. The electrical energy usage (EEU) of the pellet mill motors during the pellet diets predation were recorded. All pellet diets were sampled after production to test for pellet quality. Pellet quality was determined as a function of pellet durability index (PDI), fine percentage and pellet hardness. Durability was determined using a Holmen Pellet Tester (NHP200). The pellet hardness was determined by using a hardness tester. A total of 200 one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were purchased from a commercial hatchery, reared on floor covered with wood shavings and the Ross 308 guideline up to 11-day-old. To determine the apparent nutrients digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), two birds were transferred to individual cages (replicate) on day 15 to adapt to cage conditions for 4 days. On d19, birds were subjected to eight hours’ starvation following which collection trays were installed under each cage for excreta collection. Feed intake of the birds in each cage was recorded during the experimental period (19-21d). Total excreta were collected twice daily between 18-21d. Daily collections were immediately dried, pooled within a replicate, mixed, weighed and representative samples ground (0.5 mm sieve), and stored in airtight plastic containers (−20°C) until to analysis. Excreta and diet samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM; method 934.01), crude protein (CP; method 976.06), ether extract (EE; 954.02) according to the standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2016). Apparent total tract retention coefficient of nutrients for diets were calculated. In addition, the gross energy of feeds and excreta samples were measured using adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Model 1266, PARR) and the apparent metabolizable energy was calculated. The data obtained from the experiment were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design using SAS software version 9.1 (2003) with the general linear model (GLM) procedure. The respective means were compared with Tukey's test at the probability level (P < 0.05).Results and Discussion: The effects of processing temperature on EEU of the pellet mill motors, and pellet quality were significant. So that the amount of electricity usage decreased (quadratic, p< 0.001), and increased pellet PDI (quadratic, p0.05) so that the highest digestibility rate and AMEn was observed in 70°C heat thermal treatment, which were significantly higher than mash diet. By increasing conditioning temperature, the AMEn and crude fat digestibility improved by quadratic trend (p < 0.05). The heat processing at 70°C and pelleting diet lead to 6.8% and 3.59% improving apparent fat digestibility and 96 kcal/kg (3.46%) and 74 kcal/kg (2.64%) improving in AMEn values than non-processed diet (mash diet) and cold pellet diet, respectively.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to prepare feed in pellet form and apply a conditioning temperature of 70°C. This approach reduces the electrical energy consumption during feed preparation, improves pellet quality, and enhances nutrient digestibility and the apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of the diet.

Introduction: Biochar is a solid product obtained from the thermal conversion of biomass under oxygen-free conditions, which can be used as an additive in animal feed in addition to agricultural applications.The purpose of this study was to use a natural mineral biochar in the diet of Holstein dairy cows and investigate its effect on functional characteristics, blood parameters, milk production and composition.Materials and Methods: This research was conducted using 24 lactating Holstein cows, whose average weight at the beginning of the experiment was 618.25 ± 79.27 kg, average daily milk production was 41.08 ± 3.06 kg, and the number of lactation days was 89.1 ± 19.1 days. On average, they were in their second-lactation. The experiment was conducted in the form of a completely random design with three treatments, so that there were eight cows in each group. The length of the experiment was 40 days, the first 21 days were adaptation and the next 19 days was sample collection. Experimental treatments included 1) control group (base diet) 2) base diet with 0.5% mineral biochar 3) base diet with 1% mineral biochar (all based on dry matter). Food consumption and milk production were measured daily. Sampling was done on the 17th and 18th day to determine the composition of milk. On the last day of the experiment, two blood samples 1) containing anticoagulant and 2) without anticoagulant were drawn from the tail vein of the cows to analyze biochemical parameters and count blood cells.Results and Discussion: Adding 0.5% and 1% mineral biochar to the diet had no significant effect on dry matter consumption, body weight change and metabolic weight change, which showed that biochar did not have an adverse effect on the palatability of the diet. The effect of experimental diets on the biochemical parameters of the blood of cows showed that there is no significant difference between the treatments. The results showed that application of 0.5% mineral biochar in the cow’s ration, decreased the ratio of non-fibrinogen proteins to fibrinogen and platelets. Also, when 1% of mineral biochar was used in the ration, the average volume of platelets increased (P

Cash management is critical for firm value as both cash surpluses and deficits can diminish value. Consequently, firms aim to maintain optimal cash levels by adjusting their actual cash ratios towards target ratios. Various factors influence cash holdings and the speed of these adjustments. This study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which had heightened the precautionary motive for firms to hold cash. The analysis used observations from 159 firms from 2008 to 2022, applying Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression and the system Generalized Method of Moments (system-GMM) while controlling for industry and year effects. The results indicated that during the COVID-19 period, firms' cash holdings ratios became increased than doubled and the speed of cash ratio adjustment increased by nearly 40% compared to previous years. These findings are consistent with the predictions of pecking order and trade-off theories, extending the existing literature by highlighting the pandemic's role in intensifying firms' financial pressures. The results suggested that the increased cash adjustment speed represented a strategic response to avoid the financial consequences of the COVID-19 crisis.Keywords: Precautionary Motive, Speed of Adjustment, COVID-19, Trade-off Theory, Cash Holding.JEL classification codes: G31, G32 IntroductionCash management is a critical aspect of firm liquidity and performance. The precautionary motive is considered the primary driver for holding cash as it becomes more important when firms face greater cash flow uncertainty or limited access to external financing during crises (Opler et al., 1999; Almeida et al., 2004). Global crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can lead to heightened financing constraints for firms (Zubair et al., 2020). Based on pecking order theory, firms are expected to increase their cash holdings to preserve investment opportunities during such periods of crisis. Additionally, the trade-off theory suggests that the uncertainty induced by global crises may increase adjustment costs, leading to slower cash holdings adjustments. However, the benefits of moving more quickly towards target cash levels could potentially outweigh the higher adjustment costs, resulting in faster cash holdings adjustments (Melgarejo & Stephen, 2023). To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corporate cash holdings and their adjustment dynamics in Iran, this study examined the following hypotheses:H1: Compared to other years, firms held higher cash balances during the COVID-19 pandemic.H2: Compared to other years, the speed of cash holdings adjustments was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & MethodsThis study utilized data from 159 firms (2,226 firm-years) in Iran for the period of 2008-2022. The data were primarily collected from the Rahvard Nowin database and any missing information was supplemented using reports published on the Codal website. For the analysis, the study period was divided into two sub-periods: the pre-COVID-19 period (2008-2018, 1,749 firm-years) and the COVID-19 pandemic period (2019-2021, 477 firm-years). The COVID-19 pandemic was considered to have started in the winter of 2018, affecting the financial reporting of that year, and continued through the end of 2021. To test the research hypotheses, the study employed a two-pronged approach. First, the static models were estimated using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimator to examine the first hypothesis regarding the impact of COVID-19 on firms' cash holdings levels. Second, the dynamic models were estimated using the Blundell and Bond’s (1998) system Generalized Method of Moments (system-GMM) estimator to measure the speed of cash holdings adjustments and test the second hypothesis. To address potential statistical issues, the standard errors of the coefficients in the static models were corrected using cluster-robust standard errors at the firm level. For the dynamic models, the standard errors were corrected using Windmeijer’s approach (2005). Additionally, the study conducted robustness tests by considering the years 2020-2021 (318 firm-years) as the COVID-19 pandemic period and employing the two-stage approach suggested by Orlova and Rao (2018). These additional analyses aimed to ensure the reliability and consistency of the main findings. The data analysis was performed using Stata software and tabular data presentations. FindingsThe empirical analysis yielded several key findings. First, the positive and statistically significant coefficient of the COVID-19 dummy variable in the static models indicated that, after controlling for the determinants of cash holdings, as well as year and industry fixed effects, firms held a higher ratio of cash to non-cash assets (4.52-percentage point) during the COVID-19 pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic years. This supported the first hypothesis that firms increased their cash holdings during the COVID-19 crisis. The dynamic model results provided further insights. Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, the estimated speed of cash holdings adjustment was around 50%, suggesting that firms removed half of the deviation from their target cash ratio over a 12-month period. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the speed of adjustment increased to approximately 68.5%, implying that firms removed half of the deviation from their target cash ratio in about 7 months. These findings suggested that the speed of cash holdings adjustments increased by around 40% during the COVID-19 period compared to the pre-pandemic years and this was in line with the second research hypothesis. Overall, the results demonstrated that firms in Iran increased their cash holdings and exhibited faster cash holdings adjustments in response to the heightened uncertainty and financing constraints imposed by the COVID-19 crisis. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the pecking order and trade-off theories, highlighting the importance of precautionary cash management during periods of global economic turmoil. Discussion & Conclusion:The existing literature on the determinants and adjustment dynamics of corporate cash holdings has expanded considerably in recent years. Among the various motivations for holding cash, the precautionary motive has emerged as a key focus of scholarly attention. Theoretical frameworks, such as the trade-off theory, have been instrumental in explaining firms' cash management behaviors. Prior studies have investigated the impacts of firm-level, industry-level, and macroeconomic factors on cash holdings and their adjustment speeds. More recently, researchers have examined the effects of global systemic shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on corporate cash policies. However, evidence from the context of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) has been lacking. The current research helped to fill this gap by investigating the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on the cash holdings and adjustment speeds of Iranian firms. The findings indicated that during the pandemic period, firms' cash-to-non-cash asset ratios increased by 4.52-percentage points compared to the pre-pandemic years. Moreover, the speed of cash holdings adjustments accelerated by around 40% during the COVID-19 crisis, with firms removing half of the deviation from their target cash ratios in about 7 months compared to 12 months in the pre-pandemic period. These results are consistent with the precautionary motive for holding cash and align with the predictions of the pecking order and trade-off theories. The observed increases in cash holdings and adjustment speeds suggested that Iranian firms adopted more aggressive cash management strategies to navigate the heightened uncertainty and financing constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of literature on corporate cash policies in the context of global systemic shocks. The insights generated may also have practical implications for financial managers in developing economies, highlighting the importance of dynamic and proactive cash management practices during periods of economic turmoil.

Adopting a qualitative-explanatory approach and drawing upon available library resources, this study aims to delve into the tragedy of Karbala, with a focus on the concept of Dianoia/Thought as proposed by Aristotle. In Islamic perspectives, death is not viewed as the ultimate end, especially when it is seen as a martyr's sacrifice for truth in the face of oppression. One could propose that the divine Siavash transforms into Hussein, and the mourning associated with Siavash evolves into Ta’ziyeh. However, neither the historical-human persona of Hussein resembles the mythical or Aristotelian hero, nor does the underlying ideology of this event mirror Aristotle's concept of Dianoia, which is predominantly myth-based. On the contrary, Ta’ziyeh is deeply rooted in the religious and national myths of Iran through which the perpetual conflict between good and evil transcends the common time and space. Imam Hussain's (AS) actions during his uprising against the tyrants of his era align with the quest for human salvation as taught in the Quran as well as the Prophet's and the infallible Imams’ traditions. Initially, the commemoration of this uprising involved recitations of eulogies in gatherings, evolving over time into what is now recognized as mourning or lamentation ceremonies. These ceremonies serve as a representation, reenactment, and portrayal of the tragedies within the Quranic narrative of the Prophet's family. In Christian discourse, there are also performances about the suffering and pain of Jesus (AS). However, determining the exact origin and nature of what we now know as mourning, especially in Shia discourse, is a difficult task. Some consider its origin to be solely the Karbala uprising, some see it as influenced by ancient rituals, and others view it as similar to Christian rituals or even modern drama. Nonetheless, the religious underpinnings derived from Quranic teachings significantly shape the religious essence of mourning. In conclusion, mourning exhibits fundamentally distinct foundations and principles compared to Aristotelian drama. Key findings include the similarities in origin and lineage between Ta’ziyeh and tragedy: 1) both Ta’ziyeh and tragedy are similar in origin and ancestry, but have completely distinct goals. 2) In Ta’ziyeh, "Thought" is based on the eternal conflict between absolute good and evil, while in tragedy, "Thought" is devoted to the conflict between individuals. 3) In Ta’ziyeh, the hero is aware of his inevitable fate, while in tragedy, the hero has no escape from death. 4) In Ta’ziyeh, the hero has no tragic flaw and is free from error, while in tragedy, the hero is flawed. 5) However, in Ta’ziyeh, the wretched is not flawed but sinful. 6) Both Ta’ziyeh and tragedy try to arouse fear and mercy, called catharsis, but each in its own specific way: In Ta’ziyeh, catharsis resulting from the audience's emotional empathy with the Imam-khans and their aversion to the Mukhalif-khans. In tragedy, catharsis resulting from the human fear and compassion for the action that is performed before their eyes. However, the similarities and differences between Ta’ziyeh and tragedy are not only related to Dianoia/Thought, but also include the components of ethos, lexis, and opsis, which need to be examined and analyzed separately.

This research investigates the moderating effect of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between the firm’s cash flow volatility and its level of cash holdings. To this end, we utilized data from 163 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2022. The research hypotheses were tested using regression analysis with the generalized least squares (GLS) estimator. The findings reveal that firms with more cash flow volatility tend to hold more cash and during the COVID-19 pandemic, firms have maintained higher cash reserves. Furthermore, the study suggests that the COVID-19 outbreak amplifies the positive correlation between cash flow volatility and firms’ cash holdings. The research findings indicate that the cash flow volatility and the COVID-19 outbreak have escalated the cash flow risk for firms and bolstered the precautionary reasons for maintaining cash reserves. This research contributes to the literature on cash holdings and enriches the literature on the financial impacts of COVID-19 on Iranian firms

Dear Editor, Dengue fever with four related dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4) is transmitted to humans by some species of invasive female Aedes mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and it is rapidly spreading in the world. It seems that the causes of increasing cases and explosive spread of dengue fever are somehow related to the vectors of this disease. These factors include: 1-Global warming due to human activities and creating favorable living conditions and reproduction of Aedes mosquitoes. 2- Numerous seasonal rains that create temporary and suitable larval habitats and breeding places for Aedes mosquitoes. 3- The presence of numerous larval habitats for Aedes mosquitoes; They lay eggs anywhere there is stagnant water: in discarded used tires, in broken containers that hold water and septic tank valve pipes, and even in abandoned cans. 4-Unlike other mosquitoes that only bite once and feed once before laying eggs; Invasive Aedes mosquitoes, especially Ae. aegypti, have repeated bites daily, and multiple and repeated bites cause more transmission of dengue fever virus and its explosive spread. 5- Aedes mosquitoes infected with one of the dengue fever virus serotypes vertically transmit the virus to their next generation; That is, Aedes infected with the virus also lay infected eggs, and from the infected eggs, the infected adult mosquitoes eventually come out, which are infected with the virus from the beginning without having a blood meal from the infected human reservoir, and with their first blood meal, they get fever. They transmit dengue to a susceptible host (human).

Introduction: Despite advancements in road safety and vehicle design, road accidents remain prevalent, a quarter of which are caused by driver distraction. This issue is particularly critical in the public transport sector, especially among urban bus drivers, as distraction can lead to serious injuries and fatalities. Accordingly, this study explored the factors influencing distraction among urban bus drivers through a qualitative approach and a macroergonomics perspective. Material and Methods: In this study conducted in 2024 in Tehran, 18 urban bus drivers were selected through cluster sampling. The participants included 10 drivers from bus rapid transit (BRT) system and 8 drivers from non-BRT services. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the drivers as well as on-site observations. Subsequently, a directed qualitative content analysis approach, based on the balance theory model, was used to analyze the collected data. Results: The findings revealed that the primary sources of distraction belonged to six levels of the work system, the most cited of which were environment, tasks, and organization. Specifically, inappropriate behavior of other street users as an environmental factor and the driver’s interactions with passengers as task-related factors were identified as key sources. Additionally, organizational factors such as interactions with supervisors and colleagues, as well as salary issues, were significantly important. The participants very limitedly expressed using mobile phone while driving as a main distractor to their driving. Conclusion: The current study identified various influential factors, spanning different levels of the work system, affecting bus drivers’ distraction, including generic factors that impact all urban drivers and specific factors that uniquely affect bus drivers. Addressing these factors through providing appropriate education for both passengers and street users along with implementing management strategies in the organization to enhance intra-organizational relationships and organizational support can lead to the safety of the bus drivers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate cognitive distortions and mind wandering in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without pornography. The research design was descriptive comparative causal, and it was practical in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of Tehran in 2022 consisted of 2432 students, including 1449 women and 983 men, pornographic students without ADHD symptoms, and students with and without ADHD symptoms. The research sample consisted of 500 adults with ADHD and or without pornography. These individuals were categorized into 4 categories of 125 individuals based on their cutoff scores: 1) with ADHD and pornography, 2) with ADHD and without pornography, 3) without ADHD and pornography, and 4) as usual. The research instruments included the Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Questionnaires (ASRS), Problematic Use of Porn (PPUS-P), Mind Wandering Deliberate and Spontaneous Scales (MWS), and Cognitive Distortions (CDS). The data was analyzed using the spss24 software, which included univariate and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Hochberg GT2 post hoc test. The results showed that there is a distinction among the four categories (p

ObjectiveThe concept of "quiet" human resource management (HRM) has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly in response to the pervasive hustle culture and competitive organizational landscapes exacerbated by challenging economic conditions. Quiet HRM refers to subtle practices that impact employees' job status, often without overt communication or transparency. As the prevalence of quiet HRM concepts increases, their implications for organizational dynamics are profound and far-reaching. This study aims to establish a theoretical framework that describes and explains the emerging phenomenon of quiet HRM within Iranian organizations.MethodsThis research was conducted within an interpretive philosophical paradigm, utilizing semi-structured interviews to uncover the core dimensions and components of quiet HRM. A total of 22 experts from companies affiliated with the National Iranian Copper Industries Company participated in the study. The research employed a purposive sampling technique, specifically theoretical sampling, consistent with the Strauss and Corbin grounded theory approach. To ensure the rigor of the study, credibility indicators specific to grounded theory were used to assess the quality of the research.ResultsThrough the application of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology, the study identified several subcategories and conceptual categories during the open coding stage. In the axial coding stage, these categories were organized into a paradigmatic model, which included causal conditions, strategy, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and consequences. The selective coding stage involved the introduction and elaboration of the theory derived from the data, providing a comprehensive understanding of quiet HRM practices.ConclusionQuiet HRM encompasses various dimensions, including quiet firing, quitting, hiring, promotion, and performance evaluation. These practices often stem from individual factors such as superior employee skills and performance, job-related factors like stress and burnout, and organizational factors including cost-saving measures and workforce restructuring. Quiet HRM tends to emerge under exploitative leadership and a hard HRM approach, particularly in environments characterized by organizational ambiguity, discriminatory cultures, and economic hardship. However, transparency, organizational justice, quiet leadership, a soft HRM approach, and employee-driven job re-creation can mitigate these practices. The consequences of quiet HRM are both positive, such as skill diversification and identification of high performers, and negative, including increased turnover, damage to employer branding, and declines in employee mental health, job satisfaction, and performance. The findings of this study offer critical insights for management practitioners navigating the complexities of quiet HRM. By understanding the underlying factors that contribute to quiet HRM practices, organizations can implement strategies to reduce their negative effects and foster a more transparent, just, and supportive work environment. Management professionals can thereby promote an ethical, employee-centric approach to HRM, contributing to a healthier, more productive, and sustainable organizational culture. Future research should explore the causes and consequences of quiet HRM in diverse organizational settings, with in-depth studies in specific geographical contexts providing valuable insights for HRM policymakers.

Abstract The present research was conducted with the aim of providing a local model of organizational self-leadership with an emphasis on training in non-governmental organizations, with the approach of data-based theory, in Moalem Insurance Company. This research is of a mixed type. Participants in the qualitative part are 32 people (7 women and 25 men). In the quantitative part, the statistical population is 720 employees, and the sample size was determined by using Morgan's table to be 251 people. Next, using the snowball sampling method and reaching theoretical saturation, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 18 experts from Moalem Insurance Company. In the quantitative part of the research, a questionnaire was compiled from the output of the three stages of coding and the calculated components. Content validity method was used to evaluate its validity and reliability. To analyze the quantitative data of the questionnaire; structural equation modeling method with PLS approach and Smart_PLS software were used. Based on the obtained results, the native model of organizational self-leadership was calculated. Extended abstract Introduction Organizations are organized societies whose leaders are an elite class of that society (Eacott, 2018) and these elites are the creators of wealth in organizations. The biggest challenge of organizations in the 21st century is competition based on expensive resources, which determines the survival and growth of organizations. Among these sources, organizational leadership and human resources development have a special position and importance. In today's era, human resources have found a central position in organizations in such a way that the employees of any organization are considered the most valuable productive resource of that organization (Nazifkar et al., 2023), and the type of their leadership and guidance is a fundamental and determining factor for the management of organizations. Furthermore, paying attention to the human capital has important organizational and social consequences. Self-development approach is one of the most important new approaches to the development of human capital; and one of the most important and fundamental development mechanisms of this approach is self-leadership and self-management (Abili, Mazari, 2015). Based on this, awareness of the concept of self-leadership and the factors affecting it can have significant effects on organizations and the desired performance of individuals in line with the organizational vision. What is organizational leadership? What should be done to train efficient leaders in organizations? What is the mechanism of leadership development in organizations? Can the phenomenon of self-leadership and its effective training be useful in training effective leaders? These questions and such questions are the basic and important concerns of today's organizations, because the excellence of people, as the main assets of organizations, is one of the key duties and roles of leadership in organizations. Theoretical framework Leadership Leaders are the rarest basic resource of all organizations, and the effectiveness of organizations in today's complex world, which is characterized by the emergence of new changes, implies the existence of competent leaders (Mohtaram, Pakbaz, 2023). On this basis, organizations are continuously searching for effective leaders; leaders who are focused, motivated and inspiring in the face of adversity (Mutsoli, Oginde, 2023). It is very clear that the concept of leadership has a dynamic nature like any other phenomenon, so it is not a matter of discovery but a skill that can be learned. Self-leadership The term self-leadership was first proposed by Charles Manz (1986). The concept of self-leadership is the process of influencing oneself to move oneself in order to achieve the expected result (Manz, & Neck, 2009). In other words, self-leadership is a conscious exercise to control thoughts, behavior and inner feelings; and helps a person to achieve life goals. One of the most obvious abilities that can be developed in human resources is the ability of self-leadership, because self-leadership can potentially lead to creativity and innovation (Najafi Nezhad et al., 2021) as well as the career success of the organization's employees. On the other hand, in the explanation and preparation of the self-developing organization, self-leadership training can provide the sustainable development of human resources and capital and the continuous enjoyment of agile and growing human capital in the organization. NGO An organization is a purposeful group that follows a system, and has clear boundaries that separate it from its surrounding environment (Douma & Schreuder, 2017). Accordingly, a non-governmental organization is an organization that is not directly considered a part of the government structure and is established and managed with the personal funds of individuals and written articles of association. These organizations act based on their goals and vision in recruiting and cultivating human resources. Model A model is a representation of a system using constituent factors and a pattern of causal relationships between factors. In other words, a model is a representation of realities in which systems continuously behave in different and sometimes complex ways due to the internal interaction of components with each other and their external interaction with the environment. This diversity and complexity of the behaviors of a system prompts researchers in this field to design models and check the results by applying and making changes in it based on the desired variables and parameters to understand the complexity and describe or predict these behaviors. The first person who designed the self-leadership model was Manz (1986). Based on this model, he described self-leadership as a journey to self-discovery, a method of self-influence, a technique for self-efficacy, a source of behavioral control, and even a process of self-sufficiency. In a research titled investigating the role of self-leadership strategies on employee creativity as a mediator of career success, Shamkhani, Kazemi Laegh (2023) finally concluded that self-leadership strategy has a positive and significant effect on creativity with a role as a mediator of employee career success. In a research titled Self-Leadership as a Support for Empowerment, Klosel (2022) concluded that leadership empowerment should not only be considered as granting freedom of action in decision-making and action, but also the role of support in the development and performance of a role model of leaders should consciously be used; for this purpose, their self-leadership skills should also be continuously developed. In a research titled investigating the effect of self-leadership strategies on general self-efficacy beliefs, Proios et al., (2020) concluded that self-leadership strategies help to improve the general self-efficacy of participants in organizational activities. Self-goal setting, self-reward, self-punishment, and nature reward were found to be stronger predictors. In a study titled Why Self-Leadership Matters, Brownin (2018) concluded that organizational leaders are more sensitive to issues internal to their organization, such as diversity and talent management. These leaders must be able to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses and turn them into learning opportunities. Research methodology The strategy used in the current research is Data-based (Strauss and Corbin). The community of participants (qualitative part) is 32 people and the statistical community (quantitative part) is 720 people. The data collection tool in the qualitative part of the research was a semi-structured interview, which was conducted using the snowball sampling method with 18 experts until reaching theoretical saturation. Also, in order to collect information in the quantitative part of the research, a questionnaire was compiled and made available online to the statistical community of the quantitative part of the research. To analyze the data, the information went through the three steps of coding in such a way that the researcher selected the components while converting them into categories and aggregating and explaining the interrelationship of the categories, finalized the process of achieving a systematic theory by putting these categories together around one central category. In order to analyze the data in the quantitative part of the research, model fitting based on the structural equation model was used through Smart-PLS software. Research findings In the qualitative part, the central phenomenon of the research was determined; the category of organizational self-leadership with an emphasis on training in non-governmental organizations. Also, causal conditions with 7 categories, intervening conditions with 9 categories, background conditions with 7 categories, strategies with 9 categories and finally consequences with 5 categories were counted. In the quantitative part of the research, all categories have a factor loading above 0.50 at the confidence level of 0.95. On the other hand, the basis of significance of the items is that the significant number is greater than the value of ±1.96, which indicates the significance of factor loadings. In the model fitting output, CMIN/DF index was obtained equal to 1.515. The comparative fit indices are more than 90% and the economic indices are also greater than 0.5. Also, the RMSEA index was 0.043, which is less than 0.05. Therefore, the structural model of the research was confirmed. Discussion and conclusion The current research was conducted with the aim of presenting the indigenous model of organizational self-leadership with an emphasis on training in non-governmental organizations. Based on the findings of this research, the main category of statistics is self-leadership training at the individual and organizational level. The results calculated in this study are consistent with the results obtained in the following studies; Manz (1986), Browning (2018), Shamkhani & Kazemi Laegh (2023), Abdolmaleki & Khorasani (2019), Muller & Niessen (2019), Daud (2020), Proios et al., (2020), Liu et al., (2023), and Mousavi et al., (2020). Since self-leadership is a set of thinking, speaking, and acting skills that increase individual performance, improve performance efficiency, creativity and innovation and individual effectiveness; therefore it can be taught. In order to achieve this goal, including the subject of self-leadership skills in elementary school and high school courses; and further, expanding its education in the higher education system can play an essential role in the generation of self-leadership in the society. It is also very clear that training self-leadership skills at the organizational level also leads to self-responsibility, job satisfaction, entrepreneurship, a sense of trust between the members of the organization, better communication in the group, and ultimately more correct group decisions.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to examine the presentation of the curriculum model of work and technology in secondary schools of Fars province. The current research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes 450 people from all secondary school teachers who teach in the field of work and technology, and 210 people were selected as a sample using Morgan's table. The collection tool in the current research includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative method, which has 4 dimensions: goals (oriented to the educational system, attention to needs assessment, mental ability of the learner, learning time); content (curiosity, meaningful learning, learner characteristics, functional ability); teaching method (problem solving method, work unit (project), small groups, demonstration method); and evaluation (increasing skills, academic progress, increasing job skills, communication skills). The reliability of the research was checked and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha criterion in SPSS software. Lisrel software was used to fit the conceptual model of the research. The research findings showed that according to the values ​​of standard coefficients and significant t coefficients, it can be said that the goals and content component (β = 0.63) has a significant role in the model, and the teaching and evaluation method component (β = 0.22) has a significant role in the program model of curriculum work and technology in secondary school. All the indicators are very favorable, and the model has a good fit with the data, indicating that there is a linear relationship between the variables. Extended abstract Introduction Since the communication networks of various markets have connected the production and supply of services at the national, regional, and global levels, and considered competitiveness to be the key to entering the global markets, it is obvious that in this global competition, not only countries, but all institutions and people should constantly increase their competitiveness and adaptability (Klofsten et al, 2019). Meanwhile, the attention of many policymakers and political decision makers has been focused on the potential role of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship is a process that is known as the key factor of economic growth and development in the modern era, and at the center of international competition are entrepreneurial companies whose competitive edge is focused on organizational flexibility and the strategy of continuous change in processes, products and plans (Tehrani) et al., 2021). To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to cultivate creative ideas and entrepreneurs who can adapt themselves to the new world. The phenomenon of growth and development is serious in the societies that are dynamic and alive with educational and research centers and have a two-way relationship with them and there is movement, innovation and innovation in them. Of course, the real position of education is determined when its role in all-round development such as cultural, social, economic, and political development is also considered (Kalali & Zarkani, 2019). The idea of ​​paying attention to work and technology education has created a lot of enthusiasm in the last few decades, and many effects have been mentioned for this attention, among the most important of which results such as economic growth, job creation, individual growth, increased participation of school in providing services, improving the quality of services and activities can be mentioned (Aslani, 2023). Education of work and technology in schools helps students find an entrepreneurial mindset and expand the knowledge and skills necessary to develop the culture of work and technology in the society. Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question: what is the model of work and technology curriculum in secondary schools of Fars province? Theoretical Framework Curriculum Curriculum is actually the proposed educational program that shows how to lead the learner in the direction that is preferred for his growth, and relies on the value system, and the curriculum is a tool to achieve the ideals, realize goals, and fulfill educational objectives. The curriculum deals with the learning outcomes and not only with the predetermined goals but also with the results because the results - in the evaluation position - can include things other than the intended goals and results, and different people may be affected by the set of predetermined measures in different ways (Gholami et al, 2019). Work and technology education in curriculum planning Vocational training can be the main part of the curriculum with a part of the graduation course or a part of other courses. This type of education should be an integral part of all stages of education and training and should be provided through an organized and graded program. (Hashemi et al, 2019). The purpose of teaching work and technology in schools is not only to set up business and work and technology for profit; rather, work and technology is a way of life that is used in all aspects of a person's personal, organizational and social life. Students are the employees, officials, managers and entrepreneurs in the future of the country; if they become familiar with these topics, they will act better at making life and career decisions for themselves, dealing with entrepreneurs and solving their problems. Teacher-oriented education is replaced with Practice-oriented activists of work and technology; so that students become familiar with work and technology through activities and involvement (Fereydun Nezhad, 2023). Zanganeh et al, (2024) investigated the design of the curriculum model of virtual schools in the second period of secondary school in Khaf city. The results showed that school curriculum design includes 6 components: curriculum goals, curriculum content, curriculum evaluation, curriculum learning-teaching flows, curriculum strategies, degree of curriculum suitability; and the results of model fit statistics show that the obtained values for each of the indicators shows a very good fit of the model. Mortazavi Amiri et al, (2023) investigated the design of a dynamic professional learning environment based on an interdisciplinary curriculum with the approach of the effectiveness of knowledge creators in order to provide a model. The results showed that all the components of the dynamic professional learning environment in the field of interdisciplinary lesson planning were identified, and their meaningful dimension was confirmed in the research, and the model of the dynamic professional learning environment was explained based on interdisciplinary lesson planning with an effective approach of knowledge creation by examining the themes, concepts and quantitative and qualitative research. Research methodology The current research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes 450 people from all secondary school teachers who teach in the field of work and technology, and 210 people were selected as a sample using Morgan's table. The collection tool in the current research includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the qualitative method, which has 4 dimensions: goals (oriented to the educational system, attention to needs assessment, mental ability of the learner, learning time); content (curiosity, meaningful learning, learner characteristics, functional ability); teaching method (problem solving method, work unit (project), small groups, demonstration method); and evaluation (increasing skills, academic progress, increasing job skills, communication skills). Research findings The reliability of the research was checked and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha criterion in SPSS software. Lisrel software was used to fit the conceptual model of the research. The research findings showed that according to the values ​​of standard coefficients and significant t coefficients, it can be said that the goals and content component (β = 0.63) has a significant role in the model, and the teaching and evaluation method component (β = 0.22) has a significant role in the program model of curriculum work and technology in secondary school. All the indicators are very favorable, and the model has a good fit with the data, indicating that there is a linear relationship between the variables. Conclusion The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the presentation of the curriculum model of work and technology in secondary schools of Fars province. The results of this research are in agreement with the results of Zanganeh et al, (2024), Mortazavi amiri et al, (2023), Mastali et al, (2023), Rajaei (2023), Eisner (2022), Gholamiyan & Farashbandi (2022), Aslan et al, (2021), and Kusumaningtyas et al, (2018). Mortazavi amiri et al, (2023) showed that all the components of the dynamic professional learning environment in the field of interdisciplinary curriculum planning were identified, and the model of the dynamic professional learning environment was explained based on interdisciplinary lesson planning with an effective approach of knowledge creation by examining the themes, concepts and quantitative and qualitative research. According to the present research, the following suggestions are presented: - Teachers ask students to express their experiences in different issues and share them. For this purpose, some parts of the class's time should be allocated to share the experiences and opinions of the students. - Teachers' theoretical and specialized knowledge should be evaluated, and sufficient and complete reports should be provided to school principals and assistants every semester. This should be done by internal evaluators in schools.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare dark personality traits, feelings of alienation, and spiritual well-being between individuals with a tendency toward vandalism and those without.Method: This survey study employed a causal-comparative design. The population for this study consisted of all individuals residing in prisons within Guilan Province in the year 2020. The sample for the present study consisted of 380 prisoners, including 180 individuals with a history of vandalism and 200 without. These participants were identified and selected from among the prisoners residing in facilities within Guilan Province. To collect data, we utilized the Dark Personality Traits Questionnaire (Jennison & Webster, 2010), the Alienation Scale (Deen, 1961), and the Spiritual Well-being Scale (Golparvar et al., 2014).The research data were analyzed using statistical methods, specifically analysis of variance and the independent t-test.Results: The results indicated that prisoners convicted of vandalism exhibited higher levels of dark personality traits and feelings of alienation compared to those without vandalism convictions. Additionally, spiritual well-being was significantly lower among prisoners with vandalism (P < 0.01).Discussion and conclusion: These findings have significant implications for pathology, prevention, and the implementation of psychological, social, and spiritual training to address vandalism among prisoners and modify its contributing factors.

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between loneliness, psychological well-being, and rumination among students, as well as to examine the mediating role of perceived stress in this relationship.Method: For this study, 360 students from Shiraz University were selected from eight faculties during the 2021-2022 academic year using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The methodology of this study is both correlational and descriptive. To gather research data, we utilized several psychological well-being questionnaires: the short form of the Riff (1989) questionnaire, the Rumination Scale by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1991), the Loneliness Scale by Russell (1996), and the Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen (1983). For data analysis, Pearson correlation tests and regression analysis were conducted, followed by the use of IMOS software for path analysis and model presentation. Results: After examining and meeting the assumptions of path analysis, as well as identifying the proposed model, it was time to test the research model and analyze both the direct and indirect effects. The results of the study indicated that loneliness directly and significantly predicts psychological well-being and rumination. Loneliness significantly predicts psychological well-being and rumination through perceived stress. Finally, the fit indices were analyzed, and these indices demonstrated a favorable fit with the data.Discussion and Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of loneliness and perceived stress in negative mental health outcomes. Increased levels of loneliness are accompanied by increased levels of perceived stress, which in turn decrease psychological well-being and increase rumination. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent or curtail loneliness and perceived stress among the youth.

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults can have numerous negative consequences for both the individual and society. Consequently, it is essential to identify the factors associated with this disorder.The aim of the present study was to compare behavioral brain systems, decision-making processes, and cognitive emotion regulation in adults with and without ADHD. Method: The research design employed a causal-comparative approach. The population for this study consisted of students at the University of Guilan, from which a sample of 320 individuals was selected through convenience sampling. This sample included 120 students exhibiting symptoms and 200 students without symptoms. The research tools utilized in this study included the World Health Organization Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Rating Scale (ASRS), the Brain/Behavioral Systems Questionnaire (BAS-BIS), the General Decision-Making Styles Questionnaire (GDMS), and the Short Form of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The research data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance with SPSS version 16 software.Results: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the activation system and behavioral inhibition system between adults with ADHD and those without. However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the rational, intuitive, dependent, impulsive, and avoidant components of cognitive decision-making.Additionally, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were more prevalent in adults with ADHD compared to those without the condition; however, adaptive emotion regulation strategies were found to be equally utilized by both groups.Discussion and conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence for the psychopathology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults and highlight the role of cognitive variables in this disorder.These findings indicate that decision-making styles and cognitive emotion regulation are among the variables that influence adult ADHD. Consequently, psychological training can be employed to modify these characteristics, as well as to address adult ADHD.

Hans-Georg Gadamer, in his work Truth and Method, raises a controversial and thought-provoking argument regarding language and its relation to Being. He states that “Being that can be understood is language.” Despite his subsequent efforts in some works following Truth and Method to elucidate what he considers to be self-evident in the meaning of this expression, various interpreters have continued to derive various interpretations from it. Some have focused on its ontological dimension within Heideggerian context, while others have emphasized its epistemological aspect within the Kantian tradition. In this paper, we aim to clarify the meaning of the Gadamer’s expression and explore the grounds and reasons for the emergence of conflicting interpretations, while also referencing such interpretations and relying on a descriptive-analytical approach based on Gadamer’s relevant texts. Overall, it seems that the ambiguity in Gadamer’s position regarding language and its relation to being boils down to the fact that he seeks to reconcile Heidegger’s phenomenological perspective with his own philosophical hermeneutics. Thus, Gadamer sometimes emphasizes on the being itself and sometimes on our linguistic understanding of being.

Background and aims: Exercise training is employed as a practical method to combat muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) conducted before and after hindlimb suspension (HLS) on the gene expression of MSTN and ActRIIB in the skeletal muscle of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two male rats, aged four to six months, were randomly divided into four groups (N=8 each): (1) control, (2) training-suspension-retraining, (3) non-training-suspension-retraining, and (4) training-suspension-non-training. The HIIT duration was five weeks, while the HLS lasted for two weeks. Gene expression levels were assessed using RT-PCR. Results: A significant decrease in the expression of MSTN and ActRIIB was observed in the soleus muscle of the group (2) compared to the other groups (p

Background and aims: Given the emergence of black fungal disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the prevalence of fungi in various environments and the diversity of fungal species, understanding the causes of fungal infections is crucial. This study aimed to analyze the factors contributing to the prevalence of invasive fungal infections. Methods: This research utilized keywords related to fungal infections, key factors, blood group, immunodeficiency, chemotherapy, age, race, and their equivalents to perform searches in international databases. Results: A total of 25 relevant articles on invasive fungal infections and associated key factors were included in this review. The findings indicated that the primary factor influencing invasive fungal infections is immune system weakness. The second significant group of factors consists of blood groups, while demographic factors such as age, gender, and race were categorized in the third group. Other predisposing factors identified include diabetes, pregnancy, prolonged ICU hospitalization, organ transplantation, and chemotherapy. Conclusion: Invasive fungal infections caused by opportunistic fungi are a critical cause of mortality and disease burden. Therefore, it is imperative for healthcare managers to prioritize essential measures for the prevention, timely diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of fungal infections.

Background and purpose: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the clonal and malignant proliferation of mature B-cells within the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid tissues. In chronic infections and cancers, T-cells become exhausted due to continuous antigen exposure. This uncontrolled tumor cell growth creates an environment that lacks sufficient oxygen, nutrients, and physical space for normal cells, referred to as the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment employs multiple mechanisms to suppress the immune system, affecting metabolic pathways in both T-cells and tumor cells. Consequently, inhibitory receptors on T-cells and their ligands on tumor cells are upregulated, leading to reduced proliferation, cytotoxicity, and production of effector cytokines, such as interferon-gamma, by T-cells. T-cell exhaustion presents a therapeutic challenge in treating many malignancies, including CLL. In CLL, T-cell exhaustion is observed through the simultaneous upregulation of inhibitory receptors. Given that current therapies for CLL are often associated with side effects, resistance, and relapse, studying transcript changes may assist in designing more effective treatment strategies. This study investigates the transcriptome profile of CD8+ T-cells in CLL patients compared to healthy individuals using bioinformatics platforms. Materials and methods: The keywords used in this study were CLL, CD8, and human. Raw data were initially searched in the SRA database using these keywords. Left and right reads were merged using CLC Genomics Workbench version 21. Following quality control of the data, sequences were assembled using human genome reference data, mRNA sequences, and coding sequences (CDS). Gene expression related to CD8+ T-cell exhaustion was then compared between CLL patients and healthy individuals. The analysis results were presented in heatmap and volcano plot formats. Results: In this study, genes involved in CD8+ T-cell exhaustion and differential expression were identified by comparing 11 CLL patients with 11 healthy individuals. The expression levels of 59 selected genes were displayed in volcano plot and heatmap formats. Expression changes in 42 genes were statistically significant (FDR P

Objective Disruptive and conduct behaviors are the most common conditions used to help adolescent patients refer to mental health clinics for counseling. The prevalence of this disorder is increasing and it is necessary to concentrate on this topic. The comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) with other emotional and behavioral problems is common. One of the comorbidity disorders for which contradictory results are reported is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several studies have demonstrated the comorbidity of these two disorders in patients with a younger age of onset, more severe symptoms, and more stable disease. Hence, this study determines the prognostic value of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory adolescent-restructured form (MMPI-A-RF) for CDs and investigates the effect of comorbidities, such as ADHD. Materials & Methods The sample of the present comparative casual study consisted of 295 adolescents who were selected by purposeful sampling, based on the current and the Kiddie schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia-present and lifetime for school-age children (6-18 years old) and the final version of the MMPI-A-RF questionnaire. The Mean±SD of all the MMPI-A-RF scores were compared among three groups of patients with CD (n=40), patients with a comorbid diagnosis of conduct disorder and ADHD (n=68 people), and patients with other psychiatric disorders (mood and anxiety disorders). Analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of differences among the three groups. If the deviations were significant, the Games–Howell post hoc test was used to inspect differences between the groups. Results The comparison of CD and CD+ADHD patients with other disorders revealed meaningful differences in almost all the indicators related to externalizing problems. The CD+ADHD group had markedly greater scores on the scales of antisocial behaviors (P

Objectives Grief is a human, universal, personal and multidimensional experience. Although studies have been conducted to describe grief, there is no consensus among scholars about its theoretical or empirical definition in older adults. This study aims to analyze the concept of grief in old age. Methods & Materials This is a review study that was conducted in eight steps using Walker and Avant’s concept analysis method. To find studies related to grief in the elderly, a search in online databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PsychInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE using keywords: Grief, mourn, bereavement, old, geriatric, aging, age, later life, seniors, nonagenarian, octogenarian and centenarian. Also, articles were examined without considering the time limit published until January 30, 2023. The search strategy, screening, and data reporting were done based the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results Of 5963 articles, 34 were included. According to the findings, grief had five features, “a unique phenomenon”, “negative emotional experience”, “physiological irritation”, “experience of loneliness”, and “loss of previous meanings”. Three antecedents of grief included: Loss of loved ones, loss of pets, spouse divorce, and loss of health. Four consequences of grief included health consequences, social consequences, financial consequences, and resiliency. Conclusion The provided definition of grief in older adults can help the health team understand the concept better and carry out investigations, interventions, and evaluations to improve the health of the elderly.

Introduction: Given the importance of the employment status of graduates for countries, the current study aims to investigate the employment status of occupational health and safety engineering (OHS) graduates from Kashan University of Medical Sciences (KAUMS), from the establishment of the field in 1996 up until 2023 Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study examined the employment status of OHS graduates of KAUMS using a researcher-developed Google form questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, five questions for unemployed individuals, and 60 questions for employed individuals. Finally, descriptive and analytical analyses of the study were performed using SPSS v16 software. Results: A total of 229 graduates participated in this study. The results regarding the frequency of employed and unemployed participants showed that 198 (86.5%) participants were employed, and 31 (13.5%) were unemployed at the time of the study. Most employed participants (46%, or 90 individuals) work in the industry and mining sector. Evaluating the effectiveness of the educational course of employed participants in relation to their jobs revealed that 88 participants (44.4%) believe that the subjects taught in the courses are moderately compatible with work needs. Conclusion: With the advancement of industries and the expansion of production, the need to control harmful factors and improve workers’ health is more evident than ever before, making it likely that graduates of this field will have favorable job prospects in the future. On the other hand, the academic conditions should be improved, particularly regarding the quality of the educational and curriculum programs of KAUMS.

Background and Purpose: Diabetes Mellitus is a group of complex, multi-system metabolic disorders that alter many functions of the immune system and are associated with delayed recovery and a reduced immune response. Apical periodontitis is the inflammation and destruction of the periodontium in the apical region of the root, originating from the pulp, and as a result, an inflammatory response creates a radiolucent area at the root apex. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of pulp and periapical lesions and controlled type 2 diabetes in the radiographic images of patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 45 patients were included in the case group (patients with controlled diabetes) and 45 in the control group (healthy individuals). Periapical and endodontic status was evaluated based on examinations using panoramic and periapical images. In the dental examinations (excluding third molars), the following were recorded for each patient: the number of teeth in the mouth, the number and location of teeth without root canal treatment with a periapical lesion, the number and location of teeth with root canal treatment, and the number and location of teeth with root canal treatment with a periapical lesion. The periodontal condition was assessed using the periapical index (PAI), with scores greater than 3 considered indicative of periapical pathology. For inferential analysis, chi-square tests and independent t-tests were used. Results: Among the 90 participants, 53 were women and 37 were men. The average age of the participants was 43.6 years, and the average age was higher in the diabetic group. In total, 52.2% of patients had periapical lesions and 63.3% had pulpal lesions, with these two lesions being significantly more common in diabetic individuals(P

Extended Abstract Background: Because human and non-human factors are present in most part of the Iranian northern Zagros Forests, an extensive portion of the forests in these areas have been lost or are at risk of destruction, making forestry initiatives increasingly important for the environment. Even enriching the existing forests is a particular approach to dealing with the quantitative and qualitative degradation processes. Furthermore, afforestation is a strategy for recovering degraded areas and is recognized as a method of protecting soil and water, combating desertification, providing wood, and increasing carbon and nitrogen stores. The selection of suitable tree/shrub species based on expert opinion and decision-making model criteria is one of the most effective factors in the success of afforestation and reforestation projects. The current study aimed to enhance the Iranian northern Zagros Forests in the Perdanan area of Piranshahr and to restore its destroyed regions (empty spots) by finding the most appropriate forest tree/shrub species. Methods: In this research, all destroyed spots, clearings, and empty spots of tree and shrub species were first identified and extracted as destroyed spots using the satellite images of 2022 from ESRI and the Google Company. To prepare the homogeneous units of the investigated area in the Pardanan forest lands of Piranshahr (northwest of Iran, the starting point of the Zagros forests), the topographical layers of the area, including slope, direction, height above sea level, geological maps, land ecology, and the map of micro-ecosystems, were combined to prepare the map of the ecological unit (homogeneous units) of the studied area. Because of the existence of destroyed spots, gaps, and empty spots of tree plant species, three one-kg soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm were prepared from each of the environmental units. The soil samples passed through a two-mm sieve and thensubjected to measurements of soil physicochemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity, texture, moisture, lime, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bulk density, and particle density factors. The findings of the soil samples were then analyzed with SPSS software to categorize the region based on soil properties by generating a dendrogram of the retrieved parameters using the K-Means Cluster technique. The acquired parameters were split into three good, medium, and poor stands after being separated into distinct groups and identifying the limiting characteristics of the studied region. The best species were selected through an extensive literature review of studies conducted in the area of Zagros forests. A list of 29 species of the most important and best species as final options was prepared and delivered to the questioners, which included university members and forestry experts in Iran. The most suitable species were selected based on the examined criteria and the soil properties of the region. Finally, the introduced species (options) were prioritized independently for each habitat by the TOPSIS method utilizing the opinions of the respondents (university members and forestry specialists in the forest areas of Iran), the AHP approach, and the decision-making criteria (viz. power of adaptation, the cost of keeping seedlings and seeds in afforested regions, water and soil protection, drought and natural element resistance (e.g., wind, pests, fire, etc.), growth rate, and seedling or seed purchase price). Results: The findings of extracting damaged spots, clearings, and vacant spots of tree and shrub species using remote sensing data revealed the presence of 141 places covering a total area of 685 ha. Decomposing the decision-making problem into smaller elements created a hierarchy on three levels. The first level contained the purpose of decision-making, and the second level comprised six criteria (maintenance cost, purchase price, growth rate, resistance, compatibility, and soil and water protection). In the third level, options with 29 native species were examined through a questionnaire among five experts, and finally, the most suitable species (option) was selected for each habitat (good, medium, and poor habitats) determined by examining the results of the sample dendrogram. The soil patches were separated and selected using the TOPSIS method. The results of the TOPSIS ranking technique showed that Arjan and Ars species were the most preferred species, with closeness indexes of 0.63, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively, in good/medium and poor habitats, respectively. Walnut, sand, and hackberry species (with closeness indices of 0.489, 0.487, and 0.484, respectively) were selected as the most unfavorable species for afforestation and forest restoration in these areas. Conclusion: The adaptability of the selected species for afforestation and forest enrichment projects to the region's current environmental conditions, as well as its low demands in comparison to other tree species, are the primary success factors for these programs. Plants, on the other hand, prefer certain conditions over others based on their biology and ecological demands, such as the quantity of light in different life stages, humidity, bedrock, and soil depth. Knowing these requirements will undoubtedly improve the accuracy of species selection and planting site selection and increase the chances of achieving a satisfactory result. According to the findings of this study, the studied region may be divided into good, medium, and poor stands based on its soil properties, and each of these areas has the necessary potential for afforestation. Nevertheless, given that each species has unique ecological demands, the relatedness of the species' ecological needs to the current ecological circumstances in the region is a prerequisite for the success of afforestation and reforestation projects. According to our findings, native species are the best alternative for recovering destroyed forest areas, and nursing species are more important than climax species in restoring degraded forest areas. The findings of this study can help forest managers plan effective forestry operations, particularly in Zagros ravaged areas (particularly in Iranian Northern Zagros forests).

Introduction: Due to the special conditions in operating rooms, infection control is important to maintain health. So, the aim of this study was to survey of air exchange rate/changes per hour (ACH) and health risk assessment of bioaerosols in the surgery center or hospital operating rooms. Materials and Methods: The results of measuring of bioaerosols by pollution measurement companies were used, in 1401. In 1402, 10 operating rooms were randomly selected and the reliability of the results was examined for these two years. Sampling and analysis of the samples was provided based on the NIOSH 0800 method and ACH were measured by a anemometer. The relationship between the number of bioaerosols and ACH, and also, the reliability between results were calculated with the PCC and the ICC test, respectively, in SPSS-V22 software. The health risk assessment and the probability of risk were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation, in Crystal Ball software. Results: Among 62 operating rooms, the average number of bacterial and fungal colonies was 69.73±14.59 CFU/m3 and 21.67±4.52 CFU/m3, respectively, which is less than the recommended limit of WHO. The average ACH was 19.67±2.18 per hour. No significant relationship was observed between ACH and the number of colonies (p-value ≥ 0.05). Risk assessment for bacteria and fungi were at an acceptable level and the concentration of bioaerosols was recognized as the most sensitive variable influencing the risk. Conclusion: Increasing ACH will not lead to a reduction in the load of bioaerosol pollution in operating rooms, which can be very important in the management of reducing energy consumption.

How the universe was originally created and the creation of natural elements and their fit with numbers has always been of human interest. Although the myths of creation reflect the mindset of primitive man, they often seek a purposeful structure. With the importance and role that water has in life and has caused it to play a special role in the beliefs of all nations, a group of ancient tribes sought the origin of all creation in water. The existence of water at the beginning of creation based on ancient Iranian texts has always been considered and in the belief of the ancient Iranians, the creation of water takes place after the sky. In pre-Zoroastrian religions and also in Zoroastrian religion, water has always been sacred and goddesses and goddesses were in charge of protecting and guarding it. A significant part of the myths of ancient Iranian religions is dedicated to water. In the cultural and biological system of the early periods of life, humans used special methods to recognize and introduce the phenomena of existence, one of which is myth. Myths are among the first arguments and cognitive explanations of early humans to determine the nature and location of the available and unknown elements of nature, and they include part of the human cognitive system in the beginning of mankind. This research has studied and analyzed the role of sacred numbers three and seven in the creation of waters with a descriptive and analytical approach. The results of the research indicate that numbers influence nature and the objects under their control, and in this way they mediate between God and the world of creation. In between, the number three is more spiritual and has a role in religious belief and Yazidi and good affairs, and the number seven is more material and sometimes spiritual in the creation of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translating poetry has always been a challenging issue for some reasons. Firstly, it is accompanied by cultural challenges. Secondly, it is considered untranslatable due to its unique qualities. Thirdly, the poet’s style, if not fully captured in translation, becomes a pale substitute for the original. Fourthly, issues related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) also arise. This article tried to analyze some of these issues in the light of the Persian translations of the literary techniques of Shakespeare's Sonnet 62 in a qualitative-explanatory way and with the help of human and machine intelligence tools. The main goal was to pay attention to the upcoming challenges in the translation of literary techniques. Farzad provided a fluent translation, Moghadam provided a relatively free translation, Shafa provided a translation faithful to the content, and Tabibzadeh provided an accurate and accepted translation of the sonnet. Among the AI tools, Google Translate provided a literal translation close to the original text, Telegram Bot provided a more complete and fluent translation, and OpenAI GPT provided a more accurate and human-like translation of the sonnet. It seemed that literary translation, especially poetry, required human intelligence creativity in order to bring its "alternative" presence closer to the "original". Keywords: Human Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Sonnet, Accuracy, Acceptability. IntroductionIt has been over a hundred years since Shakespeare’s works have been translated into Persian. During this time, Shakespeare's sonnets have also been translated and published in periodicals. Translators, such as Masoud Farzad, Majid Movaqqar, Shoja al-Din Shafa, Taghi Tafazzoli, Behnam Moghadam, Amrullah Abjadiyan, and Omid Tabibzadeh, are among those, who have translated Shakespeare's sonnets into Persian. Besides using human intelligence, Shakespeare's sonnets can also be translated into Persian through Artificial Intelligence (AI), which would be challenging and interesting in its own way. In this article, Sonnet 62, which had been translated into Persian by most of the aforementioned translators and AI tools, was examined from the perspectives of the proposed strategies for translating poetry. The discussion of translating the genre of poetry into other languages has always been raised alongside issues related to the original works themselves. In translating conventional texts generally and literary texts, especially poetry, we do not merely deal with translating linguistic items from one language to another. Since literary texts are considered an inseparable part of the cultures of nations and carry specific semantic loads, translation of these texts also involves particular difficulties and problems due to cultural issues. In the process of translating an English sonnet into a Persian ghazal, some issues arise that need attention. Can a sonnet be translated into a sonnet while preserving its formal and structural features or undergoing slight modifications and can it be translated into the form of a Persian ghazal? To what extent is it possible to transfer cultural elements in addition to poetic ones in the translation process? To what extent can AI succeed in conveying the poet’s most intimate states and feelings into another language, considering that AI, due to its structural nature, lacks the emotional intelligence that characterizes human intelligence? Materials & MethodsIn the common and traditional categorization that is theme-based rather than form-based, Shakespeare's sonnets are divided into three general categories: Sonnets 1-126 address the fair youth; Sonnets 127-152 deal with the dark lady; and Sonnets 153 and 154 are known as the Anacreontic sonnets (Anacreon 583 BC-485 BC), which have romantic themes (Abjadiayn, 2008; Tabibzadeh, 2017). Sonnet 62, along with Sonnets 59, 60, and 65, deals with the relationship between time and beauty (Abjadiyan, 2008, p. 205). According to Tabibzadeh, it is the first of the two sonnets about the poet's old age (p. 184). In this sonnet, Shakespeare first speaks of the sin of self-love, which has taken over his eyes and his entire being, rooting deeply in his heart (first quatrain). Then, in the second quatrain, he talks about his beauty, which is unparalleled in the world. However, in the third quatrain, he says that he sees himself as a very worn-out, old, and decrepit man when he looks into a mirror. Finally, in the couplet, he attributes all that splendor and beauty he has thought he has had to the fair youth and imagines his own old age to be beautiful in the light of the fair youth's youthful beauty. This sonnet was first translated by Masoud Farzad. Then, Majid Movaqqar translated it. The third translation was done by Shafa. The fourth translation, a prose translation, was done by Tafazzoli. Then, Behnam provided a rhythmic and rhymed translation of this sonnet. Finally, Tabibzadeh (2017) provided a sufficiently acceptable, though unrhymed and unmetered, translation of it. Additionally, the author translated this same sonnet into Persian using AI tools, such as Google Translate, and, more recently, ChatGPT. Research FindingsThe translations of Shakespeare's Sonnet 62 by various human translators and AI tools revealed interesting insights into the strengths and limitations of each approach. The human translators, including Farzad, Movaqqar, Shafa, Tafazzoli, Moghadam, and Tabibzadeh, had produced translations with varying degrees of fluency, faithfulness, and literary quality. Farzad and Movaqqar had prioritized fluency over fidelity, resulting in translations that had strayed from the original text. In contrast, Shafa and Tafazzoli had focused more on faithfulness, with Tafazzoli's prose translation staying very close to the original content. Moghadam had offered a relatively free but rhythmic and rhymed translation, while Tabibzadeh had presented a sufficiently accurate and acceptable unrhymed and unmetered version. When examining the translations produced by AI tools, some interesting patterns emerged. Google Translate, despite advancements in the field, generated a largely literal and close-to-the-original translation, focusing more on primary word meanings rather than secondary connotative meanings. On the other hand, the Telegram bot and OpenAI's GPT produced more accurate and human-like translations. The Telegram bot's translation was more complete and fluent than Google's but less comprehensive and precise than OpenAI's. Notably, OpenAI's translation was, in some cases, even more literary than human translations. Still, the assumption that AI cannot effectively translate literary texts due to the presence of emotion and feeling could be challenged. OpenAI's more complex algorithms enabled it to find more appropriate literary equivalents for certain words and provide a more coherent translation, particularly in the final lines of the sonnet. However, the issue of accurately translating certain literary qualities, such as the speaker’s voice and tone, remained problematic for AI tools. The melancholic and regretful tone of the poem's speaker lamenting the loss of youth was not adequately recreated in the machine translations. These findings suggested that human intelligence still played a crucial role in capturing the nuanced, emotional, and cultural aspects of literary works while AI tools could make significant strides in literary translation. The interplay between human and artificial intelligence in the translation of poetry and other literary genres warrants further exploration as it may lead to innovative approaches that combine the strengths of both. Discussion of Results & ConclusionFarzad, Movaqqar, Shafa, Tafazzoli, Moghadam, and Tabibzadeh as translators possessing human intelligence were found to have produced translations with various literary qualities of the mentioned Shakespearean sonnet: Farzad and Movaqqar had strived for a fluent but unfaithful translation to the original text; Shafa had provided a fluent and somewhat faithful translation; Tafazzoli had delivered a prose translation so faithful to the original poem in terms of content; Moghadam had offered a relatively free but rhythmic and rhymed translation; and Tabibzadeh had presented a sufficiently acceptable translation. However, this question arose: What similarities and distinctions may occur in the overall process of translating texts, particularly literary texts, and more specifically, translation of poetry, including the studied sample of Shakespearean sonnet when translation tools shift from human intelligence to artificial intelligence? Google, although said to have made significant advancements, was not very successful in translating the sonnet and produced a nearly literal and close-to-the-original translation, focusing more on the primary and dictionary meanings of words and phrases rather than their secondary and connotative meanings. On the other hand, the two other tools provided a more accurate and human-like translation of the sonnet. The translation offered by the Telegram bot was more complete and fluent than Google's but less complete and accurate than OpenAI's translation. Despite the fact that the Telegram bot and OpenAI tools apparently had the same origin, they did not translate the sonnet identically due to their different programming. Among these, OpenAI's translation was, overall, closer to human intelligence translation and, in some cases, even more literary. Perhaps, this could challenge the initial assumption that AI cannot translate literary texts effectively due to the presence of emotion and feeling and it might even be argued that this assumption was somewhat falsifiable. OpenAI showed that, due to its more complex algorithms, it had been programmed in a way that it could find more literary equivalents for some words. Furthermore, this tool demonstrated a more accurate understanding of the last lines of the sonnet compared to the other two tools and was able to provide a more coherent translation. However, the issue of translating certain qualities of literary texts, such as the speaker’s voice and tone, still remained problematic. A general look at the translations of the sonnet showed that machine translations were not able to adequately recreate the melancholic and regretful tone of the speaker of the poem, someone who lamented the lost days of youth. Nevertheless, addressing the challenges of human and artificial intelligence translations requires more space, which the author hopes to deal with in the future.

There are only a few works you can find in Piranesi's Etching that are not related to the "past". In his work, "ruin" is the most frequent theme. This article targets the ways ruin is depicted in Piranesi's work. Thus, by considering Piranesi’s prime and typical works and moving through his varying embodiments of ruin, this article will explain the different aspects of these representations and describes, the visuals of the way ruin is shown in his works. Based on Kant's theory of aesthetics in "The Critique of Judgment" and describing the concept of "sublimity" within that theoretical framework, it’s been attempted to provide the ground for answering "why" this type of representation reflects sublimity.The descriptive-analytical findings from this research indicate that fragmentality is the main feature in showing "the past" in Piranesi's work. Some of his works have archaeological approach, and by them, Piranesi tries to give us an "image" from the past. The dominance of the visual aspect and the frequency of the designs and their expansive range, from fireplace details to monuments and urban design, show that, in Piranesi's view, these pictures are beside each other in a sequence to build a complete picture of "the past". Although "phrases" come in to help the visual with accuracy and detail in some of these pictures, the fragmented quality of the contents of these depictions and the distance between the different types of them are not explained, as if this past would always represent itself as "lost". The recurring theme of "ruin" is also confirming of such an approach. Shape-wise, the most prominent manifestation of Piranesi's "ruins" is their enormous dimensions. Such depictions of memorials are recounting of the "mathematically sublime" in Kant's aesthetic system. As if in the face of "the sublimity" of these ruins, imagination fails to comprehend the mounting perceptual apprehensions. Also, ruins, in different ways, bespeak the power of the passing of time as a natural force. The sign of decadence on these ruins, in the forms of distortion of segments and growth of moss and greens, on another level, can intrigue experiencing sublimity in the audience. This experience is reminding of the "dynamically sublime" in Kant's aesthetics, where the subject feels fear when confronted by the power of nature. This fear, existing in Piranesi’s memorial, can be especially observed in Piranesi’s prison series. Prisons have nested spaces that evoke the impossibility of escaping such powers. In addition, by reviewing the content of the pictures and Piranesi’s text, it is apparent that this failure to comprehend is caused by facing the sublimity of the Roman Empire. Piranesi, in his different works, has attempted to depict this lost glory through pictures and words. However, this civilization and its example in Rome are so “sublime” in his view that they are depicted as a “fragmented” matter.

ObjectiveThe higher the level of corruption in a society, the greater the number of justifications for immoral actions and behaviors. Therefore, companies that operate in highly corrupted environments face a weaker financial reporting system. The current research aims to explain various types of financial corruption and investigate their relationship with financial misstatements. Based on the theoretical foundations, three dimensions of administrative-operational corruption, administrative corruption, and political corruption were identified, and their components and indicators were explained.MethodsThe research employed a survey method with a cross-sectional design. The statistical population of the research included faculty members, financial managers, and members of the public accountant community. The sample size comprised 193 individuals, and the data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire. To check the validity of the questionnaire, content validity was used and to measure its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. SPSS and AMOS software were used to test the hypotheses.ResultsThe results indicated a direct and significant relationship between the commercial and political aspects of corruption and financial misstatements. However, no significant relationship was found between the administrative-operational dimension and the financial misstatements. Moreover, the results of the regression analysis indicated the presence of positive and significant relationships between the dimensions of commercial and political corruption indicators and financial misstatements. In addition, the results of Structural Equation Modeling showed the acceptability of the collected data and the fit of the conceptual model of the research.ConclusionIt can be argued that corruption in hiring employees and managers alone is not a sufficient factor for the occurrence of corruption and, consequently, distortion in financial statements. However, corruption in the employment of managers and employees can lead to distortions in financial statements through embezzlement, receiving bribes, extortion, influencing company tenders, fraud by managers, and conflict of interests. Also, the results showed that connection with political parties and dependence on the government, connection with special customers and not dealing with new customers and ethnocentrism can lead to distortion in financial statements. This type of communication not only affects the financial resources of the companies but also motivates the managers to provide reports and financial statements under the opinions of the government. Furthermore, on one hand, bribery through management collusion with other people can lead to the concealment of facts and provide misleading financial statements by lengthening and complicating financial reports. In addition, management can distort financial statements through manipulation of financial reports and fraud for personal gain. On the other hand, purchasing goods, materials, and services needed by the company's employees from institutions or companies in which they or their relatives have interests can increase the cost of goods and services, thereby reducing profits. Embezzlement also leads to illegal changes in the company's assets and liabilities. These changes can have serious effects on the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting. Moreover, extortion by employees can lead to the removal of customers and suppliers of raw materials of the company, hence the financial statements are also subject to change. Based on the results of the structural equation model, the indicators used to measure the existing variables have appropriate factor loadings and can be used to measure the variables of administrative corruption, commercial corruption, political corruption, and distortion in financial statements. Also, the results indicate the impact of financial statements on commercial corruption and political corruption.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global rise in sleep disorders, serving as a critical indicator of societal mental health. This study aims to examine the trends in health information searches related to sleep disorders during the first seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, comparing these trends with the same period two years prior. Methods: This descriptive study analyzed the internet search behavior of Iranians seeking health information between 2017 and 2022. Data were collected on sleep disorder-related searches during the initial seven months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran using Google Trends. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the volume and percentage of searches related to sleep disorders during the pandemic with those in the corresponding periods of the previous years. Additionally, Pearson's correlation was used to assess the relationship between the daily trends in COVID-19-related deaths and the volume of internet searches concerning sleep disorders. Results: The volume of searches related to sleep disorders significantly increased (p

Background and Objective: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a complication that is usually unilateral and can be accompanied by tinnitus and vertigo. Although various infectious, vascular, and immune etiologies have been proposed for SSNHL, the cause is unknown in most cases. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of SSNHL. Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial, which was conducted using the available sampling method. A total of 60 patients with SSNHL (18-70 years old) lasting less than one month were divided into two groups: intervention and control. The routine treatment of both groups included weekly injections of dexamethasone in the middle ear for 3 weeks. The intervention group also received 100 mg of coenzyme Q10 per day for 4 weeks, while the control group received a placebo. Patients were evaluated by basic audiological tests at the baseline and third and sixth months after the treatment. Statistical analysis of findings was done in SPSS26 software. Results: The difference in the mean pure tone hearing thresholds of the intervention and control groups was significant in the third month (29.33±15.96 dB and 35.34±12.24 dB; P=0.02) and sixth month (dB 28.00±16.27 and dB 34.33±11.87; P=0.01). Conclusion: In patients with SSNHL, combined treatment with oral coenzyme Q10 at the rate of 100 mg per day, along with intratympanic injection of dexamethasone for four weeks, can improve pure tone hearing thresholds and facilitate the treatment

Purpose: Today, researchers encounter challenges in scientific collaboration and the alignment of results with their peers. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of identification and the extent of researchers' genuine participation in the convergence of multi-authored articles written by aerospace researchers, utilizing the three-dimensional Collaborative Author Writing Hierarchy (CAWH). Author associativity is a concept closely linked to scientific collaboration and multi-authored publications. The complexity of knowledge and the increasing demand for specialization and interdisciplinary skills have shaped scientific participation. Aerospace researchers and specialists are pivotal in conducting scientific and industrial research within the aerospace sector, focusing on technology development and providing support and guidance to fellow researchers. The aerospace industry is multi-faceted, strategic, and dynamic, possessing significant potential for wealth generation, economic development, enhancing national competitiveness on the global stage, job creation, and export opportunities. In various fields of study, numerous indicators have been established for observing, monitoring, and quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating researchers' publications, leading to the introduction of diverse metrics accordingly.Methodology: The research is applied in nature and employs an analytical approach. To assess the improvement in accurately identifying the author's true contributions in published articles, a composite measure that examines multiple dimensions has been utilized. The research outputs of aerospace researchers were analyzed, drawing on data categorized under "Engineering, Aerospace" in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). English-language articles published from 1945 to 2021 were extracted for this study. Data extraction was conducted on February 4, 2022, a Friday. The current research community encompasses all aerospace researchers from 1945 to 2021, comprising 153,994 records indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). The total number of authors is 161,156, of whom 154,450 researchers with identifiable names (without sampling) were examined. The total number of citations is 2,617,712. Data extracted from the scientific website during the research period were analyzed. In this research, two tools, namely the "MiMFa Scraper, were employed to gather detailed information about each author. Additionally, another tool was utilized to match the gauge information with PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). This tool is considered part of the DataLab software suite. Ravar PreMap software was also used to standardize the data. To normalize the data, the codes developed in the DataLab software were implemented. Excel 2016 was also utilized to extract data from various websites using PHP. The CAWH measure is defined as the average number of weighted citations based on co-author credit for a researcher.Findings: The results of the H-weighted co-authorship index indicate "Florian Menter" (from ANSYS Germany GmbH), "Chae M. Rhie" (from Raytheon Technologies USA), "Philippe R. Spalart" (from Boeing), "Edward F. Crawley" (from Massachusetts (from the Institute of Technology (MIT)), "Irving Reed" (from university (from Southern California) are in rank fifth ranks of among based on the CAWH index. This measure was used to calculate the utilizing assessment of each author in writing a multi-author article.Conclusion: The emphasis on recognizing researchers' contributions in article writing will be beneficial and effective for both researchers and the scientific community. Acknowledging researchers' involvement in writing allows them to showcase their contributions and achievements fairly and transparently. This approach enables researchers to properly receive their scientific credit and build their reputation, thereby gaining a competitive advantage within scientific communities. Within research teams, the implementation of this measure will enhance collaboration, facilitate the division of labor, and more equitably determine the rights and benefits of each team member. This approach fosters active collaboration and enhances the productivity of research teams. It enables research organizations and universities to conduct more accurate scientific evaluations of individuals and allocate resources based on equitable distribution and participation. Additionally, this method can improve transparency and build trust within research organizations. Consequently, it can help cultivate a culture of participation and cooperation within scientific communities. This approach can foster healthy, justice-oriented competition in science and enhance the quality of research. The evaluation offers readers and the scientific community detailed information about the authors and their collaborators involved in the research. This transparency enables readers to better assess the contributions and expertise of the article’s authors, thereby increasing their trust in the results and citations presented. Overall, acknowledging the participation of researchers in writing articles supports the scientific process and advances the field of science. This approach offers guidance for justice, transparency, cooperation, and the enhancement of research quality within scientific communities. It fosters an environment conducive to scientific development and progress, which can be assessed and refined using the index introduced in this study.

The implementation of the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) has been one of the significant issues of the education system in our country in the last decade. FRDE, similar to all educational policies and reforms, is affected by the adaption process and is not necessarily implemented according to policymakers’ intentions.The aims of this study is to understand and explain the meaning made by school principals of their role during the implementation of FRDE and investigates how to implement the transformation document. This qualitative study was conducted using the phenomenology method and based on the cognitive framework of sensemaking. Data was gathered through semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 8 public high school principals in four district 3, 6, 7, and 13 of Tehran. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis method of Miles et al. (2014) led to the formation of three main theme categories “ambiguty”, “documentary”, and “individual and situational factors”. Finding illuminates, the ambiguity of FRDE’s text and how it is transitioning to practice. The requirement to act in such a situation leads principals to make another sense of their role and they perceive themselves as documenters. In light of the findings, forming this meaning was affected by individual factors including same-old and to-no-avail attempts, as well as situational factors including the extent of applying, rules and regulations, and value position. According to the findings, despite the efforts made to implement the FRDE in schools, the main purpose of the implementation of it has not been achieved. The attention of policymakers to the factors that shape sensemaking can help in designing educational policies and more effective implementation.

The purpose of this research was to explain the mediating role of creative self-efficacy in the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational agility. This research was applicable in terms of purpose, and correlational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes all primary teachers in Sarchehan, whose number was more than 160. Using Morgan's table and stratified random sampling, 113 people were selected as the sample size. The data collection tool was Zhang's organizational agility questionnaire, Karoski's et al,.'s creative self-efficacy, and Albrecht's organizational intelligence questionnaire. To analyze the data, the significance test of Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple regression analysis as well as hierarchical regression by Baron-Kenney method were used. The findings showed that creative self-efficacy can be predicted by organizational intelligence. Organizational agility can be predicted by organizational intelligence. Organizational agility can be predicted by creative self-efficacy. Creative self-efficacy plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between the variables of organizational intelligence and organizational agility.Extended abstractIntroductionAgility is called the organization's ability to face unexpected changes (Akkaya, 2021). There are various variables that make an organization become an agile organization, one of them is self-efficacy, which was first proposed by Bandura. Creative self-efficacy affects the actual power of the person when facing challenges by determining the beliefs of a person about his power to influence situations. Self-efficacy employees can easily hunt environmental opportunities and create an agile organization (Mirzazadeh, 2021). Another variable considered in this research is organizational intelligence. Organizational intelligence refers to the capacity of an organization as a whole to collect information, innovate, produce knowledge and act effectively based on the knowledge it has produced (Af Malmborg, 2021). Despite extensive research in the field of organizational intelligence and organizational agility, there are significant gaps in previous researches. Most of these researches have investigated each of these components separately and paid less attention to the mediating role of creative self-efficacy. Also, few studies have been conducted in the field of primary education, especially in less developed areas such as Sarchehan. This indicates the need for more comprehensive and focused research on the interactions between these components in these specific environments. Investigating these gaps and trying to fill them can lead to a better understanding of how to improve organizational agility by enhancing creative self-efficacy and organizational intelligence. Therefore, the main problem of the present research is raised as follows: Does creative self-efficacy play a mediating role in the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational agility of elementary school teachers in Sarchehan city? Theoretical frameworkAgilityOrganizational agility refers to a combination of flexibility, agility and speed. This structure is defined as the organization's ability to respond to changes and maximize opportunities (Ridwandono & Subriadi, 2019). An agile organization combines organizational processes and people with up-to-date technology to meet customer needs for providing quality services and products in a short and appropriate time (Tarba et al, 2023). Agile organizations can be influenced by the creative self-efficacy of their employees. Creative self-efficacy is a term that refers to the ability of people to use creativity and innovation in order to achieve goals and solve various problems. This concept includes a combination of two important features, i.e. self-efficacy and creativity. Self-efficacy means believing in one's ability to perform tasks and face challenges, while creativity refers to the ability to generate new ideas and find different solutions to existing problems (Jalali and Heydarifard, 2020). The history of creative self-efficacy dates back recent decades, because during this period, attention to the needs of a dynamic and advanced society and the needs of the labor market has increased more than ever (Puente-Diaz et al, 2024).Creative self-efficacy:The term creative self-efficacy is derived from the term and theoretical context of self-efficacy introduced and defined by Bandura (1997). Bandura defines self-efficacy as "an individual's belief that he can function successfully in a specific environment." Accordingly, we define creative self-efficacy as a person's belief in their ability to produce creative results in a specific environment or in general.Bandura claims that self-efficacy is a strong condition for creative performance, because self-efficacy increases motivation that prioritizes weight and emphasis on one's own thinking and action (Brockhus et al, 2014). Therefore, individual motivation stimulates two aspects; first, choosing a specific behavior; and second, following that type of behavior. There are other concepts with similar meaning, such as self-image, self-esteem and self-confidence. All of these concepts are related to people's overall self-image, but creative self-efficacy differs insofar as it relates to specific creativity self-efficacy, which, we hypothesize, is different from general self-efficacy; a person's overall belief. The ability to successfully cope with the demands of different tasks in different domains was proposed by Shaw et al, (2021). More theoretical considerations about the relationship between self-efficacy and creativity are proposed by Ford [1996], who considers self-efficacy as a key motivational component in his model of defined individual creative action (Karofsky et al, 2016).Organizational intelligence:Organizational intelligence is a new concept in the field of management organization and 21st century literature. Karel Albreckt explained this concept in 2002 in the book Power of Mind at Work. Albrecht defines organizational intelligence as the talent and capacity of an organization in the movement of its mental power and the concentration of this mental power in realizing the mission of the organization. According to Albrecht's law, under the title of group stupidity, it can be stated that organizations, in addition to threatening their competitors and their environment, also move towards harming themselves (Nasabi, 2008). Karl Albrecht, in order to succeed in business, refers to having three factors: smart people, smart teams, and smart organization (Abazari, 2006, p25). In relation to organizational intelligence, different definitions have been proposed by many experts, some of them are mentioned below.Halal considers organizational intelligence to be the result of five subsystems of organizational structure, culture, stakeholder relations, knowledge management, and strategic processes (Halal, 2007).Research methodologyThis research was applicable in terms of purpose, and correlational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes all primary teachers in Sarchehan, whose number was more than 160. Using Morgan's table and stratified random sampling, 113 people were selected as the sample size. The data collection tool was Zhang's organizational agility questionnaire, Karoski's et al,.'s creative self-efficacy, and Albrecht's organizational intelligence questionnaire. To analyze the data, the significance test of Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple regression analysis as well as hierarchical regression by Baron-Kenney method were used.Research findingsThe findings showed that creative self-efficacy can be predicted by organizational intelligence. Organizational agility can be predicted by organizational intelligence. Organizational agility can be predicted by creative self-efficacy. Creative self-efficacy plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between the variables of organizational intelligence and organizational agility. The indirect effect of organizational intelligence on organizational agility through creative self-efficacy is 0.118. In fact, with a unit increase in organizational intelligence in the presence of creative self-efficacy, organizational agility increases by 11.8 percent.ConclusionThe findings showed that organizational intelligence has a direct and significant effect on creative self-efficacy. This research finding is in line with the results of Ostvarzabarjadi et al, (2017) and Darabeygi and Eslamieh (2015). In explaining these findings, it can be said that organizational intelligence helps teachers to have a deeper understanding of the organizational environment and the needs of their students. This ability allows them to make quick and effective decisions that lead to increased organizational agility. Also, the findings showed that organizational agility can be predicted by organizational intelligence. This research finding is in line with the results of Perkayti et al, (2023), Kiani et al, (2016), and Shiri et al, (2016). In explaining these findings, it can be said that organizational intelligence includes the organization's ability to collect and analyze information efficiently. These abilities help teachers make better decisions and respond quickly to environmental changes and students' needs. Quick and accurate decision-making processes increase the organizational agility of teachers. Based on the research results, the following practical suggestions are provided:- The creation of working groups and cooperation teams between teachers provides the possibility of exchanging ideas, experiences and creative solutions, and increases creative self-efficacy and organizational agility.- Using new technologies such as robotics, virtual reality, educational websites and educational software can improve educational processes and stimulate teachers' creativity and innovation.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and zinc sulfate fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of forage maize under low irrigation stress, this experiment was conducted as a split-factorial randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Ilam province during the two crop years of 2019 and 2020 was implemented. Three levels of irrigation including full irrigation (control or 90% of field capacity), irrigation based on 75% of field capacity (25% soil moisture discharge) and irrigation based on 50% of field capacity (50% soil moisture discharge) in the main plots Done. Factorial wetting of three levels of nitrogen from urea source, including zero (control), 150 and 300 kg ha-1 urea fertilizer; and foliar application of zinc sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 2 and 4 per thousand as the second factor in random was randomized. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction of year deficit irrigation stress×foliar application of zinc sulfate and the interaction of year deficit irrigation stress×nitrogen on total fresh yield were significant. The interaction of year deficit irrigation stress, year. Nitrogen fertilizer, year and foliar application of zinc sulfate, low irrigation stress×foliar application of zinc sulfate and the interaction of low irrigation stress×nitrogen fertilizer on the concentration of digestible dry matter were significant. Wet forage yield in full irrigation and consumption of 150 kg urea per hectare was 77728 kg.ha-1. Wet forage yield was obtained in complete irrigation treatment and consumption of 4 per thousand zinc sulfate in the amount of 78163 kg.ha-1. At irrigation levels based on the presence of 75% and 50% of field capacity, consumption of 4 per thousand zinc sulfate increased this index, so that in the mentioned treatments wet yield was obtained at 67460 and 49855 kg.ha-1, respectively. Irrigation treatment based on 50% of field capacity, application of 300 kg of urea fertilizer and 2 per thousand zinc sulfate resulted in grain protein content of 8.6%. Due to the lack of significant differences between treatments 2 and 4 per thousand zinc sulfate in different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, so the use of 300 kg of urea fertilizer per hectare and 2 per thousand zinc sulfate has good performance and economic justification and as the superior compound was selected to counteract the harmful effects of dehydration.

Trichotillomania is a clinical psychiatric manifestation involving significant hair loss in association with recurrent hair-pulling behavior, the etiology of which is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic and environmental and behavioral contribution to trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) and to relate the findings to contemporary theories about the etiology. This was a descriptive correlational and twins study design. 672 twins (MZ=474; DZ=202) were selected from Iranian twins associations in 2018. The Massachusetts General Hospital Hair-pulling Scale(1995) and the Self-Report of Zygosity were used as research instrument. Twin modeling methods were employed to decompose the variance in the liability trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) into additive genetic and shared and non-shared environmental factors. The data was analyzed by SPSS, STATA and M-plus. Univariate model-fitting analyses showed that genetic factors accounted for approximately 64% of the variance in TTM. The best extracted model for TTM was the DE model. The correlation coefficient results indicated that the correlation rate was 0/61 and 0/31 in MZ and DZ group respectively. It can be concluded that TTM phenotype is the results of a polygenetic. There is no intermediate despite of the dominance effect and it results from a gene-gene interaction or a dominant gene.

The objective of this research was to investigate the information search behavior of Iranians on the Internet during the COVID-19 pandemic and to examine the relationship between the peak of the disease and the searches performed on the Internet. The purpose of this research was fundamental, and the research method was descriptive. The statistical population is the searches performed by Iranians from February 2020 to April 2022, and the investigated sample was the searched concepts related to anxiety and mental health. The first part of the data consisted of the queries that were extracted from the Google Trends website in December 2022. The second part, which consisted of the daily statistics of death and new infections, was obtained from the Johns Hopkins University website. Python version 3.12 was employed to conduct data analysis, which included the Granger causality test and Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the search for anxiety-related concepts has increased at the beginning of the epidemic. The quantity of searches for anxiety concepts at the beginning of the epidemic is positively and significantly correlated with the number of deaths caused by the disease. Consequently, the quantity of anxiety searches should increase over a period of a few days as the number of deaths increases. These searches diminished as the number of deaths decreased; however, the trend of anxiety searches ceased to be correlated with the number of deaths after a few months. The search for psychological treatment was modest at the onset of the epidemic; however, it increased after nine months, and the number of deaths also increased, prompting an increase in these searches. The results show that internet inquiries can be a useful tool for monitoring community concerns.

Background and purpose: In late December 2019, pneumonia originating from nCOV-2019 spread rapidly around the world, and in March 2020, the World Health Organization officially declared it a pandemic and chose the name "COVID-19" for the resulting disease. A significant proportion of COVID-19 patients experience severe pulmonary complications and life-threatening conditions that necessitate respiratory support and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Since the detection of the first case of COVID-19 in Iran, the country has experienced several waves, with different strains of the coronavirus prevailing in each wave. According to the studies conducted in this field, in the first wave, the alpha strain (B.1.1) 7), the second wave of the beta strain (B.1.351), the third wave of the gamma strain (P.1), the fourth wave of the delta strain (B.1.617.2) and in the fifth wave the Amicron strain (B.1.1.529) of the strain were dominant in patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical and paraclinical findings, as well as the outcomes, of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care units at a referral teaching hospital in northern Iran during the first through fifth waves of the pandemic. Materials and methods: This research is a descriptive-analytical retrospective study that was conducted on all patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized in the ICU of Razi Qaemshahr Hospital (Infectious Diseases Referral Center of Mazandaran Province) in first to fifth waves. Personal information, underlying diseases, time from the onset of symptoms to a hospital visit, laboratory tests, and length of stay of the patient in the intensive care unit was collected through dossier reading and spss25 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of the 304 patients admitted to the ICU during the first through fifth waves of the COVID-19 outbreak, 50.3% were male. The age range of the patients was from 22 years to 98 years with an average of 65.14±15.08. 244 patients had at least one underlying disease. So 41% of the patients had diabetes and 50% had blood HTN. Among 244 patients with underlying disease, only 28 patients recovered and 216 patients died, which difference was significant (P=0.01). The second wave had the highest number of patients (25.7%), while the third wave had the lowest (16.4%). The average hemoglobin level differed significantly between the second and fourth waves, being 1.37 units lower in the fourth wave. The mortality rates varied significantly across the different waves (P

Metaphor is a symbolic and indirect language that conveys concealed and supplementarymeanings. Interpretive narratives may also exhibit gender metaphors and stereotypes. Thework is founded on the interpretive accounts of three Persian interpretations of Rowz al-Jannan, Jala al-Azhan, and Manhaj al-Sadeghin in this research. This article has selectednarratives that have employed gender metaphors or whose content is reminiscent of gendermetaphors. Subsequently, the qualitative content analysis method has been employed toinvestigate the value of these metaphors and their correlation with gender stereotypes.Examples of gender metaphors in these narratives include “bed,” “Boyut,” “Atbah,” and“Denya.” While some of these metaphors have a positive connotation, others have a negativeconnotation. The most significant findings of this research are that the majority of negativemetaphors about women are based on the role of a woman as a wife or sexual companion,which emphasizes her physical appearance. These metaphors are influenced by prevalentgender stereotypes that are detrimental. On the contrary, the majority of positive metaphorsare centered on the role of the mother and the qualities of kindness, creation, origin, andcommencement that are associated with the mother. In addition, this research demonstratesthat the female body is depicted in two distinct ways: the “heavenly body” and the “infernalbody.” The female heavenly body is a symbol of complete delight and benefit, while thefemale infernal body is a symbol of deception, sin, Satan, and adultery.

Abstract Background: Human brucellosis is one of the most common zoonosis infections, with a high prevalence in some regions of the world. It is considered one of the vital health and economic problem worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the trend of seroprevalence of brucellosis among Suspected Patients attending a medical center, in Ahvaz over an 11-year period. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive retrospective study, the data of all suspected brucellosis patients between 2011 and 2021 were extracted and analyzed. Wright's serological test 1/80 and above; and the titer of 2ME and Combs' Wright test of 1/40 and above were considered criteria for seropositive of brucellosis. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22. Results: Out of 25241 suspected patients, 645 were seropositive of Brucellosis (seroprevalence rate, 2.6%). The frequency of seropositive cases in men with 193 cases (2.7%) was higher than in women with 452 cases (2.5%) (p=0.14). The highest frequency of positive cases was observed in the age group of 11-20 with 59 cases (3.4%) and the lowest frequency was observed in the age group 1-10 years with 14 cases (1.5%) (p=0.001). The changes trend of seroprevalence of brucellosis in this period of time did not have a constant trend; and were in a zigzag pattern. There is a statistically significant difference between the frequency of positive cases in different years (p=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study can be of great value to health care policy makers in understanding the epidemiology of Brucellosis in this region.

Background: The existing research in this field indicates that there has been insufficient investigation into the life experiences of sixth-grade teachers and students concerning the qualitative values of mathematics lessons. Furthermore, there is a noticeable gap in the development of a scale for assessing teaching skills in the qualitative evaluation of mathematics lessons. This highlights the need for comprehensive studies that explore the lived experiences of both teachers and students in the context of qualitative values within mathematics education, along with the design of an effective scale to assess teaching skills in the qualitative evaluation of mathematics lessons. Aims: The purpose of this research was to investigate the lived experiences of sixth grade teachers and students of the qualitative value of math lessons. Methods: The current research was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method and based on phenomenological strategy. The participants of this research were sixth grade teachers and students who were selected by purposive sampling. The tool used in this research was a semi-structured interview. In order to analyze the data, the coding method was used. Results: the results showed that the interviewees suffered from disadvantages such as lack of belief in qualitative evaluation, teachers' lack of knowledge about the philosophy of qualitative evaluation, the spirit of evaluation not being governed, and the inability of students to measure by themselves., the growth of teachers in the evaluation system has been mentioned a little. Also, teachers suffer from harms such as the reduction of healthy competition, children's insensitivity to lessons, low motivation, and lack of proper infrastructure, carelessness, students not studying, lack of enthusiasm and attractiveness in teachers, and the inability to cover weaknesses in evaluation. Qualitatively pointed out. Conclusion: The aim of the current research was to investigate the lived experiences of sixth grade teachers and students of the qualitative evaluation of mathematics lessons, to design a scale of teacher skills in the qualitative evaluation of mathematics lessons. The results of data analysis showed that from the teachers' point of view, 23 main categories and 60 sub-categories, and from the students' point of view, 21 main categories and 42 sub-categories were identified as necessary factors and components and obstacles and challenges for the implementation of qualitative evaluation.