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Background :The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks continues training on the expression of miR29mRNA in the cardiac muscle of healthy male rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=6/group) were randomly divided into two groups: sedentary and training group. Training was prescribed 70-75% vo2max for 30 min, 5days/week. Hearts were isolated 24 hours after the last session. Using quantitave RT-PCR, miR29 expression changes were analyzed then calculated by 2ΔΔСТ method. To determine the significance of variables between study groups, independent t-test was used. Results: Results showed that there is a significant increase, in gene expression miR29a,c in training group compared to control group (P=0.001).But miR29b gene expression were significantly reduced (P=0.416). Conclusion: Based on the study findings, continuous endurance training induce physiological hypertrophy training is at the heart of the group and lead to a significant increase in expression levels miR29a,c. Since this increase leading to a significant reduction in expression of collagen isoforms, it can be concluded that rising miR29a,c in physiological hypertrophy induced by endurance training is directly regulates extracellular matrix and ventricular compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohammadyari S, Hadi H, Saberi Y. Investigation of physiological effects (immune system) of Exercise in COVID-19 epidemic; By providing a training protocol (Systematic review). Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology 2021; 8(1): 88-101. 5.Gaeini A, Ghasemnian A, Dehkordi K, Kazemi A, Fallahi A. The comparison of the effect a single acute exercise on plasma, CRP, TNFα and IL-6 levels in immature obese and normal-weight boys. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2011; 21(83): 74-8. 6.kemefuna F, Meludu S, Dioka C, Onah C, Okwara J, Nwankwo M, et al. Pattern of some liver enzymes and cardiovascular changes during a trademill exercise. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2014; 4: 7-24. 7.Pettersson J, Hindorf U, Persson P, Bengtsson T, Malmqvist U, Werkström V, et al. Muscular exercise can cause highly pathological liver function tests in healthy men. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2008; 65(2): 253-9. 8.Amireault S, Baier JM, Spencer JR. Physical activity preferences among older adults: A systematic review. Journal of Aging and Pysical Activity 2018; 27(1): 128-39. 9.Schidt FV, Ostapowicz G, Murray N, Satyanarana R, Zaman A, Munoz S, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transplantation 2006; 12(12): 1776-81. 10.Zahedpasha Y, Tamaddoni A, Ahmadpour-kacho M, Pourmoghtader S. Serum αFP level in cord blood of full term neonates born in babol city. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences 2019; 21(1): 135-9. 11.Otağ A, Hazar M, Otağ İ, Beyleroğlu M. Effect of increasing maximal aerobic exercise on serum gonadal hormones and alpha-fetoprotein in the luteal phase of professional female soccer players. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28(3): 807-10. 12.Schidt FV, Ostapowicz G, Murray N, Satyanarana R, Zaman A, Munoz S, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transplantation 2006; 12(12): 1776-81. 13.Beydilli H, Yilmaz N, Cetin ES, Topal Y, Celik OI, Sahin C, et al. Evaluation of the protective effect of silibinin against diazinon induced hepatotoxicity and free-radical damage in rat liver. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2015; 17(4): e25310. 14.Amireault S, Baier JM, Spencer JR. Physical activity preferences among older adults: A systematic review. Journal of aging and physical activity. 2019 Feb 1;27(1):128-39 15.Esmaelzadeh Toloee M, Faramarzi M, Noroozian P. effect of aerobic training with ginger supplementation on some liver enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT) and resistance to insulin in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 2017; 60(4): 636-47. 16.Ayça B, Agopyan A, Sener A, Oba R, Pastirmaci G. Evaluation of gamma-glutamyl transferase changing in urine related to the training load in the rhythmic gymnasts’ competitors aged 7-10. Biology of Sport 2008; 25(3): 233-44. 17. Samani Jahormi EL, Zulqadri Jahormi S. Effect of alkaline phosphatase on the enzymes and proteins of liver tissue of rat by enzyme inhibition. Journal of Animal Biology 2015; 7(4): 177-88. 18.Marzban A, Seyedalipour B, Mianabadi M, Taravati A. Investigation of the Enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, transaminase and histopathological changes of liver after exposure to nio and nio nanoparticles in rats. The Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences 2017; 25(5): 381-95. 19.Hosseini Kakhk A, Khalegh Zadeh H, Nematy M, Hamedi Nia M. The effect of combined aerobic-resistance training on lipid profile and liver enzymes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver under nutrition diet. Sport Physiology 2015; 7(27): 65-84. 20.Galedari M, Kaki A. The effect of 12 weeks high intensity interval training and resistance training on liver fat, liver enzymes and insulin resistance in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver. 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Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of Original Article 1056 1056 Medical Sciences Journal (YUMSJ) The Effect of a Strength Training Session on Alpha Phytoprotein, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase and Alkaline Phosphatase in People with Regular Training and Forced Non-Training Due to Covid-19 Amini M, Ghasemnian A*, Gharehkhani H, Kheyrandish R 1Department of Sports Sciences, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Received: 28 Oct 2023 Accepted: 31 Dec 2023 Abstract Background & aim: The corona epidemic and the closure of the clubs led to the forced non-training of athletes and as a result increased abdominal fat and obesity and caused the spread of liver diseases. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a strength training session on alpha phytoprotein, gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase in men with regular training and forced non-training due to covid-19. Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental study. According to the current quarantine conditions due to the spread of the coronavirus, 18 male athletes were selected in a targeted manner from among the available male athletes in Zanjan city. The second included 9 people who had not exercised in the past 6 months. On the day of the test, after consuming a standard breakfast by the subjects, the first blood sample was taken in the amount of 5 ml while sitting, then a training program with weights, consisting of 10 movements with 60% of a maximum repetition with supervision Three referees were conducted. Then, the second blood sample was taken one hour after the end of the training under the same conditions. To adjust the plasma volume, the Dale and Castile formula was used and AFP was measured with the Architect 2000 device. Correspondingly, the GGT level was measured with the Prestige autoanalyzer and ALP was also measured using the fully automatic biolis50i autoanalyzer. Data were analyzed using independent sample T-test, paired-sample-T-test, and Covariance using SPSS software. Results: A session of resistance training had no significant effect on the levels of alpha phytoprotein (AFP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the plasma of trained and untrained men(P>0.05). Also, after a session of resistance training, the level of gammaglutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and alpha-phytoprotein in the plasma of the untrained group did not change significantly(P>0.05), but the level of alpha-phytoprotein in the trained group decreased significantly(P

The city and its urban spaces play a dominant role in the citizens' quality of life by having significant impact on their physical and mental health. Nowadays noncommunicable diseases like heart and coronary diseases، high blood pressure and diabetes are major. Many physicians believe that recent changes in lifestyle to sedentary living، unhealthy eating habits and car dependency are the main causes of obesity and the prevalence of these diseases. These illnesses are exacerbated by cities environmental conditions. Current urban spaces create many barriers for pedestrians، making them less active besides limiting their access to healthy food. On one hand narrow sidewalks and car-oriented neighborhoods make people less active and more car dependent، on the other hand increasing amount of fast food restaurants and chain stores are wiping away healthy food outlets such as supermarkets and fruit stores، encouraging access to unhealthy food. Earlier studies reveal the link between obesity and many factors such as individual، socio-economic and also built environment. So far the majority of research efforts have been performed in health sciences which focus on non-spatial determinants of obesity، it is only in recent years that the impact of urban spaces on obesity is being reflected. In the field of urban design، research is concentrated on activity-friendly urban spaces without considering the impact of food outlets providing variety of choices in urban spaces and their effects on people’s obesity. In this field domestic research efforts are very limited and incomplete. As a result it is necessary to conduct a study on the physical features of urban spaces influencing obesity with a holistic approach. This study aims to review and explore the current literature on the physical aspect of urban spaces in relation to physical health focusing on obesity and two health related behaviors: physical activity and diet of the adult population ranging from 18 to 65 years old. This study tries to start a dialogue for an interdisciplinary research field which incorporates health and medicine sciences on one side، and the built environment related disciplines such as urban design and planning، architecture and transportation on the other side. The proposed subject is emerging and novel in Iran، so this study reviews the literature from two distinct disciplines of medicine and urban design by exploring valid and reliable empirical studies related to obesity and the built environment. The findings from reviewed papers are presented in a proposed conceptual framework which determines the relationships between physical features of urban spaces and obesity، physical activity and diet of adults. The proposed framework is based on a behavior model of environment which defines urban spaces as 3 different types of behavior settings for pedestrian movement including 1-origins or destinations of walking/cycling trips، 2-the route between origin and destination، 3-areas around the origin and destination which contains a network of urban spaces. The research findings show that some physical features of urban spaces as origindestination، route or area are related to physical activity or diet and consequently obesity. Urban Spaces as origins or destinations of physical activity or eating behaviors، like parks، daily uses and services: grocery stores، banks، and supermarkets can encourage healthy lifestyle. Urban spaces as route emphasis on the presence of physical activity facilities like walking or bicycling routes that can encourage activity. A network of urban Spaces as an area has some physical features like permeability of street layout and social environment (seeing active people) which can inspire people for healthy lifestyle. There are some common features of urban spaces as origin/destination that influence physical activity or diet، like accessibility of physical activity destinations for recreation or utilitarian، purposes also availability and accessibility of food outlets. Mix of uses is a common feature of urban spaces as origin/destination that can encourage the livability of urban spaces and consequently the presence of pedestrians. Visual characteristics and aesthetics of urban spaces as a route and also as an area increase the pleasurability and appeal of these spaces which can influence people’s walking or cycling. Pedestrian safety from traffic، security from crime، and perception of weather conditions are characteristics of urban spaces that are common in all of categories and are related to people’s behavior of walking. This study concludes that health is a key element in designing urban spaces; therefore interdisciplinary research focusing on the environmental and spatial aspects of health should be promoted. Because this emerging field is little-explored in Iran's urban design current literature، such studies provide preliminary basis for empirical studies of healthrelated issues in urban context، and also as a baseline to develop practical guides for successful and effective policies and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Despite the many benefits of physical activity, sedentary lifestyle is still a public health problem among women. This study was conducted to identify factors associated with physical activity based on Stages of Change Model as one of the most effective models of behavior study among health volunteers in Rasht in 2014. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all of the active health volunteers in Rasht (N=176) completed the self-administered questionnaire consisting of 3 parts: demographic information, validated questionnaire of stages of change model constructs, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-long form). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Correlation and regression through SPSS 18. Results: Intensity of physical activity among health volunteers was respectively 10.2%, 61.4% and 28.4% in low, moderate and severe level. Among the structures of Stages of Change Model, self-efficacy (&beta = 0.2) and Cons (&beta = 0.17), had predictive power on the promotion of physical activity (p <0.05). 17% were in the pre-contemplation stage, 10.3% were in the contemplation stage, 17.6% in the preparation stage, 12.5% were in the action stage, and 42.6% were in the maintenance stage of regular physical activity. Conclusion: Since most of the health volunteers were in the middle-ages, and also the majority of them had moderate physical activity, appropriate for their age, therefore, due to the effective constructs (self-efficacy and Cons), it is necessary that these constructs to be strengthened in order to maintain the moderate level of physical activity in this group. Paper Type: Research Article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Investigating the relationship between sensory processing and behavior in 7 to 10 years old children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity Objective: This study examined the association between behavioral problems and emotional status of children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 24 children with ADHD and 24 normal matched children in the age range of 7- 10 years old were participated. After completing a demographic questionnaire and consent informed Letter, The children's parents were asked to complete Sensory Profile Questionnaire (SP) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results:Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16 software. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are used to assess compliance of each variable distribution with normally distributed variables. T-test were used to compare variables (CBCL and SP scores) in the 2 groups. T-test results show that the difference between the means of two groups in sensory seeking, emotional reactivity, and low endurance /muscle tone. Inattention / distractibility, poor sensory registration, fine movement/ perception and emotional reactivity are significant. The calculated t value is lower from the t-critical (1.96) and the probability error (CI 5%). But in variables such as the oral sensory sensitivity, sensory sensitivity and sedentary difference between the two groups' averages is not significant. There are significant correlations between some of Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire variables and sensory profile in sensory seeking and emotional reactivity variable, low endurance / muscle tone variables, the variable inattention and distractibility, fine movements/ perception and sensory registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Alpha tumor necrosis factor and Hydrogen peroxide increase in neurotrophins expression in several brain structures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of Hydrogen peroxide and neurotrophic tumor necrosis factor with brain-derived neurotrophic factor by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor after severe exercise. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was done on 16 adult Wistar albino rats 280g and 3months old. Animals were divided into two intense exercise and sedentary control groups. Animals ran for 6 weeks, 6 days a week, at the speed of 27m per minute and on treadmill for 60 minutes daily. Using kit, the content of BDNF, GDNF, and TNF-α were measured using sandwich ELISA and hydrogen peroxide levels was analyzed by colorimetric assay. Data analyzed by SPSS 16 and Independent-T test. Findings: Hydrogen peroxide levels in the brain, in intense exercise group increased significantly compared with control group (p= 0.006). TNF-α, GDNF and BDNF Levels in the brain in intense exercise group significantly increased compared with control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: Intense running on treadmill increase BDNF and GDNF content in brain of albino Wistar rats through increasing the H2O2 and TNF-α levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders and important public health problems. This disease accounts for 9% of all mortalities in the world and can lead to neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiac disease in the long term. Regarding this, the present study aimed to assess the effect of combined aerobic and resistance training on beta-endorphin level and its influence on μ receptor in skeletal muscles for reducing glucose and insulin resistance levels in sedentary women with type II diabetes mellitus. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 18 sedentary women with type II diabetes mellitus aged 40-50 years in 2015. The subjects were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The exercise program was conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions a week. Each session included a 20-minute aerobic training, in addition to a strength training program. Blood samples were collected to investigate the serum levels of β-endorphin, glucose, and insulin 48 h before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16) using Student’s, paired sample, and independent t-tests for the normal data and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests for abnormal data to estimate the intra-group and inter-group differences, respectively. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results indicated that our combined training significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake, strength, and serum level of β-endorphin, and decreased the glucose and insulin-resistance levels (P≤0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the combined training declined glycemic index and augmented β-endorphin level. Consequently, this intervention could make a desirable effect on the reduction of risk factors in women with type II diabetes mellitus.

Background: Physical activity has multiple health benefits, yet its association with female fertility remains unclear. Considering the critical effects of lifestyle on reproductive health, this study aimed to compare the physical activity and body composition of fertile and infertile women in Arak during 2021. Methods: This study is a case-control study that was performed on 200 fertile and infertile women (20 to 40 years old) referred to the infertility center in Arak who was selected through the convenience sampling. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires on sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, physical activity and sedentary behavior. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were also measured. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of fertility with physical activity level, sedentary behavior and body composition. Results: The level of physical activity (P=0.001) and body mass index (P=0.03) in infertile women were lower and higher compared to fertile women, respectively. In women with moderate level of physical activity (odds ratio 4.42 and 95% confidence interval: 1.60, 12.99 and P=0.004) the chance of infertility decreases. Women who spend more than 300 minutes a day sedentary are 2.07 times more likely to have fertility problems than women who are physically active (odds ratio 2.07 and 95% confidence interval: 1.36, 3.14 and P=0.001). Conclusion: This study shows that low physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity are independent risk factors associated with infertility, so to prevent and even treat infertility, more attention should be paid to lifestyle behaviors in women.

Aim and background: The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of single session resting and kinesio taping on pain level, disability and range of motion among individuals who complained of pain and discomfort in the neck after using a smartphone. Material and Methods: Twenty-four individuals with average age of 25.71 years, who complained of pain and discomfort in the neck after using a smartphone, participated in this quasi-experimental study. During two consecutive days, they received conservative interventions including resting and kinesio taping exercise. The duration of each intervention was one session. The level of pain, disability and the cervical spine's range of motion were measured with the visual analog scale (VAS), the neck disability index questionnaire and cervical spine's range of motion using the standard goniometer before starting the treatment (immediately after 15 minutes of using the smartphone), and after performing resting and taping interventions. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures (p<0.05). Results: Both resting and taping methods were significantly decreased the mean score of pain and disability of the neck, but the effect of taping was more. The results also showed that both intervention methods led to a significant increase in cervical spine's range of motion, but the effectiveness of taping was higher than resting. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that kinesio tape technique in comparison with resting can more effectively decreased the amount of pain and disability in the neck as well as incising cervical spine's range of motion in smartphone users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and background: Low Back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems that causes many symptoms, including kinesiophobia and weakness in postural control. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of barre au sol exercises and core stability training at home on kinesiophobia and postural control of women with chronic non-specific low back pain. Material and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study that was performed in two phases of pre-test and post-test. In this study, 36 women suffering from non-specific chronic back pain were randomly divided into three groups of 12 people with barre au sol exercises, core stability training and control. The experimental groups performed barre au sol and core stability training for eight weeks. Kinesiophobia was evaluated by Tampa Scale and postural control by Y balance test and balance error scoring system. Results: The results of this research showed that both barre au sol and core stability exercises groups had significantly less kinesiophobia, less error in balance error scoring system test and better performance in all three directions of the Y balance test than the control group in the post-test, but there was no significant difference between the two training groups (P>0.05). No significant difference was seen in any of the research variables in the post-test between the two exercise groups (P>0.05) aswell.Conclusion: The results of this study showed, both types of core stability and barre au sol exercises can be used to improve kinesiophobia, static and dynamic balance in women with non-specific chronic back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a Pilates exercise period on public health and anxiety in young women during the coronavirus quarantine. This research was a semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and control group. For this purpose, 50 young women with a mean age of 25± 2 years were randomly selected and divided into experimental and control groups by convenience sampling method from Urmia. The experimental group practiced Pilates online at home for 3 sessions, 60 minutes each week for 8 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Dependent variables were measured using the Public Health Questionnaire and Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. The results of Mixed ANOVA showed that the scores of all components of public health and anxiety of women in the experimental group were significantly better than the control group, which indicates the effectiveness of Pilates exercises on the relevant variables during this quarantine period. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that Pilates improves public health and anxiety of young women, and have a regular exercise program is a key strategy to maintain public health during quarantine due to coronavirus outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Irisin is an exercise-stimulated hormone that affects white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Based on the previous studies, physical activity increases the expression of proteins such as follistatin, which causes weight loss by increasing energy expenditure and through this has an effect on the insulin resistance index. The present study aimed to investigate the response of plasma levels of irisin, follistatin, and insulin resistance index to two types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in overweight men. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 33 overweight men (mean age 22.9±2.11 years, weight 82.45±6.1 kg, body mass index 26.7±1.22 kg/m²) who were able to regularly attend physical activity voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into three groups: 30-s HIIT groups (HIIT-30), 60-s HIIT (HIIT-60), and control. The training protocol was performed three sessions per week for eight weeks. The HIIT-30 exercise program included eight repetitions of 30-second activity at an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate with a two-minute recovery for the first four weeks, ten repetitions for the fifth and sixth weeks, and twelve repetitions for the seventh and eighth weeks. The HIIT-60 exercise program included four repetitions of 60-second activity at an intensity of 80-90% of the maximum heart rate with a four-minute recovery for the first four weeks, five repetitions for the fifth and sixth weeks, and six repetitions for the seventh and eighth weeks. The control group did not attend any regular exercise program during the research. Blood samples were taken to measure levels of Irisin, follistatin, and determine the insulin resistance index. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test were utilized at a level of P≤0.05 to compare means of parameters. Results: The within-group comparisons for irisin and follistatin data showed that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test in the 30-s HIIT and 60-s HIIT groups (P<0.05). The results of ANOVA indicated that the 30-s HIIT and 60-s HIIT protocols increased the levels of irisin (P<0.05), follistatin (P<0.05), and reduced insulin resistance index significantly (P<0.05). The between-group comparisons of the data showed no significant differences between the HIIT-30 group and the HIIT-60 group for all variables. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it could be concluded that, the two HIIT methods of 30 and 60 seconds by increasing irisin and follistatin levels can cause weight loss, treat obesity and improve the insulin resistance index in overweight men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Thrombotic events are common during old age and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is prescribed on the health of elderly individuals. Nevertheless, effects of HIIE on hemostasis in elderly individuals have not been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the response of hemostatic factors to different HIIE protocols and moderate continuous exercise in elderly male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four elderly male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Rats in the HIIE with low-volume (HIIEL) group performed 14 bouts of 20s of activity with 10-second rests at an intensity of 110% of maximum tolerable load (MSL). Rats in the high intensity highvolume interval group (HIIEH) performed five bouts of four min swimming at 80% of MSL followed by three min rest and finally in the continuous group (CTN) the rats swam for 35 min at 60% of MSL. The control group remained immersed in water for 35 minutes without activities. Blood samples were taken immediately after exercise for measuring lactate and hemostatic factors. The statistical analysis of the data was performed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Lactate concentration was increased following HIIEL in comparison to other groups. In addition, in the HIIEL and HIIEH groups, sports activity led to a significant increase in the von Willebrand factor. Although, the VIII factor and fibrinogen increased and decreased in both CTN and HIIEL groups, respectively and decreased and increased in HIIEH group, the changes were not significant. Also, significant changes in dimer levels, relative activated thromboplastin time and prothrombin time after swimming were not seen in any group. Conclusions: Based on higher increases in von Willebrand factor following intense interval exercise (compared to continuous exercise) it is concluded that moderate continuous exercise might be safer than HIIE during old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exercise programs can lead to different physiological adaptations, but the effects of low-volume, low-frequency HIIT protocols with varying interval structures have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to explore the impact of HIIT with high compression (HC) and low compression (LC), with or without berberine (BBR) supplementation, on hematological parameters in pre-diabetic men. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted between October and December 2021 at Mazandaran University. Fifty-four overweight/obese men with a mean age of 48.6±6.6 years, a body mass index of 30.7±7.3 kg/m², and a body fat percentage of 34.4±4.3% were randomly and equally divided into one of six groups: HC, LC, HC+BBR, LC+BBR, BBR, and control. The HC group (2:1 work-to-rest ratio) and LC group (1:1 work-to-rest ratio) underwent training programs comprising 2-4 sets of 8 exercises at an intensity of 80-95% of their maximum heart rate twice a week for 8 weeks. Hematological responses to Bruce's incremental exercise test were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test, with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results: Baseline hematological indices showed no significant differences between prediabetic and non-diabetic groups (all, P>0.05). Following the 8-week intervention, there were significant decreases in white blood cells (WBCs) in the LC and LC+BBR groups, and in lymphocytes across all intervention groups except BBR (all, P<0.05). Additionally, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels showed significant reductions in the HC and HC+BBR groups (both, P<0.05). However, in response to Bruce's incremental exercise test, a significant decrease in WBCs was observed in the LC and LC+BBR groups, with reductions of 18% and 25%, respectively (both, P<0.05). Conclusion: The LC protocol, even without berberine supplementation, seems to provide better immunological benefits and result in less hemolysis compared to the HC protocol, as evidenced by reductions in white blood cell counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a medical condition in which occluded blood flow to the brain causes cell necrosis. The main types of stroke are ischemic (due to lack of blood flow with much higher prevalence) and hemorrhagic (due to bleeding with low prevalence). Ischemic stroke is caused by the reduction of blood to the brain tissue or complete occlusion of brain vessels by a blood clot following arterial plaques rapture of cerebral arteries due to atherosclerosis, cerebral myocardial infarction and small vascular lesion infarction. Inflammatory reactions, increased oxidative stress, cell death and autophagy are the most aggravating factors in this condition. Instead, hemorrhagic stroke is caused by spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, highly common in men. To prevent the possible causes of stroke, investigators attempted to study about the ways that may decrease the risk factors such as trauma, high arterial hypertension, alcohol, low-density lipoprotein and glycerides, tobacco and drugs. Physical activity is a potent inhibitory factor which reported to be effective in prevention of stroke and post-stroke rehabilitation. Aerobic, combined or strenuous activities protect brain tissue by balancing apoptotic and anti-apoptotic pathways, stimulating angiogenesis, reducing oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activity, optimizing Integrity and preservation of the blood-brain barrier, improving nerve functions and preventing neuronal death. The mechanisms involved in rehabilitation after ischemic stroke with physical activity mostly refer to improved dendrites and synapses, synaptic flexibility, regulation of inotropic receptors with glutamate, increased BDNF, GAP43 and insulin-like growth factor. In patients with cognitive impairments following acute ischemic stroke, high intensity exercise improves processing timing and attention allocation, selfindependence, walking ability, aerobic power and reduces memory degradation. Moreover, early start of physical activity after ischemic stroke inhibits the initial physiological response to stroke and prevents optimal recovery. In contrary, reports show positive effects of onset of physical exercise a day after stroke. In hemorrhagic stroke, exercise reduces systolic blood pressure, moderates resting blood pressure via parasympathetic regulations and triggers angiogenesis in the nervous system. Light to moderate or long-term physical training is recommended in comparison to short-term high-intensity training. In addition, early onset of physical activity during recovery after stroke may be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as leptin play an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Exercise and food supplements are two suitable approaches to prevent the phenomenon of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of total body resistance training (TRX) and omega-3 supplementation on serum leptin levels and body fat percentage in overweight and obese women. Material and Method In this semi-experimental research, 48 overweight and obese women were purposefully selected as a statistical sample and randomly divided into four groups of 12 people: 1) training, 2) supplement, 3) training +supplement, and 4) control. The subjects of the first and third groups performed the exercise training protocol (TRX) for eight weeks (Three sessions per week). Also, the subjects of the second and third groups received two 1000 mg capsules of omega-3 supplement daily, and the first and fourth groups received the same amount of placebo (Oral paraffin). At the beginning and end of the study, measuring body fat percentage using a body composition measuring device and venous blood samples were collected to measure biochemical values. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results Statistical analysis showed that after eight weeks of intervention, There is a significant difference between the changes in leptin serum levels and body fat percentage in the training + supplement group and the control group (p<0.001). Also after eight weeks of intervention in three groups of training, supplement, and training + supplement serum levels of leptin (p=0.005, p=0.039, p<0.001 respectively) and body fat percentage (p<0.001, p=0.001, p<0.001 respectively) has had a significant decrease. Conclusion It seems that the interaction of total body resistance training (TRX) and omega-3 supplementation leads to synergy and more decreasing changes in serum leptin levels and body fat percentage compared to exercise training and omega-3 supplementation alone in overweight and obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ability to control static and dynamic balance is an important physical activity which plays an important role in the implementation of activities, and as a result, in overweight management in children. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mastery-oriented motivational climate (student-centered educational and sports approach) on static and dynamic balance of overweight girl children. Methods: A semi-experimental research strategy with applied purpose and a pre-test-post-test design with control groups were used. 60 girls between 10 and12 were selected by convenience sampling method and were placed in four equal groups of mastery overweight, control overweight, mastery normal weight and control normal weight. Stork and Star tests were used to evaluate static and dynamic balance, respectively. Results: In the pre-test and post-test, the normal weight group performed better regarding both static and dynamic balance, although the difference between the normal weight and overweight groups decreased in the post-test. The experimental overweight group performed better in both static and dynamic balance than the control overweight group. The mean difference between pre-test and post-test of the two experimental groups of overweight and normal weight regarding dynamic and static balance was similar to each other. This was while this mean difference in the overweight group and normal control weight was greater in dynamic balance than static balance (P<0/01). Conclusion: the mastery-oriented motivational climate approach has led to the improvement of both static and dynamic balance and can cause stability of posture and better performance of daily activities and various sports exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: parental support is an important predictor of adolescents' participation and levels of leisure-time physical activity. This study aimed to investigate the structural relationships between parental support, restructuring ability, subjective norm and leisure time physical activity. Materials & Methods: During a descriptive research of the correlation type, data were collected using questionnaires of leisure physical activity (Godin, 2011), subjective norm (Kim et al., 2019), restructuring ability (Xie et al., 2018a) and perceived parental support (Xie et al., 2021),641 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age, boys and girls, who had a history of physical activity in their leisure time, were collected from May to June 2022 by purposive sampling and analyzed with SPSS 25 and SmartPLS 3 software. Results: Path analysis shows that all the hypotheses were statistically significant at the P<0.05 level. specifically, the subjective norm had a positive effect on the restructuring ability and the of leisure physical activity adolescents (P<0.05). In addition, the restructuring ability had a positive effect on the subjective norm and leisure physical activity adolescents (P<0.05). Finally, parental support had a positive effect on adolescent's restructuring ability, subjective norm and leisure time physical activity (P<0.05). The coefficient of determination for leisure time physical activity was equal to 27.8% and it shows the concept that the variables of parental support, subjective norm and the restructuring ability to rebuild together have predicted 27.8% of leisure time physical activity. but both variables of parental support and leisure time physical activity predict a total of 52.6% of adolescents' leisure time physical activity, the share of leisure time physical activity was higher than parental support. Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of parental support for adolescents' leisure time physical activity and helping adolescents to develop the restructuring ability and subjective norm as a way to promote leisure time physical activity among adolescents. As a result, such parental support, especially for adolescent boys and girls with poor health status and high body mass index, increases the leisure time physical activity of adolescents and improves their overall health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type-1 diabetes is associated with the weakness of the body's antioxidant defense and also affects skeletal muscles. This research aimed to investigate the interaction of Berberine supplementation with aerobic exercise on Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), and also the Caspase-3 gene expression in quadriceps muscle tissue of type-1 diabetic rats. Methods: 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) healthy control, 2) diabetic control, 3) Berberine supplement, 4) aerobic exercise and 5) Aerobic exercise + Berberine supplement. After ensuring the induction of diabetes by STZ in the treatment groups, moderate intensity aerobic exercise was performed for six weeks with a frequency of five sessions per week according to the schedule. Berberine supplementation with a dose of 50 mg/kg was implemented by gavage on all days of the week and half an hour before exercise. Results: The MDA and SOD levels in Berberine + aerobic exercise group significantly decreased (P<0.0019) and increased (P<0.0063), respectively compared to other groups. The level of GPX in the Berberine + aerobic exercise group had a significant increase compared to the diabetes control and aerobic exercise groups (P<0.0005 and P<0.001, respectively). Also, there was a significant increase in GPX level in the Berberine supplement group compared to the diabetes control group (P<0.0017), however, there was no significant difference between the group of Berberine + aerobic exercise and Berberine supplement (P=0.132). The Caspase-3 gene expression in Berberine + aerobic exercise group had a significant decrease compared to diabetes control and aerobic exercise groups (P<0.0001 and P<0.001, respectively). This variable also had a significant decrease in the Berberine supplement group compared to the diabetes control group (P<0.0005). Conclusion: It seems that the simultaneous intervention of Berberine supplementation and aerobic exercise has positive synergistic effects and plays an important role in reducing MDA, caspase-3 gene expression, and increasing SOD and GPX in the quadriceps muscle of type-1 diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Green coffee affects lipid profile due to its hypolipidemic bioactive compounds. Green coffee along with resistance training are considered as two possible factors for improving lipid profile. This study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of resistance training and green coffee on lipid profile and blood glucose in overweight and obese naval officers. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 48 overweight and obese men were randomly assigned to four Resistance Training (R-Ex), Green Coffee (GC), Resistance Training + Green Coffee (R-Ex+GC), and Control (Con) groups. The training was performed in four sessions a week for eight weeks. An amount of 400 mg of green coffee was consumed per day for eight weeks. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in LDL, TG, and TC in the R-Ex group compared with the GC group. Also, the levels of TG and TC in the R-Ex+GC group had a significant decrease compared with the GC group. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, both types of intervention, GC supplementation and R-Ex alone can be effective in improving lipid profile and blood glucose in overweight and obese naval officers. In addition, the results of this study indicated that consuming GC and R-Ex at the same time can have more beneficial effects on improving lipid profile in overweight and obese men. In general, performing resistance exercises along with the use of herbal supplements such as GC has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Considering the role of physical activity on some factors affecting metabolic diseases, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on serum levels of adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin/TNF-α ratio in men with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this semiexperimental study with a pre-test to post-test design, 24 men with metabolic syndrome, the age range of 40-50 years with a BMI=32.90±2.22 kg/m² were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and they were randomly divided into control and exercise groups. The training intervention included six weeks of moderate aerobic exercises (60- 65% HRmax) and three times per week. Serum levels of adiponectin and TNF-α were measured by ELISA and Fasting glucose, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein were measured by enzymatic calorimetric method. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS24 software using repeated measures ANOVA at significant level were set at p≤0.05. Results: Six weeks of moderate aerobic exercise in men with metabolic syndrome caused a significant increase in serum levels of adiponectin (p=0.008) and the adiponectin/TNF-α ratio (p=0.003) as well as a significant decrease in TNF-α (p=0.01) also were observed. Moreover, serum levels of metabolic parameters including fasting glucose (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.003), high-density lipoprotein cholestrol (p=0.03) and BMI (p=0.04) showed a significant improvement at post test. The highest change in the adiponectin/TNF-α and the lowest change in high-density lipoprotein cholestrol were observed. Conclusion: It seems that moderate aerobic exercise by adjusting the parameters related to the metabolic syndrome disease and also reducing inflammation, can improve the symptoms of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Obesity and overweight can be considered as important factors due to their effect on metabolic disorders. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to study the effect of intermittent intense and continuous moderate intensity training on serum irisin levels and insulin resistance in overweight men. Materials and Methods: In the current study, 30 men with an average age of 38.6±3.98 years and a body mass index of 28.5±6.17 kg/m² were selected and randomly divided into three equal groups including intense interval training, continuous tranining with moderate intensity and control. The training including Intense intermittent and moderate intensity continuous training were performed for eight weeks and repeated three sessions a week. Before and after eight weeks of training, the subjects' blood samples were collected and the serum irisin and lipid profile were measured using ELISA and calorimetric methods, respectively. Then, intra-group changes were evaluated using the dependent t-test and extra-group changes were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The improvement of irisin serum levels and insulin resistance was observed in both training groups compared to the control group, so that the changes were more obvious in the continuous training group than the intense intermittent training group. Also, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group, while these changes were not significant between training groups. Moreover, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly reduced in both training groups compared to the control group, so that this reduction was significantly greater in the intense intermittent training group than continuous training group. Conclusion: The current study showed that intermittent and continuous trainings can be considered as a important training, because of effectiveness on irisin, insulin resistance and some variables of lipid profile; they can be very useful in reducing complications caused by overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is the most common heart disease and indication of coronary artery bypass graft(CABG). After CABG, patients need proper self-care and lifestyle changes to increase their quality of life. The present research aimed to the conceptual design of self-care Android software, focusing on the third phase of cardiac rehabilitation. Materials and Methods: This descriptive research has been carried out in two main phases and a total of six steps in order to assess the informational and functional needs of self-care software and design its conceptual model. After searching in reliable scientific sources and guidelines and checking the available Persian software, through the content validity index questionnaire of Lavshe, Welts and Bassel, 23 people from the medical staff with a history of caring for heart patients participated in the step of determining the requirements and the results were analyzed using SPSS Software. Descriptive analysis was done. Finally, the software model was prepared using integrated modeling language and th mind map was drawn. Results: Sixty two items were identified in 6 general categories (personal information, medical records, interventions, personal health record, essential information, emergency communication). In the phase of determining the requirements by the experts, 52 items were accepted and 10 items were included in the conceptual model of the application program with minor changes and revisions. Conclusion: Using mobile health in self-care and cardiac rehabilitation will be a suitable solution in order to increase treatment, follow-up and optimal continuation of self-care in patients. By having different functions, this tool can facilitate lifestyle change and help patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular events and improve their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Old age is a significant phase of life. This period begins when one reaches the age of 65. Elderly may experience problems and threats such as chronic diseases and physical and mental disabilities. One of the problems that elderly may experience is death obsession. Death obsession consists of mental preoccupations, impulses, and resistant ideas on death. Another possible change among this group of people is body awareness that is defined as the beliefs and concerns about the appearance of the body. The issues may appear in various pathological forms including depression, anxiety and mental disorders. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an intervention that is assumed to impact the reduction of death obsession and body awareness. ACT helps to achieve these goals by increasing individuals’ flexibility, leading them to set some effective values and making them committed to these values, and providing a meaningful life. However in the meantime, people have to accept the inevitable suffering that they may experience during the process of achieving goals. Therefore, the elderly would experience a better adaptation against death obsession. Moreover, because of paying more attention to the effective values, increasing psychological flexibility and distinguishing thoughts from the facts, people’s distorted beliefs about appearance of their body decrease and the quality of their awareness on their body may improve. Another approach that is assumed to reduce death obsession and body awareness is Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT). This approach underscores body calmness, mind calmness, self-compassion and mindfulness. It is believed that CFT intervention can play a significant role in boosting mind calmness, alleviating obsessions, and negative spontaneous thoughts about their body consciousness. The elderly are viewed as the capitals of each country and their psychological status cannot be ignored. Therefore, this research tried to measure the effectiveness of ACT and CFT on decreasing death obsession and body awareness among this group of people. Method This semi-experimental research relied on a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental and one control group. The sample was selected from the elderly members of the Welfare Organization of Behshahr, Iran. The members voluntarily participated in the research. They were selected using purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control groups. The members of the first experimental group received CFT in eight 90-minute sessions and the members of the second experimental group received ACT in nine 120-minute sessions. The members of the control group, however, did not receive any treatment. To measure the effectiveness of the intervention programs, a pre-test and a post-test were carried out using the body-awareness questionnaire (2006) and Abdel-Khalek’s (1998) death obsession scale. The death obsession scale consists of 15 items that measure death rumination, death dominance and repetitive thoughts related to death. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariance analysis) were applied to analyze the data using SPSS 23 software. Results The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the two treatment methods significantly reduce death obsession and body awareness among the elderly (p<0.05). The results also showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of ACT and CFT on reducing death obsession body awareness (p>0.05). Considering the results of implementing the two treatment methods that significantly reduced the death obsession and body awareness, we expect that psychologists and therapists can enhance the elderly’s quality of life through applying appropriate treatment. Conclusion: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on death obsession and body awareness among the elderly. The results showed that both treatment methods were effective in reducing death obsession and body awareness, and there was not any significant difference in the effectiveness of ACT and CFT on body awareness and death obsession. Although there are fundamental differences between the two methods in the implementation and techniques, both interventions, derived from the third movement of psychotherapy, emphasize that avoiding negative emotions, feelings, thoughts and pains intensifies psychological problems including death obsession and body awareness. Due to employing such techniques as acceptance, mindfulness, living at the moment, cognitive separation from thoughts and examining them, values and committed action through enhancing psychological flexibility, and therapeutic compassion through becoming aware of the inevitability of sufferings and stresses and choosing a soothing and compassionate attitude towards oneself in stressful situations, creates a loving and accepting relationship with himself and his thoughts and reduce the obsession of death and body awareness. Taking the results into consideration, we can conclude that ACT and CFT can be effectively used to treat the elderly with death obsession and body awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foot posture is proposed as an important factor that may affect the lower limb alignment. Variations from the normal foot posture may contribute to musculoskeletal injuries of the lower extremity especially knee joint. Considering variations in foot posture and knee joint alignment, this study aimed to assess and compare pennation angles of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) in women with pronated foot posture and normal ones. Methods: This observational, case-control study was carried out on 31 women with pronated foot posture (foot posture index: 6-12) and 31 women with normal foot posture (foot posture index: 0-5) in the age range of 18 to 35 years old. Participants were recruited from female students of university communities using Non-probability Sampling method. Sampling was carried out from September 2019 up to February 2020 at the biomechanics laboratory of rehabilitation faculty of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The pennation angle of VMO, VM and VL muscles was measured by using two dimensional. B-mode ultrasound imaging (USI) .A 7.5MHz linear transducer with 50mm footprint was used for the measurements. The ultrasound images were analyzed using Image J software. Three longitudinal scans were captured for each muscle pennation angle while the probe removed between each scan. Results: The results of this study showed that there is no statistical significant difference between the pennation angles of VMO, VM and VL in women’s foot posture compare to the normal ones (P>0.05). However, the results of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of USI measurements showed “good” intrarater reliability for VMO (ICC=0.88), VM (ICC=0.87) and VL (ICC= 0.77) pennation angles. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the pennation angle of knee extensor muscles (VMO, VM, and VL), which was measured in non-weight bearing, is not different in young women with pronated foot compared to the normal ones. In addition, USI demonstrated good reliability for measuring VMO, VM and VL pennation angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Immunological dysfunctions and imbalance of Th1 and Th2 cells in pregnant women can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The effect of exercise training in changing immune-cell distribution during pregnancy is unclear. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of 12 weeks moderateintensity aerobic exercise training (AET) on Th1/Th2 (IFN-γ/IL-4) balance in the second trimester of pregnancy. Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted in 2022 on 30 pregnant women aged 20 to 35 years, with gestational age 12 to 15 weeks in Tabriz city. The subjects were randomly divided into two exercise and control groups. AET were performed according to the recommendations of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists with moderate intensity (12-14 Borg RPE) for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session 45 min. The variables of weight, blood pressure, heart rate and serum levels of IL-4, IFN-γ were evaluated before and after the exercise protocol. The data were evaluated by SPSS software (version 25) and ANCOVA test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the results, the weight gain of the exercise group was significantly lower compared to the control group (P=0.027). Mean arterial blood pressure (P=0.019) and IFN-γ (P=0.025) were significantly decreased in the exercise group compared to the control group, but IL-4 and Th1/Th2 ratio did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: In general, moderate intensity AET may be a safe way to improve the health of mothers in the second trimester of pregnancy, but considering limited studies and conflicting results, it seems that the effect of exercise training on Th1/Th2 balance in three different periods of pregnancy needs more investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate alpha power in successful and unsuccessful free throws of elite and novice basketball players. Methods: The current research was quasi-experimental and was implemented in a time series design. Two Elite (10 participants with a mean age of 22.25 ± 1.34) and Novice (10 participants with a mean age of 22.55 ± 1.80) groups participated voluntarily. The data were measured using 28 electrodes from a 32-channel wireless device and were analyzed using the repeated measures analysis of variance test (p≥0.05). Results: The alpha power of the elite group was higher than the novice group (P=0.001). The successful throws showed lower alpha power than unsuccessful throws (P=0.006). In the comparison of the two groups, the alpha power in the unsuccessful throws of the elite group was higher than in their successful throws (p=0.001), but no difference was observed between the alpha power of the successful and unsuccessful throws of the novice group (p=0.584). The alpha power during the execution time of the free throw task was higher than the pre-execution time (p<0.005), but there was no difference between the first and second pre-execution times (p=1.000). The results of the present study showed that the elite group had higher cortical activity than the novice group in all electrodes (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings show that the elite group performed the task with less cortical complexity by inhibiting irrelevant information. In addition, the decrease in alpha power in successful throws indicates an increase in activation of cerebral cortex and an increase in concentration, so that the task can be performed with fewer neural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

purpose: The increasing trend of obesity has turned it into one of the biggest health challenges in the world, which is related to various diseases, including fatty liver disease. the aim of the effect of eight weeks of TRX exercises with sesame seed supplementation on the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lipid profile in obese women. methods: In this experimental study, 40 female subjects between the ages of 30 and 50 with obesity were randomly assigned to four supplement groups (10 people), exercise+supplement (10 people), Training (10 people) and control (10 people) were included. TRX training protocol included (8 weeks, 3 days, 40-45 minutes). The supplement groups consumed 30 grams of sesame daily for 60 days. Blood samples were taken in two stages before and after the test. Correlated t, one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used to compare between groups. Statistical analyzes were performed at the statistical level of P≤0.05 using SPSS statistical software version 23. Result: TRX training and sesame supplement consumption had a significant effect on the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and LDL, HDL, TC and TG levels in the supplement, exercise+supplement and exercise groups compared to the control group (P 0.001), (P=0.039), (P=0.011), (P=0.003), (P=0.005), (P=0.024), (P=0.004) . Conclusion: it seems that performing TRX exercises along with sesame seed supplementation can be used as a non-pharmacological solution to reduce risk factors (reducing ALT, AST, ALP and lipid profile) in obese people . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 and 12 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), homocysteine (HCY) and lipid profile of active middle-aged men. Method: For this purpose, 30 active middle-aged men, were randomly divided into two groups: HIIT training and control group. HIIT Training subjects do HIIT training 3 session per week for 12 weeks with 90% of maximum heart rate. The Serum levels of CRP, IL-6, HCY, HDL, LDL, TC and TG were measured 12 hours before the first session of training protocol, and 48 hours after 8th and 12th weeks of HIIT. Results: Results show that HIIT had a significant effect on LDL, TC and TG Indices in active middle-aged men in both 8 and 12 weeks (P˂0/05). On the other hand, HIIT did not have a significant effect on CRP (P=0/848), IL-6 (P=0/080) and HCY (P=0/247) indices in 8 weeks, but it did have a significant effect on CRP (P=0/003), IL-6 (P=0/019) and HCY (P=0/012) indices in 12 weeks. Conclusion: HIIT appears to produce favorable changes on lipid profile of middle-aged men over a period of 8 weeks, but it does not have the ability to improve their inflammatory indicators and create favorable changes in inflammatory indices, it is necessary to perform HIIT for more than 8 weeks and a period of 12 weeks will bring about favorable changes and it is likely to have an effective role in preventing middle-aged heart diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Recently, researchers have been paying attention to the study of supplements that can facilitate fat oxidation in addition to sports activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of short-term consumption of green tea on metabolic cost and substrate oxidation during acute exercise with Fatmax intensity in healthy overweight or obese men. Methods: The subjects of this research were 15 overweight and healthy men who were cross-examined in one group. First, on the treadmill connected to the gas analyzer, a sports protocol was performed at a speed of 3.5 km per hour, a slope of 1%, for 3 minutes, and after a 2-minute break (execution of the first stage), the activity was performed at a speed of 4 km. per hour with a slope of one percent (second stage); and then at a speed of 5 kilometers per hour (third stage); and then at a speed of 6 km per hour (fourth stage); And finally, it was implemented at a speed of 6.5 km per hour (during 4 minutes). Next, the participants took green tea (with a dose of 1000 mg in day) for a week and came to the laboratory for the second time. After that, they consumed placebo twice a day for a week and came to the laboratory for the third time. For each person, the maximum amount of fat oxidation (MFO) and the intensity of activity at which MFO occurs (Fatmax) were determined. The results were extracted using repeated measurement analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test at a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Between the amount of fat oxidation, respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in two cases of 7 days green tea consumption and placebo; there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Short-term consumption of green tea before acute exercise at Fatmax intensity has no effect on energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and fat reduction, and its consumption period and dosage should be studied further [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Cytokines play a major role in numerous diseases and are considered an important target for therapeutic interventions. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of a course of resistance training on the serum level of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Interferon-β (IFN-β) in young women with multiple sclerosis (MS). Subjects and Methods The present study was conducted based on a pre-test and posttest quasi-experimental design. A total of 30 women with MS within the age range of 30- 35 years were randomly selected and assigned to two groups: exercise (n=15) and control (n=15). Resistance exercises were performed for eight weeks and three sessions a week, each session lasting 60 min with an intensity of 60%-70% of heart rate reserve. Blood samples were taken before and after the training protocol with 12 hours of fasting, and the levels of IL-17 and IFN-β were measured using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 220) using the covariance test. Results The results demonstrated that after eight hours of resistance training intervention, IL-17 level decreased significantly in the training group, while IFN-β showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Since moderate-intensity resistance training decreased IL-17 and increased IFN-β in patients with MS, it seems that exercise intervention can be used to treat and prevent the progression of MS along with drug treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Aging is generally associated with a progressive decrease in physical activity, which can affect the quality of life and lead to negative structural and functional changes in different body tissues and reduce their efficiency. High levels of interleukin-10 and interleukin-15 cytokines are related to longevity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on the serum levels of interleukin10 and interleukin-15 in middle-aged women. Subjects and Methods A total of 40 middle-aged women (40-59 years old) were selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups (n=20 each). The experimental group performed a resistance training program with a training load of 65% to 80%1RM for 12 weeks. Finally, 48 h after the last exercise, the levels of interleukin-10 and interleukin-15 were measured by the ELISA method. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to compare the data, and the independent t-test was used for the effectiveness of the exercise. Results The findings showed no difference in weight and BMI between the experimental and control groups before the start of the research (P<0.05). However, after training, it was statistically significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in the levels of interleukin-10 and interleukin-15 after training (P=0.001). Conclusion It seems that the increased regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines can positively affect the improvement of physiological conditions caused by resistance training in middle-aged women. Therefore, it is recommended to use strength training to improve the levels of cytokines to increase the strength and performance of muscle mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Occurrence of behavioral disorders causes teenagers to suffer mental, cognitive and emotional disturbances and cannot perform properly. according to this the present study was conducted to investigate The effectiveness of mindfulness based stress reduction training on the cognitive fustion and alexitimia of adolescents with internalizing behavior disorder. Material and Method The present study was semi experimental (with experimental and control groups) with three-stage (pretest, posttest, follow-up) and two-month followup period design. The statistical population of the research included adolescents with internalized behavior disorder who were studying in the first period of secondary school in the academic year of 2022-2023 in Qom city. 37 adolescents with internalizing behavior disorder were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental (19 people) and control groups (17 people). The experimental group received ten ninty-minute sessions of mindfulness based stress reduction training during ten weeks. The applied questionnaires included Cognitive Fustion Questionnaire (CFQ), Alexitimia Questionnaire (AQ) and Children and Adolescents Behavioral Inventory (CABI). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA method via SPSS23 software. Results The results showed that mindfulness based stress reduction training has significant effect on the cognitive fustion and (F=39.15; Eta=0.53; P<0001) and alexitimia (F=73.07; Eta=0. 68; P<0001) of adolescents with internalizing behavior disorder. Conclusion According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that mindfulness based stress reduction training can be used as an efficient method to decreace cognitive fustion and alexitimia of adolescents with internalizing behavior disorder through applying the how to deal with stress and act mindfully (breathing, eating, sitting and walking mindfully). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercises using fitness equipment in parks on the lower limb muscle function of inactive women in Iran. Methods: This is a prospective quasi-experimental study. The study population includes all inactive women in Tehran, Iran, aged 25-35 years. Of these, 40 women with no history of physical activity in the past year were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of control (n=20) and exercise (n=20). The training program consisted of workouts using fitness equipment in parks (sky walker, aero rider, and leg press machine) at 8 sessions, two sessions per week. The tests included Sargent jump test, triple jump test, star excursion balance test, and 6-meter single-leg timed hop test. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (to examine the normal distribution of data), and the analysis of covariance (to examine differences in variables between the two groups) in SPSS software, version 24. Results: After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test score of the parameters of muscle function, indicating that exercises using the fitness equipment in parks can affect the lower limb muscle function of inactive women. Conclusion: Exercises using park fitness equipment can be used to improve the lower limb muscle function of inactive women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The quality of life of hemodialysis patients who are in the final stages of renal failure is affected by various factors. Balance, as an important factor in physical ability, plays an important role in the physical and daily activities of people, including hemodialysis patients. Exercise and physical activity in these patients can reduce the symptoms of uremic syndrome, increase hemodialysis quality, and reduce mortality in these patients. This study aims to investigate the improvement of balance, quality of life, and satisfaction with life of hemodialysis patients after 8 weeks of combined exercises. Methods: In this study, 24 patients with hemodialysis aged 40-60 years in Urmia, Iran participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into two groups of control (n=12) and exercise (n=12). Their quality of life (by 26-item World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire in four areas of physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health), satisfaction with life (by the satisfaction with life scale), static and dynamic balance (using the Prokin 212N device) were measured before and after 8 weeks of resistance-aerobic exercises in both groups. The control group had their normal daily activities during this period without any intervention. Results: The combined exercise program significantly improved the static balance (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001), and quality of life (P=0.001 for physical, psychological, and environmental health; P=0.010 for social relationships) in the exercise group compared to the control group. In addition, a significant effect was found on the satisfaction with life in the exercise group (P=0.001). Conclusion: The combined exercise program is effective in improving balance, satisfaction with life, and quality of life of hemodialysis patients. It is recommended to use these exercises to improve the balance, quality of life, and satisfaction with life of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Resistin is a new hormone that is secreted from adipocytes which can be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The effects of exercise trainings on resistin levels and its association with metabolic indices are unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the response of serum resistin to aerobic exercise and its association with metabolic indices in women with type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. The experimental group received 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, 3 times a week for 20-50 minutes at 50-70% of maximum heart rate. The control group was sedentary during the same period. Blood samples were collected to examine the biochemical variables in pre-and post-tests. Results: The mean of age and BMI was 59/70ۦ5/28 years and 31/80ۦ3/87 respectively. Aerobic exercise decreased weight, body fat percent, body mass index, lipid profile, fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin while resistin was increased (P≸0/05). Insulin levels and insulin resistance did not change significantly (P≸0/05), also there was a significant inverse correlation between resist in and cholesterol in post-test (P?0/05). Conclusion: According to the increase in resistin levels and because of no significant change in insulin resistance, it is unlikely that resistin linked obesity to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes Mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The aim of this quasi-experimental study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of progressive endurance training and Silymarin supplementation intake on hematological parameters in sedentary men (age: 25 ± 5 years, weight 86 ± 21, height 178 ±13 BMI 27 ± 5). Materials and Methods To this end, twenty-one students from Shahrood University of Technology who were willing to participate in the study were chosen for the study. The subjects were then randomly divided into supplemental groups (n=11) and placebo groups (n=10). Both groups received progressive endurance training. The control group received placebo while the experimental or supplemental group received Silymarin. Blood samples were collected before and after 6 weeks of exercise training and supplementation intake. Hematological parameters such as RBC, MON, RBC, HCT, PLT were measured. Data were then analyzed using repeated measure (2×2). Results Hematological parameters such as RBC, MON, RBC, HCT, PLT were measured. Data were analyzed using repeated measure (2×2). Conclusions The results of this study showed that Silymarin supplementation and progressive endurance training not only increases hemoglobin factor but also reduces monocytes, erythrocytes, and hematocrit factors significantly (P⩽0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adipokines are peptides secreted by adipose tissue that affect whole-body energy metabolism. Exercise training exerts beneficial effects on adipose tissue. However, less is known regarding visfatin's, IL-6 & TNF-α response to an interval acute training. Therefore, we investigated the effects of acute interval exercise on plasma visfatin, TNF-α and IL-6 levels, in healthy female rats. Furthermore, correlate between changes probably these factors were also assessed. Methods: This study was conducted experimentally. Forty five female sprague dawley rat were randomly divided into three groups: pre test (n= 15), treadmill exercise (n= 15) and sedentary controls (n= 15). The acute alternative exercise consisted of treadmill running: 3 session/ week for 8 week. The changes of plasma IL-6, TNF-α and Visfatin levels were measured by ELISA analysis. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with measures (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test. Results: Acute interval treadmill exercise led to significant decreases in visfatin (P= 0/036), IL-6 (P= 0/009) and TNF-α (P= 0/022) plasma levels between the groups. Also, this study no significant correlations between the changes in adipokines were observed. Conclusion: Decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-6 correlated with intensity and duration exercise. Furthermore, probably there were some factors except weight decreasing that affects on visfatin decrease. Therefore, the reduction of this factor may cause in preventing metabolic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of high risk of physical inactivity in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and its adverse consequences, evaluating their physical activity (PA) using accelerometry and investigating its relation with age and severity of the disorder are integral. Materials & Methods: Fifty-two boys and 16 girls aged 7-14 years -from autism schools in Tehran- participated in current cross sectional study. Level of daily PA was evaluated for seven consecutive days using accelerometers. Autism severity was also assessed in communication, sociability, sensory and cognitive awareness, and health and physical behavior using Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). Results: Ninety one percent of participants encountered low level of PA. Girls were remarkably less active than boys and were more inactive. Level of PA significantly reduced as they aged. Level of PA was adversely and significantly correlated with autism severity in the area of sensory and cognitive awareness. Moreover, level of vigorous PA was adversely and significantly correlated with total autism severity. Finally, age, sex, and sensory and cognitive awareness were partially predictors of PA. Conclusion: Children with HFA are physically inactive and considerably engage in more sedentary activities as they age. Age and gender can be considered as physical activity determinants among this people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular physical activity (PA) is an underlying factor since childhood and adolescence for having a healthy and active future in life. The aim of this study was to review the evidence on increasing the youth PA to develop the national program at country level. Methods: At first, the databases were searched using the sensitive keywords, and systematic reviews of the relevant databases were extracted. The studies were evaluated in terms of relevance and methodological quality for effective interventions that were detected. These cases were also identified in the effective interventions as disadvantages, benefits, costs, methods, and limitations of early studies, based on systematic review of the studies. Findings: Three interventions were identified as physical education curriculum reform, the creation of extra-curricular activities, as well as approaches to environmental and social support. Evidence showed that the relative impact of these interventions were not high. Conclusion: Thus, a combination of all three options of integrated approach is recommended for reducing the sedentary lifestyle of youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Sensory processing is necessary to perform daily activities properly. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of sensory processing disorder in children aged 5- 11 years old. Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included all children aged 5 to 11 years old in kindergartens and primary schools in Tehran, Iran. Children meeting the inclusion criteria were 2191, selected through multistage cluster sampling. Children parents completed the Dunn Sensory Profile. Participants' demographic information was recorded and frequency of sensory processing disorder was analyzed in SPSS V22 based on the cut off point of the nine factors of the sensory profile. Results: The study included 31.3% girls and 68.7% boys. Frequency of sensory processing disorder estimated based on the cut off points of the sensory profile was as follows: sensory seeking: 9.40٪, emotional reactivity: 10.81٪, low muscle tone and endurance: 18.16٪, oral sensory sensitivity: 18.34٪, inattention and distractibility: 7.85٪, poor sensory registration: 15.10٪, sensory sensitivity: 22.22٪, sedentary: 10.17%, and fine movement and perception: 3.60٪. Conclusion: In this study, children aged 5 to 11 years were found with different patterns in sensory processing. Frequency of sensory processing disorders in all nine factors of sensory profile was higher in boys. Further studies, using the Dunn Sensory Profile, are needed in other parts of Iran, especially in children with different sensory problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a major health problem all around the world. On the other hand, few people, especially women, are physically active to the levels recommended by Healthy People 2010 web site managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The objective of this study was to compare the potential effects of intermittent and continuous exercise programs combined with concurrent calorie restriction diets on lipid profile and fasting blood sugar in overweight and obese females. Methods: Forty-five women with a sedentary life style and a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2, were randomly assigned to one of the three groups (15 subjects in each group): a) 40 minutes of medium-intensity intermittent exercise (64-76% of maximal heart rate), 3 bouts per day for 5 days a week, b) a single bout of a 40-minute continuous exercise per day for 5 days a week, C) the non-exercising control group. A self-monitored calorie restricted diet was recommended to all participants by a dietitian. The lipid profile, fasting blood sugar and blood pressure of all participants were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks after the intervention period. Results: After the intervention, there were no significant differences among the groups in terms of lipid profile [cholesterol (P=0.94), triglyceride (P=0.62)] fasting blood sugar (P=0.054), systolic blood pressure (P=0.84) or diastolic blood pressure (P=0.30). Conclusion: There seems to be no significant differences between short term continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise programs in improving lipid profile, fasting blood sugar or blood pressure both in overweight and obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is currently a worldwide health epidemic which has incited major interest among researchers to look for the underlying mechanisms that regulate body weight. In fact, adiponectin and leptin concentrations that are called adipokines are altered in obesity with a decreased production of adiponectin and an increased production of leptin. Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic and antiinsulin resistance properties, but increased levels of leptin are observed in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week aerobic training program on the plasma levels of adiponectin and leptin in healthy middle-aged men. Methods: Thirty healthy middle-aged men were selected based on their body fat percentage and were assigned to two equal groups. The experimental group took the 8- week training, four days a week on alternate days with an intensity of 60-80% of their heart rate reserve but the control group lived their sedentary life. Blood samples were collected before and after the training program from all subjects and plasma adipokine levels were measured. Results: Plasma adiponectin concentration increased while leptin levels decreased significantly (P<0.001 and P≤0.042 respectively) upon completion of the 8-week program. Moreover, reduction in body fat percentage (P≤0.001) negatively correlated with adiponectin (P≤0.001) and positively with leptin changes (P≤0.008). Conclusion: In healthy middle-aged men, 8-week aerobic training programs could reduce body fat percentage and improve plasma adipokines levels. Therefore, aerobic training can be considered as a major strategy for preventing obesity and its accompanying diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary heart disease is one of the most common causes of death in developed countries. Fibrinogen and resistin are two inflammatory markers used for atherosclerosis risk prediction. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the concentrations of fibrinogen and resistin in healthy overweight middle-aged men. Methods: Thirty inactive middle-aged men with a body mass index of 25-30 were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group, accomplished eight weeks (3 sessions per week, of aerobic exercise with an intensity of 50-70% of their maximum heart rate while the control group remained sedentary. Weight, body fat percentage, fibrinogen and resistin levels of the participants were measured 48 hours before the first and after the last training sessions. The obtained data were analyzed using Independent Samples T-tests. Results: There were significant reductions in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and fibrinogen and a significant elevation in resistin concentration in the experimental group (p<0.05) upon the exercises relative to the control group. Conclusion: It seems that eight weeks of regular aerobic exercise could reduce risks of myocardial infarction and improve the health status of overweight middle-aged men through reduction of weight, body fat and fibrinogen and elevation of resistin concentrations. Elevation of resistin concentration can be a sign of increased antioxidant defense mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Nowadays, due to technological advances and sedentary or inactive lifestyle, non-communicable diseases have caused many health problems such as cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to examine the effect of two methods of aerobic training and concurrent training for cardiac rehabilitation on selected hemodynamic and biomechanical factors in older men with coronary artery disease.Methods This is a quasi-experimental causal-comparative study using the pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 24 older men with coronary artery disease, randomly divided into three groups of aerobic training, concurrent training, and control. They first underwent cardiac assessment using the echo Doppler device as well as sports performance test. Then, they were referred to the biomechanics laboratory of the Physical Medicine Center to start cardiac rehabilitation training. After 8 weeks of training, they underwent post-test assessments. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data distribution and the Levene’s test was used to determine the homogeneity of variances. The paired t-test was used to assess between-group differences and independent t-test was used for assessing differences between pretest and post-test scores of the groups. The significance level was set at 0.05.Results Significant improvement was reported in functional capacity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and resting heart rate after both aerobic and concurrent training methods (P0.05). The improvements were more in the concurrent training group.Conclusion Both cardiac rehabilitation methods (aerobic and concurrent training) can improve functional capacity, LVEF, and resting heart rate of older mean with coronary artery disease, where concurrent training is more effective.

Background and Aims Balance is an important factor in people with intellectual disability to have an independent life. These people are weak static and dynamic balance due to lack of development in their central nervous system, defects in the sensory-motor pathways, and having a sedentary life. This study aims to determine the effect of eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) exercises on static and dynamic balance of educable mentally retarded female studentsMethods In this study, participants were 26 educable mentally retarded female students aged 15-20 years (Mean age: 17.19±1.50 years, IQ: 61.15±6.07, weight: 58.9±12.73 kg, height: 157.92±6.07 cm) who were selected using purposive and convenience sampling methods and randomly divided into two groups of training (n=13) and control (n=13). Before and after training, their static balance and dynamic balance on the right and left feet were evaluated using a foot scan device. Subjects in the training group performed DNS exercises at 24 sessions, each session for 40 minutes. No intervention was provided to the control group; they performed their routine activities. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 0.05.Results After eight weeks of DNS exercises, the results showed a significant improvement in static balance (F=72.54, P=0.001), dynamic balance on the right foot (F=90.90, P=0.002) and dynamic balance on the left foot (F=61.58, P=0.001) in the training group compared to the pretest scores and compared to the control group.Conclusion DNS exercises can be used as an effective method to improve static and dynamic balance of educable mentally retarded female students.

The Coronavirus emerged in China in late 2019, and its spread has significantly disrupted social, economic, and political situations on a global scale. This phenomenon presented institutions, organizations, and governments with a significant political opportunity, and the media served as one of the instruments utilized to advance the ideological agendas of various political actors. Underpinned by Baker's narrative theory, this study attempts to investigate the ideological intervention of translators in text translation, specifically as it relates to news texts related to the Coronavirus crisis. To attain this goal, the researcher collected 180 Persian news texts and their English translations from foreign news agencies' websites. Upon analyzing the data using Baker's framing strategies, it was established that the translator's role is critical during times of crisis. The translator's performance has the potential to steer society toward either stability or instability. Moreover, the study revealed that the translator's function in constructing or redefining societal and political identities has significant implications. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of informing the audience about the translator's role in reconfiguring narratives around the Coronavirus crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Adipokines omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 are hormones secreted from adipose tissue that effectively regulate metabolic pathways. On the other hand, exercise training plays a positive role in preventing metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on the levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 in adults. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Scopus, and Magiran databases was conducted until September 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on the levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin1 in adults. The mMean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test, and diffusion bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. Results: In total, 26 studies, including 29 exercise interventions and 722 adults, 409 participants in the exercise group with an average age of 32.45 ± 3.71, and 313 participants in the control group with an average age of 29.86 ± 2.34 were added to the present meta-analysis. The results showed that exercise training caused a significant increase in omentin-1 [SMD=1.37, 0.83 to 1.91, P=0.001] and nesfatin-1 [SMD= 0.69, 0.01 to 1.37, P=0.04] compared to the control group in adults. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that both types of aerobic and resistance training lead to a significant increase in the levels of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1. It seems that exercise training can be a nonpharmacological and practical intervention to regulate adipokines in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]