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Introduction: Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic viral diseases that transfers to human beings through animal bites. It is untreatable by the start ofdisease and leads to death. More than 55000 people die annually of rabies who are mostly from Asia and Africa. Legislative actions do not seem to be effective in reducing the incidence of bites. Public education, on the other hand, is the key to reduce animal bites. Knowing about the appropriate health behavior change models is important for effective education. One of the models of behavior change in health education is the health belief model that focuses on changing the beliefs, which ultimately leads to behavior change. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education based on health belief model on preventive behaviors of rabies in Ghods city in 2013. Methods: This interventional quasi- experimental study was conducted among 120 people from Ghods city selected randomly. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire completed throughselfreporting. The questionnaire's content validity was approved by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze data SPSS 20 software was applied. Paired and independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and non-parametric tests were also carried out. Results: The findings showed that the difference between mean scores of knowledge, all HBM subscale s, and preventive behaviors was significantly different before and after the educational program. This shows the effect of educational program. There was a significant difference between participants' mean scores of perceived benefits and perceived barriers based on gender. Furthermore, there was also a significant difference between participants' mean scores of perceived severity and preventive behaviors in term of level of education. Conclusion : Findings indicated that participants do not have enough knowledge about rabies to prevent themselves. So, educational programs are needed to increase public knowledge in this area. More studies should also be conducted about rabies based on other health behaviors change models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional problem in the world and is one of the main cause of anemia, especially in girls. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational intervention program based on Health Belief Model (HBM) to increase preventive manners against iron-deficiency. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 128 female students of high schools in the second grade Friedan city in 2015. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, HBM constructs and health performance questionnaires which were used after confirmation of validity and reliability of the tool. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired and independent t-test in SPSS 22 software. Results: Before training, there was not a significant difference in the mean scores of the health belief model constructs and health function between two groups, (p > 0.05). But three months after intervention, the mean scores of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, perceived self-efficacy, practice guidance and health performance were significantly different between two groups (p <0.001). Conclusion: Education based on HBM has been effective in promoting the preventive behaviors of iron deficiency anemia, therefore this model can be used as a framework for designing and performing education interventions to prevent iron deficiency anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Pap smear test is a cervical cancer screening tool that plays an important role in the early detection, prevention and delay of progression of the cervical disorder. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention on performing pap smear in women of Fasa city. Methods: This quasi-experimental study on 160 women referred to health centers in Fasa (80 experimental and 80 control) were performed in 1395. Tools for data collection questionnaire including demographic variables, Knowledge and performance and HBM constructs which was completed before and2 months after the intervention. Educational program in 5 sessions for experimental group was conducted by group discussion with educational pamphlets. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The mean scores of HBM Model constructs (susceptibility, severity, benefit and barriers perceived) were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the controls after the intervention (P <0/05). Also the 51.25% of women had Pap Smear test that was statistically significant (P <0.001). Conclusion: Upgrade Pap smear test in women, the usefulness of the educational program and taking advantage of the health belief model for cervical cancer screening protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Happiness is one of the most urgent demands of human beings, which plays a major role in the psychological and social elevation of the community. In fact, it can be argued that all human endeavors in life are directed towards achieving happiness. Therefore, if we want to have progress and development, vitality and happiness are important variables. Sustainable development will be realized when productive forces of society, namely, women and men are happy. Women, in particular, who are wives and mothers of society should be strong, happy and alive as they are at the center of the family, educating children with qualities such as self-esteem and optimism. In recent decades, the concept of happiness has been appointed as one of the cornerstones of our development. Despite the need to elevate women as a key element in the development of social and family relationships, rarely has research been done to highlight the role of women. This study aims at understanding the amount of social happiness that rural and urban women in Delijan experience and the most important factors that influence individual and social dimensions of this happiness. There are various studies that assess factors affecting happiness and ways towards its improvement. Different factors such as gender differences, age, religion, marital status, education, income (wealth) and personality type are mentioned in this regard. In this study, we combine different perspectives on social happiness and measure it. Material & Methods This is a study-based research. The study population includes all women (aged between 15-49 years old) living in 8 areas of the city of Delijan and one rural district called Joshagh. Using Cochran formula, a sample of 700 individuals were selected. The purpose was to measure the influence that such background variables as age, marital status, place of residence and area of residence), and other important variables like socioeconomic status, quality of life, sense of social justice, social acceptability, satisfaction with life, religious beliefs and hopes for the future may have on women's feeling of social happiness. The data was collected by using both questionnaire and interview as data-collecting tools. In terms of timing, the he study was conducted in July 2012 and the data were analyzed by using SPSS software. Discussion of Result & Conclusions Descriptive statistics indicate of the studied urban women, 40/3% are teenagers, 36/8% are young and 23% are middle-aged. Also, in terms of marital status, 70/8% of them are married, 24/9% are single, and the rest have no partner either because of divorce or death. In rural areas, 57/6% are minors, 24/8% are young, and 17/6% are in middle age. Also, 187 cases (56/7%) were married, and 130 (39/4%) were single. The majority of women in urban areas (39/2%) were in the average socio-economic status, while the majority of women in rural areas (90 per 27/3%) belonged to a lower socio-economic status. Religious believes were strong in women both in rural areas (74/5%) and in urban areas (76/5%). Women's satisfaction with life in rural areas was (34/5%), while for urban women who live in Delijan this figure was a little bit lower (33/5%), indicating that they are moderately satisfied with their lives. The social acceptance of women in urban and rural communities is estimated to be at an average level. Procedural and distributive justice among the majority of women in urban areas (55/7%) and rural areas (43/9%) were moderate. Although the quality of education of rural women in Joshagh (30/6%) is not desirable, more urban women (55/7%) enjoy from educational opportunities that leads to favorable assessment of the quality of education in urban areas. Overall, it can be said that hope to meet future needs and desires of a better life is more in rural areas than in urban areas. The results also show that individuals have different levels of happiness .Married women tend to be happier than single women who are without husbands due to death and/or divorce. Based on the findings of the analysis of social factors and variables, it can be said that social acceptance and four categories of life satisfaction, including quality of life, religious beliefs, a sense of social justice and socio-economic status can explain the highest level of social happiness. Therefore, we dare to claim that social happiness of a community, depends on the quality of life and sense of justice in society.

Introduction Marriage is an old religious and human tradition, which has been publicized by religions and the law, historically. It is a contract by which man and woman share a life and form a family. Research on matrimony in Western societies show more tolerance and liberal attitudes towards marriage's values and process, like informal matrimonial life, sexual relations before marriage, and divorce; in other words, the traditional roles of ‘breadwinner man’ and ‘homemaker woman’ has changed. Because of modernization processes, these changed values have influenced developing countries as well; and by changing matrimonial values, views on love, marriage culture, lifestyle and everyday life, taste of people, may bring some cultural problems and challenges to society. Sanandaj, the largest city in Kurdistan of Iran, is an exemplar society for research on this subject. The culture of Sanandaj is affected by two hegemonic cultures simultaneously: the Western and the domestic culture. The main question of this study revolves around exploring the rate of changes in marriage culture in Sanandaj, especially in rural communities, in the face of globalizing effects of Western culture. For studying this problem, we have considered the attitudes of rural students regarding commitment to traditional culture of marriage. We examined the relationship between such variables as gender, level of education, geographical location, watching satellite TV, and the level of religiosity, with commitment to marriage traditions. Materials & Methods In total, approaches that try to explain changes of marriage culture are dividable in two groups: A) Structural approaches, for example, ‘modernization theory', that emphasizes the role of structural change in society's evolution. B) Cultural approaches, for example, ‘development idealism theory’, that emphasizes the role of cultural and values changes, like individualism, and secularism. Ronald Inglehart, elaborated his theory in the frame of cultural approach. His theory, which is based on the result of a four-stag study on global values in 85 societies, tries to explain value and cultural changes. Inglehart believes that culture adapt itself with its environment. In other word, culture response to political, economic and technological changes, in the long term. According to this theory, two factors of environment and individual characteristics play an important role in commitment to values and attitudes. This study uses survey method and for collecting its data uses a researcher-made questionnaire. Research population includes all Sanandaj students, whose number is estimated to be 27636 individuals, of whom 378 respondents were selected using Cochran formula. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results of the study show that attitudes of rural students are different from urban students. The first are more committed to traditional culture. The same is true when it comes to religious commitment; rural women and men tend to be more committed to marriage in contrast with urban women and men; Education has no significant effect on attitude towards marriage in this study; watching satellite TV makes a difference between urban and rural environments. This variable has a positive and significant relationship on attitudes of rural students about matrimony. In sum, we can say that there is distinction between rural and urban students from the viewpoint of attitudes towards marriage culture; rural students are more committed to matrimonial ceremonies and traditions. With regard to these results, policymakers should pay attention to dissimilarities of attitudes between rural and urban people.

Introduction Marriage is an old religious and human tradition, which has been publicized by religions and the law, historically. It is a contract by which man and woman share a life and form a family. Research on matrimony in Western societies show more tolerance and liberal attitudes towards marriage's values and process, like informal matrimonial life, sexual relations before marriage, and divorce in other words, the traditional roles of âbreadwinner manâ and âhomemaker womanâ has changed. Because of modernization processes, these changed values have influenced developing countries as well and by changing matrimonial values, views on love, marriage culture, lifestyle and everyday life, taste of people, may bring some cultural problems and challenges to society. Sanandaj, the largest city in Kurdistan of Iran, is an exemplar society for research on this subject. The culture of Sanandaj is affected by two hegemonic cultures simultaneously: the Western and the domestic culture. The main question of this study revolves around exploring the rate of changes in marriage culture in Sanandaj, especially in rural communities, in the face of globalizing effects of Western culture. For studying this problem, we have considered the attitudes of rural students regarding commitment to traditional culture of marriage. We examined the relationship between such variables as gender, level of education, geographical location, watching satellite TV, and the level of religiosity, with commitment to marriage traditions. Materials & Methods In total, approaches that try to explain changes of marriage culture are dividable in two groups: A) Structural approaches, for example, âmodernization theory', that emphasizes the role of structural change in society's evolution. B) Cultural approaches, for example, âdevelopment idealism theoryâ, that emphasizes the role of cultural and values changes, like individualism, and secularism. Ronald Inglehart, elaborated his theory in the frame of cultural approach. His theory, which is based on the result of a four-stag study on global values in 85 societies, tries to explain value and cultural changes. Inglehart believes that culture adapt itself with its environment. In other word, culture response to political, economic and technological changes, in the long term. According to this theory, two factors of environment and individual characteristics play an important role in commitment to values and attitudes. This study uses survey method and for collecting its data uses a researcher-made questionnaire. Research population includes all Sanandaj students, whose number is estimated to be 27636 individuals, of whom 378 respondents were selected using Cochran formula. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results of the study show that attitudes of rural students are different from urban students. The first are more committed to traditional culture. The same is true when it comes to religious commitment rural women and men tend to be more committed to marriage in contrast with urban women and men Education has no significant effect on attitude towards marriage in this study watching satellite TV makes a difference between urban and rural environments. This variable has a positive and significant relationship on attitudes of rural students about matrimony. In sum, we can say that there is distinction between rural and urban students from the viewpoint of attitudes towards marriage culture rural students are more committed to matrimonial ceremonies and traditions. With regard to these results, policymakers should pay attention to dissimilarities of attitudes between rural and urban people.

Happiness is one of the most urgent demands of human beings, which plays a major role in the psychological and social elevation of the community. In fact, it can be argued that all human endeavors in life are directed towards achieving happiness. Therefore, if we want to have progress and development, vitality and happiness are important variables. Sustainable development will be realized when productive forces of society, namely, women and men are happy. Women, in particular, who are wives and mothers of society should be strong, happy and alive as they are at the center of the family, educating children with qualities such as self-esteem and optimism. In recent decades, the concept of happiness has been appointed as one of the cornerstones of our development. Despite the need to elevate women as a key element in the development of social and family relationships, rarely has research been done to highlight the role of women. This study aims at understanding the amount of social happiness that rural and urban women in Delijan experience and the most important factors that influence individual and social dimensions of this happiness. There are various studies that assess factors affecting happiness and ways towards its improvement. Different factors such as gender differences, age, religion, marital status, education, income (wealth) and personality type are mentioned in this regard. In this study, we combine different perspectives on social happiness and measure it. Material & Methods This is a study-based research. The study population includes all women (aged between 15-49 years old) living in 8 areas of the city of Delijan and one rural district called Joshagh. Using Cochran formula, a sample of 700 individuals were selected. The purpose was to measure the influence that such background variables as age, marital status, place of residence and area of residence), and other important variables like socioeconomic status, quality of life, sense of social justice, social acceptability, satisfaction with life, religious beliefs and hopes for the future may have on women's feeling of social happiness. The data was collected by using both questionnaire and interview as data-collecting tools. In terms of timing, the he study was conducted in July 2012 and the data were analyzed by using SPSS software. Discussion of Result & Conclusions Descriptive statistics indicate of the studied urban women, 40/3% are teenagers, 36/8% are young and 23% are middle-aged. Also, in terms of marital status, 70/8% of them are married, 24/9% are single, and the rest have no partner either because of divorce or death. In rural areas, 57/6% are minors, 24/8% are young, and 17/6% are in middle age. Also, 187 cases (56/7%) were married, and 130 (39/4%) were single. The majority of women in urban areas (39/2%) were in the average socio-economic status, while the majority of women in rural areas (90 per 27/3%) belonged to a lower socio-economic status. Religious believes were strong in women both in rural areas (74/5%) and in urban areas (76/5%). Women's satisfaction with life in rural areas was (34/5%), while for urban women who live in Delijan this figure was a little bit lower (33/5%), indicating that they are moderately satisfied with their lives. The social acceptance of women in urban and rural communities is estimated to be at an average level. Procedural and distributive justice among the majority of women in urban areas (55/7%) and rural areas (43/9%) were moderate. Although the quality of education of rural women in Joshagh (30/6%) is not desirable, more urban women (55/7%) enjoy from educational opportunities that leads to favorable assessment of the quality of education in urban areas. Overall, it can be said that hope to meet future needs and desires of a better life is more in rural areas than in urban areas. The results also show that individuals have different levels of happiness .Married women tend to be happier than single women who are without husbands due to death and/or divorce. Based on the findings of the analysis of social factors and variables, it can be said that social acceptance and four categories of life satisfaction, including quality of life, religious beliefs, a sense of social justice and socio-economic status can explain the highest level of social happiness. Therefore, we dare to claim that social happiness of a community, depends on the quality of life and sense of justice in society.

Introduction: Different statistical methods can be used to analyze fertility data. When the response variable is discrete, Poisson model is applied. If the condition does not hold for the Poisson model, its generalized model will be applied. The goal of this study was to compare the efficiency of generalized Poisson regression model with the standard Poisson regression model in estimating the coefficient of effective factors in the number of children. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out on a population of married women with the age range of 15-49 years old in Kashan, Iran. The cluster sampling method was used for data collection. Clusters consisted of the urban blocks determined by the municipality. The total number of 10 clusters each of 30 households was selected according to the health center's framework. The necessary data were then collected through a self-made questionnaire and direct interviews with women under study. Further, the data analysis was performed by using the standard and generalized Poisson regression models through the R software. Results: The average number of children for each woman was 1.45 with a variance of 1.073.A significant relationship was observed between the husband's age, number of unwanted pregnancies, and the average duration of breastfeeding with the present number of children in the two standard and generalized Poisson regression models (p < 0.05). The mean age of women participating in this study was 33.1± 7.57 years (from 25.53 years to 40.67) and the mean age of marriage was 20.09 ± 3.82 (from16.27 years to23.91), and the mean age of their husbands was 37.9 ± 8.4years (from 29.5 years to 46.3). In the current study, the majority of women were in the age range of 30-35 years old with the median of 32 years old, however, most of men were in the age range of 35-40 years old with the median of 37 years old. While 236 of women did not have unwanted pregnancies, most participants of the present study had one unwanted pregnancy. Conclusion: According to the achieved results, the generalized Poisson regression model is more suitable for data analysis and can estimate the coefficient of effective factors on the number of children more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Digital gap may exist in national scale, among organizations and other groups of society, since it is an indicative of inequality in information technology ground and communication. This study aims to investigate the attitude towards digital gap among students, and its relationship with educational progress and socio-economic status (SES) of university students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a cross sectional analytic study. students were randomly selected according to multistage cluster method. The tools for collecting data were Davis (1989) questionnaire on attitude towards internet, and a researcher made questionnaire. The formal validity of the questionnaires is confirmed by a panel of experts, Cronbach's alpha's coefficient was also calculated. Pearson coefficient were calculated andindependent T- test was used for analyzing the data. Result: The analysis of data indicates that there is a meaningful relationship between the attitude towards digital gap and educational progress, and also SES of the students. Furthermore, there was adifferences between the attitudes of males (48.7) and felames (46.5) toward digital gap (p=0.01). Conclusion: There is an attitude towards digital gap in university students. Interventions are needed to close the digital gaps in studnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron is one of export products which has a competitive advantage in Iran and saffron farmers need proper information in order to improve the quality of their agricultural performance. Thus, addressing and identification of their information behavior components, sources, and strategies as well as the challenges and problems would help the authorities to make proper policies and decisions. The present research has been conducted in order to compare elite saffron farmers’ information-searching behavior with that of normal saffron farmers in the South Khorasan province. The study population comprised of all the saffron farmers of South Khorasan province (N =17387). Using Morgan formula and cluster sampling, 375 people were selected for the purpose of this study. The results showed that saffron onion (M=3.58 of 5), pesticides and fertilizers (M=3.56) and farmland worker (3.54) were the main components of saffron farmers’ information-searching of the two groups, respectively. The sources of information for both groups included reference to past experience (M=2.68 of 5), neighboring saffron farmers (M=2.67), contact with informants (2.64) and other family members (M=2.64). The information available in local language (M=4 of 5), by native people (M=3.98), clear and intelligible information (M=3.98) and low cost (M=3.82) were among the main criteria that affect the behavior of the two groups in the use of information sources. Also they are confronted with common problems such as lack of attention to the needs of farmers (M=3.57 of 5), and insufficient number of technical experts (M=3.42). It was also found that there was no significant relationship between information searching behavior of elite and normal saffron farmers and their performance (r= -0.08, p= 0.133). Regarding the “lack of attention to the needs of farmers by technical experts” as the most major problem, South Khorasan Organization of Agricultural Extension is advised to design and implement relevant training courses based on the information needs of saffron farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The choice، acceptance and satisfaction of women with different types of contraceptive methods would affect their quality of life. The aim of this study was to compare women's quality of life on different methods of contraception among clients referred to health centers in Dezful city in 2014. Subjects and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 525 women in 8 health centers of Dezful city in 2014 using cluster random sampling method. Inclusion criteria included women aged 16-50 years، no medical contraindications to use contraception and have no known medical condition or mental illness. Quality of Life was assessed with short scale World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHQOL-BREF) form. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS-PC (v.20). Results: The highest level of quality of life was found among using withdrawal (29/9%) and condom (26/3%); and the least level of quality of life were among using Tubal Ligation (4/2%) and Depot Medroxyprogesterone acetate (4.9%). There is a significant correlation between the mean quality of life and the use of contraception method (P= 0.034(. Those who had more children a higher quality of life was reported (r=0.23، P=0.001). There was a direct correlation between the mean quality of life with socioeconomic status (r=0.41، P=0/001). Conclusion: The findings revealed women using withdrawal and condom methods have highest level of quality of life. Accordingly، executing family planning training programs for counselors regarding the suitable choice of contraceptive method considering women's quality of Life is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Regarding the ever-increasing of genetic diseases, counseling for the prevention of these diseases has got overwhelming necessity. Thus, promoting individuals' awareness of. genetic counseling is required. The current study aimed at determining the effect of an educational program based on Health Belief Model on knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy of urbanized women in need of genetic counseling. Materials and Methods: In this randomized field trial study, 80 married women in need of genetic counseling were divided into two equal case and control groups. Data collection means were a researcher-designed questionnaire consisting of demographic data and health belief model queries, which were completed by interview. Educational intervention was done during three 90 minute sessions with one week interval between each one. Finally, the obtained data was fed into SPSS (version 16) applying the statistical tests of Chi-square, repeated ANOVA, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney and Friedman for analysis; and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Mean knowledge, threats, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy in the two groups had no significant difference before intervention (P>0.05), but the difference became significant immediately and three months after intervention (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between the knowledge, threat, perceived benefits, barriers and self-efficacy in the two groups three week intervals before and immediately after intervention, before and after the three months, immediately and after three months in the experimental group (P<0.001), but the difference was not significant in the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that educational interventions based on HBM increases women's knowledge, beliefs, and self-efficacy regarding the role of genetic counseling in the prevention of congenital malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation can impair person's life. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of educational intervention based on health belief model (HBM) on eating style and to reduce the severity of the menstrual pain among clinical personnel in the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex. Materials and methods: In this intervention study, before and after the intervention, a random sampling and interviews were conducted, and finally 50 qualified female, with an average age of 31.48±5.08 (22-45 years), were selected to participate in the research. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire based on the health belief model (HBM) and the validity was controlled by specialists and the reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.957). Data was analyzed using SPSS 19 through descriptive and statistical paired t-test and ANOVA repeated measure test with a significant level of less than 0.05. Results: Educational intervention increases the average rating in health belief structures among participants (p < 0.001) but this increase did not take place in the guidelines for action structures (p = 0.39). Conclusion: To maintain and promote women's health is an educational priority. Nutritional education intervention promoted the nutritional behaviors and reduced dysmenorrhea among women examined. Therefore, with respect to efficacy and cost-effectiveness using it to reduce the initial dysmenorrhea is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Work settings provide a unique opportunity for health promotion interventions. Considering the issue of obesity among employees, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the intervention based on new communication technologies and the social cognitive theory on weight control in the governmental employees of the city of Hamadan in 2014. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted among “telephone-assisted intervention”, “web-assisted intervention”, and “control” groups comprising 435 employees with excess weight or obesity. The educational intervention was performed for 6 months under the title of “lifestyle program.” Then, the participants were evaluated in terms of weight and changes in the constructs of the social-cognitive theory 6 and 9 months after the intervention. A researcher-made questionnaire based on the Dishman and Dewar questionnaires was used to evaluate the constructs of social-cognitive theory. The data were collected and analyzed using one-way ANOVA, two-way analysis of variance, and linear Regression test through SPSS 20. Results: The lifestyle intervention resulted in a weight loss of 1.92 and 1.08 kg among the telephone-assisted and web-assisted intervention groups, respectively. The intervention in the mobile telephone-assisted group increased the mean scores of the participants in the constructs of self-efficacy, environment, outcome expectations, and outcome expectancies. In the web-assisted intervention group, the mean scores of the constructs of self-efficacy and outcome expectancies increased. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the effectiveness of the intervention based on new communication technologies and the social-cognitive theory (SCT). We recommend conducting studies to evaluate other health challenges based on the Social-Cognitive Theory in work settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mothers must gain enough knowledge and practice about danger signs in children to achieve behavior change. Knowing such factors influencing behavior change will facilitate change. So, training about danger signs in children using models that identify the factors influencing behavior is essential. Health belief model is one of the effective models in education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of education on behavior of mothers about danger signs in children less than five years. Materials and Methods: This is an educational trial study that was conducted on 116 mother with children under five years old referring to treatment health centers in Arak city in 2014. They were divided into two groups case (n=56) and control (n=60) randomly. The data collected by filling the valid and reliable questionnaire that reseatcher made along with interview. An educational intervention was conducted in case group during the four learning sessions. Three months after educational intervention, post-test was conducted by filling questionnaire. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software in significance level of p<0/05. Results: There was no significant difference between mean score of health belief model construct and behavior in the experimental and control groups before the intervention(p<0.05), but significant differences were shown after intervention(p<0.001). The mean score of the mothers in the intervention group before and after intervention was 39.58±42.15, and 84.52±23.05 respectively, that showed significant differences (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, educational intervention based on initial assessment on Health Belief Model was effective in improving mothers' practice about danger signs in children. Thus, it can be helpful to design training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Identifying obesity-related eating behavior predictors especially in women, who have a key role in their family's food basket, has a great importance in the prevention of obesity. The purpose of the present study is to determine the role of eating attitude on obesity-related eating behavior in overweight and obese women in Urmia. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was performed on 100 overweight or obese women covered by Shahid Nikkhah and No. 13 Health Centers in Urmia. Sampling was conducted through c onvenience method and women with a BMI equal to or more than 25 (kg/m2) were selected. Following their informed consent, they completed the questionnaires about demographic characteristics , attitude, and food behavior checklist. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 18 and descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square , analysis of variance and regression ) at 0.05 significance level . Results: The result confirmed that there was a significant relationship between attitude and poor , average and good eating behavior groups of women (p=0.003). Regression analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between eating behavior and attitude scores (p=0.004, r=0.285) . Also, prediction of observed distribution in eating behavior was confirmed by age , anthropometric indices and demographic factors in addition to eating attitude . Conclusion: The study results confirmed the predictive role of eating attitude on obesity-related eating behavior. Therefore, it is recommended that correction of eating attitude be emphasized in the promotion of healthy eating behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and objective: One of the most common infectious diseases is Tuberculosis. It yearly causes more than 2 million death in the world. This study aimed to determine the impact of health education based on Health Belief Model on promoting self-care behaviors in patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Chabahar in 2013. Methods: Framework of this quasi-experimental study was Health Belief Model. Data was collected by researchermade questionnaire. 80 TB patients were selected as samples through classified random sampling and divided into case and control groups. Educational sessions for case group were performed through face-to-face and question-and-answer sessions in 2 training sessions for 2 month. No educational intervention were done on control group. Training materials were manuals and pamphlets. Both groups were followed for one month after the intervention to perform a post test. The data collected were analyzed by using SPSS16 software and descriptive and analytical tests. Results: The mean scores of perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cause to action, self-efficacy, knowledge and self-care behaviors were increased significantly following intervention and paired sample t-test showed a significant change in the case group, but this change was not significant in the control group. Conclusion: Health education promotes self-care behaviors of TB patient through Health Belief Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which explores the attitudes of rural and urban college students regarding the commitment to traditional culture of marriage in Sanandaj, Iran. The impact of several variables including gender, level of education and geographical location on the commitment to marriage traditions is examined. The goal of the study is outlined which aims to explain the changes in marriage culture.

The article presents a study which examines the factors affecting the social happiness of women in rural and urban areas of Delijan in Iran. The factors identified in the study include gender differences, wealth and marital status. Different perspectives of women about social happiness were measured and compared.

One of the most important issues in the social and psychological sciences is social isolation. Different scientists have talked about social isolation in different ways. For example, Locher et al have defined it as physical and social avoidance among people (Locher et al. 2005: 748). Seeman believes social hermitage happens when people avoid customs and values completely (Seeman, 1983: 517). Chon believes it is a kind of cultural strangeness (Chon, 1955: 117). Yurik believes it is unsocial connection among people (Yurik, in Chalabi, 2004: 4). For Burhalt, it is a lack of connection (Burhalt et al. 2003: 73). For Hawthorne, it is feeling of loneliness, lack of social support, few social connections, and homesickness (Hawthorne, 2006: 521). Christina et al divide it in two separate concepts: first, it means separation of people from social groups, second, separation of people from primary social groups such as family, friends, and neighbors (Christina et al. 2009: 175). Chalabi believes it means lack of individual connections among groups and society. According to Tönnies, when social and individual connections become weak, the society move from gemeinschaft to gesellschaft, and individualism increase as a result. Although social development may be good for societies, it may lead to disappearance of old and personal connections, and to inconveniency of social life (Roberts, 2006: 162). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or not changes in social networks and connections have led to changes in frequent connections, social changes, homesickness changes, and changes in different support groups in the village of Dallaho? We wanted to know if women of Dallaho feel more social isolation as a result of these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Regarding the importance of communicators’ presence in health programs and the fact that in recent years, we have witnessed a decrease in their cooperation or a cut in their relationship with the headquarters. This qualitative study was performed to clarify communicators and instructors’ administrative-recreational experiences in breaking off with the headquarters. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out on 60 healthcare communicators, 20 ex- communicators and 35 instructors selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected using focus discussion groups and semi-structured interviews with the participants. For data analysis, qualitative content analysis was employed. Results: The findings of data analysis revealed two main levels: recreational and administrative. The key themes of the former included medical facilities, gifts, employment, futurism and camp and of the latter consisted of credit resources, instructors’ conditions, organizational posts and orientation. Conclusion: Expressing what is expected from communicators when selecting them can play a significant role in keeping them up with their jobs. Holding meetings between authorities and communicators’ representatives to discuss their problems and present solutions, holding reward ceremonies, preparing the grounds for attracting financial resources to support communicators’ programs, appreciating them and enhancing the communicators and instructors’ academic level, and creating organizational posts for instructors can be effective in maintaining their presence and enhancing health communicators’ program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The Problems caused by diabetes have direct and indirect impacts on quality of life of diabetic patients. By increasing of these problems quality of life of patients will decrease. This study was done to assess the effect of the educational program based on PRECEDE (predisposing reinforcing enabeling causes educational diagnosis evaluation) model in promoting quality of life of patients with typeII diabetes. Materials and Methods: This pre- and post-intervention quasi-experimental study was conducted on 78 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to diabetes clinic in Minoodasht located in Golestan province of Northern Iran. The educational program based on PRCEDE Model and patients educational needs was designed. The data were collected using two questionnaires. lifequality WHOQOL- BREF questionnaire and PRCEDE Model-based educational questionnaire. The subjects were followed for one month after intervention to identify the role of educational intervention on patients. The data was analyzed by using SPSS-16 and Paired t-test. Results: After the intervention, the mean score of quality of life increased from 80.39±11.35 to 81.35±8.31. No significant difference was existed in the total score of quality of life after intervention but there were significant differences in the physical health (P<0.05), self-evaluation of quality of life of patients (P<0.01) and self-assessment of health of patients after educational intervention. Conclusion: This study showed that the educational program based on PRECEDE model was effective in improving quality of life of patients with regard to physical health and selfassessment of their health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to describe the amount of basal cell carcinoma 2345 biopsies which done in years (1992-1996) in dermatology ward of Sina hospital. The result were : basal cell carcinoma was the commonest malignant skin tumor which 98.2% of them were in the head & neck and ulcerated plague and nodule were the commonest clinical manifestation of them. 60.9% cases were men and average age of them was 58.94 years. 56.4% of cases rural and the other urban. House keeping in the rural women and agriculture in men was the commonest jobs inpatients. The accuracy rate of diagnosis was 85.1% in the ward.