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Introduction: Lumosity is a computer game for enhancing and improving the memory and brain efficiency of the elderly. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lumosity on working memory, visual memory, and executive functions of the elderly living in nursing homes. Method: The present was an experimental study based on a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly aged 65-70 years living in nursing homes of Bukan, in 2019. Some of them who were able to read and write were selected as the sample by using purposive sampling and then they were randomly assigned to the control and test groups. In this study, the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) were employed for measuring working memory, executive functions, and visual memory, respectively. The data were finally analyzed by the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-24. Results: The results showed that Lumosity was effective in working memory (F=18.856, P=0.001), visual memory (F=7.97, and p=0.009), and executive functions (F=9.94, p=0.004) at the 95% level of confidence. The results also indicated that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest mean of the studied variables, revealing the positive effects of Lumosity on working memory, visual memory, and executive functions of the participants. Conclusion: Since the use of computer games, including Lumosity, can improve major cognitive functions, such as executive functions and memory, such games are recommended to be applied in nursing homes for rehabilitating the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cold executive functions, working memory and cognitive flexibility are among the main cognitive functions that play a role in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cognitive rehabilitation has been proposed as an efficacy and non-pharmacological treatment method in improving and promoting cognitive functions in a wide range of mental and behavioral disorders, but until now, the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation of inhibitory control on the cold executive functions of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been less studied despite the importance and necessity of improving and strengthening these structures. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigating the efficacy of inhibitory control cognitive rehabilitation on cold executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the study included male and female students of 7- 12 years of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021 who were suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The statistical sample included 30 students who were selected by purposeful sampling, they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The SNAP Questionnaire (SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, 1980), the Computerized Previous Multiple Stimulus Test (N-BACK, Kirchner, 1958) and the Wisconsin Computerized Test (WSCT, Grant & Berg, 1948) were used to collect information. For data analysis, mixed variance analysis method with repeated measurements and SPSS24 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a difference in the performance of the experimental group and the control group in the components of active memory and cognitive flexibility (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained findings, it seems that structured tasks aimed at strengthening interference inhibition and response to improve cold executive functions, Working memory and cognitive flexibility help students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Internet addiction can be explained by various factors, including executive functions as multifunctional neuropsychological structures. Aim: The purpose of this study is to predict internet addiction through executive functions among students of Allameh Tabataba'i University. Method: The present study is a correlational study and its statistical population consists of students of Allameh Tabataba’i University who have studied in the second semester of the 2019 academic year. The statistical sample of the study included 206 Undergraduate Student who were selected by available sampling in this study. In order to measure Internet addiction, the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire was used and to evaluate the executive functions Go/No Go Task, N-Back Task and Wisconsin Card Classification Task (WCST) were used. Correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 statistical software. Results: The results of the analyzed data show that there was no relationship between working memory components (N-Back Test Series n2) and Internet addiction (P<0.05). However, there is a significant negative relationship between internet addiction (first-series N-BACK), working memory and disinhibition and a significant positive relationship between internet addiction and cognitive flexibility. (P<0.05) Conclusion: The results of this study showed that executive functions can predict internet addiction in students. Executive functions can also be considered as one of the contributing factors to the persistence of Internet addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cold executive functions, working memory and cognitive flexibility are among the main cognitive functions that play a role in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Cognitive rehabilitation has been proposed as an efficacy and non-pharmacological treatment method in improving and promoting cognitive functions in a wide range of mental and behavioral disorders, but until now, the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation of inhibitory control on the cold executive functions of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been less studied despite the importance and necessity of improving and strengthening these structures. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigating the efficacy of inhibitory control cognitive rehabilitation on cold executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the study included male and female students of 7-12 years of elementary school in Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021 who were suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The statistical sample included 30 students who were selected by purposeful sampling, they were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The SNAP Questionnaire (SNAP-IV, Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, 1980), the Computerized Previous Multiple Stimulus Test (N-BACK, Kirchner, 1958) and the Wisconsin Computerized Test (WSCT, Grant & Berg, 1948) were used to collect information. For data analysis, mixed variance analysis method with repeated measurements and SPSS24 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a difference in the performance of the experimental group and the control group in the components of active memory and cognitive flexibility (P

Introduction: Lumosity is a computer game for enhancing and improving the memory and brain efficiency of the elderly. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lumosity on working memory, visual memory, and executive functions of the elderly living in nursing homes. Method: The present was an experimental study based on a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly aged 65-70 years living in nursing homes of Bukan, in 2019. Some of them who were able to read and write were selected as the sample by using purposive sampling and then they were randomly assigned to the control and test groups. In this study, the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) were employed for measuring working memory, executive functions, and visual memory, respectively. The data were finally analyzed by the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-24. Results: The results showed that Lumosity was effective in working memory (F=18.856, P=0.001), visual memory (F=7.97, and p=0.009), and executive functions (F=9.94, p=0.004) at the 95% level of confidence. The results also indicated that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest mean of the studied variables, revealing the positive effects of Lumosity on working memory, visual memory, and executive functions of the participants. Conclusion: Since the use of computer games, including Lumosity, can improve major cognitive functions, such as executive functions and memory, such games are recommended to be applied in nursing homes for rehabilitating the elderly.

Background and Objective: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment abnormality. Inattentive behavior is considered a core and pervasive feature of ADHD. This study was done to compare the executive function and working memory in attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and healthy children. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was done on 50 children with ADHD as cases and 40 healthy children as controls. The disorder was diagnosed by applying Kanerz teacher test and confirmed by a psychiatrist. Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and n-back test were used to assess the executive function and working memory. Results: There was a significant difference between case and control groups in regard to executive function and working memory (P<0.05). Error omission was 16.98±8.157 and 7.3±3.824 in cases and controls, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder reduces executive function and working memory in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Internet addiction can be explained by various factors, including executive functions as multifunctional neuropsychological structures. Aim: The purpose of this study is to predict internet addiction through executive functions among students of Allameh Tabataba'i University. Method: The present study is a correlational study and its statistical population consists of students of Allameh Tabataba’i University who have studied in the second semester of the 2019 academic year. The statistical sample of the study included 206 Undergraduate Student who were selected by available sampling in this study. In order to measure Internet addiction, the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire was used and to evaluate the executive functions Go/No Go Task, N-Back Task and Wisconsin Card Classification Task (WCST) were used. Correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 statistical software. Results: The results of the analyzed data show that there was no relationship between working memory components (N-Back Test Series n2) and Internet addiction (P

Age-related cognitive changes are inevitable in old ages, but the influence of variables such as education, fluid intelligence, and social components challenge the exact understanding of these changes and no clear picture on normal cognitive changes relative to age could be made. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate developmental changes in cognitive components (including STM, WM, inhibition, updating, executive performance, and visual-spatial skills) by controlling the mentioned variables after age 60. Samples included people over 55 living in Tehran among whom 201 participants were selected using a purposive sampling method (48 samples aging 55 to 60, 47 samples aging 60 to 65, 52 samples aging 65 to 70, and 54 over 70). All participants finished high school and showed equal operation in intelligence and social participation tests. Forward Digit Span, Backward Digit Span, Kim Karad visual memory test, Stroop, Wisconsin sorting Cards, spatial orientation tasks, and a researcher-developed questionnaire on social activity and relationships were used to collect data. Results showed meaningful differences in all cognitive tasks among elderly groups (60-65, 65-70, and over). Results reported that, after 60, the given cognitive variables decreased in accordance with age, so that as the age increased cognitive performance decreased in all cognitive tasks of the elderly. Based on these results, a clear image was taken about normal changes of cognition in aging and a cognitive rehabilitation package for older people is suggested.

Abstract Background and Aim: Childhood cancer is associated with fatal disorder and Countless studies about the psychological damage to children with cancer, increasing prejudice toward this group of children. The aim of this study was evaluate the accuracy of prejudices via comparison of children with cancer and children with hemophilia in cognitive impairments. Methods: In this study, as a causal-comparative investigation, participated 50 children with hemophilia, 50 children with acute leukemia and 50 healthy children, in range of 7-12-year-old who referred to a children hospital (Mofid Hospital). In this study, a computerized version of N-back working memory test for assessing working memory function, Continuous Performance Test (CPT) for Attention Maintenance, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) for Executive Function and flexibility were applied. Results: In N-back test, both groups of children with hemophilia and ALL in compare to healthy children reveal faint function in correct answer and no answer (P

Objective: This research was conducted for studying role of working memory on executive functions in students with learning disabilities (LD). Methods: The sample was consisted of 40 students with LD (20 students with impairment in working memory and 20 students without impairment) and 20 students without LD. The research tools were Raven intelligence test, WMTB-C, tower of London and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results: The results revealed that students with LD having impairments in working memory acquired significantly lower scores on the planning. Results also shows there was no significant difference between learning disability students with impairments in working memory and normal group on the planning. As well as both learning disability groups performed more poorly than normal group on the Flexibility component. Conclusion: This study showed that working memory as a main factor influences on executive function performance in student with learning disabilities.

Background and Objective: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment abnormality. Inattentive behavior is considered a core and pervasive feature of ADHD. This study was done to compare the executive function and working memory in attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and healthy children. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 50 children with ADHD as cases and 40 healthy children as controls. The disorder was diagnosed by applying Kanerz teacher test and confirmed by a psychiatrist. Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and n-back test were used to assess the executive function and working memory. Results: There was a significant difference between case and control groups in regard to executive function and working memory (P