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Background and Aim: Various factors in the body, such as omentin-1 (an adipokine of fat tissue) and FGF21 (an endocrine hormone with anti-inflammatory properties), decrease after periods of inactivity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and thyme supplementation on the serum levels of omentin-1 and FGF-21 in sedentary young girls. Methods: In this clinical trial, 48 young girls were randomly assigned to four groups (n=12 each): HIIT training, thyme supplementation, HIIT + thyme, and control. Serum samples were collected at two time points: pre-test and post-test. Serum levels of omentin-1 and FGF21 were analyzed using specific ELISA kits. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum omentin-1 levels before (P=0.505) and after (P=0.542) the test in all four groups. However, post-test FGF-21 levels varied significantly among the groups (P=0.014). Post-test results indicated that FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in the HIIT + Thyme group (P=0.019; effect size=0.465), HIIT group (P=0.049; effect size=0.406), and thyme group (P=0.037; effect size=0.424) compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant increase in the FGF-21 levels was observed in the thyme (P=0.001), HIIT (P=0.002), and HIIT + thyme (P=0.003) groups after the interventions. Conclusion: The study suggests that the increase in FGF-21 is a beneficial outcome of HIIT exercises with or without thyme supplementation. Combining HIIT exercises with thyme supplements may lead to a greater increase in FGF-21 levels. However, further research is required to confirm these findings.

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual disorders among women that have a negative impact on their social activities. However, regular exercise training and consumption of medicinal plants is common among women in order to treat primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the present study was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of combination exercise training along with ginger supplementation on PGE2 levels and primary dysmenorrhea symptoms (intensity and duration) in sedentary girls. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 sedentary young girls with moderate/severe primary dysmenorrhea were randomly placed into one of the four groups: training along with ginger consumption, training along with placebo consumption, ginger and control placebo groups. The training groups performed combination exercise training in two sections of endurance training and strength training. The groups consuming supplementation used ginger capsules. The severity of pain dysmenorrhea was measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) and duration of pain by Cox menstrual cycle (CAS). PGE2 of all participants was examined in two stages before and after the research. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and ANCOVA, paired t-test and non-parametric tests. P

Introduction: Inactivity and sedentary are of the most important health problems that can affect serum proteins. The present research was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) along with the consumption of thyme suplementation on the serum levels of adropin and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a) in sedentary young girls. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study conducted in 2023, 48 sedentary young girls with mean age of 20.00±1.61 years were randomly divided into four groups: HIIT, thyme, HIIT+thyme and control. Venous blood was taken in the pre-test and post-test stages. Serum levels of adropin and TNF-a were analyzed using specific ELISA kits. The data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 22) using ANOVA and paired t tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference between the studied groups in the serum level of adropin before the test (P=0.501) and after the test (P=0.732), and the changes in adropin were not significant in the studied groups (P>0.05). A significant decrease in TNF-a values was observed in the thyme (P=0.001) and HIIT thyme groups (P=0.014) after the interventions, while a significant increase in TNF-a values was observed in the HIIT group (P=0.007). Conclusion: Performing HIIT exercises increases TNF-a levels and consuming thyme supplements decreases it and in cases where they are used at the same time, the effect of thyme is still stronger. Adropin levels were not affected by exercise or thyme supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiogenesis is a physiological process leading to capillary density enhancement and better blood distribution in skeletal muscles, which triggers in response to physical training. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in physiological factors involved in angiogenesis in response to circuit or traditional resistance training. Methods: Thirty-six healthy sedentary students who were studying at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran (age: 22.1±2.3 years; height: 172.7±5.1 cm) volunteered to participate in the study (from October 2021 to February 2022). Following a pre-test to evaluate one repetition maximum (1RM) of selected movements (Leg Press, Leg Curl, Leg Extension, Bench Pull, Seated Row, Biceps Curl), subjects randomly divided into Circuit Resistance training (CRT) (training protocol included 4 circles/3 times a week/8 weeks circuit performance/50-55% 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM), n=12), Traditional resistance training (RT) (training protocol included 8 repetition/3 set/3 time per week/8 weeks of same movements with 75% 1RM followed by 2 minutes break to rest between the sets; n=12) and the control group without any regular training (n=12). We assessed the level of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), plasma level of growth hormone (GH), and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (BFGF) to the mentioned training methods. Data were evaluated by utilizing SPSS version 14. Results: Present findings showed that CRT and RT protocols resulted in significant increases in post-test compared to pre-test in VEGF (P=0.00), GH (P=0.04), and BFGF (P=0.00). In addition, the magnitude of changes in VEGF and GH were significantly greater than the magnitude of changes in control group in post-test (P=0.03, and 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between absolute values of GH and VEGF (r=0.74 and r=0.71) following CRT (P=0.01) and RT (P=0.02). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CRT and RT might enhance angiogenesis through an increase in VEGF, bFGF and GH, leading to better blood distribution in muscles.

Introduction: Aging and sedentary lifestyle are associated with a decrease in physical and mental abilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected vestibular exercises on functional balance, walking speed, and quality of life of sedentary elderly men. Methods: This semi -experimental research was conducted from the winter of 1402 to the summer of 1403 with the participation of 30 sedentary elderly men from Tawheed Golmkan Elderly Care Center in Mashhad. The samples were selected purposefully and based on previous studies (25) and were divided into two experimental and control groups of 15 people. The experimental group performed selected vestibular exercises three sessions a week for eight weeks, while the control group did not perform any exercises. Dynamic comparison test, 10 -meter walking speed and short -term life questionnaire were used to evaluate the quality of life. Data analysis was performed using Shapiro -Wilk test, analysis of covariance, and t -test at a significance level of P<0/05. Results: The results of paired t test showed that dynamic balance (P=0/001), walking speed (P=0/001), and quality of life (P=0/001) of the experimental group improved significantly after the exercise program. This was while there was no improvement in the control group. The covariance results did not show a significant difference between the groups in the pre -test phase, but there was a significant increase in the scores of the experimental group in the post -test phase. Conclusion: It is recommended to use exercises to prevent the disabilities of the elderly and improve their quality of independent life [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Inactivity can reduce the serum level of some markers such as nesfatin-1 and irisin, which have positive effects on reducing inflammation and insulin resistance. Thyme is a plant whose extract has various properties, including anti- inflammatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) along with thyme supplementation on the serum levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 in sedentary young girls Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 48 young girls were randomly divided into four groups of HIIT, thyme, HIIT+thyme, and control group. Thyme supplement was taken in the form of 20 mg soft capsules, half an hour before each meal. Serum levels of nesfatin-1 and irisin were analyzed using specific ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and paired t statistical tests with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The serum level of irisin before the test (p=0.685) and after the test (p=0.556) was not significantly different among the studied groups. The post-test values of nesfatin-1 were significantly different among the groups (p<0.001). Intra-group evaluation showed that the changes of nesfatin-1 in the control and thyme groups were not significant (p>0.05). However, a significant increase in nesfatin-1 was observed in HIIT (p<0.001) and HIIT + thyme groups (p=0.001) after the interventions. Conclusion: The increase of nesfatin-1 was one of the favorable effects of HIIT exercises with or without thyme consumption. Irisin levels were not affected by exercise or thyme supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Activity has turned away from the human body by machine life and has replaced with obesity. This study aimed to investigate the interactive effect of eight weeks combined training and curcumin consumption on serum levels of interleukin-12 and some anthropometric indicators in obese sedentary woman. Materials and Methods: Semi-experimental study, Forty-eight obese women with an age range of 20-30 years were purposefully selected and divided into four groups of 12 people: control, curcumin, exercise and exercise+curcumin and for eight weeks to do combination exercises (aerobic exercise with an intensity of 60 to 80% of the MHR and resistance training with an intensity of 55 to 75% of a maximum repetition) and daily intake of curcumin of 80 mg. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the last training session and interleukin-12 levels were measured by ELISA using kits. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance and significance level less than 0.05 in SPSS-22. Result: There was a significant difference in levels of interleukin-12 and body mass index between the groups of exercise, exercise+curcumin and curcumin consumption compared to the pretest (p

Children with special learning disorders (SLD) have low physical activity and high sedentary behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Filial Therapy on sedentary behaviors (SB) in children with SLD. The research method was semi-experimental (pre-test, post-test, follow up with Placebo and control group). The statistical population of this study consisted of 116 mothers of SLD children aged 7 to 11 years in Malayer city. Among mothers, 95 mothers (91.90%) rated their child's sedentary behavior above the cut-off point (700 minutes or 12 hours and 7 minutes per week, Fischer et al, 2012). Of these mothers, 42 were randomly assigned to the experimental (12), placebo (12) and control (12) groups. Child weekly screen time scale (watching TV, tablet and so on) was used to assess the SB. Group Filial Therapy in 10 two-hour sessions was performed for the experimental group. The Placebo group received weekly information on SLD and participated in question-answer sessions, and the control group received no training. The analysis of variance with repeated measure and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for analyzing the data. The results showed that the Filial Therapy had a significant effect on decreasing the SB (during the week and the weekend) compared to Placebo and the control group. But there was no significant difference between scores of the placebo group in post-test and follow-up compared to the control group. According to the results, Filial Therapy is recommended to reduce SB in students, especially students with SLD.

Introduction: It has been proposed that regular exercise training is effective methods to reduce the levels of oxidative stress and its disorders. Therefore, this study was performed aimed to evaluate the changes of some total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation markers following the combined with high intensity interval training in sedentary postmenopausal women. Methods: This semi-experimental study was performed in 2020 on 45 sedentary menopause women in Bonab city. The subjects were randomly assigned to 3 groups: high-intensity interval training, combined exercise training and control. Exercise training programs were done in 3 nonconsecutive days for twelve week. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after exercise training and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and correlated t-test and Covariance of analysis (ANCOVA) test. P0.05). The twelve week of both type of exercise training methods significantly decreased the MDA and significantly increased the TAC levels in sedentary menopause women (p0.05). Moreover, significant correlation was observed between the changes of this markers with the changes in some of body composition indices in training groups (p

Background and Aim: Resistance exercise is one of the methods of training that can have different effects on the status of the body of low mobility people. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum levels of Irisin and some inflammatory factors immediately and 24 hours after a high-intensity exercise session in sedentary young women. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was carried out on 15 low mobility subjects (age: 24 ± 11.5 years, height: 165.57 ± 4.13 cm, weight: 73.12 ± 3.73), voluntarily participated in this research. The exercise session consisted of four upper and four lower limbs, with an intensity of 80-85% of 1RM of the subjects. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and using SPSS software version 18 (P

Introduction: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common menstrual disorders among women that have a negative impact on their social activities. However, regular exercise training and consumption of medicinal plants is common among women in order to treat primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, the present study was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of combination exercise training along with ginger supplementation on PGE2 levels and primary dysmenorrhea symptoms (intensity and duration) in sedentary girls. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 sedentary young girls with moderate/severe primary dysmenorrhea were randomly placed into one of the four groups: training along with ginger consumption, training along with placebo consumption, ginger and control placebo groups. The training groups performed combination exercise training in two sections of endurance training and strength training. The groups consuming supplementation used ginger capsules. The severity of pain dysmenorrhea was measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) and duration of pain by Cox menstrual cycle (CAS). PGE2 of all participants was examined in two stages before and after the research. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and ANCOVA, paired t-test and non-parametric tests. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The PGE2 level significantly decreased in the groups of training with ginger, training with placebo and ginger (P<0.05). In addition, a significant reduction in the intensity and duration of dysmenorrhea pain was observed in all the intervention groups compared to the placebo group in the second and third cycle of menstruation. Also, a significant difference was found between the two training groups with the supplement and placebo consumption in the pain intensity values (P<0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of ginger supplementation and combination exercise training through reducing PGE2 levels can improve the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in sedentary girls; it seems that combination of ginger supplement and combination exercise training have the synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the major problems threatening the world’s people are cardiovascular diseases, accounting for 30% of the deaths. The factors exposing people to this danger are called risk factors. Objective: This study aimed to compare the cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein between active and sedentary elderly men. Methods: The study was a descriptive comparison of two groups that were conducted in Rasht city in 2015. The subjects of this study consist of 30 active elderly men and 30 sedentary elderly men who were selected non-randomly and purposefully. Inclusion criteria of research for active subjects were have regular physical activity at least six months and don’t use cigarette and pills that affect profile lipids and inclusion criteria for sedentary subjects were don’t have regular physical activity and also don’t use cigarette and pills that affect profile lipids. The measured cardiovascular risk factors of subjects include fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), glycated haemoglobinA1c (HbA1c), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The statistical methods used for data analysis are Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, t-student, and U Mann-Whitney with significance level less than 0.05. Findings: The t-student exam shows that cardiovascular risk factors, including FBS, TG, TC, HDL, VLDL, HbA1c, and CRP, in active elderly men are lower than sedentary elderly men. This difference is also statistically significant (P≤0/01). Conclusion: The study showed that cardiovascular risk factors in active elderly men are less than sedentary ones. However, 80% of active elderly men had still at least one or several cardiovascular risk factors.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of some hematologic indices to 6-week high-intensity interval training along with intake of omega-3 supplements in sedentary male students. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 32 non-athlete male students from Sistan and Baluchestan University, were randomly divided into 4 equal groups of 8 people each, control, supplement, training, and training+supplement. The omega-3 group received a dose of 2 grams of omega-3 per day. The training group was subjected to high-intensity interval training. Training+omega-3 group has also undergone the same training program with a combination of omega-3 supplementation. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA statistical method at a significant level of p≤0.05. Results: The findings of this study showed that after 6 weeks, some of the hematological indices including red blood cells and hemoglobin in training + omega-3, training, and omega-3 groups increased significantly as compared to pre-test values (p≤0.05). In addition, hematocrit percentage and white blood cells showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in training + omega-3, and training and omega-3 groups compared to the pre test group. While plasma volume changes were constant, there was no significant difference for between groups’ comparisons in all biochemical indices (p≥0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the present study, high-intensity interval training combined with omega-3 supplementation causes more significant changes compared to the training or supplement alone on hematologic parameters in sedentary male students

Background and Aim: Excessive production of free radicals and the accumulation of oxidative damages play an important role in accelerating the aging process. However, one of the ways to fight against aging and related diseases is through physical activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on oxidative stress indicators (8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α: 8-iso PGF2α) and oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine: 8-OHdG) in elderly men. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elderly men were selected voluntarily and purposefully as a statistical sample and were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Participants of the experimental group performed resistance exercises three sessions per week for 12 weeks. At the beginning and end of the study, serum levels of 8-iso PGF2α and 8-OHdG were measured by ELISA method. Correlated and independent t-tests were used to compare intragroup and intergroup means, respectively. Results: Serum values of 8-iso PGF2α (P=0.007) and 8-OHdG (P=0.013) decreased significantly after 12 weeks of resistance training. Also, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in serum values of 8-iso PGF2α (P=0.009) and 8-OHdG (P=0.02). Conclusion: It seems that 12 weeks of resistance training reduces the values of oxidative stress (8-iso PGF2α) and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) indicators in older men. Therefore, regular resistance training can play an important role in preventing injuries caused by oxidative stress, especially in old age.

Background: Angiogenesis is a physiological process leading to capillary density enhancement and better blood distribution in skeletal muscles, which triggers in response to physical training. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in physiological factors involved in angiogenesis in response to circuit or traditional resistance training. Methods: Thirty-six healthy sedentary students who were studying at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University of Tehran (age: 22.1±2.3 years; height: 172.7±5.1 cm) volunteered to participate in the study (from October 2021 to February 2022). Following a pre-test to evaluate one repetition maximum (1RM) of selected movements (Leg Press, Leg Curl, Leg Extension, Bench Pull, Seated Row, Biceps Curl), subjects randomly divided into Circuit Resistance training (CRT) (training protocol included 4 circles/3 times a week/8 weeks circuit performance/50-55% 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM), n=12), Traditional resistance training (RT) (training protocol included 8 repetition/3 set/3 time per week/8 weeks of same movements with 75% 1RM followed by 2 minutes break to rest between the sets; n=12) and the control group without any regular training (n=12). We assessed the level of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), plasma level of growth hormone (GH), and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (BFGF) to the mentioned training methods. Data were evaluated by utilizing SPSS version 14. Results: Present findings showed that CRT and RT protocols resulted in significant increases in post-test compared to pre-test in VEGF (P=0.00), GH (P=0.04), and BFGF (P=0.00). In addition, the magnitude of changes in VEGF and GH were significantly greater than the magnitude of changes in control group in post-test (P=0.03, and 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between absolute values of GH and VEGF (r=0.74 and r=0.71) following CRT (P=0.01) and RT (P=0.02). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CRT and RT might enhance angiogenesis through an increase in VEGF, bFGF and GH, leading to better blood distribution in muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with different intensities on serum myostatin and follistatin levels in sedentary young women. Materials and Methods: In this practical and semi experimental study, 24 sedentary young women with range of 20-30 years and BMI 22-25 kg/m2 were selected by convenience sampling. Then, the volunteers were randomly assigned into two groups, [resistance training group with low intensity (40-60% of one repetition maximum) and high intensity (70-90% of one repetition maximum)]. The training protocols included: 8 weeks, 3 times a week. Blood samples (5cc) were obtained at baseline and 48 hours after at the end of the study; Also Serum levels of myostatin and follistatin were measured by ELISA methods. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance of repeated measures test by SPSS at the significant level (p

There are evidences in both animal and human studies which show that exercise has beneficial effects on the central nervous system and cognition. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise on memory and probable mechanisms of this effect (i.e. neurotrophic factors) in sedentary students. 30 sedentary students (mean age, 23.8±1.6 yr) were randomly divided into two groups: control and resistance. After blood sampling and memory test, they continued their exercises for 5 weeks based on the resistance training protocol. In the end, at least 48 hours after the last training session, the memory test and blood samples were collected in order to eliminate the temporary effects of exercises. For analysis of the data, Covariance test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used (P≥0.05). Results showed that resistance exercises significantly increased memory score (P

The vital role of exercise in many aspects of daily life and somewhat cognitivefunctions are acknowledged but a point that has recently gained researchers'attention is to investigate the effect of different types of exercises on cognitivefunctions and the mediating mechanisms of this effect. The aim of this study was todetermine the effect of two types of endurance and resistance exercises on thelevels of attention and BDNF of sedentary students. Therefore, 46 sedentarystudents from University of Tehran (mean age 24.3+1.8 yr) were assigned to threegroups: endurance, resistance and control after the Stroop pretest. After bloodsamples had been collected, the subjects continued their exercise protocol for fiveweeks. Finally, at least 48 hours after the last session, the Stroop test wasperformed and blood samples were collected in order to eliminate the temporaryeffects of exercises. For data analysis, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, paired sample ttest, one–way ANOVA, MANOVA test, Dunnett's T3 post hoc test and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient test were used (P≤0.05). Results showed a significantimprovement in the response time of Stroop test in both endurance and resistancegroups while expression of BDNF significantly increased only in endurance group(P0.05). There wasno significant correlation between the variations of response time of the Stroop testand expression of BDNF (P>0.05). Finally, this research indicated that exercisecan improve cognitive functions, but there was no significant difference betweenendurance and resistance exercises in response to this question that which activitywas more useful.

Background Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine linked to obesity, cardiovascular disease and inflammation. Exercise can be a transient physiological stress in whole-body energy metabolism. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the glucose, insulin and GDF-15 serum responses to acute effects of two intermittent and continuous exercises in sedentary obese males. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, eight inactive men (Mean±SD age, 25.75±2.37 years, body mass index: 31.96±3.03 kg/m2) were asked to perform two types of high-intensity intermittent activity (HIIT, 6×1-min running with 85% VO2max intensity and 4-min rest with 60% VO2max intensity between sets) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MIT, 30-min running with 65% VO2max intensity) in a crossover and randomly designed protocol along with control session. Findings GDF-15 serum level exercise significantly increased after HIIT and MIT exercises compared to the control (P0.62). Serum glucose level significantly decreased after both HIIT and MIT protocols compared to the controls (P0.13). Conclusion Exercise can increase plasma GDF-15 level and improve glucose metabolism in inactive obese males.

Background & aim: In obesity, adipokines is secreted from adipose tissue induced inflammation, causing adverse effects. Among the wide range of adipokines, aplein has been considered by researchers due to association with body composition indices such as fat percentage, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of concurrent training (endurance and strength) on apelin, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein levels in middle-aged sedentary obese men. Methods: In this present quasi-experimental study, 30 men, aged between 48 to 60 years, with mean height of 174.43±7.51 cm, mean weight of 93/53±5.26 kg and mean BMI of 30.88±0.81 kg/m2 were selected purposefully, and randomly allocated to the concurrent training (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The training program consisted 12 weeks of concurrent endurance and strength training. Blood samples were collected for measurements of apelin, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and insulin resistance index before and after 12 weeks. Paired sample t-test and Independent were used to analyze the data (p

Introdution: Ageing is associated with systemic inflammation. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a critical negative regulator of inflammation and its level was found to decrease with ageing. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of regular brisk walking on blood circulating levels of miR-146a and plasma levels of Interlukine-6 (IL-6) in sedentary elderly women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 aged women (63.5±3.9 years) were randomly allocated to the endurance training (n=10), and control groups (n=10). Training group (TG) walked at 70-75% maximum heart rate reserve (HRRmax), three times a week for twelve weeks. Control group remained untrained during the study period. Blood samples were collected before and 72 hours after the last session of endurance training for measuring concentration of miR-146a and IL-6. Independent T-test, Paired T-test, Mann Whitney, and Wilcoxon were used after the data analysis base on normalization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and the significant level was set at P≤0.05. Results: The results revealed that the levels of miR-146a increased (P=0.027) and the levels of IL-6 decreased (P=0.001) significantly in response to the endurance training protocol, and these changes were associated with a decrease in body mass index (BMI) (P=0.002). Conclusion: According to the result of the present study, brisk walking training may be considered as an effective training mode for helping to decrease the blood inflammatory factors. The findings also suggest that microRNAs can be improved, after regular walking, in old adult

Background and Objectives : The risk of coronary artery disease increases with increasing of blood pressureboth in hypertensive and normotensive persons on the other hand nutritional factors have asignificant effect on blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to assess theeffect of caffeine on blood pressure in sedentary healthy male during resistance exercise. Methods: In single-blind crossover study , twenty healthy and non-athlete male in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili randomly selected and stratified according to age and BMI into twogroups: caffeine and placebo. The subjects performed repetitions to exhaustion at 60% of 1RM for any motion of chest press, leg press, squat and lat pulldown, 1 hour after taking caffeine (6 mg/kg body weight) or Placebo (similar dosage of starch). Blood pressure (BP) was measured before and 1 hour after taking caffeine and also immediately after any exercise. Data analysis was conducted using independent and paired t-test. Results : Results indicated that systolic and diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure significantly elevated following caffeine intake at rest, but no significant differences were observed after exercise. Conclusion: These findings indicate that caffeine at this dosage level alters cardiovascular dynamics by augmenting arterial blood pressure in moderately non-athletes male at rest. However, it seems that taking caffeine before resistance exercise does not cause abnormal elevations in blood pressure in sedentary healthy male.

Objectives: Plasmatic total ghrelin levels (ie, acylate & unacylated isoformes) are changeable during malnutrition, starvation regime, exercise bouts, obesity and hyperglycemia conditions. Studies have reported increases, decreases or no change in total ghrelin concentrations as a resultsresults of exercise. WalkingSince walking is used as a movement current pattern with a different lifestyle conditions, especially in several social jobs activities of daily livings of the middle-aged and elderly, the aim of the present study is to evaluate whether therelationship betweenthe number of step per day steps per day andwith acylated ghrelin of menopausal women is related to different life styles.as well, the effects of physical activity volume on this peptide hormone. Methods & Materials: Daily step volumes voluntarily were measured in the health postmenopausal women (n=40) by the electronic pedometer. Subjects (aged 55.9±4.6) divided by as active group (AG=20) and sedentary group (SG=20). Results: Daily step average in the AG (8022±2659 step/day) significantly was higher than SG (3450±913 step/day) (P

Background: Obesity has adverse effects on respiratory mechanisms and is considered as a risk factor for respiratory problems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the selected Pilates exercise program on some respiratory parameters of obese sedentary women. Materials and Methods: In this randomized experimental study with pre- and post-test design, 24 inactive obese women (with the mean age 38.4±8.61 years and BMI 35.6±2.95 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=15) and control (n=9). The experimental group participated in a Pilates training program) 8 weeks, 3 times per week), while the control group did not participate in any training program. Some respiratory parameters were measured before and after the training program by a spirometer. Results: The results showed that Pilates training increased vital capacity (IVC) by 10%, inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) by 19%, expiratory reserve volume (ERV) by 51% , tidal volume (VT) by 29%, peak expiratory flow (PEF) by 88%, peak inspiratory flow (PIF) by 28%, maximum expiratory flow 25 (MEF25) by 55%, maximum expiratory flow 50 (MEF50) by 63%, maximum expiratory flow 75 (MEF75) by 89%, maximum expiratory flow 75-85 (MEF75-85) by 93% , which this increase was not significant in the IRV and VT indexes. Conclusion: It seems that Pilates exercises can increase the performance of the respiratory muscles in obese sedentary women and improve lung function by increasing some respiratory parameters.

Introduction: In recent years, a number of researches have been carried out regarding the relationship between atherosclerosis and serum levels of GH and IGF-1 and different results were obtained. This study aimed to determine the effect of a six-month aerobic exercise on levels of GH, IGF-1 and GH/IGF-1 ratio serum in sedentary middle-aged women Methods: Nineteen healthy females, who were selected by convenience sampling method, were divided into two [active (n=11) and non-active (n=8)] groups. The exercise protocol included aerobic exercise training lasted for 6 months and 3 sessions per week. Every session lasted for 60 minutes with intensity of 55-65 percent of heart rate reserve. Blood samples were taken and Serum IGF-1 and GH were measured before and after six months of aerobic training. To make intra and intergroup comparisons as well as to investigate the interactive effect, repeated measure analysis of variance were used. For all statistical comparisons, the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: This study demonstrated that the level of serum IGF-1 in middle-aged women decreased significantly (P=0.016). However, the levels of GH didn't change significantly during this period. Moreover, GH to IGF-1 ratio increased significantly (P=0.007). Conclusion: The study results indicated that six-month aerobic exercise led to a decrease on the levels of IGF-1 and did not make a change in GH serum in sedentary middle-aged women. In other words, doing aerobic exercises reduced IGF-1 levels that have a significant relationship with severity of a coronary disease and thus can prevent the atherosclerosis disease.

Background and Aim: Adiponectin is an important protective factor in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease and it has been reported that testosterone has a potential anti-diabetic role in men. Furthermore, cortisol is an anti-stress catabolic hormone. The purpose of this study was to survey effect of strength training on serum levels of adiponectin, testosterone, and cortisol in sedentary lean men. Materials and Methods: In a semi-experimental study, sedentary lean men were randomly placed at two groups: strength training and control. Strength training protocol consisted of twelve weeks weight training (3 sessions per week, 10 stations, 3 sets 8-12 repetitions in each station, intensity 60-80% of one repetition maximum, rest between sets 1 min and between stations 2 min, duration of main training 20-40 min per each session). Data analyzed by SPSS16 software. Independent- and paired-samples T tests were used for analyzing data. Statistical significance was accepted at P0.05). Conclusion: Performing a period of strength training can improve body weight, body mass index, and cardio respiratory function of sedentary lean men, while it results in no significant change in body fat percent. Also, since testosterone has anti-diabetic role, strength training can be useful through increasing testosterone levels in sedentary lean men. It doesn’t appear that twelve weeks strength training has effect on circulating levels of adiponectin and cortisol in sedentary lean men.

Introduction: Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin are bone remodeling markers. So that, increased their level is associated with bone formation. On the other hand, continued cigarette smoke is associated with the change in bone remodeling indexes. The present study aimed to assess the effect of 3 months aerobic training on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin as bone remodeling markers in smoker males. Materials and Method: Thirty two sedentary age-matched (42 ± 2 years of old) males’ cigarette smokers were recruited in this study by accessible sampling and were randomly divided into experimental (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups. The experimental group performed 12 weeks of aerobic exercise (3 days per week / 60-80 % of maximum heart rate) and control subjects did not exercise training. Pre and post training of anthropometrical markers, fating serum osteocalcin and ALP were measured in 2 groups. The ANKOVA test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the changes. The change less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Significant decreases were observed in anthropometrical markers by aerobic training in exercise group (p < 0.05). Aerobic training induced significant increase in serum osteocalcin (p = 0.011) and ALP (p = 0.019) in experimental group, but these variables did not change in control group (p > 0.05) Conclusion: long term aerobic training in presence continued cigarette smoking can be improved bone formation in smoker males.

Background and Aim: The antioxidant supplements to reduce the damaging effects of free radicals after extreme sports is crucial; Thus, the effect of Jujube fruit consumption on serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) young men after an intensive anaerobic exercise is studied. Materials and Methods: The present study was a control quasi-experimental research with two-group including exercise with and without jujube fruit juice. 20 young males were randomly assigned into two homogeneous groups including exercise and user jujube fruit (0.4 mg/kg for 3 weeks) and exercise group. Both groups participated in 30-second Wingate test. Blood samples were collected at three stages including the base, after jujube fruit consumption and after the exercise protocol. Results in SPSS software (version 15) with independent t-tests, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Post-Hoc Bonferroni, at a significant level, p≤0.05 was extracted. Results: The baseline IL-6 was significantly lower than before and after the Wingate test (p0.05). Conclusion: Jujube fruits do not have the potential to control the IL-6 and TNF-α as inflammatory markers following of the intensive anaerobic workouts.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the number of training sessions in a week on psychological factors and memory of sedentary elderly. For this purpose, 45 sedentary male elderly (mean age, 73.15±6.54 years; height, 166.5±3.10 cm; weight, 64.45±4.06 kg; body mass index (BMI), 23.49±1.51 kg/m2) were voluntarily selected and divided into two training groups and one control group with their own desire. The 8-week training program in two-session group consisted of running with intensity of 40-55% of maximum heart rate for 2 sessions a week. Subjects in four-session group used a training program with similar intensity of two-session group for 4 sessions a week. Depression, anxiety, happiness and memory status were measured using the Beck Depression, Beck Anxiety, Oxford Happiness and Wechsler Memory tests. Data were analyzed using paired t test and one-way ANOVA (P

Background: Studies show that aerobic exercise prevents osteoporosis in menopause by stimulating osteoblastic cells. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on alkaline phosphatase gene expression, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, and calcium in sedentary women. Methods: This investigation is a semi-experimental study that was performed in September 2015 at Urmia University, Iran. The statistical population was all healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women 50 to 65 years old in Urmia city. Twenty sedentary postmenopausal women with an average age 60.12±2.12 yr, weight 72.35±10.50 kg, and body mass index 29.46±3.24 kg/m2 voluntarily and bona fide participated in this study, and then subjects were randomly divided to the Exercise/E (10 women) and Control/C (10 women) groups by random sampling method. E group performed of 12 weeks walking and jogging moderate-intensity aerobic exercise at 65-70% maximal heart rate of training, three sessions per week and per session 50-60 (min), but the C group participated in no intervention. Twenty-four hours before and after the 12-week training program were taken blood samples in order to measure of alkaline phosphatase gene expression and serum markers of bone in the E and C Groups. Evaluation of gene expression and serum markers of bone were measured by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Auto-analyzer (Biotechnica, Italy)/ ELISA reader (Awareness Inc., USA) machines, respectively. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential (ANCOVA test) statistics using SPSS version 23 (Chicago, IL, USA) and a significance level of P≥0.05 was considered. Results: The results showed that alkaline phosphatase gene expression and parathyroid hormone after 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in between-groups were significantly increased (P=0.027 and P=0.006, respectively), while serum levels of calcium and alkaline phosphatase were not significantly different (P=0.941 and P=0.990, respectively). Conclusion: The results suggest that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise of walking and jogging at 65-70% maximal heart rate of training increases alkaline phosphatase gene expression and parathyroid hormone in sedentary postmenopausal women.

Background: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The studies show that factors such as vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between blood pressure with vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus in sedentary postmenopausal women. Methods: This investigation is in the form of a descriptive correlational study that was performed in September 2015. The statistical population was all healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women 50-70 years old in Urmia city, Iran. Fifty-four sedentary postmenopausal women were selected as subjects and voluntarily and bona fide participated in this study. General and anthropometric characteristics of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) in subjects were measured by wall-meter with an accuracy of one millimeter, digital scale with precision of 100 g (Beurer, Germany), and dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic, USA) machines, respectively. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure was measured by indicator machine. Serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus were measured by ELISA and Auto-analyzer (BT 1500, Biotecnica, Italy machines, respectively. Results: The mean general, anthropometric, and physiological/laboratory variables of subjects were: age 54 yr, height 156 cm; weight 72 kg; BMI 29 kg/m2; systolic and diastolic blood pressure 76.20 and 110.70, respectively; vitamin D 25.22 ng/ml, parathyroid hormone 33.29 ng/ml, calcium 9.44 ng/ml, and phosphorus 3.26 ng/ml. Moreover, results showed that there was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and vitamin D (P>0.581 and P>0.619, respectively). There was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and parathyroid hormone (P>0.623 and P>0.341, respectively). There was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and calcium (P>0.704 and P>0.141, respectively). There was no significant relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and phosphorous (P>0.058 and P>0.357, respectively). Conclusion: The results suggest that there is no relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure with serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorous in sedentary postmenopausal women 50-70 years old.

Introduction: Blood inflammatory markers are important as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and exacerbation of risk factors. Physical exercise is well recognized as an important strategy for reducing the risk of inflammation and chronic disease, but the effect of endurance-resistance exercises on these parameters is remained largely unknown. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of combine endurance-resistance training on inflammatory markers in sedentary postmenopausal women. Methods: This applicable semi-experimental study was performed on 22 postmenopausal women in Gilan province in 2015. They were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups). Experimental group performed the eight weeks exercise training, three sessions per week and each session was 90 minutes. Aerobic exercises began at 50% of target heart rate and resistance training with a 50% of one repetition maximum intensity and both exercise intensity increased to 80% in the final session. Before and after 8 weeks of training, inflammatory variables including IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP and cardiorespiratory endurance were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and paired and independent t-tests. PResults: The result showed that although 8 weeks of endurance-resistance training did not affect on serum TNF-α, however, it decreased hs-CRP along with IL-6 levels and increased cardiorespiratory endurance after the intervention (P=0.001). Conclusion: Combined training with a reduction in hs-CRP along with IL-6 levels and an improvement of cardiorespiratory endurance can be effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases.

Objectives Lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines are associated with increased life expectancy. However, the effects of regular physical activity on these cytokines in postmenopausal women have not been investigated very well. Methods & Materials Fifteen active and 15 inactive postmenopausal women (aged between 50-60 years) were recruited randomly. The exclusion criteria included chronic diseases, smoking, and surgeries in the past year. Also, more than a year should have passed since all subjects experienced natural menopause. Active postmenopausal women should have regular physical activity included walking, jogging, and resistance exercises and they should have performed these exercises three times a week within the past 6-12 months. After 12 hours of fasting, blood samples were taken in rest. Blood sample was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes, and the serum was frozen and stored at -80°C until biochemical analyses were performed. Independent t test was used to compare quantitative variables, and α level for statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results Regular physical activity brings about a significant decrease in C-reactive protein, significant increase in IL-15 and non-significant increase in IL-10 in active postmenopausal women in comparison to inactive postmenopausal women. Conclusion Regular physical activity may result in lower incidence of chronic diseases in postmenopausal women via decreased inflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and could, therefore, play a role in higher life expectancy.

Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of 50% of death in women after menopause. This study was done to evaluate the effect of combined training on cystatin C, high- sensitivity C-reactive protein and some cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary postmenopausal women. Methods: In this quasi -experimental study, 24 sedentary postmenopausal women (50-65 years) were non-randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Women in the experimental group were received a combined training program including aerobic exercise (65-75% of MHR) and resistance exercise (55-65% of 1RM), 4 d/wk for 10 weeks. The control group did not participate in any physical activity. Body weight, BMI, BF%, blood pressure, levels of cystatin C, C-reactive protein, triglyceride, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured before and after study. Results: Exercise training showed no significant effect on serum levels of cystatin C, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Short-term combined training with moderate intensity has no effect on cystatin C levels and other cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary postmenopausal women.

Introduction and Aims This study is examining the effect of Q10 supplementation on some oxidative and anti-oxidative markers following one bout exhaustive aerobic exercise in sedentary men. Materials and Methods 20 sedentary men divided in 2 homogenous groups in double blind approach: supplementation group (2.5mg/kg Q10) and placebo group. Subjects participated in Bruce test after 14 days Q10 supplementation. Blood samples were collected 4 times. Results The results show significance increase in total anti oxidative capacity following 14 days Q10 supplementation (P

Abstract Background: The current study aims to investigate the impact of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of CK and LDH as the muscle damage indicators and on Gelatinase-A (MMP-2) serum levels as the tissae inflammatory marker among young sedentary girls. Materials and Methods: For this quasi-experimental study, 14 sedentary female college students were selected and randomly divided into two groups; including the exercise HIIT group (means and standard deviations of age: 21/28 ± 2/56 (years); weight:52/86 ±4/95 (kg); and height: 163/1±3/7 (cm)) and the control group (means and standard deviations of age: 20/25 ±7/50 (years); weight:52/64 ±3/67 (kg); and height: 162/4±4/5 (cm)). The experimental group performed six repetitions of one-minute runs at 90%- 95% of HRmax. The blood samples were collected before and 30 minutes after the exercise protocol. The serum CK, LDH and MMP-2 levels were measured using corresponding kits. The data were analyzed through the independent t-test at the significance level of 0.05 (p

Objectives: The loss of physiological and functional capacity is a risk factor for falls, disability, and injury or death in the elderly. Water base-exercise (WEX) is one of the proposed methods for improving the performance of the elderly. The aim of this research was to study the effect of water base-exercise frequency on the balance and functional indices of untrained elderly man. Methods & Materials: This was a semi-experimental study consisting of 36 elderly men within the age group of 64.36±2.15 years, height 165.05±4.32 cm, weight 62.89±3.73 kg, and BMI 23.12±1.72, who volunteered to participate in the study. Prior to the initial assessment, each participant gave their written personal consent. Then the subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 12 members each: 2 d·wk-1, 3 d·wk-1, and control group. The water training protocol was followed for six weeks. Functional and balance parameters including flexibility, and strength of the lower extremities were evaluated before and after the completion of the training protocol. The differences in pretest and posttest for each group were examined using the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA was used for comparison among the three groups. The value of P≥0.05 was considered significant. SPSS 17 software was used for carrying out all statistical operations. Results: The search indicated that the factor of static and dynamic balance and movement ability between the 2 d·wk-1 and 3 d·wk-1 WEX groups were not significantly different (P≥0.05). On the other hand, lower extremity strength and flexibility in the 3 d·wk-1 WEX group was significantly different from the 2 d·wk-1 (P≥0.05). Although the t-test results revealed significant differences (P≥0.05) between pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group, this difference was non-significant in the control group (P≥0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the balance and movement ability factors of elderly people are highly affected by the volume of practice to training frequency. However, the increase in training frequency could improve other physical factors such as muscle strength and flexibility in the elderly.

Background: Previous studies have shown that use of supraphysiologocal doses of anabolic adrogenic steroids (AAS) associated with detrimental cardiovascular effects including ventricular hypertrophy, increased susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion injury, impairment of exercise-induced cardioprotection and sudden cardiac death. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of 8 weeks treatment of AAS nandrolone decanoate (10 mg/kg/week), on ischemic preconditioning (IPC) phenomena in isolated hearts of sedentary rats. Materials and Methods: Three groups of animals were studied in the present study. Control ischemia/reperfusion injury group (IR), 2- Ischemic preconditioned group before main test ischemia and reperfusion (IPC+IR), and 3- Nandrolone treated ischemic preconditioned group before main test ischemia and reperfusion (Nan+IPC+IR). After two months of nandrolone and/or its solvent, the isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. The IPC was induced by three cycles of 3-min occlusion and 3-min reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) before main test ischemia. Heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), rate pressure product (RPP), Max dp/dt, Min dp/dt and coronary flow were recorded during experiment. Infarction size was measured after 120 min reperfusion by TTC staining. Results: Eight weeks’ nandrolone treatment decreased body weight and increased cardiac to body weight ratio in treated rats. Nandrolone increased pre-ischemic base line cardiac function parameters in the rat hearts. Cardiac function recovery parameters in different time points during reperfusion were also greater in nandrolone treated rats compared to their respective controls. IPC decreased infarct size in the rats (P

Cognitive performance such as prediction and reaction time changes along with aging. It seems that regular lifetime physical activity depends on the delay of these factors. This study aimed at investigating the effect of Pilates training on the improvement of motor performance of sedentary elderly men in Kermanshah city. 40 sedentary elderly men (mean age 72.15 ± 6.54 years) were selected from the senior citizen centers in Kermanshah and were divided into two groups of experimental and control randomly. The experimental group performed Pilates protocol for 8 weeks. Both groups participated in the pretest and posttest of cognitive performance. The data obtained from the pretest and posttest were analyzed by paired samples t test and independent t test was used to compare the posttests of both groups. The results showed that Pilates group outperformed the control group significantly in their cognitive status and reaction time in the posttest (P˂0.05), but there was no significant difference in prediction between these two groups. The patterns of these results suggested that Pilates exercises could improve the elderly's cognitive performance.

Background and Purpose Physical activity has many health benefits, but its relationship to female fertility is unclear. Considering the vital effects of lifestyle on women's reproductive health, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing the level of physical activity and body composition of fertile and infertile women in Arak city in 1400. Materials and methods The present study is a case-control study that was conducted on 200 fertile and infertile women (20 to 40 years old) referring to Arak infertility center who were selected through available sampling. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were also measured. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between fertility and physical activity level, sedentary behavior and body composition. Ethical considerationsThis study was approved by the ethics committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with the ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1400.050. Findings The level of physical activity (P=0.001) and body mass index (P=0.03) were lower and higher in infertile women compared to fertile women, respectively. In women with moderate physical activity level (odds ratio 42.4 and 95% confidence interval: 60.1, 99.12 and P=0.004), the chance of infertility decreases. Women who spend more than 300 minutes a day without movement are 2.07 times more likely to have fertility problems than physically active women (odds ratio 2.07 and 95% confidence interval: 36.1, 14.3 and 0.001= P). The conclusion of this study shows that low physical activity, sedentary behavior and obesity are independent risk factors related to infertility. Therefore, more attention should be paid to lifestyle behaviors in women to prevent and even treat infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on plasma level of estrogen hormone and body fat percent in sedentary postmenopausal women. Methods & Materials: Twenty seven sedentary postmenopausal women were purposefully selected as the subjects of this semi-experimental study (mean age 69.52±7.26 years and mean weight of 64.96±7.81 kg). Furtherly,they were randomly divided into experimental (n=13) and control groups (n=14). Fasting blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks of resistance training. Resistance training was performed at an intensity corresponding to 60-80% of a one-repetition maximum (2 d/wk for 8 weeks). Differences were analyzed by paired t-test and the between group differences by independent t-test. Results: Comparing differences between the groups indicated that plasma estrogen level significantly increased (P=0.003) and resting heart rate significantly decreased (P=0.010) after eight weeks of resistance training. Body fat percent in experimental group significantly increased in comparing pre and post data (P=0.002). Conclusion: Postmenopausal women may not need to consume estrogen at all or if applied, use lower doses of such hormonal therapeutic approach if they perform resistance training. Increasing this hormone levels may be attributed to increasing the production of such hormone in fat and other peripheral tissues.

Introduction: high intensity interval training (HIIT) enhances capacity for fat oxidation and mitochondrial enzyme activity, but the effect of HIIT on plasma adiponectin levels is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of six weeks HIIT on resting plasma levels of adiponectin, insulin sensitivity and resistance and fat loss in sedentary young women. Material and Methods: Twenty tow students voluntarily participated in this study and the randomly divided into two groups: Experimental and Control groups. Experimental group performed three HIIE sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of either four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20 m area with 20–30 s recovery. Fasting blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after exercise protocol. Data were analyzed by dependent t test and paired t test. Results: Statistical analysis data showed, resting adiponectin levels post-intervention in the experimental group had significantly increased (p=0.047). Significant improvements (P

Background and Objectives: Physical activity energy expenditure may mediate the relationship between plasma leptin levels and worsening insulin resistance independent of adiposity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single session of combined exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men. Methods: Ten male subjects (22.9±1.7 years) and BMI (23±1.7kg.m-2) performed a single session of combined exercise including aerobic exercise: 60-70% of their maximal oxygen consumption for 20 min, and resistance exercise: 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition in maximum. Leptin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance indexes were measured before and 24 h after an exercise. Results: There were significant differences for leptin (ng.ml-1) [pre, 4.97(1.44); post, 3.84(0.83)], and insulin resistance index [pre, 1.25(0.33); post, 1.02(0.16)] (p

Background and Objectives: Physical activity energy expenditure may mediate the relationship between plasma leptin levels and worsening insulin resistance independent of adiposity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single session of combined exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.Methods: Ten male subjects (22.9±1.7 years) and BMI (23±1.7kg.m-2) performed a single session of combined exercise including aerobic exercise: 60-70% of their maximal oxygen consumption for 20 min, and resistance exercise: 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition in maximum. Leptin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance indexes were measured before and 24 h after an exercise.Results: There were significant differences for leptin (ng.ml-1) [pre, 4.97(1.44); post, 3.84(0.83)], and insulin resistance index [pre, 1.25(0.33); post, 1.02(0.16)] (p

Introduction: Adiponectin and leptin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. In this study, ratio of leptin to adiponectin, along with the insulin resistance index, is a good indicator for the diagnostic purposes of obesity and diabetes. Materials and Methods: Sixty obese women aged 35-45 years (BMI ≥30) were divided into four groups: control, exercise, massage, and exercise+massage. Aerobic exercise included aerobic training, 8weeks, 3days/week, that bigan with 25 minutes and 55% of HRmax, and in the last week reached 40 minutes and 85% of HRmax. Massage was performed by LPG device for 30 minutes, 3days/week and 8 weeks. The combined group performed an exercise program after 30 minutes of massage. Blood samples were taken from the vein of the left hand, bifor and 48h after the exercise and massage intervention, and after 12h of fasting. were measured the Leptin, adiponectin,insulin and glucose levels . In order to analized the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was used at a significance level of p≥0.05. Results: The levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fat percentage, BMI, leptin, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin in the post-test of exercise+massage group were significantly changed compared with posttest of three groups, (p=0.001). Conclusion: Performing aerobic exercise with massage on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin levels seems to be more effective than exercise and massage alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of obesity and type2 diabetes are escalating at an alarming rate in many developed as well as developing countries. Irisin is a novel muscle and adipose derived chemokine that is, proteolytically processed from the product of the FNDC5 (fibronectin type ш domain containing 5) gene. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of tow kind of training on irisin in sedentary obese women. Methods: In this study 22 obese women (medium age: 37± 6 year, height: 1.55 ± 0.04 meter, BMI: 35 ± 0.29 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two training groups Isocracy (resisting (n: 12) and concurrent (n: 11)). They attributed for three sessions a week for eight weeks. Before and after the period, the levels of irisin, fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance with HOMA-IR index and viscera ratio to body muscle were investigated. Finally, the data were analyzed using tow way ANOVA evaluated. Results: After 8 weeks exercise glucose in resistance groups and irisin in all groups had significant changes (P<0.05) but we did not find significant differences in fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and irisin between the groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: In summery in this study there were no difference between groups of training. It can be hypothesis that the increase of irisin in obese people is one of the preventing ways against of obesity's side effects. Exercise could improve the signaling pathways and consume the fat accumulations, therefore at the end of exercise duration, irisin decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]