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Background and Aim: Vesiculobullous diseases (VBDs) are a category of disorders resulting from the production of antibodies against the connection of epithelial cells to each other and the underlying connective tissues. The prevalence of these diseases in individuals under 18 years old is significantly lower than in adults, and limited studies have specifically addressed the frequency of these lesions in this age group. This study aims to assess the prevalence of VBDs in patients under the age of 18 at Shahid Beheshti Dental School and Razi Hospital in Tehran from 2010 to 2020 based on age, gender, location of involvement, clinical diagnosis, and histopathology. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed based on the available data in the archives of Shahid Beheshti Dental School and Razi Hospital from 2010 to 2020. Result: A total of 2021 cases of VBD were identified, with 29 cases (1.45%) observed in individuals under the age of 18. Lesions showed a slight preference for females, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.23. Adolescents (13-18 years old) were the most affected age group (51.72%). The combination of lesions on the trunk and oral cavity was the most common combination observed in this study (44.82%). Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) (27.58%) was the most prevalent type of VBD, followed by erythema multiforme (EM) (24.13%), epidermolysis bullosa (EB) (20.68%), and bullous pemphigoid (BP) (17.23%). Conclusion: In summary, PV was the most common type of VBD in our study region, predominantly affecting females. EM and EB had the highest frequencies, with EB being the most common lesion in the birth to 5 years age group. BP had a lower prevalence in these age groups compared to the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Nowadays, color matching is one of the most challenging issues in dental restorations and cosmetic dentistry. As natural teeth have a wide range of colors, the proportionality of restoration or prosthesis to the remaining teeth, especially in the anterior region, is important. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing two digital devices in determining the color of ceramic samples based on the reference system of spectroradiometry. Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study was performed on 48 ceramic samples of A1, B1, C1, and D2 feldspathic ceramics, with six disks of each color, according to the Vita classic shade guide with a diameter of 0.12±0.5 mm and a thickness of 2±0.5 mm. Each of the three digital devices, Vita Easyshade, 3Shape TRIOS3, and CS2000, were calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions before starting work. In this color evaluation, each ceramic sample was matched with the reference system of CS2000 based on l, a, and b values. Then, ceramic samples were color matched with Vita Easyshade and 3Shape TRIOS3 devices based on CIE lab and Vita classic. The difference in color determination by the three digital devices compared to the reference system was evaluated by SPSS version 26 software and chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: The 3Shape TRIOS3 group had a 66.7% error rate, while the VITA Easyshade V group had a 25% error rate. The difference in the false measurement rate between the two methods was significant (p<0.005), and using the 3Shape TRIOS3 device increased the chance of error by 2.667 times (O.R=2.667). Conclusion: Determining color with the VITA Easyshade V device is better and more accurate than determining color with the 3Shape TRIOS3 device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: PGE2 plays a very important role in the mediation of orthodontic therapies and dental reactions. Laser therapy in dentistry can be used to reduce pain, increase genetic bone, stimulate teeth, and reduce localized pain in time periods. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of low-power laser therapy on the surface of PGE2 gingival fluid during orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: In this double blind clinical trial study, 15 patients with crowning or protrusion of teeth requiring constant orthodontic treatment, along with pulling of the first two right and left prime mules, and then retracting the anterior teeth, were selected. After the first periodontal period examinations was performed in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. One quadrant was selected as the experimental group and the opposite quadrant was selected as the control group. In the experimental group, low power diode laser irradiation was performed along the entire length of the gingival groove on days 0 (start of treatment), 2, 18 and 30 (total 4 days) after orthodontic treatment and sampling. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and determined at PGE2 level using an ELISAR device. Data were analyzed by Repeated Measure test, Friedman test and paired t-test. Results: The mean the PGE2 fluid in the orthodontic treated teeth, In the days of treatment, 30,18,2 laser radiation was significantly different between the experimental and control groups (P <0.001). In laser therapy, with significant increase in time, there was a significant reduction in PGE2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the effect of reducing the pain of using and not using the laser in orthodontic movement, adjuvant treatment with low power laser reduces PGE2 as a mediator causing pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent ulcers limited to oral mucosa in patients who have no other symptoms of systemic disease. The main factors currently associated with RAS include genetic factors, hematological defects, immunological problems and local conditions such as trauma and smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluated serum vitamin D levels, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume in patients with RAS. Materials and methods: In this case control study, 30 patients with RAS and 30 healthy individuals were compared as controls, serum samples were evaluated for vitamin D, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume. Findings were analyzed by Mann- Whitney and sample-t-test. Results: Serum vitamin D levels in patients with RAS were 21.44±12.09 ng/ml and in healthy individuals were 24.87 ±18.65 ng/ml. Also neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with RAS were 1.89± 1.23 and in healthy individuals were 2.03± 1.79. Mean platelet volume in patients with RAS were 10.36± 0.93 fl and in healthy individuals were 10.65 ±1.12 fl. There was no significant difference between the two groups. All three markers were not significantly different between the two groups. respectively (P=0.4), (P=0.8) and (P=0.27) Conclusion: It seems that serum vitamin D levels and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume not statistically significant in patients with RAS and healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marital satisfaction serves as a fundamental predictor of stability and well-being within individuals' lives and families. Aim: This study aims to develop a structural model that predicts marital satisfaction among young couples by examining the interplay between behavioral activation/inhibition systems and attachment styles. Method: The current study was a description of structural equations. A sample of 370 young couples in Tehran during the year 2021 was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through demographic questionnaires, Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), the Behavioral Activation/ Inhibition Scale (1994), and the Adult Attachment Scale (2015). Path analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25 and LISREL version 8.8 for data analysis. Results: The results of the path analysis revealed several significant findings. Firstly, the inhibition system demonstrated a direct negative impact on marital satisfaction (ß=-0.16, P<0.05), along with ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=-0.42, P<0.01) and avoidant insecure attachment (ß=-0.19, P<0.05). Conversely, secure attachment displayed a direct and positive effect on marital satisfaction (ß=0.26, P<0.01). Furthermore, the inhibition system exhibited a direct and positive influence on avoidant insecure attachment (ß=0.18, P<0.01) and ambivalent insecure attachment (ß=0.19, P<0.01). Additionally, the activation system had a direct positive effect on secure attachment (ß=0.28, P<0.05) but a direct negative effect on avoidant attachment (ß=-0.30, P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the study underscore the direct predictive role of the activation/inhibition system in marital satisfaction, with attachment styles playing an indirect role. Therefore, therapists should consider these variables to enhance satisfaction levels in couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fear of guilt is a characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which confirms the centrality of guilt in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Aim: This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Iranian adaptation of the Fear of Guilt Scale. Method: This study was applied and developmental in terms of aim and psychometric type,respectively. The population included all the people of the three company in Tehran, Iran, in the year 2022 from which 520 adults, were selected by availabile sampling. The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (2004) and the Fear of Guilt Scale (2016) were used to collect the data. Besides, mean, standard deviation (SD), exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity and construct validity, SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24 were run to analyze the data. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the existence of two factors: "punishment" and "prevention of harm." The scale demonstrated favorable convergent validity. Concerning scale reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated at 0.90 for the entire scale, 0.88 for the "punishment" subscale, and 0.75 for the "prevention of harm" subscale which revealed the convergent and construct validity of this questionnaire. Conclusion: This study confirms the psychometric properties of the Fear of Guilt Scale in terms of evaluating the features of fear of guilt in obsessive-compulsive disorder .Future researches can use this tool for the purposes of evaluating and investigating the fear of guilt in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neurotic perfectionism has a variety of psychological consequences that should be considered in psychotherapy applications. Aim: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on neurotic perfectionism and internalized self-criticism in neurotic perfectionist girls. Method: This study was conducted using a single-case quasi-experimental design with, concurrent multiple baseline. The research population consisted of neurotic perfectionist girls visiting counseling centers in Ahvaz in 2022. The participants were a sample of 5 girls selected using purposive sampling with a minimum cut-off score of 145 in the Neurotic Perfectionism Questionnaire (NPQ). The acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) (Twohig & et al, 2021) was implemented in eleven 90-minute sessions. The participants completed the Neurotic Perfectionism Questionnaire (1994), and the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (2004). The data were collected in three baseline, intervention, and three-month follow-up phases and analyzed using reliable change index (RCI), recovery percentage, and visual inspection. Results: The analysis of the recovery percentage showed the participants’ neurotic perfectionism 17.67 and internalized self-criticism 19.73 improved in the intervention phase and their neurotic perfectionism 36.25 and internalized self-criticism 49.90 increased in the follow-up phase. Moreover, the reliability change index of both variables in the post-treatment and follow-up phases was significant (P=0.05). Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing neurotic perfectionism and internalized self-criticism by increasing psychological flexibility, this therapy can be used as an intervention method in neurotic perfectionist girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Divorce is one of the most important causes of tension and pressure on children. Aim: The research aimed to develop of early intervention program based on cognitive behavioral theory for divorced children with emotional-behavioral disorders and its effectiveness in aggression of divorced children. Method: The research scheme was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in qualitative part consisted of articles and documents related to divorced children and all the professors and specialists in children’s psychological disorders and quantitative part consists of all the girls of divorced families of Astaneh-ashrafiyeh in 2022. Moreever 30 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in experimental and control groups. The intervention program was performed in 12 sessions of 90 minutes, two session per week for experimental group. Instruments included Achenbach’s Children Behavioral Check list (2001) and Shahim’s Primary School Aggression Questionnaire (2006). The data in the qualitative part were analyzed by thematic analysis and in the quantitative part by multivariate analysis of covariance. Result: The results showed the content validity of the intervention program was equal to 0.75 up to 1 and there is significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the groups in aggression (P<0.01). In general, the early intervention program based on cognitive-behavioral theory for divorced children with emotional-behavioral disorders is effective on aggression in divorced children (P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on findings developed intervention program was effective in aggression of divorced children. Therefore, this intervention program can be used as an effective intervention to reduce aggression of divorced children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles (PICTS) plays a significant role in the diagnosis and evaluation of criminal thinking styles. It emphasizes the importance of cognition, particularly in the commission and perpetuation of crimes in the field of psychology . Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the persian version of the PICTS in prisoners . Method: The current research was a descriptive -applied study of the psychometric type. The statistical population consisted of prisoners in Shiraz city in 2022. The statistical sample included 519 prisoners from Adel Abad prison in Shiraz who were selected through purposive sampling. They completed the PICTS. Data analysis was conducted using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS and AMOS version 22 software . Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis supported the eight criminal thinking styles model and the criminal thinking hierarchy model of the PICTS, and the fit indices were favorable. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for overall criminal thinking was 0.91, and for proactive and reactive thinking styles, it was 0.89 and 0.79, respectively. Additionally, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the eight criminal thinking styles ranged between 0.61 and 0.81, and the test -retest correlation coefficient was between 0.63 and 0.86 . Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the persian version of the PICTS has been confirmed. It is recommended that social workers and professionals in the field of criminal psychology use this questionnaire to predict the commission and perpetuation of crimes . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the consequences of aging in women is menopause, which causes many physical and psychological changes. Aim: This study aimed to the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on sexual responsiveness, body self-esteem, and vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Method: This semi-experimental study, with a pretest-posttest control group design, the statistical population consisted of all women with natural menopause, aged 50-60 years, living in Gorgan, during 2022. A total of 30 women were selected through convenience sampling and were then randomly divided into two intervention and control groups, each consisting of 15 individuals. The intervention group participated in eight weekly session's one-hour of ACT. The research tools included the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) Lilton (2005), the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Rosen (2000), and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) Heinemann (2003). For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance was performed using SPSS Version 22. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the intervention and control groups in terms of sexual responsiveness, body self-esteem, and vasomotor symptoms (P<0.05). Overall, ACT increased the total score of sexual responsiveness (P<0.03) and reduced negative body self-esteem (P<0.02) and vasomotor symptoms (P<0.01) in menopausal women. Conclusion: Based on the results, ACT, by enhancing cognitive skills and thought control, improves sexual responsiveness and body self-esteem and reduces vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Therefore, this intervention can be suitable for enhancing the mental health of menopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Economic evaluation evidence can improve policies and decision-making processes in medicine and health system, prevent wastage of resources caused by trial and error, and facilitate the patients' access to medications. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the feasibility of using economic evaluation evidence in the Iranian pharmaceutical sector. Methods. In this qualitative study, 29 stakeholders selected by purposeful sampling were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The statistical population consisted of 29 experts in the fields of pharmacology, management, policymaking, and health economics. The inclusion criteria for participants included being employed in decision-making fields, having a minimum of a master's degree, as well as possessing sufficient and comprehensive knowledge of the subject matter. The interviews were analyzed adopting content analysis method, and the data were coded using the MAXQDA 11 software. Results. In order to identify the obstacles and facilitators of the application of economic evaluation evidence in medicine and health system, the study findings were extracted from three main sections (i.e., characteristics of production and extraction of evidence and information, mechanisms and requirements of using evidence, opportunities and benefits of using evidence) and 11 sub-sections of the identification. Conclusion. In sum, implementing all identified facilitators and mechanisms needed to establish a robust foundation was found extremely important for correcting an economic evaluation and evidence-based management. Removing the obstacles to an evidence- based management was also found crucial for creating an enabling environment required to implement the evidence-based practices effectively and for facilitating the production and utilization of evidence sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence-based policymaking is a type of policy based on valid, timely, and appropriate evidence. This study aimed to explain the evidence-based policy in education and health promotion to students. The method of the present research was a narrative review. The statistical population included 114 Persian and English articles published between 2010 and 2022 which were indexed in ERIC, ScienceDirect, Sage, SID, Irandoc, Magiran, and Medline databases. The search was done using evidence-based policy, health education evidence, health promotion, health education policy, educational policy and health key words. The search was conducted using the SPIDER framework due to the speciality of the subject being studied. Using Downs and Black checklist for quality assessment, the final research sample included 20 references selected through screening. Thematic analysis was used to codify the texts using the Sternberg method. We extracted 59 concepts and six themes based on coding of the findings. Evidence-based policymaking in educating and promoting student health can be categorized into six themes: the necessity for evidence-based policymaking, the characteristics of evidence- based policymaking, the prerequisites of evidence-based policymaking, the impetus for evidence-based policymaking, the barriers to evidence-based policymaking, and the consequences of evidence-based policymaking. Application of evidence-based policymaking in educating and promoting students' health, based on global trends, technologies and strategies can lead to efficient education and health promotion policies. This study provided useful, practical guidelines such as filling the theoretical gap, ensuring clarity and motivation, influencing political decisions, and building trust among researchers, the scientific community, and other policy stakeholders to use evidence-based policymaking effectively in students' health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The reduced level of physical activity is a current global concern. To address this concern, encouraging physical activity should be highlighted by public health policymakers of the countries. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the policies on physical activity in Iran. Methods. In this qualitative study, the analytical framework was adopted to interview 23 key informants selected by the targeted sampling with maximum variation from October 2020 to February 2021. The semi-structured interviews were performed and analyzed until the data saturation was achieved. MAXQDA-10 software was used for data management. Results. Different factors including managerial-structural, socio-cultural, political (i.e., policymaking, legal, and international), and situational factors (i.e., perceived environmental factors, changes in people's lifestyle, and restrictions caused by COVID-19) were the main contextual factors affecting the policymaking process. Conclusion. It was concluded that several relevant factors affected the policymaking in Iran regarding the physical activity. Therefore, it was recommended that these contributory factors should be considered by policymakers when making policies on physical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Due to the progress and expansion of medical science, innovation and promotion of community-oriented medical education has a significant impact on the quality of medical services. The existence of creativity and innovation in every field of medical education among faculty members and their innovative performance can provide a suitable platform for improving the quality of medical education. Meanwhile, self-management skills and professional development play a constructive role in improving the knowledge and skills of faculty members to achieve these goals. The research aimed to investigate the potential correlation between self-leadership and innovative job performance among the faculty members at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods. The current study employed a quantitative approach with a practical purpose. The research method was descriptive and correlational, utilizing structural equation modeling. We focused on the faculty members of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences during the academic year 2021-2022. According to the statistical resources, there were 793 faculty members at the university in the mentioned period. As per Morgan's table, the sample size consisted of 260 individuals. The methods utilized to collect the required data were the standard questionnaire of occupational innovation developed by Etlai and Akif (1982), the professional development questionnaire of faculty members developed by Davarpanah (2018), and the self-leadership questionnaire developed by Rahimi, et al. (2019). To statistically analyze the research data, the SPSS 23 software was used to verify the normality of the studied variables. To calculate the correlation coefficients between them, AMOS Ver. 23 was utilized. Results. According to the correlation matrix table, there was a direct and significant relationship between professional development, self-leadership, and inventive performance. The measurement models fit well based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis and assessment indices. The Cronbach's alpha value was 0.82. The self-leadership coefficient of influence on work innovation was 0.37, self-leadership had a 0.38 coefficient of influence on professional progress, and professional development had a 0.31 impact factor on job innovation. Conclusion. This study revealed that faculty members' self-leadership and professional development had a positive and statistically significant effect on their innovative career performance. The results also confirmed the mediating function of professional development in the relationship between self-leadership and innovative career performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Health systems are responsible for providing healthcare services for all people in a community with reasonable costs. The primary objective was to evaluate and minimize the various expenses the patients incur consistently. The current study aimed to examine the direct non-medical and indirect expenses incurred to hospitalized patients infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in February 2022 at Kosar Hospital in Semnan, Iran to investigate 400 hospitalized patients infected with the COVID-19 Omicron variant. The data were collected using a standardized instrument and conducting interviews with the patient. The descriptive findings were presented as frequencies (percentages) for qualitative variables and as means (standard deviations) for quantitative variables. The statistical relationship between demographic and background variables and the types of costs imposed on patients was examined performing T-test, ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Results. The study findings revealed that the patients and their families spent 20,260,000 IRR on direct non-medical treatment and 28,300,000 IRR on indirect treatment. A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between demographic and background variables and the types of the costs incurred by patients and their families. The results indicated that a previous lung disease, asthma, diabetes, an admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), a coma in the patient, and COVID-19-induced heart complications were statistically and significantly associated with the direct non-medical costs. Furthermore, it was found that variables such as age, gender, educational status, employment status, engagement in occupational and physical activities, as well as the occurrence of a coma imposed additional indirect costs on the patients and their families (P<0.05). Conclusion. In sum, an infection with the Omicron variant of COVID-19 placed a substantial financial burden on the individuals and their households. Various factors may have influenced the magnitude of these expenses; therefore, it was recommended that these factors should be considered when implementing the promotional initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Smoking at a younger age puts people at greater risk for health damage. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the age of smoking onset and high- risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, substance abuse, and high-risk sexual behavior among university students in Tabriz, Iran. Methods. This web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, in 2019. A total of 3,649 students were included in the study according to the proportion of students in each university. The required information was collected through an online questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the age of smoking onset and high-risk behaviors. Results. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants in the study was 22.85 (3.66) years old, and 55.7% were boys. The findings of the study indicate that students who initiated smoking at the age of 16 or younger exhibited higher likelihoods of alcohol consumption over the previous 30 days (OR= 1.77, CI 95%: 1.20 - 2.62) and participation in unsafe sexual practices (OR= 1.54, CI 95%: 1.06 - 2.26) compared to their non-smoking counterparts. Conclusion. Early smoking onset is associated with high-risk behaviors. The age of onset of smoking should be considered as one of the factors associated with high-risk behaviors, and smoking prevention programs should be started from adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Effective triage is a viable solution to improve performance indicators in the emergency department. This study aimed to compare the effect of conventional triage and team triage methods on the performance indicators of emergency department. Methods. In this descriptive cross-sectional research, all 749 patients referred to the emergency department of Tabriz Sina Hospital were triaged using conventional and team methods for two consecutive weeks in July 2020. A researcher-made checklist was used to collect emergency performance indicators. The data were extracted from patient records and recorded in the checklist. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests in the SPSS.19 software. Results. Among the patients, 86.9% in the triage group using the conventional method (52.7% female) and 86.7% in the group using the team method (52% female) were older than 40 years. The results showed that in the team triage group, the number of temporarily hospitalized patients was significantly higher and the frequency of self- responsible exit was lower compared to the conventional method (P < 0.05). In addition, the waiting time for patients triaged with the team method was shorter, and the difference in values was significant for all three triage levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion. According to our results, team triage had a more positive effect on improving emergency performance indicators compared to the conventional method. Therefore, it is recommended to consider this method in hospital emergency departments to provide better services and increase patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is a highly malignant and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, associated with a poor prognosis and short life expectancy following diagnosis. This 10-year retrospective study aimed to identify factors influencing the survival of patients with GBM in Kermanshah. Materials & Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, involving patients diagnosed with GBM who underwent surgery at Kermanshah's educational hospitals between 2008 and 2018. Demographic, clinical, and pathological variables were collected using a checklist extracted from patients' medical records. Patients were followed from the time of surgery until death. Data analysis was performed using Stata 14 software, employing the Cox regression model to assess factors influencing patient survival (p<0.05 considered significant). Results: A total of 153 patients with GBM were diagnosed during the 10-year period. The mean age of the subjects was 56.32 ± 9.22 years, with 60.8% being male. The average overall survival duration was 18.13 ± 6.84 months. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that age, sex, tumor location, size of necrosis, extent of tumor removal during surgery, and reoperation in recurrence were not significant predictors of survival (p>0.05). However, tumor type, tumor pathology, and temozolomide (TMZ) consumption emerged as the most important factors associated with survival in these patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights tumor type, tumor pathology, and TMZ usage as critical factors influencing the survival of patients with GBM. Considering these factors can greatly contribute to the improved management of GBM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Menstrual disorders are one of the most common complaints among women, ranging from delayed menstrual cycles to cycles with hypermenorrhea, hypomenorehea and dysmenorrhea, which can reduce the quality of life of women during their reproductive years. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of menstrual disorders and their related causes in women referring to health centers in Bojnurd. Materials & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. The random sampling method was used, and the study population consisted of 220 women aged 14- 49 years referring to medical centers. To collect data, medical records of patients with menstrual disorders were reviewed in women's health clinics and specialists' offices. SPSS 23 software was used for data analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.545± 9.21 years, 42.7 percent were single and 57.3 percent were married. The most common causes of menstrual disorders were related to polycystic ovary syndrome 30.9%, cysts 18.6%, hypothyroidism 16.1%, respectively. Oligo menorrhea was the most prevalent menstrual disorder, while dysmenorrhea had the lowest prevalence among women. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among the causes of menstrual disorders, by checking on time and treatment can improve the quality of life of affected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Women's violence against men is an emerging phenomenon, and raising this issue is associated with conflicts due to the patriarchal roots that exist in the society. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between types of violence against men and the individual characteristics of their wives among those who referred to community health centers in Sanandaj city, 2021. Materials & Methods: This study is cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical). The sample size was 341 women living in Sanandaj, who were selected by random sampling. The method of collecting the demographic information form and the integrated questionnaire of Alipour (1398) and Panahi (1389) was that its reliability and reliability have been confirmed. Was . The scoring of the question regarding the type of field was based on a 5-point Likert letter from very high to very low, and the reasons for violence were evaluated as a yes or no answer (two options). KMO and Bartlett's sphericity tests were used for the qualification and sufficiency of the data and T-teso x2 statistical tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05. Result: The results showed that most of the 40-year-old women had a bachelor's degree, had two children, and were housewives. The standard and deviation of the total score of spousal abuse was 12.35 ± 8.03. Verbal violence with a rate and deviation of 69.6 ± 1.4, the index of the best behavior and average physical behavior with a mean and deviation of 0.85 490 was the lowest type of violence against men. Spousal abuse in women had a significant relationship with education, occupation, age and number of children (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that women commit violence with their husbands in various environments with different personal characteristics. Therefore, by increasing the level of awareness of families and spreading the culture of conversation and negotiation within families and their management, it is possible to correct and eliminate the violent behavior of couples as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: One of the most important measures to reduce errors in operating rooms is to identify the causes of errors and their risk factors. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors affecting the occurrence of errors and the barriers to reporting them from the perspective of surgical technology and anesthesia students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences, 2022. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which all verified undergraduate surgical technology and anesthesia students were enrolled by census method. Data collection tools included demographic data and factors affecting the occurrence of errors, and barriers to error reporting questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26, descriptive, and analytical statistics with a significant level of 0.05. Results: 270 undergraduate surgical technology and anesthesia students took a part in this study. Findings indicate that the mean of the factors affecting the occurrence of errors was 2.62±0.74, and for the factors affecting error reporting it was 2.90±0.92. The highest mean score related to the field of environmental factors (2.82±0.85) among the factors affecting the occurrence of errors; and the scope of the reporting process (3.04±1.01) was one of the barriers to reporting errors. Conclusion: The results of this study showed providing standard clinical training fields can have a significant impact on reducing the occurrence of errors. On the other hand, reforming the error reporting process and encouraging students to report errors should also be a priority for the management of educational and therapeutic centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Screening examinations are usually used to identify people at risk of disease, in order to allow the use of early interventions in order to prevent or treat diseases. In this study, we have compared the awareness and performance of medical intern students and nurses regarding screening examinations, 2022. Materials & Methods: The current research is a descriptive-comparative research. A total of 45 nurses and 45 medical interns were studied using available sampling and based on the inclusion criteria. The research questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographic information, questions to check awareness and questions to check performance. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 25 and using statistical tests of frequency, percentage, T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The level of knowledge of nurses and medical interns was average (10.22±2.610 and 11.36±3.309, respectively) and in terms of performance, 82.2% of nurses and 46.7% of medical interns performed well. There was no statistically significant difference between the level of knowledge of nurses and medical interns (P=0.061), but in the field of performance, nurses performed better than medical interns (P=0.000). Conclusion:The findings of the present study showed that there are deficiencies in the knowledge and performance of medical interns and nurses in the field of screening examinations, therefore, there should be urgent plans in the field of training for screening examinations and their timely performance, especially in the treatment staff. And it must be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Emotional intelligence includes a series of characteristics that have the ability to affect a person's overall ability to respond to environmental needs and stress. Due to the stressful nature of the clinical environment, this study was conducted with the aim of determination the relationship between psychological stress in the clinical environment and emotional intelligence of nursing students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Material & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional correlational study, 214 nursing students of the 2nd to 8th terms of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences were included in the study by census method. Data collection tools included demographic characteristics checklist, Siberia Schering's Emotional Intelligence questionnaire and Cohen's psychological stress in clinical setting questionnaire. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA and independent sample t-test in SPSS 25 software. Results: According to the results; the mean (standard deviation) of emotional intelligence scores was 106.15 (10.59) and psychological stress in the clinical environment was 52.01 (12.38). It was also found that there is an inverse and significant statistical relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological stress of students in the clinical environment (r = -0.26, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Higher emotional intelligence effectively reduces the psychological stress in the clinical environment of nursing students. Therefore, it is suggested that relevant officials with targeted planning and holding classes and workshops to strengthen emotional intelligence; take steps to strengthen it in different students, especially nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The irisin and betatrophin hormones are involved in insulin resistance. Considering the muscle weakness of elderly diabetics, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 21 weeks of strength training on betatrophin and irisin serum levels in type 2 diabetic elderly men. Methods. This semi-experimental study was conducted on type 2 diabetic men with an average age of 70.85±2.90 years. The strength training protocol was performed twice a week for 21 weeks. The exercises consisted of three stages: 1- muscle endurance, 2- muscle hypertrophy, and 3- maximum strength training. Fasting blood glucose levels and serum levels of insulin, betatrophin, and irisin were measured in two phases before and after the exercises. Results. The serum levels of insulin, irisin, and betatrophin in the diabetes control group were lower than in the healthy group (P<0.05) and 21 weeks of strength training increased the serum levels of insulin, irisin, and betatrophin, and decreased body weight and fasting blood glucose levels in elderly diabetic men compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion. Strength training improved metabolic disorders in diabetics and increased secretion of irisin and betatrophin following exercise which indicated that exercise may have a protective mechanism in diabetes. Practical Implications. Stationary movements by performing strength activities, through the development of skeletal muscles of diabetics, improve insulin sensitivity and harvest more glucose in the body. In addition, these exercises can be a protective mechanism to prevent or delay the complications of type 2 diabetes by increasing irisin and betatrophin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Breast cancer with a complex inheritance pattern is a major cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common genetic variations, influence interindividual predisposition to disease and treatment outcomes with drugs. Evidence suggests that CD40 polymorphism contributes to pathogenesis of cancer. The co-stimulatory molecule CD40 plays a prominent role in immune regulation. This study aimed to test the association between polymorphisms in the CD40 gene and breast carcinogenesis in Arak, Iran. Methods. In this case-control study, three SNPs (rs1883832, rs4810485, rs3765459) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. We included 80 patients with breast cancer and 80 healthy controls. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS (version 26) using Chi-Squared test at P˂ 0.05. Results. Our data showed a statistically significant association between the two CD40 SNPs (1s1883832 and rs4810485) and breast cancer risk (P=0.038 and P=0.000, respectively). There was no significant association between rs3765459 and breast cancer risk (P=0.190). Conclusion. We witnessed that CD40 gene polymorphisms (rs1883832 and rs4810485) contributed to breast cancer. So, they are associated with breast cancer risk. Practical Implications. The obtained data revealed a significant relationship between the rs1883832 and rs4810485 polymorphisms and the risk of breast cancer. Thus, these polymorphisms could be used as biomarkers to predict breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Risky driving behaviors increase the risk of injury and death due to crash. Vast strata of behaviors are considered as risky behavior in the literature. The aim of this scoping review was to extract and determine various behaviors tagged as risky driving behavior. Methods. Based on Arkesy and OMalley framework, a scoping review study was conducted. Literature search was done through PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Snowballing of references and hand search of related journals were also used. Time limitation for search was defined from 1st January 2000 to 30th December 2019. Screening process was done independently by two researchers. Data was systematically extracted from the included articles using a predetermined extraction table. Results. Literature review resulted in 3761 articles. After the screening process, 45 articles were included in the study. Majority of included articles were from United States (n=13), followed by Iran (n=5), Australia (n=4) and China (n=4). Speeding (reported in 70% of included studies), drunk driving (52%), aggressive driving (44%), tailgating (41%) and not-using seat belt (37%) were the most frequent behaviors tagged as risky driving behaviors in the included studies. Conclusion. Regarding the discrepancies in understanding, definition, and categories of risky driving behaviors, it is of great importance to develop a unified standard definition and categorize risky behaviors which would facilitate global movements to reduce risky driving behaviors through effective interventions. Practical Implications. The results will guide the policymakers to clearly develop suitable policies in national, regional or local levels to prevent and reduce the negative results of risky driving behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. With the spread of the contagious disease of COVID-19, the necessity of quarantine came to prevent the transmission of the disease. For this reason, patients suffered from social isolation. On the other hand, in order to control and treat the disease, it was necessary to provide self-care training. The present study was designed with the aim of comparison of the effect of self-care training program in two methods of multi-media education and tele-nursing on social isolation in patients with COVID-19 in Bandar Abbas city. Methods. This study was performed as a quasi-experimental study on 88 patients with COVID-19 referred to comprehensive health service centers in Bandar Abbas in 2021. The research samples were selected through convenience method and were divided into two groups of multimedia training and tele-nursing using block random allocation. First, social isolation in patients with COVID-19 was assessed using the questionnaire in two groups and then self-care training was provided using multimedia and tele-nursing methods. At the end of day twenty-one, social isolation was measured again and the data was entered into SPSS software version 26 and analyzed. Results. There was no significant difference in pre-intervention assessment in term of social isolation score between the two groups (P>0.05). The results of the multiple covariance analysis test showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test of each dimension of social isolation, the mean score of the loneliness, social disability, social anxiety and social tolerance dimensions after the intervention in the telenursing group was significantly lower than that of the multimedia group (P<0.001). Conclusion. Educational methods such as multimedia education and tele-nursing for awareness and self-care education, along with other medical care, can reduce social isolation. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a self-care education program and provide information about the necessary care during COVID-19 disease for patients in comprehensive health service centers and to use tele-nursing for more effective self-care education. Practical Implications. Research findings can be applied in self-care training programs in infectious diseases such as COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Methods. In this descriptive sectional study, infants who were admitted to the neonatal and NICU of Tehran Children's Medical Center Hospital with any diagnosis during 2018-2020 with vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were included in the study. Serum levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and their relationship with vitamin D deficiency were recorded and investigated. Results. Among 400 included infants, 197 neonates (49.3%) had vitamin D deficiency and 203 (50.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency. The average serum level of vitamin D in studied infants was 11.477±3.55 ng/ml. There was no statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D in newborns and the serum levels of magnesium and phosphorus (P value = 0.118 and P value = 0.511), but there was a statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D and the serum level of calcium (P=0.0001). There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of serum vitamin D in newborns with the age and the gestational age of the newborn (P = 0.132 and P = 0.651). Still, a direct and significant statistical relationship was observed with the newborn's weight (P = 0.049). The average length of hospitalization in the examined infants was 16.39 ± 16.36 days. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated the presence of an inverse and significant correlation between the level of serum vitamin D in infants and the duration of hospitalization (P=0.036). In such a way with the reduction of vitamin D serum level, the time of hospitalization increased. Conclusion. This study showed a statistically significant relationship between low vitamin D serum levels with calcium serum levels. Practical Implications. In infants with low weight or hypocalcemia, there is a possibility of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D check is recommended to start treatment earlier and decrease the duration of hospitalization and other complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Exercise may play a role in regulating hematopoietic function as an activator and stimulator of hematopoietic stem cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one week of regular aerobic exercise on the mobilization of CD34+ stem cells and the amount of new platelet production and the duration of hospitalization in leukemia patients. Materials and Methods In this clinical trial study, 39 patients with an average age of 46.93 ± 14.76 including 22 men (56%) and 17 women (44%) who were candidates for stem cell transplantation were randomly divided into two experimental (18 patients) and control groups (21 patients). Both groups received G-CSF. Patients in the experimental group did one week of treadmill training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Blood samples were taken from patients immediately after training, during hospitalization and at discharge. In order to analyze the data, t-tests and SPSS 22 were used Results CD34+ cells increased after training in two groups (p< 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The average amounts of platelets at the time of discharge in the experimental and control groups were 88687 ± 75077 and 42714.29 ± 32023 per microliter of blood, respectively, and it showed a significant difference between the two groups (p= 0.01). Conclusions Combination of G-CSF treatment and one week aerobic exercise have a positive effect on the amount of blood platelets in patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood transfusion in thalassemia patients has side effects such as endocrine iron overload. It is necessary to use iron chelators. The aim is to investigate the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its relationship with the level of iron overload and the results of the heart and liver MRI as a new method for diagnosing iron deposition, and iron removal treatment. Determining the factors affecting this complication can help prevent or improve it. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 beta-thalassemia major and intermedia patients of Tehran adult thalassemia clinic in the year 1400 who were selected by convenient sampling method. The comparison of the level of thyroid hormones and ferritin was done with Chi-squared, independent t, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests by SPSS 26. Results The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with an average age of 40.79 ± 9.02 year was 27.6% There was no significant relationship between hypothyroidism with ferritin levels or heart and liver iron deposition. TSH level was significantly (p= 0.01) higher in men than women. Most of patients used combined iron chelators, but the type of drug was not significantly different. Conclusions It seems that iron overload may be effective in hypothyroidism, but it does not necessarily lead to it. Despite the treatment of iron deficiency, this complication is still one of the main problems. It is suggested to consider the amount of iron load and iron removal treatment before and after the onset of hypothyroidism in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood indices have variation in Covid-19 that could affect diagnosis. Blood index changes in Covid-19 inpatiens were evaluated. Materials and Methods In a descriptive/cross-sectional study, 167 Covid-19 inpatients in Besat Hospital in Hamedan were selected and in terms of changes on the first and seventh days of the blood indices were investigated. Data analysis was done with SPSS software version 26. In order to compare the blood indices on the first and seventh days of hospitalization, Wilcoxon and Monte Carlo tests were used. Results The average blood indices on the first and seventh day were 4.64 ± 0.59 and 4.39 ± 0.62 million in microliter (p< 0.001) for RBCs, 6.20 ± 3.84 and 7.55± 4.13 thousand in microliter (p< 0.001) for white blood cells, 179.54 ± 90.14 and 269.76 ± 109.03 thousand in microliter (p< 0.001) for platelets, 13.20 ± 1.71 and 12.27 ± 1.77 g/dL (p< 0.001) for hemoglobin, 40.45 ± 4.67 and 38.16 ± 5.02 % (p< 0.001) for hematocrit, 12.5 ± 0.55 and 13.1 ± 0.66 % (p< 0.001) for RDW, 87.18 ± 5.43 and 87.15 ± 5.62 femtoliters for MCV, 28.47 ± 2.16 and 28.18 ± 2.03 picograms (p= 0.002) for MCH and 32.56 ± 1.63 and 32.35 ± 1.64 g/dL for MCHC. Conclusions Blood indices in Covid-19 inpatients undergo changes from the time of admission to the seventh day. White blood cell, platelet and RDW were increased and red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased compared to the first day of hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Many of hip fracture patients need transfusion. We examined the frequency of blood transfusion, the relative factors, and the threshold of hemoglobin in hip fracture patients receiving blood transfusion before and during pelvic surgeries. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with proximal femur fractures who underwent hip surgery at Shahid Chamran Hospital in Shiraz in 2020. The frequency of blood transfusion, hemoglobin threshold, and the related factors was investigated. Results Out of 218 patients, 65 (29.8%) had received blood out of whom 23 patients (35.4%) had received blood before surgery. The hemoglobin threshold before transfusion was 10.99. The average hemoglobin in patients who received blood was less than the patients who did not receive blood (p< 0.001) 10.55 ± 1.61 versus 12.45 ± 1.61. The average number of units used in patients who received blood was 2.30 ± 0.72 (1 to 4 blood units). The frequency of blood transfusion was related to hemoglobin before surgery, gender, type of anesthesia, type of surgery, history of anemia, duration of surgery, and surgeon. The amount of blood consumption did not depend on the patient age . Conclusions The average hemoglobin before transfusion was higher than previous studies. It seems that the blood transfusion threshold was higher than in previous studies. Considering the risks and costs of blood transfusion, it seems that physicians' education and emphasis on the use of restrictive transfusion strategy can lead to reduction of blood consumption, reduction of complications, and better blood management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Sickle Cell Disease is the second most common hemoglobinopathy after thalassemia and is characterized by vascular occlusion and hemolytic anemia. Blood transfusion is considered as a supportive treatment for patients with sickle cell disease. The alloimmunization of red blood cells is a major challenge in these patients. Accordingly, supplying the appropriate antigennegative blood units is a major problem in blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alloimmunization rates among individuals with Sickle Cell Disease in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 184 patients with sickle cell anemia and sickle-thalassemia were referred to the Shahid Beqaei hospital in Ahvaz. 5-10 mL of peripheral blood containing the anticoagulant EDTA was collected by non-random sampling procedure. The prevalence of phenotypes and the rate of alloimmunization were determined by the hemagglutination technique. Results The prevalence of alloimmunization in this population was 13.0%. In 24 patients, twelve types of alloantibodies were detected. The most common alloantibodies were Anti-E (33.3%, n = 8), Anti-c (20.8%, n = 5), Anti-D (16.6%, n = 4), and Anti- Kell (16.6%, n = 4). Conclusions Antibody against Rh blood group system and anti-Kell were the most prevalent alloantibodies among sickle cell anemia patients in the province of Khuzestan. Therefore, it is highly recommended to transfuse these individuals with blood units compatible with the Rh (D, C, c, and E) and Kell antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Patients suffering from End-stage renal disease (ESRD), which means complete dysfunction of kidneys can experience medical disorders due to important rules of kidneys in Hemostasis and electrolyte balance. In ESRD patients, treated with conventional hemodialysis, cardiac involvement is a serious consequence and is the most important cause of death among ESRD patients. The most common cardiac involvement in these patients is heart failure 'Pericarditis and cardiomyopathy (1). Echocardiography is a powerful tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of these disorders. Structural and functional changes can be detected by Echocardiography. Left ventricular mass, Size of chambers, and size of valves are structural parameters. Left ventricular ejection fraction, Global longitudinal strain are functional parameters. In a study performed by Liu YW, et al, they observed no significant difference in gender, age, and LVEF among groups. Compared with controls, global peak systolic longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain, and strain rate were decreased in the CKD group. Along with the decline of renal function, GLS deteriorated (2).Ventricular systolic function is determined by echocardiographic findings including Ejection fraction and anatomical findings like LV mass. GLS is an echocardiographic parameter that can determine Subclinical heart failure before EF is reduced. In a study done by Krishnasamy et al, it is found that GLS is a superior predictor of heart failure and can be used instead of LVEF. This study aims to determine the effect of Different factors such as Time of hemodialysis, Diabetes, Smoking, Etiology of ESRD, and duration of CKD before ESRD on the severity of heart disease among ESRD patients at first. And we want to find if there is a significant association between LV mass and GLS. Methods: In a cross-sectional study 55 adult patients were enrolled among all of ESRD patients who underwent hemodialysis in Hazrat-e Rasool Hospital of Tehran since September 2021 until August 2022. Complete 2-D, 3-D, M-mode, Doppler and color Doppler study were performed by a single operator for each patient and the abnormalities were recorded. Echocardiographic parameters like LV mass, LVEF, E/e, GLS were calculated. Inclusion criteria are: all the ESRD patients over 18 years old who were referred to echocardiography department for cardiac evaluation as a part of pre operation check-up. Exclusion criteria include: Low quality of Echocardiography images, obvious Arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, pericardial effusion, Infective endocarditis, and serious pulmonary or hepatic disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension (secondary to lung disease). In the beginning, 64 patients were referred but 9 patients were excluded due to having exclusion criteria. And finally, 55peoples were chosen. The procedure was explained to patients, General information like Age, Gender, weight, and height was collected by checklist, and Ethical code no IR.IUMS.REC.1402.106 was registered in Iran university of medical sciences committee of ethics. Echocardiography was performed by Philips IE33 device and X5-1 probe in 2D and 3D echocardiographic images from different views for evaluating size and function of left ventricle and the size and function of valves. Full volume image was performed in an Apical 4 chamber in 7 Beat-Breath hold cycle at first 24 hours after hemodialysis. Volumes and LVEF were calculated by Q-lab image arena software. Apical 4,2,3 chamber views were calculated for detecting left ventricular GLS by cardiac motion quantification (CMQ) method. and data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statics version 26 by 95% meaningfulness. Results: Considering the probable effect of the Time of hemodialysis on the cardiac findings in Echocardiography we evaluate correction between the Time of hemodialysis with LV mass, GLS, and LVEF. In pearson correlate, in SPSS we found a significant relationship between time on hemodialysis and increasing LV mass/BSA (P value<0.01) and decreasing GLS and LVEF. We hypothesized that the duration of CKD before initiating Hemodialysis may be a probable factor that can affect cardiac function. Hence, we use the Pearson correlation again for evaluating the relation between the time of CKD before starting hemodialysis and LV mass, GLS, LVEF, E/e'. Strangely we found there is not a significant relationship between CKD and these parameters (P value=0.07 for LVEF, 0.197 for LV mass/BSA, 0.541 for E/e', 0.059 for GLS). An increase in LV mass in ESRD patients can be related to several different causes like: increasing Afterload, Volume overload, and other factors. We hypothesize increase on LV mass can affect ventricular systolic dysfunction and GLS. So, we check their relation using the pearson correlation. We exclude the effect of confounding variants like smoking, Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia. And We found there is a significant relation between LV mass with GLS. In other word: an increase in mass can be a cause of decreasing GLS. Conclusion: According to the statistical studies, it seems that End-stage renal disease, which means requirement of regular dialysis, can lead to cardiac complications in terms of subclinical heart failure, increased LV mass, and decreased ventricular ejection fraction. In the next phase of investigations, increase in the duration of the disease and the progression of ESRD can be significantly related to the increase in LV mass and the decrease in GLS. We found that increase in ventricular mass can be independent of the influence of other cofounder factors. Reduce the amount of GLS. In fact, left ventricular hypertrophy can be a determining factor for patients to progress to subclinical heart failure. Therefore, based on the available findings, it can be concluded that in the early stages of hemodialysis, it is necessary to perform cardiovascular evaluations and echocardiography of patients dependent on hemodialysis and to measure criteria such as GLS and LV mass, before causing obvious ventricular failure. With the least decrease in GLS or increase in LV mass, kidney transplant should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Psychiatric disorders and its causes have always been taken into consideration by psychologists and psychiatrists. Adolescence can be the beginning period of many psychiatric disorders. Most versions of Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders (DSM) of American Psychiatric Association do not indicate that adolescents may develop borderline personality disorder. But the grounds for this disorder have their roots in childhood and adolescence. The DSM-5 defines this disorder as "a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image and a distinctly impulsive mood that begins in early adulthood and it appears in different environments and situations." Today, psychological stress has become an integral part of human life and is important to determining the health or illness of individuals. People seem to use different coping methods in stressful situations. People with borderline personality disorder have a special need for adaptive coping strategies. These strategies reduce vulnerability in stressful situations. A review of previous research shows that there is a relationship between anxiety and coping disorders, emotion regulation and borderline personality disorder. Clinical signs of borderline personality disorder include: "insane" actions to avoid real or imagined abandonment; An unstable and stressful pattern of personal relationships characterized by fluctuations between the two poles of idealization and devaluation; Identical and persistent self-reported identity disorder and instability; Impulsive behavior in at least two areas where there is a potential for personal harm (eg, extravagance, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, overeating periods; threats, gestures or repeated suicidal behaviors, or self-injurious behavior); Emotional instability due to the reactive nature of the mood (eg, severe boredom, irritability, or anxiety) that usually lasts for hours and rarely days; Chronic feeling of emptiness; Severe and disproportionate anger or difficulty controlling anger (such as recurring mood swings, persistent anger, or recurring quarrels) and temporary paranoid thinking associated with stress or severe breakdown symptoms (2). The word anxiety comes from the Latin word Anxius, which means a feeling of tightness in the chest. Anxiety refers to fear without a definite origin; That is, one does not know why one is afraid or that one's fear of danger seems disproportionate. Anxious often expresses a feeling of shortness of breath in the chest: I just feel anxious. Our brain is affected by many movements at any given moment, some of which are conscious or voluntary and many of which are unconscious and involuntary. These movements come from three different areas: the external environment, the body and the brain. Anxiety, then, is a vague and undesirable emotional state accompanied by external manifestations, panic, and turmoil that occurs as a result of a threat and a lack of proper response to it. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship of borderline personality disorder with self-esteem and emotion regulation by mediating role of anxiety and coping strategies in adolescents. Methods : The method of this research is a correlational survey. The statistical population was all first and second high school students in Tuyserkan in the academic year 1393-94. 331 students were selected by stratified random sampling. Before conducting the research, participants were given explanations on how to answer the questionnaires and the confidentiality of their information. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software using descriptive methods (mean and standard deviation), heuristic factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Rosenberg self-esteem (1965), Grass and John's emotion regulation (2003), Andler & Parker coping strategies (1990), emotional disorders related to anxiety (2000), and borderline personality disorder (1991) questionnaires were completed. The validity and reliability of all these tools have been confirmed in previous research. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated for the desired and reliable questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive, factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Lisrel. Results: The Descriptive findings of this study showed that the highest mean is related to coping strategies (128.66) and the lowest mean is related to self-esteem (7.36). The obtained correlation coefficient between each of the variables is statistically significant at the error level less than 0.01 (P < 0.01). Shows the structural relationships between self-esteem, borderline personality, coping strategies, anxiety, and borderline personality. Among the estimated pathways, the highest coefficient is related to the relationship between coping strategies and borderline personality (0.78) and the lowest is related to emotion regulation with anxiety (0.57). Analysis of direct, indirect, and total effects between the studied variables showed that the highest effect was obtained between coping strategies with borderline personality and the lowest effect was obtained between emotion regulation and anxiety. The results showed that the borderline personality of adolescents is related to self-esteem and their emotional regulation with mediation of anxiety and coping strategies (P < 0.001). Helping goodness of fit indexes, the estimated model was desirable in the structural equation model (NFI = 0.97, GFI 0.88, CFI 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.021). Conclusion: The Psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety disorders and personality disorders, severely affect people's performance. These disorders affect family relationships; one falls short in education; His job and social performance are impaired and he generally feels inefficient and dissatisfied. On the one hand, lack of self-esteem and on the other hand, lack of effective coping skills in the individual and also difficulty in regulating emotions are issues and problems that cause both anxiety and borderline personality disorder and the range of difficulties of anxious patients. And expands boundaries and makes decision-making difficult to solve problems caused by the disorder and treatment. Various health models always pay attention to prevention. Like physical health, in the field of mental health, prevention requires knowledge of the contexts and causes of disorders and diseases. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate some areas of borderline personality development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variables such as self-esteem, emotional regulation, anxiety and coping strategies affect the appearance of borderline personality in adolescent. Explaining the findings of this study, it can be said that borderline personality can be related with psychological contextual variables such as self-esteem, emotion regulation and coping. This means that the less self-esteem a person has, the more likely he or she is to develop such disorders; because people with low self-esteem usually have more limited relationships, their audacity is low, it causes instability in the behavior and feelings of the person and the person can not achieve unity. In this regard, the regulation of emotion as a variable that is necessary to maintain balance and psychological stability in the individual, has a decisive role (13). This means that people with high emotion regulation are less likely to develop personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorders. One of the most important symptoms of borderline personality disorder is emotional instability. When a person is not able to regulate their emotions well, they are more likely to have problems. Also, the way a person copes with problems and issues has an effect on the occurrence or non-occurrence of psychiatric disorders. Problem-oriented coping is often associated with mental health, but emotional coping is not; One who has an ineffective confrontation fails; Has trouble communicating with others; His academic and professional performance declines; He is emotionally disturbed and cognitively disturbed, and in general, someone who has little ability to deal effectively with problems is at greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders. One of the limitations of this study is the self-report of the collected data with the questionnaires used in it. Also, due to the limited statistical population (students), caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of this study. Researchers interested in research in the field of psychiatric disorders are advised to examine the relationship of variables such as attachment, resilience, empathy, and efficiency with these disorders in addition to self-esteem, emotion regulation, and coping strategies. Also, the study of other statistical communities can be considered for similar studies in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The general goal of the current research was to design a disciplinary management model to deal with vandalism in Iranian sports with a structural equation modeling approach. The behavior of sports fans is broad and represents one of the most universal leisure activities of the society. These behaviors include buying tickets or merchandise, tweeting about a team's performance, or signing up for special sports packages. Therefore, the relationship between a fan and his favorite team causes various behaviors. However, the intensity and extent of team -related behaviors varies widely among sports fans, as the emotions and passion associated with a sports team lead to strong attachments for some and casual relationships for others. Even in one fan, depending on a number of variables, including team expectations, team results, and moods, fan behaviors can vary. Nowadays, the presence of teenagers and young people in sports venues has become one of the concerns of families, because on the one hand, the safety of sports facilities and on the other hand, the moral deviations, anxiety and violence and harassment that occur in sports venues, can affect the physical and mental health of teenagers and young people, and even to threaten adults . Common behavioral abnormalities in sports fields include violence and aggression in the stadium, insulting and obscene slogans towards the players, clubs and fans of rival clubs, throwing objects and explosives on the playing field and disrupting the process of holding the match and finally fighting. And the conflict with the spectators of the rival club and the destruction and damage to the property and facilities of the stadium. As the sport in our country moves forward, the incidence of violence, abnormality and problems among the fans increases, which has become a fundamental problem in the sports community .Sports events are often associated with aggressive behavior from spectators. Hence, fan aggression is a social problem that affects many sports clubs around the world. Violence during sports events shows a wide phenomenon, it causes various negative consequences including damage to spectators and security personnel, reduction of public trust and loss of equipment and places .Therefore, one of the most important events in today's fan communities is vandalism. Fandom as an important part of the football phenomenon in today's society is also interpreted as a double coin with an ugly and beautiful reality, and its positive aspects are mixed with extremely valuable functions along with its negative approach and harmful side effects, and it is natural that One of the negative side effects is the phenomenon of hooliganism and vandalism among the spectators. Vandalism is one of the perversions of the new society, which is caused by rapid social changes, the growth of anomie and the ever -increasing desires of man and his failure to achieve these desires, and the feeling of alienation, injustice, anger and hatred that they have towards the community and their surroundings, which It is an expression of weakness and normative disorder in the cultural and social structure of the society. Vandalism is one of the crimes that have less legal and criminal penalties. Norm -breaking, while causing public damage, indicates important and bigger problems for the future society . So that the researchers believe that "if destruction and other destructive methods become a positive value among the people of a society; It means to be considered smart; Because it is internalized and institutionalized, it is very difficult to change or destroy it. According to them, showing destructive and aggressive films in third world countries fuels this culture; So that these elements are transferred to the next generations and propagated among them.". In general, a behavior can be called vandalism that, while having the aspects of violence and destruction, has the following characteristics: "a) damage to things that belong to others and not the vandalizing person; b) damage to the public property of the people; c) In general, any damage that the other party must compensate for and the responsibility for the damage is on him. This may be due to the fact that the mentioned properties do not seem to have an owner, or belong to a person, or at least it is difficult to determine their ownership. Methods: The current research was a descriptive correlational research, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered part of applied research. The statistical community of this research in the qualitative part was made up of experts in sports sociology, managers and deputy guards of Azadi Stadium, Foulad Arena Stadium, Naqsh Jahan Stadium in Isfahan, Yadgar Imam Stadium in Tabriz, Pas Stadium security, which includes about 7 people. The snowball sampling method continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative part, the statistical community of the research was made up of the security officers of the selected stadiums, and 162 questionnaires were distributed. In the qualitative part, after the interview, selective coding, central and open codes were extracted and then the qualitative paradigm of the research was presented. In the quantitative section, mean, frequency, standard deviation, percentage were used to analyze the data at a descriptive level. Also, structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used to test the model. Also, in this research, Smart pls version 3 software was used for data analysis. Results: In the qualitative part of law enforcement management in dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports, 85 codes and 4 categories (management and planning, security strategies, security infrastructures and extra -organizational interactions), 9 secondary concepts and 85 primary concepts were formed, and the qualitative research paradigm was presented. became. The results showed that all four components of disciplinary management (management and planning, extra -organizational interactions, security strategies, security infrastructure) have a significant positive effect on dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports. Conclusion: Management and planning include three core codes. Security organization, integrated security approach and training and training of security forces. This means that in order to deal with vandalism, police managers in stadiums should use the principles of management, or in other words, one of the main pillars of management, which is organization in the security affairs of stadiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The term transsexualism or transsexualism became common from the gender change of an individual named George Jangensen to Christian Jangensen in 1952. Then the term transgender was replaced by gender identity disorder. People suffering from gender identity disorder are those who have a disorder in recognizing their gender identity. In their minds and psyches, they see themselves as the other sex and believe that they were wrongly born as a man or a woman because they are infatuated with their hidden identity. People suffering from sexual boredom imagine themselves with the soul and spirits of the opposite sex. They are not transgender in adulthood. Conversely, many people who become transgender adults did not experience gender non -conformity as children. Most adults with gender identity disorder state that they felt different from other children of the same sex as children, although many of these patients cannot find the origin of this difference in retrospect. Many of them say that they have widely identified with the opposite sex from the very early years of life, and this identification has become more obvious in adolescence and adulthood. The genetic causes of gender dissatisfaction are under study, but no possible genes have been identified in this field, and chromosomal changes are uncommon in the population of transgender people, case reports of identical twins have shown that in some twins there is synchronicity regarding gender issues, and in others, this Synchronization not seen. A variety of approaches are underway to understand gender dissatisfaction. These approaches include information from imaging studies that show changes in white matter pathways, cerebral blood flow, and cortical activation patterns in patients with gender dissatisfaction, but the results of these studies have not been replicated. In adults who receive a diagnosis of gender dissatisfaction, the rate of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, self-harm behaviors, and drug abuse is higher. The rate of suicidal thoughts during the lifetime of transgender people is about 40%. The minority stress model predicts the increase of mental illness in groups that are stigmatized, discriminated against, and abused to a greater extent than others. DSM -5 reports suggest that individuals with late -onset gender dissatisfaction may have more distress and doubt about gender reassignment surgery and less satisfaction after the procedure. Treatment for adults who identify as transgender can include psychotherapy to address gender issues, hormone therapy, and surgical treatment. Surgical and hormonal interventions may reduce depression and improve the quality of life for the treatment of these people. While patients suffering from sexual boredom are completely healthy physically, they face a lot of problems mentally. The definitive treatment for this disorder is sex reassignment surgery, which is a very expensive and difficult operation, and at the same time, since it is not possible to create internal sex organs and gonads, only the appearance of the genitals is changed. This article intends to take steps to improve the mental condition of these people by teaching psychological treatment approaches, for this purpose, it compares the effectiveness of reality therapy and schema therapy on the communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and group schema therapy on the interpersonal communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. Methods: This study was conducted as a semi -experimental design with a pre -test -post -test design and follow -up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020 -2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of reaching all of them in a targeted manner, there were 30 out of 195 people. People were selected by available sampling method and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was trained in reality therapy and schema therapy for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the communication skills questionnaire was administered after reality therapy and schema therapy training, and it was repeated in the 3 -month follow -up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component of the control group with the intervention group of reality therapy and schema therapy at a significance level of 0/01. Therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective . Conclusion: The results showed that reality therapy can help these people to pay attention to themselves as the origin of their actions and deeds, and by emphasizing the inner motivation and sense of responsibility to perform the behavior, they can increase the feeling of self-worth and reduce the feeling of loneliness. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho -social functioning of a person. Studies show that both those suffering from male -to - female sexual boredom and those suffering from female -to -male sexual boredom describe themselves as individuals who are isolated from society and their basic emotional needs are faced with problems. This situation may be caused by their self-restraint, which has been imposed on them for years due to social deprivation and not understanding their need to be accepted as a member of the other sex. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. They believe that they can choose behaviors that bring them closer to their desires and goals. The goal of reality therapy is to cultivate acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. The individual identifies the behavior that he is trying to correct, his whole being. He focuses on it and does not make excuses for rejecting his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make a person know the short -term and long -term goals of his life, define them clearly and evaluate the ways to reach his goals. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. Since transgender people are often on the margins of social activities, many of their abilities have room for growth. Efforts to empower them in social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their capacities. Themselves and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors, develop their social skills in front of people. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Considering the impact of this research on gender identity individuals, it can be applied to other statistical groups and societies. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non -randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one location, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the possible mechanisms for resistance to insulin and type 2 diabetes is dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial density and function are associated with cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, the aging process, and aerobic capacity. Today, a complete understanding of mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with an understanding of various cellular pathological conditions. Mitochondria play a role in increasing mitochondrial function. Quality, mitochondria represent an improvement in mitochondrial biogenesis. In tissues with high oxidative capacity, such as skeletal muscle, activated by gamma receptor joint proliferator, an alpha activated by peroxisome proliferator (AMPK) is considered to be the most important regulator of biogenesis and mitochondrial function. (cytochrome C and AMPK) is a transcription and replication agent for mitochondrial DNA and plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis processes. A study by Madrasa (2018) showed that decreased expression of this group of genes is associated with decreased capacity, whole body aerobics in patients with type 2 diabetes and decreased expression of PGC-1α and nuclear genes encoding mitochondria in individuals. Insulin resistance can mean that these people have low levels of aerobic exercise. Exercise can play an important role in accelerating mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly leading to a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs during the aging process, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, and conditions of muscle inactivity resisting fatigue and increasing the quality of life . The method of training is in the form the although metabolic control is available in type2 diabetes effect of aerobic exercise and the chemical drug atrostatin on the expression of genes affecting the mitochondrial biogenesis of cardio myositis in samples with type 2 diabetes has not been studied and because of its importance in controlling mitochondrial function following diabetes. Type 2 is impaired, it is necessary to study it, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of continuous and intermittent exercise with atrostatin on some markers of mitochondrial biogenesis signaling myositis (cytochrome C and AMPK) in diabetic elderly rats. Methods: Thirty-five male rats (20 weeks old) weighing between 300 and 350 g were randomly divided into 7 groups. Diabetes was induced in 6 groups. To make diabetic mice, streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg per kg body weight (26). Atorvastatin was taken orally after a meal at a dose of 2 mg per kg body weight . The first week of continuous training program at a speed of 15 meters per minute for five minutes, the rats started running on the treadmill. Then, every week, increasing the speed by 1 to 2 meters per minute for 1 to 2 minutes increases the running time. The number of continuous training sessions was five times a week. The interval training program consisted of 25-25 minutes of treadmill running on a treadmill at a speed of 15 meters per minute for the first week, with one meter per minute added each week to 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. The duration of the first session was 25 minutes, with one minute added to each session, reaching 64 minutes in the eighth week. 48 hours after the last training session with 10 to 12 hours of night fasting, intraperitoneal injection of a combination of ketamine and xylazine was performed in anesthetized mice and tissue samples were taken. Their heart tissue was isolated and stored at -80 ° C and then transferred to a laboratory for genetic testing. To investigate the significant changes in each of the research changes between different groups, one-way analysis of variance was used and if a statistically significant difference was observed to determine the location of ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test was used. Significance level P <0.05 was considered for all calculations. Results: In the present study, the effect of continuous and intermittent exercise combined with atorvastatin administration (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats was investigated. The first finding of the present study showed that the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene in cardiac myocytes of rats with type 2 diabetes was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean (cytochrome C and AMPK) to Significantly decreased compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean (cytochrome C and AMPK) increased in the exercise and atorvastatin groups, but in the combined intervention group, this increase was significantly greater. It seems that taking atorvastatin with 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent physical activity has been able to make changes beyond taking atorvastatin alone or continuous and intermittent exercise. In this regard, Baghdam et al. (2019) by examining the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on the expression of PGC-lα gene in heart tissue in diabetic rats, concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increases the concentration of PGC-lα in heart tissue ( 29). However, in contrast to the findings of Chavanel et al. (2017) showed that exercise has no significant effect on the level of PGC-1α mRNA or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators such as (cytochrome C and AMPK) (30). One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be the age, sex and race of the subjects as well as the type of training protocol. (cytochrome C and AMPK) is one of the most important transcriptional coordinator coagulators that positively regulates the expression of genes associated with metabolic and mitochondrial adaptations, thus influencing cardiac substrate selection, mitochondrial function, ATP production capacity, and species production. Reacts to oxygen (ROS). Physical activity is one of the factors that trigger these messaging pathways. In other words, mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell is induced by environmental stimuli such as physical activity . Another result of the present study was the decrease in (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene expression was observed in atorvastatin and combination groups compared to the patient group. This increase was greater in the combination of diabetic + atorvastatin + periodic exercise. It seems that when the volume of training is the same, the intensity of training can be an effective factor in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK); Therefore, this study showed that with a constant volume of periodic training is more effective than continuous training in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene. The present study showed that intermittent and continuous exercise with atorvastatin increased (cytochrome C and AMPK) in the heart cells of elderly diabetic rats, which decreased due to diabetes and aging. Consistent with the results of the present study, Popo et al. Examined the effect of two months of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle TFAM in human diabetic specimens and reported a significant increase. Therefore, the effect of the training period is enhanced at higher intensities. Exercise frequency is also one of the effective factors in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Chavanel et al. (2017) have shown that exercise has no significant effect on the level of mRNAPGC-1α or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators including TFAM and cytochrome C and AMPK. One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be in the condition of the subject and the type of muscle fiber as well as the type of training protocol. TFAM is a high-mobility transcription factor group responsible for replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Impairment of the (cytochrome C and AMPK) target specifically in cardiac tissue leads to a significant reduction in electron transport capacity, spontaneous cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. In contrast, increased TFAM expression in cardiac tissue protects against heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Another finding of the present study was the positive and significant effect of atorvastatin on the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) genes in mice with type 2 diabetes. Studies show that atorvastatin improves mitochondrial function and prevents apoptosis in myocardial hypertrophy. In the present study, Chen et al. (2018) inhibited the decrease in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) in mice with myocardial insufficiency by treatment with atorvastatin . According to the results obtained in the present study, the effects of atorvastatin may be fundamentally different in different patients and with different races, and also its effects may vary depending on the dose or duration of use and the type of statin used. However, the effect of co-administration of atorvastatin and exercise with (cytochrome C and AMPK) on cardiac tissue has not been investigated. Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of metabolic syndrome diseases such as diabetes and therefore improves these diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial damage .The combined use of both has more effective therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes. The results of this study on improving heart function have been confirmed by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Checking the quality of meat products is very important. The purpose of this research is to investigate the presence of unauthorized tissues in this product to improve its quality and safety level and promote the health of society. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, sausages with meat percentages of 40, 55 and 70 were randomly purchased from three factories (10 pieces each) and divided into three pieces and then three slides from each piece with hematoxylin-eosin method was prepared (270 slides in total). Finally, 10 microscopic fields were examined from each slide. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. At the level of less than 5%, the difference between the groups was considered significant and the results were shown as Mean ± SD. Furthermore, the frequency percentage of tissues in each of the sausages was calculated. Results: Cartilage tissue, bone, skin, kidney, salivary gland, blood vessel, abdominal viscera and plant tissues were observed in all meat products. However, central nervous system and spleen tissues were not seen in any of the samples. In sausage 40%, the highest frequency percentage of tissue was related to skin, in sausage 55%, skin and kidney, and in sausage 70%, kidney. In addition, the amount of illegal tissues was different in 40%, 55% and 70% sausages and this difference was significant in many tissues. Conclusion: By using histological methods, it is possible to detect illegal tissues in meat products and obligate factories to comply with the national standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Systemic triazole fungicides such as Penconazole have negative effects on different body tissues. In the Present study, the Protective effects of vitamin D3 on tissue changes and Pituitarytesticular axis in adult rats treated with Penconazole were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this exPerimental study, male Wistar rats were divided into 6 grouPs of 6 including: control, sham (1 ml of distilled water), exPerimental 1 (Penconazole 100 mg/kg), exPerimental 2 (vitamin IU/kg 1000 D3), exPerimental 3 (100 mg/kg Penconazole + 500 IU/kg vitamin D3) and exPerimental 4 (100 mg/kg Penconazole + 1000 IU/kg vitamin D3). At the end of day 28, serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone hormones were measured by ELISA method and the testicular tissue was removed for histoPathological examination. Results: The serum levels of LH and FSH in exPerimental grouP 1 showed a significant increase comPared to the control and sham grouPs (P< 0.05), but the testosterone serum level decreased (P<0.05). The serum levels of LH and FSH in exPerimental grouPs 3 and 4 showed a significant decrease comPared to exPerimental grouP 1 (P< 0.05), but testosterone serum levels increased (P<0.05). HistoPathological examination showed that in exPerimental grouP 1, the testicular tissue was destroyed; however, in exPerimental grouPs 3 and 4, the testicular tissue was recovered. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, vitamin D3 can imProve testicular damage caused by Penconazole in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental illnesses. The results obtained from previous studies conducted in this field show that inflammatory processes increase in MDD patients. However, few studies have addressed the issue of inflammatory markers in the brains of MDD patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of regulatory axis related to cytokine signaling including IL6, TNF, NRG1 and BDNF in prefrontal cortex tissue samples. Materials and Methods: In the present study, using a bioinformatics approach based on microarray data analysis, the expression of a regulatory axis related to cytokine signaling, including four genes (IL6, TNF, NRG1, and BDNF), in prefrontal cortex tissue (PFC) samples was investigated. Background correction, gene filtering and data normalization were done using different packages in R. Data quality was also evaluated using AgiMicroRna package and PCA plot.The limma package in R was used in order to identify the genes with expression changes. In addition, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed in R to check the correlation between the selected genes. Results: The obtained results showed that the expression of BDNF and NRG1 genes in the PFC tissue of MDD patients was associated with a significant decrease (P= 0.037), and on the other hand, the expression of IL6 and TNF genes was significantly increased (P< 0.001). Also, a strong negative correlation between the IL6 and BDNF (P < 0.001) genes was obtained. Conclusion: In this study, the results show that there is a complex relationship between MDD disease progression and cytokine signaling. This research provides evidence for a better understanding of the mechanisms of MDD pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The high prevalence and consequences of hypertension in teachers has doubled the importance of identifying factors affecting blood pressure disease, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the diagnostic role of health-oriented strategies, self-management and incompatible strategies on hypertension: A discriminant analysis in Khorram Abad city. Materials and Methods: The current research method was cross-sectional in year1402. The statistical population was made up of teachers in Khorramabad city, the sample size of the study was equal to 324 people, of which 175 teachers without hypertension and 149 teachers with hypertension were selected by available sampling method. In this study, the standard questionnaire of psychological factors affecting blood pressure was used to collect data, and these data were analyzed with the help of spss24 software and by variance analysis and discriminant analysis. Results: The results of the discriminant analysis showed that the discriminant function has a very high clean power to distinguish and diagnose teachers with and without hypertension (p<0.05), such that 81.7% of the position of the discriminant function is based on the components of health-oriented strategies, self-management and inconsistent strategies. Also, the diagnostic power related to the subscale of awareness of the disease has been higher(p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that psychological factors play an important role in diagnosing and predicting teacher’s hypertension, and for this purpose, psychologists, counselors and education professionals should pay attention to these factors to prevent and treat teacher’s hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most common malignancies in men is prostate cancer. According to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are likely factors for prostate cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the rs1859962 polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. Material & Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 172 peripheral blood samples, including 72 cases of prostate cancer and 100 control subjects with BPH. The Tetra - ARMs PCR technique was used for SNP genotyping. Results: The results showed that the GG genotype of the rs185996 polymorphism had a significant association with prostate cancer risk in the recessive model (P=0.022; OR=3.426; 95% CI=1.135-10.344). According to the results of the dominant and additive models, there is no risk of prostate cancer in these genetic models. The polymorphism Rs1859962 was correlated with GS≥8 (P=0.021; OR=2.088; 95%CI=1.11-3.928), EPE (P=0.002) and PSA>10 (P=0.016; OR=2.133; 95%CI=1.44- 3.978). Discussion & Conclusion: Our results suggest that the rs1859962 polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer risk in a recessive model and can be considered as a potential biomarker for screening prostate cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The improvement of every administration and health system has always received assiduous attention. One of the processes that every system should pay attention to is empowerment. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the empowerment components of employees working in the Ilam Welfare Organization. Material & Methods: This applied research was conducted based on a qualitative approach and ground theory method in 2022-2023. The statistical population included professors and experts in the field of employee empowerment. Sampling was performed using the available and snowball method, and theoretical saturation was achieved with 15 cases. The interviewees of the research were 15 professors and experts in the field of employee empowerment who had the most experience in the research topic, and the data analysis was performed manually. Results:Based on the findings, 12 components and 24 subcomponents were identified in the field of empowerment of welfare organization employees, including individual skills, group skills and management (causal conditions), ethics, communication (contextual conditions), knowledge and improvement of the work environment (intervening conditions), managerial ability., moral ability, communication ability (strategies), promotion of service to employees, and the use of employees' potential capacities (consequences). Conclusion: Paying attention to skills and management at the individual and group level creates the possibility of employee empowerment in the welfare system. Necessary attention to knowledge and environment on the one hand and management and communication guidelines on the other hand provide the necessary platform and conditions for the growth of employees. The welfare organization will benefit from the effective result of empowerment when it uses its employees and their potential capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neurodevelopmental disorders begin in childhood and lead to a weakening of physical, cognitive, emotional and social skills in affected children. The aim of this study is to develop a multimedia educational program and to evaluate its effectiveness on problem solving in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Material & Methods: In this study, a multimedia training program with a neuropsychological approach was first developed and the content validity of the tool was confirmed by experts. The effectiveness of the program was then evaluated in a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, a post-tesand a follow-up phase. The participants in this study were children with neurodevelopmental disorders whose male students were studying in Tehran in the academic year of 1400-1401. The children were examined using the Tehran Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, and 100 children with neurodevelopmental disorders were selected based on the available sampling method and randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group completed 24 -training sessions that focused on a multimedia training program with a neuropsychological approach. Each session took place five times a week and lasted 90 minutes. The instrument used in this research were London Tower Test (Shalis,1982), which was used as a pre-test, post-testand for the follow-up studies. The data were then analyzed using repeated measurement tests and multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that the multimedia training program can influence the problem-solving skills (p≤0/01) of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. It also showed that the effect of this instruction was constant even after 1/5 months. Conclusion: multimedia training program with Neuropsychological approach enhance problem solving of Children with neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 90% of head and neck cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and anatomical involvement pattern of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the head and neck region from 2013-2021 in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all the patients with SCC of the head and neck treated at Imam Khomeini Medical Center in Kermanshah over a period of 10 years. Demographic and pathological information was extracted from the patients' medical records. Then, the obtained data was analyzed in SPSS software (version 23). Findings: Out of 299 patients identified with SCC, 236 (78.9%) were male, and the remaining were female. The majority of the patients (48.8%) fell within the age group of 55-72 years, with 57.9% reporting a history of smoking and 76.9% residing in urban areas. Among those studied, the most commonly affected site was the larynx, accounting for 49.5% (148) of cases. The highest incidence of head and neck cancers in both men and women was observed in 2019, with 15.9% and 15.7% of cases, respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study showed that most patients were older men over 50, who mostly lived in the city and smoked. The most anatomical site of involvement was the larynx. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to these risk factors to prevent and control these cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Self-efficacy during pregnancy is a self-assessment of one's ability to manage stress and perform important behaviors, especially in coping with pain. Women who benefit from the support of others during pregnancy feel more self efficacious. The studies show that involving family members in education, support or presence during pregnancy has contradictory consequences. This study was therefore conducted with the aim of determining the effect of an accompanying training programme based on Bandura's theory on the mother's self-efficacy during childbirth. Material & Methods: This RCT was conducted on 60 primiparous mothers between 20 and 23 weeks of gestation who were admitted to Umm al-Banin Hospital in Mashhad and were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. The control group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of oral and practical training. In addition to these sessions, training sessions based on Bandura's theory were held for the intervention group, including two sessions of companions and pregnant mothers together and two sessions alone. A demographic questionnaire and a Childbirth Self Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI, Lowe, 1993) were completed by both groups before and immediately after the training. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, paired t tests, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon in SPSS 16 software. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. Findings: The average age of the mothers in the intervention group was 26.7±8.3 years and in the control group 28.3±5.9 years. In most cases, the mother 's companion was her sister (73.3%). Before the training, the mean value of self-efficacy was 82.5±22.3 in the intervention group and 87.5±32.4 in the control group (P = 0.492, independent t-test). After the training, the mean value of self-efficacy was 132.4±18.5 in the intervention group and 115.2±26.4 in the control group (P=0.006, Mann-Whitney test). Self-efficacy after the intervention compared to before increased by 49.9±31.3 in the intervention group and by 27.7±29.5 in the control group (P=0.007, Mann-Whitney test). In intragroup comparison, the difference between the intervention group after and before the training was significant (P<0.001, Wilcoxon test). The difference between before and after the training was also significant in the control group (P<0.001, paired t-test). Discussion & Conclusion: Companion training based on Bandura's theory has an effect on the self-efficacy of pregnant women during childbirth and is recommended as a training method for childbirth preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The extract of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss, in addition to its antioxidant properties, also has a marvellous anti-amyloidogenic effectthat can be used for the treatment of amyloidosis. The aim of this study was to prepare silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of mountain thyme (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss), to investigate its antioxidant and inhibitory effect on the production of amyloid nanofibrils (bovine serum album (BSA) as a model protein). Material & Methods: This study was conducted experimentally in the laboratory of Payam Noor University in Qom Province in 2022. First, nanoparticles were prepared from aqueous thyme extract and added to AgNo3 silver nitrate solution (one millimolar). ThenFTIR, EDX, DLSand SEM methods were used to study the properties and size of the nanoparticles. The removing of free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to study the antioxidant effects of the extract and the Concorde absorption method was used to study the production of amyloid nanofibrils. The chemical composition of the extract was analysed using the gas chromatography method. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA tests were used with SPSS software version 23. Findings:The phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed seven compounds. Most compounds were associated with 5,4-alpha-epoxy-3-methoxy (43.53%), 2-ethylpiperidine-1-methyl (31.02%) and thymol (23.65%). The UV-Vis spectrum showed the highest absorbance at 460 nm. The SEM results confirmed the production of spherical nanoparticles with a size of 70-93 nm. The concentrations of 0.8 and 1 mg/ml of the extract were able to inhibit DPPH by more than 50%. The highest antioxidant activity in the sample containing 2 ml of the nanoparticle solution (sample 5) was 56.82%. The highest inhibition of amyloid nanofibril production was observed at a concentration of 2 mg/ml with 95%. Discussion & Conclusion: Thus, the synthesized nanoparticles have potent antioxidant and anti-amyloidogenic properties and can be used as antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a specialized hospital unit designed to provide care for critically ill patients. Nurses who work in these departments play an important role in ensuring patient safety and providing safe and quality nursing care. However, various factors can affect nurses' ability to provide safe nursing care in these settings. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting safe nursing care in the ICU department. Methods: The present study was a qualitative study of conventional content analysis. The participants included nurses, doctors, and specialists in the field of patient safety, patients and accompanying patients. A total of 20 individuals were included in the study using purposive sampling method. Data collection was done using individual, in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Then, data analysis was done using the method proposed by Graneheim and Landman (2004) and the views of nurses and people related to patient safety in ICU were identified. Results: Two themes including holistic care and safety-oriented organization and four categories including systematic care, comprehensive care of all systems, human resource management and safe environment were extracted as effective factors in providing safe nursing care in ICU departments. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal the importance of promoting safe nursing care in ICU departments through a holistic care approach as well as a safety-oriented organization. These findings support previous research that emphasizes the importance of systems thinking and safe nursing care in improving patient safety and overall quality of care. In this way, by implementing targeted interventions and strategies based on these factors, healthcare organizations can create a safer environment not only for patients but also for the staff of the ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Nursing care is an essential part of health care services and should be fully provided. Missed nursing care is a major threat to patient safety and health care quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount and reasons for missed nursing care in infection control and prevention from the point of view of care providers working in the medical, educational, and therapeutic center of Besat Sanandaj during 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducteed in Besat Hospital, one of the teaching hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. The research samples in this cross-sectional study included 389 nurses and midwives working in Besat Hospital who were included in the study by census. To collect data, three tools were used: a demographic information registration form, a questionnaire on the missed nursing care in infection prevention and control, and a questionnaire on factors related to missed care. Results: The findings of the present study showed that the average score of missed nursing care in infection prevention and control was 75.83 ± 23.28 and below the average. The most important missed nursing care from the point of view of the nurses and midwives of Besat Hospital was the use of personal protective equipment by the service personnel of the department (4.88 %), the report of the patient's infection status when transferred to another department or paraclinical unit such as radiology (3.86 %), and teaching patients about bathing before surgery (3.86 %). The most important factor of forgotten nursing care was unexpected increase in workload and number of patients in the ward (79.69 %) along with insufficient number of nursing and midwifery personnel in the ward (32.75 percent). A statistically significant relationship was observed between forgotten nursing care in infection prevention and control with the related factors (P = 0.0001), (R = - 0.1940). Conclusion: The missed nursing care in the prevention and control of infection from the point of view of nurses and midwives of Besat Hospital was average. The most important factor was the unexpected increase in the workload the number of patients and the lack of personnel. The people participating in the research emphasized the role of systemic, organizational, and management factors in preventing effective infection control. Therefore, it seems necessary to reduce the factors that cause missed care with proper planning and management by reducing nurses' workload and providing budget and manpower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]