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Introduction: Urban areas, as human-environment systems, depend heavily on natural ecosystems for sustainability and well-being. Therefore, integrating ecosystem services into urban planning is essential for promoting sustainable urban development. Among the various decision-making processes impacting ecosystem services in cities, urban planning is arguably the most critical. Despite the increasing academic interest in ecosystem services, there are still significant knowledge gaps regarding their integration into urban planning. Incorporating ecosystem services into the management of urban land is crucial for the rational allocation of land and effective ecological management in urban areas. However, several obstacles hinder this integration, including the inadequacies in the content and process of urban development plans, the limitations of current planning tools, the lack of knowledge about ecosystem services, the absence of relevant institutions and executive organizations, and the deficiency in the application of ecosystem services knowledge in practice and policy. Moreover, the necessary legal and regulatory frameworks are often lacking. This paper aims to examine both the current and potential utilization of ecosystem services in urban development plans, specifically focusing on the city of Arak. Methods: Two dominant scientific approaches are employed to evaluate the uptake and operationalization of ecosystem services in urban planning: interviewing stakeholders and analyzing the content of plans and policies. Content analysis of urban development plan documents provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential, gaps, and limitations related to the inclusion of ecosystem services in urban planning practices. To achieve this goal, a content analysis method with a directional approach (deductive method based on theory) was utilized. The study examined the extent to which 19 ecosystem services were addressed within three components of the Arak development and construction plan: the information base, vision/objectives, and actions. A scoring protocol was developed to assess the quality of ecosystem services inclusion in urban plans. This protocol used a 3-point scale, with scores ranging from zero (no inclusion), one (implicit inclusion), to two (explicit inclusion). Results: Among the regulating services, air purification and local ventilation services were mentioned 109 times, with the highest frequency (34 times) in the analysis section (database). The content analysis revealed that healthy water production was referenced 99 times, while food production was mentioned 82 times. Regarding supporting services, soil quality was noted nine times in total, with the highest mention (four times) in the analysis section. Among cultural services, recreational services and mental experiences were mentioned 94 times, with the highest frequency (26 times) in the city survey and knowledge section. The results indicate that the ecosystem services concept is partially integrated into the mentioned development document. However, the document lacks a holistic view of urban ecology and its benefits. In the three examined components, ecosystem services were mentioned 607 times, both implicitly (312 times - 51.4%) and explicitly (295 times - 48.6%), with the most attention given to the information base component (358 times - 59%). The significant difference in the score for cultural services (400) compared to provisioning (274), regulating (198), and supporting (30) services suggests that cultural services are more comprehensively included in the Arak metropolis plan. Discussion: The inconsistency in addressing each service or concept across the three components highlights a lack of significant correlation between data collection, analysis, goal formulation, vision development, plan preparation, and the establishment of rules and regulations. Another critical issue is the misalignment between the process and content of these plans with new concepts, as well as the weakness of the comprehensive rational process in integrating these concepts. To incorporate new ideas like ecosystem services into urban development plans, not only is there a need to strengthen content and process, but also to improve planning tools. Empirical studies suggest that tools such as Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) can help bridge this gap. Conclusion: Incorporating the concept of ecosystem services into new laws, guidelines, or revisions of existing plans and programs is a complex process that cannot be accomplished in the short term. The presence of informed stakeholders, public decision-makers, and experts is essential. Additionally, it is crucial to form interdisciplinary teams within both consulting engineering firms that prepare urban development plans and public institutions responsible for drafting and approving these plans. Tools such as Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) are recommended to evaluate proposed alternatives and select the final options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, regionalism and regional cooperation is a proper context to fortify national states’ power and different states seek multilateral development in the shadow of regional cooperation. Based on this fact, different organizations have been formed in Asia, but they have not been able to create a sustainable and effective union in the global decision-making process. This paper using descriptive- analytic method is intended to investigate the causes and factors which prevent the formation of such a union in Southeast, South and Southwest regions of Asia. The research main question here is that “why a sustainable and effective union has not been formed in Southeast, South and Southwest regions of Asia”. This paper argues that some geopolitical-geographic, political, cultural, economic and perceptional factors prevent the formation of a sustainable and effective in Southeast, South and Southwest regions of Asia. Also, regionalism is classic in these regions and the state nature and type is one of the most important factors in this relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, regionalism and regional cooperation is a proper context to fortify national states’ power and different states seek multilateral development in the shadow of regional cooperation. Based on this fact, different organizations have been formed in Asia, but they have not been able to create a sustainable and effective union in the global decision-making process. This paper using descriptive- analytic method is intended to investigate the causes and factors which prevent the formation of such a union in Southeast, South and Southwest regions of Asia. The research main question here is that “why a sustainable and effective union has not been formed in Southeast, South and Southwest regions of Asia”. This paper argues that some geopolitical-geographic, political, cultural, economic and perceptional factors prevent the formation of a sustainable and effective in Southeast, South and Southwest regions of Asia. Also, regionalism is classic in these regions and the state nature and type is one of the most important factors in this relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, supply chain management must adopt solutions to meet the changing needs of customers. Using business intelligence, along with integration and agility, creates a competitive advantage in the supply chain, and as a result, the supply chain can achieve a better position in the business. This paper aims to explore how business intelligence influences integration, agility, and supply chain performance. Meanwhile, the effect of supply chain integration and agility on supply chain performance will be examined. In this research, literature review was performed and a conceptual model was presented. Then the survey method was done. Data were collected through a survey of 369 companies from different industries and different cities in Iran during December 2020 and January 2021. The research analysis unit was manufacturing companies. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses. The results show that business intelligence, integration, and agility play an important role in achieving better supply chain performance. In the meantime, BI has the greatest impact on supply chain performance. Additionally, business intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the integration and agility of the supply chain. It was also found that integration has a direct effect on supply chain agility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1 billion people (approximately 15% of world population) live with disability. Also, about half of these people lack access to healthcare facilities. Therefore, providing timely healthcare services, especially rehabilitation, is of great significance for these people. The goal of the study was to determine the objectives and policies in the field of rehabilitation in middle- and high-income countries and compare them with Iran. Materials & Methods Based on available databases, a comprehensive review of documents, papers, and books was performed in the field of rehabilitation related to high- and middle-income countries. Results Due to a lack of coordinated services, inappropriate access, unplanned distribution, unclear service delivery levels, neglect of health promotion and prevention levels, lack of a transparent referral system, unclear insurance system, and weak financial resources, the need for a national program with a service integration approach is strongly felt. The review of the rehabilitation programs and documents in other countries help us to design a conceptual framework of the rehabilitation service model, which is based on three principles: Removing barriers and developing access to healthcare services and programs; strengthening and developing rehabilitation using technology, community-based support, and rehabilitation services; and promoting comparable international data collection on disability and supporting research on disability and related rehabilitation services. Conclusion The national rehabilitation program, with a service integration approach, provides a good platform for fair access to rehabilitation services for all people with disability. In this program, the health system is the most important reference to meet these needs. Therefore, it is suggested that this program pursue three main objectives: Fair promotion of the healthcare services of rehabilitation for recipients, improving the response to the needs of rehabilitation service recipients, and reducing the financial and social risks of service recipients.

Introduction: During many centuries humans realized the importance of co-existence and friendly interaction with their fellows for their survival against the surrounding dangers. It has long been believed that for peace and development, human societies must move towards integration and unity. In the last century, the first human attempts to create a regional union in Europe worked. The European Union was formed from the European Coal and Steel Organization. EU member states followed two important principles; one is peace and the other is a common identity with European roots. Although this union was economic in nature in the first step, but over the time, it was able to achieve its important goals and make Europe flourish in all areas. What the European Union has brought to the green continent is integration and common identity. After the successful experience of the European Union, other regions of the world were also encouraged to form regional organizations and unions. Since the formation of the European Union, regional organizations and associations have emerged one after another on every continent. ASEAN and SAARK in Asia, OAU and ECOWAS in Africa and MERCOSUR in South America were among the most important ones. Meanwhile, the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) was formed in the Middle East, which was dissolved in 1980 due to the revolution in Iran. In 1985, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was established at the initiative of Iran with the cooperation of Pakistan and Turkey (the same RCD members). Research question: "Why has the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) not yet become a successful union after four decades of activity?" Research hypothesis: To become Union, ECO needs to creat a common identity by analysing its roots, connections and cultural contexts. Methodology and theoretical framwork: To examine this hypothesis "Constructivism theory" has been chosen as the theoretical framework of the research. It will be a clear guide during the research. The method of this research is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach and based on a case study. The method of data collection is library and internet sources. Results and discussion: About four decades have passed since the establishment of the Economic Cooperation Organization. During this time, this organization has gone through many changes. ECO started working with the initiative of Iran in 1985 with the aim of becoming an efficient economic organization in the Middle East. A goal that became more unattainable over time. When seven Central Asian countries joined ECO in 1991, many observers expected it to become a successful union. The addition of the newly independent countries of Central Asia made this organization able to take steps toward realizing its long-standing goals, but now, after three decades, ECO is still not where it should be. The geographical area where ECO was established is a reminder of the thousands of years of co-existence of the people of this region far from today's political borders. With the formation and expansion of ECO, suddenly after the passage of several centuries, there were many hopes to return to the glorious days of the brilliant civilizations of this land. ECO is the epitome of the powerful "Heartland" empires throughout history. The legacy of centuries of coexistence for ECO; It is a rich culture by which it can help its member states to faciliate integration. Conclusion: The question of this research becomes important because by reviewing the experience of the formation of the European Union, we see that this organization, like ECO, it was initially a regional economic organization with the membership of several countries, which gradually became a strong organization and a powerful union. The European Union started the process of redefining a common regional identity. A "common culture" is what brings countries together in a regional organization. In order to find the answer to its question, this research has briefly investigated the background of the formation of ECO. By reviewing the history of the formation of ECO, it is clear that the identity of ECO has always been changing. According to integration theory of constructionism, identity is not a permanent subject and changes according to the conditions throughout history. The establishment of ECO Cultural Institute has been an important step in the direction of cultural convergence in this organization. However, one of the reasons why this organization could not achieve consensus, success and unbreakable bond and appear in the form of a union is the lack of real attention to its cultural points. Undoubtedly, what causes the integration and unification of a group and the formation of a union will be addressing the issue of culture and its recognition. Culture is a "common heritage" of a region and a union. By exploring the common heritage of ECO member countries, one can take a step towards defining a common identity for this organization. Topics such as history, Nowruz, language, art, religion and the Silk Road are the six main legacies of ECO's identity. Each of these great legacies is an important artery in the direction of the formation of dynamic identity and meaning for the ECO organozation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating the agility of production control systems in today's dynamic production environment is one of the challenges that many types of research have been conducted using multi-agent systems to improve it. The current models of these systems have shortcomings such as limited predictability, low reliability in the decision-making process, poor ability to understand and interpret the current state of the system, control with many limitations, and generally the existence of error-prone systems. In order to solve these problems, the current research presents a new methodology for multi-agent production control based on integration with ERP, which improves the capabilities of the system in the face of the above deficiencies. The research method employed in this study is qualitative, and developmental-applicative, aiming to enhance the integration of multi-agent production control systems with ERP. The objective is to improve the flow of material, production, and the quality of semi-finished products on the production line by considering the parameters that influence them. The key accomplishment of this research is the development of a reliable production control methodology that encompasses three components: a data exchange framework, tools, and implementation. These components are derived from existing ERP information systems that are functionally mature and designed based on best practices with a focus on maintenance, modification, and performance, aiming to minimize errors. The developed methodology offers a practical and agile solution for enhancing production control using an ERP system, with a lower implementation cost than the implementation of a commercial ERP system with a separate multi-agent system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experts of city scopes affiliate the current city landscape with different social, cultural, political, economical, natural, climatic and ecological factors. These factors affect city landscape indirectly, while administrative policies and regulations of urban management which are mostly declared as principals and rules affect and transform city land-scape directly and rapidly. One of the administrative regulations and poli-cies is integration which affects the city landscape due to urban morphol-ogy. The rapid growth of migration to Tehran in 40s and unplanned develop-ment has lead to new condition in morphology of Tehran. Agricultural and arid land division in the suburban areas has created a fine fabric in most parts of the city and has lead to further horizontal developments. This issue was discussed in proceeding decades after the increase of population (demand growth) and emersion of obstacle in Tehran develop-ment (lack of infrastructure and urban facilities). Therefore, infill develop-ment became a challenge in urban management. As a result, integration was used and applied widely due to integration challenge as the main devices in urban development management. Dif-ferent rules, incentives, and many great activities of the Congress, state and municipal made the integration policy a dominant behavior in the con-struction of fine fabrics. But the question is can this policy be Accountable for all aspects of city development? Or it is just trying to meet housing needs and improve the quality of housing? How had integration policies and rules improved living quality in cities? Has the urban landscape ever been concerned with the laws and policies? Urban integration with various incentives, special rules and diverse guidelines was promoted in Tehran in as a policy to improve fine fabrics and increase their constructions. This device offers unique capabilities to improve urban landscape quality in large-scale, it can also improve urban legibility as well. Preparation and adoption of standards and guidelines convey the developments to-wards this goal can improve the quality of urban city landscape. So this is an effective device in micro level functionality, rather than a macro level in case design rules substantially change the urban landscape and cre-ate legibility. This paper tries to explain that in spite of promoting integra-tion policies for achieving land reproduction, this device doesn't provide a good quality in city landscape. Therefore, the reasons for promoting integration rules will be explained and the causes of inefficiency in the urban landscape will be discussed while the role of integration in urban development policies is explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus outbreak has highlighted the importance of supply chain integration in reducing disruption impacts and maintaining organizational sustainability. Previous studies showed that supply chain integration can directly improve corporate performance. Meanwhile, supply chain integration could improve performance by increasing the company's resilience in catastrophes like the Corona outbreak. In this way, supply chain resilience mediates the relationship between integration and performance. The purpose of this research was to examine how different aspects of supply chain integration affect an organization's performance and how supply chain resilience is a mediator during an outbreak. Based on a review of the literature, the research conceptual model was designed and tested using survey data collected from food sector enterprises in Tehran province during the coronavirus epidemic. To evaluate the data and test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling was employed. The study's findings indicate that process and product integration are critical in building supply chain resilience. The supply chain's resilience also has significant effects on the relationship between supply chain integrity and firm performance. The study's findings provide useful insights for Food industry supply chain managers on the relevance of integration and resilience in ensuring sustainability and company viability during times of disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European Integration Process has always been suspected in various countries of the Green Continent. Although Euroscepticism, which dates back to a period of suspicion, reluctance, and skepticism about these Processes, peaked and emerged with the election, the process of negative convergence with the EU and other arrangements in other societies and states also existed. Perhaps the most striking of these centrifugal tendencies can be traced to northern Europe and the Nordic region. The question that arises here is how the Eurosceptic flow in the Nordic basin is formulated. In response to the existence of Eurosceptic tendencies at the three levels of social system, political system and party system, in the Nordics in general and in Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Denmark and Finland, the formation of opposing currents towards the convergence process. Europe is being considered. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library type in terms of data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design method presented in this paper is for utilizing, fast and easy system designing of orbital transfer block for transferring satellite from park orbit to destination orbit. The main purpose of this paper is system designing liquid propellant orbital transfer block with a new approach for ideal orbital transfer and presenting a simple interfered systematic method for designing aerospace products. Designing orbital transfer block consists of designing all subsystems and integrating all parts of design. Designing all subsystems can be achieved with a meaningful connection between all system and subsystem constraints. In addition to systematic design approach to each of the design sub algorithms, creating subsystem optimization environment according to physical performance of subsystem and also general integration of orbital transfer block system design in an optimized environment have been carried out. Final result of orbital transfer block design for a specific mission is through mass-dimension convergence of equations in integrated design. Design integration according to design matrix and optimizations and convergences of the design is discussed in the paper. According to presented method, which is scientific, functional and extensible to final design of the product, parametric process of results is briefly validated. So in this paper new method is provided for integrating the design in an optimized and collaborative convergence environment maintaining all systemic constraints and limitations to specify specifications of orbital transfer block systems and subsystems.

Abstract The main goal of this paper is the explanation of the integrations process in Latin America from International Relations Perspectives. These perspectives are realism and liberalism from the Main Stream and constructivism from reflectivist theories. So, in the first section of this paper we explain the concept of region and regionalism and then we show the main indicators of regional integration in Latin America. Finally we conclude that different International Relations theories such as realism and liberalism and constructivism provide different analysis and explanations about regional integration Latin America.

The design method presented in this paper is for utilizing, fast and easy system designing of orbital transfer block for transferring satellite from park orbit to destination orbit. The main purpose of this paper is system designing liquid propellant orbital transfer block with a new approach for ideal orbital transfer and presenting a simple interfered systematic method for designing aerospace products. Designing orbital transfer block consists of designing all subsystems and integrating all parts of design. Designing all subsystems can be achieved with a meaningful connection between all system and subsystem constraints. In addition to systematic design approach to each of the design sub- algorithms, creating subsystem optimization environment according to physical performance of subsystem and also general integration of orbital transfer block system design in an optimized environment have been carried out. Final result of orbital transfer block design for a specific mission is through mass-dimension convergence of equations in integrated design. Design integration according to design matrix and optimizations and convergences of the design is discussed in the paper. According to presented method, which is scientific, functional and extensible to final design of the product, parametric process of results is briefly validated. So in this paper new method is provided for integrating the design in an optimized and collaborative convergence environment maintaining all systemic constraints and limitations to specify specifications of orbital transfer block systems and subsystems.

Background and Objectives: The mission of the education system is to transform students into citizens of the information society, according to technological developments that can use the facilities and platforms created in education to guide and direct daily activities and solve different problems appropriately. The Iranian educational system has emphasized the use of new technologies, the National Information and Communication Network in education, by preparing the "Fundamental Transformation Document of Education". Along with the expansion of ICT integration in schools, the matter of evaluating ICT integration in primary schools is important to ensure and improve the quality of teaching and learning, to determine the contexts and requirements of integration in the curriculum for implementation and enforcement. Evaluation criteria help all experts, managers and teachers to always be aware of the results of their work and know how much educational goals and goals of the organization have been achieved. This awareness leads to the integration of ICT in the curriculum in the desired way. The purpose of this study was to determine the holistic framework for evaluation of ICT integration in elementary school curriculum. Methods This research was conducted by a combined exploratory method in two stages. The qualitative research method was phenomenological. In the first stage, in order to determine the evaluation criteria, the semi-structured interview was conducted using purposive sampling, and in the next stage, a questionnaire was used to confirm the evaluation criteria by available sampling method. The participants in qualitative phase were selected based on criteria-based sampling method and the rule of theoretical saturation and hence included teachers and principals of smart schools. The statistical sample in the quantitative part included experts in the field of e-learning. Participants in the qualitative section included six principals and nine teachers and in the quantitative section, the participants included ten e-learning experts. In order to analyze the collected data in the qualitative part, the collage method (open, axial and selective coding) and in the quantitative part, CVR was used. Findings: The findings of the research in the qualitative part indicated that the evaluation framework of ICT integration included 14 criteria in different sections such as: supportive (3 criteria), electronic content (2 criteria), teacher's teaching activities (2 criteria), materials and learning resources (2 criteria), learning activities (2 criteria) and student group activities (2 criteria). In the quantitative part, the CVR percentage of all six evaluation components was higher than the table number (0.62). Electronic content components and support with the highest percentage and qualification of students were confirmed with the lowest percentage of agreement among the evaluation criteria. Conclusion: In order to increase the quality of integration in evaluation, special attention should be paid to the interaction and transaction of all evaluation components. The emphasis on separate evaluation of the dimensions of integration is the incomplete implementation of integrated evaluation in the curriculum. It is suggested that evaluators have a comprehensive and holistic view of all evaluation criteria in the field of Organizational and Educational Areas in evaluating the integration of ICT in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, supply chain management must adopt solutions to meet the changing needs of customers. Using business intelligence, along with integraiton and agility, creates a competitive advantage in the supply chain, and as a result, the supply chain can achive a better position in the business. This paper aims to explore how business intelligence influences integration, agility, and supply chain performance. Meanwhile, the effect of supply chain integration and agility on supply chain performance will be examined. In this research, literature review was performed and a conceptual model was presented. Then the survey method was done. Data were collected through a survey of 369 companies from different industries and different cities in Iran during December 2020 and January 2021. The research analysis unit was manufacturing companies. Structural equation modeling was used to test hypotheses. The results show that business intelligence, integration, and agility play an important role in achieving better supply chain performance. In the meantime, BI has the greatest impact on supply chain performance. Additionally, business intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the integration and agility of the supply chain. It was also found that integration has a direct effect on supply chain agility.

Integrative Theory plays a major role in creating new concepts and developing new perspectives. The study aimed to investigate synthesis in process sociology of Norbert Elias by using the theoretical-analytical method. The results show that, Elias has moved towards a process-oriented theoretical and methodical field in his sociology, and it can be said that a combination of theoretical and methodical types is reflected in his work. By mentioning some examples of the macro and micro levels, i.e., open personality and figuration, Elias claims that he has solved the distinction between agency and structure. Since in contrast to the agency and structure that are two separate poles, his concepts are on a continuum and there is not a distinct line between them. Elias can also inspire the modern methodological discussion by Methodological integration in his works, because he used various data and triangulation. Therefore, considering the development of a framework for a process-oriented method, he can be considered as one of the early proponents of mixed method research. One can say that though Elias' theory has been criticized, it is generally defensible. The privilege of his work is his remarkable approach as a theoretical-experimental product that, going beyond the merely conceptual analysis, can be considered the most successful integrated project in the field of theory and methodology synthesis plan in European tradition of sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to offer explanations with respect to some of the less evident aspects of this policy intent. The higher education systems, it is argued, are experiencing a challenging period where the felt need in this regard does not match the level of wisdom and the extent of insight required. The paper proceeds with a review of the literature in the curriculum field which aims at providing better understanding of different genres of curriculum integration concluding that this source although vital for policy makers at the higher education, will need to be further developed in order to match the complexities peculiar to higher education. The author, then, addresses the rationale for curriculum integration at higher education which he regards as manipulation of the current knowledge and technology map to address the emergent needs. This, he contends, requires concentration on a knowledge production system to meet the standard of a new knowledge domain. Without due attention to this prerequisite, the resulting product can not be regarded as a genuine interdisciplinary science and it will rather be looked upon as a mere addition or juxtaposition of two or mote extant knowledge fields. In the final section of the paper, five policy options are discussed.

Introduction: Medicine is not only a biological science, but also includes the art of dealing with human and spiritual dimensions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the views of medical education professionals and students regarding the integration of art in the medical science curriculum. Method: In this multi -method research, 22 prominent experts in the field of education and 35 medical education students participated. The research tool was a researcher -made questionnaire with seven questions about the need to combine art in medical education, which was done simultaneously with quantitative study, qualitative study and data analysis. Quantitative study method was used descriptively -analytically and content analysis was used in the qualitative part .The face validity and content of the instrument were confirmed by professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.832). Result: Basically, 100% of the experts and 80% of the medical students agreed with the integration of art in medical education. They also acknowledged that it does not officially exist in the country's universities and it is necessary to include in the medical curriculum. Also, art has many applications in medical education, including improving teaching and learning, promoting creativity and emotions, keeping content in mind, applied learning, and fostering critical and creative thinking. Conclusion: The results emphasized the integration of art in the medical curriculum as well as the use of art -based teaching -learning in medical sciences. But it is better to be in such a way that does not impose more educational burden on students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that solidarity is at the heart of the European integration process in the post-World War II era, this article seeks to answer the question of how the Coronavirus crisis of 2020 affected European solidarity and how the weakness or lack of solidarity in the European integration process Affected? The paper based on this assumption examines the fact that the weakness of the European solidarity in the face of the Coronavirus crisis has exacerbated nationalist approaches in EU member states, thus exacerbating divisions in Europe and neglecting the EU's transnational achievements. Findings from the article show that European citizens are frustrated by the existence of solidarity, the intensification of nationalist policies, the widening of the gaps between the north and the south are the most important effects of the Corona Crisis on the solidarity of the European Union.In response to the consequences of this crisis, the European Union is using the experience gained from the management of previous crises to strengthen governance and increase its resilience, albeit at a high political cost.

Considering Afghan migrants’ presence in Iran as a temporary situation for over the past four decades, turned into a social problem which impact upon both migrants lived experiences and the host society. This article seeks to understand the implications of the Corona pandemic situation on the lived experience of Afghan students. The central hypothesis of this paper is that the outbreak of the Corona virus has had far-reaching effects on the educational, economic and social dimensions of migrants in general and Afghan students in particular. The most important negative effect of this social anxiety at the intersection with nationality, gender and class is enlargement of educational and gender inequalities in the daily lives of immigrants. On the other hand, the most important positive change resulting from this pandemic situation is the visibility of the presence of immigrants in the public opinion and policy arena in ​​Iran, which to some extent has facilitated the structural integration of immigrants. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 31 Afghans with experience of higher education in Iran. Equal access to educational services provided by the school, facilitation of student accommodation regulations and amendment of the executive regulations of the Law on Entry and Residence of Foreign Nationals, automatic renewal of immigrants' identity cards, renewal of immigrants’ work permits and the approval of executive regulations related to health insurance coverage have been among the most important changes in the Iranian government's policy towards the immigrant community during the Corona crisis.

Abstract Automotive industry of the Iran and two major automaker, SAIPA and IRAN-KHODRO groups, have been always the central attention of the State and the Parliament. Also technology management in the massive scale was so effective and it is one of the important subjects of product architecture. During the formation of the product architecture structure, decisions for manufacturing processes and supply chain architectures will be made simultaneously. In this paper, case study research methodology is used to develop a model for the decision integration of a car manufacturing corporate for developing product and process technologies in the range of its suppliers. Preliminary data are collected from sites that involve in Iran car manufacturing corporates and wide range of interviews with managers and experts in product development strategies and suppliers. Secondary data is collected from literature review and available documents in mentioned business unit. Results show that there is a strong relation between product architecture and product and process technology policy in supply network. Introduction Product architecture has a key role in maximizing technology absorption and transfer and it also improves the level of Manufacturability of product technology unites in supply chain network. Manufacturability of a product and its technologies in new product developing projects are due to the way of products function allocation to physical parts and also the type of industrial design. Product architecture in the literature of product development is allocation of defined tasks and functions of a product to physical components. Product architecture is a general description of product characteristics classifications covering product systems, number and type of components, number and type of common areas between these components and also the presenter of fundamental structure of a product. In this article, product technology is defined as an engineering diagram or a made physical sample of a system which represent various sciences’ usage in a product function. Process technologies are also consist of technologies which are used in a firm’s systems and machines and realized their functions. Also technologies of supply chain network define supplier potency in design and manufacture of different product and process systems. The result of product architecture is design and manufacture of systems and parts along whit embedded technologies which are offered in a format of a single product. Product architecture is created by industrial design in the format of a product. Case study Preliminary data are collected from sites that involve in Iran car manufacturing corporates and wide range of interviews with managers and experts in product and Technology development strategies and suppliers. Secondary data is collected from literature review and available documents in mentioned business unit. Materials and Methods In this article a qualitative approach is used in research methodology. To enhance the generalizability of the results, according to triangulation principle, this research was conducted in three stages and based on data from separate sources. While studying the history of the research and measuring experimental documentations of parent automobile firms, by means of deep and exploratory interviews with correspondents, the primary data was collected and the early version of model is designed by the method of theme analysis. The second stage of research is done after developing conceptual model in order to validate the model. The method of collecting and analyzing data in this stage had been content validity survey through correspondents. The third step of the research has been done in practice in order to subscribe the verified model. Discussion and Results Research findings indicate that today product architecture is used as a platform for designing and employing technologies in product components. Indeed designing a product is designing various technologies in order to realize its functions. In this research we define collaborative technology groups as a part of technologies which are embedded and appeared in systems, sub-systems, and different components of a product and its developing processes, which realize their various functions. In other words, product technology unites are the main focus of designers and engineers to define collaborative technology groups which are designed and manufactured in supply chain network of a firm to realize products and processes functions. Indeed, physical components of products and processes indicate a particular technology mechanism. For this reason we refer to these technologies as collaborative technology groups which act based on their functions in relation with each other and they are complementary. The product section of these technologies realize the function and the process section of the groups realize performance of firm’s production systems and supply chain. Technologies such as designing, molding, casting, and manufacturing are related to these technology units. Manufacturability of technology units in supply chain network is an important part of designing and manufacturing a product. Measurement of a product Manufacturability is done according to supply chain network potential and actual sufficiency and capabilities in manufacturing modules and also firm potential and actual sufficiency and capability in integrating different components and modules for manufacturing a product. Different analysis levels of decisions and activities exist in different stages of technology groups designing in various products and processes. While general and massive architecture and design proceeding of all product technologies is done in the firm and by final product developing group, detailed proceeding related to systems and modules technology architecture and design in different categories of supply chain network such as manufacturers, producers, and other components of supply chain is done professionally. The importance of coordination and relation between these different stages redouble the importance of purposeful architecture and design of product and process technologies in supply chain. Conclusion Data analysis according to case study indicates that in order to design constructible technology groups for product, process and supply chain systems, designing of these systems and technologies should be integrated. Data analysis and collection indicate that product architecture has a significant role in partnership rate and technology transfer in the level of supply chain. If we depend on suppliers in a number of important technologies, in the processes of modeling, designing, and manufacturing of technologies and affording their parts, we should involve the suppliers in technology developing projects and associate them in decision making. Also during choosing the type of product architecture, we should consider the important components of product strategy, firm’s strategy in affording existing parts, new parts, and also manufacturing, producing, and assembling equipment. Through product architecture, the product and process technologies in supply chain are connected and shaped collaborative technology groups. The designed model in this research is recommended as a general platform for designing and producing integrated and constructible product technology unites in supply chain network of a Corporation. This article claims that it presents a new insight to integrated and constructible engineering of collaborative technology groups in supply chain network.

The goal of this article is to proposing a conceptual model explaining the Information Systems Integration. In this paper, passing the concept of Intra-Organizational Information Systems Integration, we emphasis on the concept of Inter-Organizational Integration.The problem is what the Information Systems Integration is, and which problems the organizations face.The method using in this research is a four step method proposed according to the system thinking and related theories in this domain. Due to the fact that, emphasizing on the Inter-Organizational Information Systems, at the first step we draw an expanded conceptual model of the Organizational Informatics Doman between the two organizations. After that, this model expands within the network of organizations. This model has a lot of applications. For example, using this model, we can provide a list of the important and required managerial and technical issues for the successful implementation of integration projects, which these expensive projects and programs will fail without this notification. Moreover, aggregating cognitive propositions extracting from this model, we are able to achieve an initial theory regarding Information Systems Integration.

This paper explains the need for the integration of general education with technical and vocational education and provides a framework for such integration. The main problem is a lack of clear understanding and a theoretical framework about the necessity (scientific, economic and social justification) for integration of general education with technical and vocational education and the lack of convincing evidence on the appropriate method of integration. Considering the nature of the research question, qualitative methods were used for documentation. According to the concepts and implications of studies on new vocationalization, it seems that the integration of general education with technical and vocational education can lead to the enrichment of both domains and it could be beneficial for all students. General education comprises the foundation of technical and vocational education and all population of students (not a special group) need such a foundation. So, the integration of these two types of education seems inevitable. Intertwining general education with technical and vocational education is an educational strategy that requires empirical criteria to judge its usefulness. However, a general movement towards such integration at the international level has been clearly seen, and such integration ideas are emerging in our country, too.

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of integration of organizational processes and logistics on business performance in automotive industry. In this survey study, we first identify the set of dimensions of integration of organizational processes in an appropriate organizational planning system. Then different aspects of logistics lean are identified and after identifying different dimensions in two issues of process integration and logistic lean, we examine the impact of these dimensions on business performance. Identification of different dimensions is done based on confirmatory factor analysis and then with the help of correlation analysis, we will investigate the type of relationship of each dimension determined with business performance in the automotive industry. The results show the impact of three factors of loss reduction, suppliers and supply chain integration on both internal and external dimensions of organizational process integration. The information system is also influenced by the external integration dimension, which can be concluded that logistic leanings increase the integration of organizational processes. Also, both the integration of organizational processes and the logistics leanings enhance the business performance of the enterprise.