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Background Nasal septal abscess, which is the collection of purulent materials between the cartilaginous or bony septum and the mucoperichondrium or mucoperiosteum, often occurs after septal hematoma caused by trauma. Other common factors include surgery, foreign bodies, and sinusitis. In addition to the risk of nasal deformity, septal abscess can cause life-threatening complications such as osteomyelitis, orbital or intracerebral abscess. Objective This study aims to investigate the frequency of nasal septal abscess and its related factors in patients in north of Iran. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study on the patients referred to a hospital in north of Iran in 2022. Their demographic and disease-related information were recorded and the risk factors were finally identified. Results In this study, 37 patients had septal abscess. The most common risk factor identified was a history of septoplasty or septorhinoplasty (35.1%), followed by diabetes mellitus (21.6%). Surprisingly, one of the factors in these patients was cauterization for epistaxis treatment (n=6). All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical drainage. In five patients, abscess resulted in saddle nose deformity. Positive culture results were reported in five samples. Conclusion Early identification of nasal septal abscess and its risk factors can help control the disease and prevent its serious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is necessary to provide safe care for patients with acute and life-threatening conditions by nurses working in the emergency departments (EDs). These nurses need higher levels of independent performance. Therefore, the competency to provide safe care and having professional nursing autonomy in novice nurses working in the EDs are very important. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care in newly graduated nurses working in the EDs. Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population consists of all newly graduated nurses working in EDs of hospitals in Guilan, Iran. They all were included in the study using a census sampling method. The tools for collecting information were a demographic form, the assessment of safe nursing care questionnaire, and the professional nursing autonomy scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Spearman or Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the collected data. Results There was a significant relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care; for every one unit increase in professional autonomy, the chance of providing safe nursing care increases by 0.133 (P=0.009). Conclusion The significant relationship of professional nursing autonomy with safe nursing care among the EDS nurses shows that if nurses have a greater control over their performance, decision-making ability, and autonomy to act based on patient safety, they can provide better quality care to patients. Therefore, empowering nurses by providing conditions to perform based on professional autonomy, can ultimately lead to better results for the patients and cause overall safety in the EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Chelation therapy is essential for beta-thalassemia major. This study aims to determine the complications clinical and laboratory symptoms of monotherapy and combined treatment of iron chelators in beta-thalassemia major patients in Yasuj. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional-descriptive-analytical study, 103 patients with beta-thalassemia major in Yasuj city were evaluated during 2021-2022. After collecting the demographic, clinical and laboratory information of the patients, the results were reported as mean ± standard deviation and percentage. The degree of statistical differences between ratios was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The average age of our patients was reported to be 24.74 ± 8.34 years. 54.4% (n = 56) of the study patients were men and 45.6% (n = 47) were women. The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in mean ferritin among different study groups (p = 0.028). Patients treated with deferoxamine showed the highest mean serum ferritin (5925.5 ± 3397ng%) and patients who took deferoxamine together with deferiprone or deferasirox had a lower mean ferritin compared to deferoxamine alone (3348 ± 2560, 4269 ± 3322 ng%), respectively. Also, the present study showed that after taking iron removers, 47.6% of patients (n = 49) had no clinical complications and 52.4% (n = 54) had at least one complication. Conclusions Our results showed that Deferoxamine can have a great effect in reducing iron deposition and serum ferritin levels in combination with oral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Regular blood donors may experience iron deficiency due to repeated blood donation. Genetic differences might have an impact on iron deficiency in regular blood donors. Some of these genes include those involved in activities related to iron absorption and transfer in blood. In this study, the association of the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism in TMPRSS6 gene with iron levels in male regular blood donors was investigated. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 130 male regular blood donors participated. CBC tests, serum iron, ferritin, and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) were performed on their blood samples. The genotypes of the target polymorphisms were determined using the allele-specific PCR method. All collected data were analyzed using R software for statistical analysis. Results The average age of the regular male blood donors was 45 years with a standard deviation of 10.5. Among the 130 regular blood donors, 28 individuals (21.54%) were homozygous for the T/T allele, 29 individuals (22.31%) were homozygous for the C/C allele, and 73 individuals were heterozygous for the C/T allele. No significant association was observed between the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism and iron assessment indicators. Conclusions Single nucleotide polymorphism of TMPRSS6 gene (rs855791 v736A) was not associated with iron level and related quantities in regular blood donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Research theses can have a significant impact on the development of applied sciences, especially when their results are published. Objective This study aims to determine publication rate of papers extracted from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) during 2008-2018. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of GUMS from 2008 to 2018. Then, they were searched in international and national databases according to the title, keywords, and names of supervisors, advisors, and students. Results Of 774 theses, 449 (58 %) papers had been extracted and published in journals indexed by ISI/ PubMed (41.2%), Scopus (11.8%), BIOSIS, Chemical Abstract, and Embase (0.44%) and others (46.56%). Most of them (98.66%) were original research. Moreover, in 383(85.3%) of the theses, there was no statistician or data advisor. The median time from defending theses to the publication of a paper from them was two years. Conclusion The publication of papers extracted from the theses of GUMS has increased, and more than 50% of them have been published in journals indexed by ISI, PubMed, and Scopus. However, the factors associated with the publication of papers need to be surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital anomalies in the head and neck region, which are affected by environmental and genetic factors. These anomalies can cause serious problems such as physical deformity, nutritional problems, respiratory problems, and problems in social interactions for affected people. Objective The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of lip and palate clefts and the related factors in infants born from 2014 to 2019 in Karaj, Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the data of 91,563 babes born from 2014 to 2019 in Kamali, Imam Ali, Maryam, and Ghaem hospitals in Karaj, Iran. The data were collected and analyzed in SPSS software, version 24. Results Of 91,563 cases, 46 were identified with various types of clefts. The overall prevalence was 0.5 per 1000 live births; 26.08 had cleft lip, 52.17% had cleft palate, and 21.73% had cleft lip and palate (P=0.024). Also, 56.52% of babies were male (P=0.37), 76.08% had mothers aged 20-30 years with a mean age of 24.4 years, 58.69% had first-time pregnancy mothers, 13.03% had parents with cousin marriage (P<0.001), and 37% had mothers with blood type A (P=0.11). Conclusion The prevalence of lip and palate clefts in babies born in Karaj is lower than the global prevalence and the prevalence in other cities of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood transfusion is a major challenge in treating trauma patients. This study investigated blood transfusion rates and related factors in trauma patients. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 849 trauma patients admitted to a trauma center in Shiraz, Iran during 2019-2021. Blood components usage and its relation to demographics, clinical status, lab values, and ABC score were assessed. The frequency of massive blood transfusion and the average number of blood units and blood components consumed in these patients were surveyed. Data were analyzed by T-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression with SPSS-23. Results The mean age was 38.6 ± 19.40 years and 80.9% were male. The mean blood units, platelets, and plasma used were 5.74 ± 4.57, 1.21 ± 4.87, 2.73 ± 4.32, respectively. 62.01% received massive transfusion with mean blood, platelets, and plasma units used being 8.17 ± 5.21, 3.92 ± 4.88 and 1.85 ± 6.01, respectively. Blood use correlated with systolic/diastolic pressures, blood sugar, lymphocyte count, pH, bicarbonate, base deficit, and hematocrit. 13.3% had positive ABC score and received more blood products (p < 0.001). Conclusions Blood transfusion in trauma patients depends on various clinical and lab factors. Identifying high-risk patients requiring urgent blood transfusion and rapid preparation of blood products is vital for optimizing trauma patient management and outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Despite the significant impact of immunosuppressive drugs on controlling and treating certain diseases, their continued use can predispose patients to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, leading to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study aims to determine the levels of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms in patients treated with immunosuppressive drug during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 individuals treated with immunosuppressive drug such as those with autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant recipients in Firoozgar and Rasoul-e-Akram hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from July to December 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic/disease related questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation test) statistics. Results In this study, the mean age of participants was 51.35±12.95 years, and 148 (44.8%) were female. The majority of the patients had normal levels of anxiety and depression (91.2% and 92.1%, respectively). The mean total IES-R score was 27.71 out of 88. The anxiety and depression scores did not have a significant relationship with any demographic, disease-related, and COVID-related characteristics of the study participants, but a significant correlation between income level and total score of IES-R was observed (P=0.043). Conclusion The individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs in this study, despite being susceptible to COVID-19, had normal levels of anxiety and depression and obtained lower than average score in the IES-R. This finding can reduce the concerns about the mental health of these patients. Further studies using other questionnaires or a qualitative study on the experiences of these patients during the COVID-19 pandemic are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination is necessary for pregnant or lactating women which can prevent them from infection to severe case of disease. The present study aims to determine the factors related to the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant or lactating women in Zahedan, Iran using the health belief model (HBM). Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were 260 pregnant or lactating women referred to comprehensive health service centers in Zahedan city in 2022. Sampling method was done as a convenience sampling method. Data collection was done using a demographic form and a HBM-based questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.7. Moreover, the content validity index value was 0.81 and the content validity ratio was 0.77. The data were analyzed using non-parametric Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation test, and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results The results of the regression analysis showed that the demographic variables explained 12.6% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior, where only the effect of age and educational level was significant, (P<0.05). The BM constructs along with age and educational level predicted 26.3% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior, where only age, self-efficacy and perceived benefits had a significant effect (P<0.05). Overall, the mentioned variables predicted 38.9% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior. Conclusion The factors of young age, high educational level, and the HBM constructs of self-efficacy and perceived benefits can predict the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance behavior of pregnant or lactating women in the South East of Iran. These findings can help policymakers and health care providers to use this model in designing program for improving vaccination acceptance of these high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Due to the effects of COVID-9, health care workers, including nurses, faced many psychological challenges, including death anxiety. This study aims to determine the death anxiety level of nurses working in the intensive care units (ICUs) for COVID-19 patients in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted on 179 nurses working in the ICUs for COVID-19 patients in two hospitals located in Tehran and Qom cities. Continuous sampling method was used for their selection. Data collection was done using a demographic form and Templer's 15-item death anxiety scale. Results The mean death anxiety score of nurses was 8.74±2.007 out of 15, which is higher than the median score (i.e., 7.5). The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the death anxiety score was significantly different between nurses only in terms of age (P=0.000). Tukey's post hoc test showed that the mean DAS score in nurses aged 30-39 was lower than in nurses aged ≥40 years and <30 years. There was no statistically significant difference in death anxiety between nurses in terms of other demographic factors (P>0.05). Conclusion The nurses working in ICUs experienced a high level of death anxiety during the COVID-19 in Iran. It is necessary that the policy makers and educational, medical or hospital managers develop educational and interventional programs including online in-service programs or educational booklets to help nurses overcome the COVID-19-related conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Suicide and suicidal thoughts among adolescents have become a worrying psychosocial problem. This study aims to evaluate suicidal ideation among adolescents from the west of Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 256 boys and girls were selected from second-grade high schools in the west of Tehran by a convenience sampling method in 2022. The data collection tools were a sociodemographic form and the Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI), which were completed using a self-report method. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, analysis of variance). Results The mean age of the participants was 17.33±0.67 years. The mean score of BSSI was 3.19±5.66 out of 5. Among the sociodemographic factors, suicidal ideation had a statistically significant relationship only with the grade point average (P=0.004). Conclusion It is recommended to design and implement programs to educate and provide psychiatric services to high school students in Iran to reduce their suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background As congenital gastrointestinal diseases are pretty common and can lead to fatal consequences when combined with congenital heart diseases, we conducted a study in Iran to explore the relationship and prevalence of these two conditions. Our objective was to identify the types and frequency of congenital heart diseases in children who also have gastrointestinal anomalies. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. The research population was the patients referred to the Gastrointestinal Clinic of Hazrat Masoumeh Children's Subspecialty Hospital during the 2011-2017. In this study, the echocardiography in the patients’ files performed by a pediatric heart specialist was examined, and in the next step, the patients were divided into two groups with and without heart disorders. Gastrointestinal abnormalities were also recorded in the relevant checklist. Finally, the recorded information was entered into SPSS software version 22, and Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the qualitative findings. The significant level for all tests was considered to be 0.05. Results: The average age of the children in this study was 7.93±7.74 months. 105 boys (54.7%) and 87 girls (45.3%) were examined. 167 children (87%) had cardiovascular abnormalities and 25 children (13%) had no abnormalities. The most common types of cardiovascular abnormalities were 69 (35.9%) septal defects, 36 (18.8%) atrial septal defects, and 22 (11.5%) pulmonary valve stenosis. The least frequent abnormalities were cardiomyopathy in three (1.6%) and ventricular inter-atrial septal defects along with atrial septal defects in one (0.5%) patient There was not a significant correlation between congenital heart diseases and frequency of closed anus, rectovaginal fistula, Hirschsprung, anal stenosis, rectal prolapse, perianal fistula, esophageal atresia, pyloric hypertrophy, intestinal obstruction, annular pancreas, biliary atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, Meckel's diverticulum.(P>0.05). A significant relationship was found only between omphalocele and pyloric hypertrophy with the presence of cardiovascular disorders (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that congenital heart diseases have a high prevalence in infants with gastrointestinal anomalies, so cardiac examination is mandatory in all infants with gastrointestinal anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in daily life and disrupted hospital performance and the provision of medical services, especially in the organ transplant departments. Objective This study aims to compare the frequency of organ donation and transplantation before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in the transplant centers of northern Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 donors with brain death from 2018 to 2021 in Rasht. Demographic data, underlying diseases, history of smoking and drug use, causes of brain death, type of donated organ, number of donated organs per patient, type of transplanted organ, and the location of transplantation (in or out of the province) were recorded. Then, these factors were compared between two time periods: Before the pandemic (from July 2018 to February 2020) and during the pandemic (from February 2020 to August 2021). The recorded data was analyzed in SPSS software, version 21. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of donors during the pandemic was significantly higher than that of patients before the pandemic (P<0.001). The most common cause of brain death in donors before the pandemic was trauma; after the pandemic, cerebrovascular causes were more common (P=0.01). The frequency of organ donation and the mean number of donated organs per donor during the pandemic were significantly lower than before the pandemic (P<0.001). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on the process of organ donation and transplantation in northern Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Today, the consumption of nutritional supplements is increasing dramatically in the world. Objective This study aims to survey the knowledge and attitudes of people in Rasht, Iran, towards nutritional supplements and determine their consumption rate. Methods This descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted over 6 months on 1220 people referred to pharmacies in Rasht city. They completed a self-report questionnaire surveying demographic data, knowledge, and attitude towards nutritional supplements. Results The majority of people had poor knowledge (mean score: 5.14±2.36 out of 9). The knowledge scores were significantly different in terms of educational level, occupation, use/non-use of supplements, number of used supplements, and the reason for taking drug supplements, such that people with a master’s degree or higher, healthcare providers, and supplement users had higher scores. The attitude score was 16.14±4.64 (out of 40), and 76.33% had a negative attitude towards nutritional supplements. The knowledge score had a significant negative relationship with the attitude score. Conclusion Given the poor knowledge of people in Rasht city and their negative attitude towards nutritional supplements, it is recommended to develop public education programs to improve their knowledge of nutritional supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The high prevalence and consequences of hypertension in teachers has doubled the importance of identifying factors affecting blood pressure disease, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the diagnostic role of health-oriented strategies, self-management and incompatible strategies on hypertension: A discriminant analysis in Khorram Abad city. Materials and Methods: The current research method was cross-sectional in year1402. The statistical population was made up of teachers in Khorramabad city, the sample size of the study was equal to 324 people, of which 175 teachers without hypertension and 149 teachers with hypertension were selected by available sampling method. In this study, the standard questionnaire of psychological factors affecting blood pressure was used to collect data, and these data were analyzed with the help of spss24 software and by variance analysis and discriminant analysis. Results: The results of the discriminant analysis showed that the discriminant function has a very high clean power to distinguish and diagnose teachers with and without hypertension (p<0.05), such that 81.7% of the position of the discriminant function is based on the components of health-oriented strategies, self-management and inconsistent strategies. Also, the diagnostic power related to the subscale of awareness of the disease has been higher(p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that psychological factors play an important role in diagnosing and predicting teacher’s hypertension, and for this purpose, psychologists, counselors and education professionals should pay attention to these factors to prevent and treat teacher’s hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Checking the quality of meat products is very important. The purpose of this research is to investigate the presence of unauthorized tissues in this product to improve its quality and safety level and promote the health of society. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, sausages with meat percentages of 40, 55 and 70 were randomly purchased from three factories (10 pieces each) and divided into three pieces and then three slides from each piece with hematoxylin-eosin method was prepared (270 slides in total). Finally, 10 microscopic fields were examined from each slide. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. At the level of less than 5%, the difference between the groups was considered significant and the results were shown as Mean ± SD. Furthermore, the frequency percentage of tissues in each of the sausages was calculated. Results: Cartilage tissue, bone, skin, kidney, salivary gland, blood vessel, abdominal viscera and plant tissues were observed in all meat products. However, central nervous system and spleen tissues were not seen in any of the samples. In sausage 40%, the highest frequency percentage of tissue was related to skin, in sausage 55%, skin and kidney, and in sausage 70%, kidney. In addition, the amount of illegal tissues was different in 40%, 55% and 70% sausages and this difference was significant in many tissues. Conclusion: By using histological methods, it is possible to detect illegal tissues in meat products and obligate factories to comply with the national standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood transfusion in thalassemia patients has side effects such as endocrine iron overload. It is necessary to use iron chelators. The aim is to investigate the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its relationship with the level of iron overload and the results of the heart and liver MRI as a new method for diagnosing iron deposition, and iron removal treatment. Determining the factors affecting this complication can help prevent or improve it. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 beta-thalassemia major and intermedia patients of Tehran adult thalassemia clinic in the year 1400 who were selected by convenient sampling method. The comparison of the level of thyroid hormones and ferritin was done with Chi-squared, independent t, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests by SPSS 26. Results The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with an average age of 40.79 ± 9.02 year was 27.6% There was no significant relationship between hypothyroidism with ferritin levels or heart and liver iron deposition. TSH level was significantly (p= 0.01) higher in men than women. Most of patients used combined iron chelators, but the type of drug was not significantly different. Conclusions It seems that iron overload may be effective in hypothyroidism, but it does not necessarily lead to it. Despite the treatment of iron deficiency, this complication is still one of the main problems. It is suggested to consider the amount of iron load and iron removal treatment before and after the onset of hypothyroidism in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Sickle Cell Disease is the second most common hemoglobinopathy after thalassemia and is characterized by vascular occlusion and hemolytic anemia. Blood transfusion is considered as a supportive treatment for patients with sickle cell disease. The alloimmunization of red blood cells is a major challenge in these patients. Accordingly, supplying the appropriate antigennegative blood units is a major problem in blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alloimmunization rates among individuals with Sickle Cell Disease in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 184 patients with sickle cell anemia and sickle-thalassemia were referred to the Shahid Beqaei hospital in Ahvaz. 5-10 mL of peripheral blood containing the anticoagulant EDTA was collected by non-random sampling procedure. The prevalence of phenotypes and the rate of alloimmunization were determined by the hemagglutination technique. Results The prevalence of alloimmunization in this population was 13.0%. In 24 patients, twelve types of alloantibodies were detected. The most common alloantibodies were Anti-E (33.3%, n = 8), Anti-c (20.8%, n = 5), Anti-D (16.6%, n = 4), and Anti- Kell (16.6%, n = 4). Conclusions Antibody against Rh blood group system and anti-Kell were the most prevalent alloantibodies among sickle cell anemia patients in the province of Khuzestan. Therefore, it is highly recommended to transfuse these individuals with blood units compatible with the Rh (D, C, c, and E) and Kell antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood indices have variation in Covid-19 that could affect diagnosis. Blood index changes in Covid-19 inpatiens were evaluated. Materials and Methods In a descriptive/cross-sectional study, 167 Covid-19 inpatients in Besat Hospital in Hamedan were selected and in terms of changes on the first and seventh days of the blood indices were investigated. Data analysis was done with SPSS software version 26. In order to compare the blood indices on the first and seventh days of hospitalization, Wilcoxon and Monte Carlo tests were used. Results The average blood indices on the first and seventh day were 4.64 ± 0.59 and 4.39 ± 0.62 million in microliter (p< 0.001) for RBCs, 6.20 ± 3.84 and 7.55± 4.13 thousand in microliter (p< 0.001) for white blood cells, 179.54 ± 90.14 and 269.76 ± 109.03 thousand in microliter (p< 0.001) for platelets, 13.20 ± 1.71 and 12.27 ± 1.77 g/dL (p< 0.001) for hemoglobin, 40.45 ± 4.67 and 38.16 ± 5.02 % (p< 0.001) for hematocrit, 12.5 ± 0.55 and 13.1 ± 0.66 % (p< 0.001) for RDW, 87.18 ± 5.43 and 87.15 ± 5.62 femtoliters for MCV, 28.47 ± 2.16 and 28.18 ± 2.03 picograms (p= 0.002) for MCH and 32.56 ± 1.63 and 32.35 ± 1.64 g/dL for MCHC. Conclusions Blood indices in Covid-19 inpatients undergo changes from the time of admission to the seventh day. White blood cell, platelet and RDW were increased and red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased compared to the first day of hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Many of hip fracture patients need transfusion. We examined the frequency of blood transfusion, the relative factors, and the threshold of hemoglobin in hip fracture patients receiving blood transfusion before and during pelvic surgeries. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with proximal femur fractures who underwent hip surgery at Shahid Chamran Hospital in Shiraz in 2020. The frequency of blood transfusion, hemoglobin threshold, and the related factors was investigated. Results Out of 218 patients, 65 (29.8%) had received blood out of whom 23 patients (35.4%) had received blood before surgery. The hemoglobin threshold before transfusion was 10.99. The average hemoglobin in patients who received blood was less than the patients who did not receive blood (p< 0.001) 10.55 ± 1.61 versus 12.45 ± 1.61. The average number of units used in patients who received blood was 2.30 ± 0.72 (1 to 4 blood units). The frequency of blood transfusion was related to hemoglobin before surgery, gender, type of anesthesia, type of surgery, history of anemia, duration of surgery, and surgeon. The amount of blood consumption did not depend on the patient age . Conclusions The average hemoglobin before transfusion was higher than previous studies. It seems that the blood transfusion threshold was higher than in previous studies. Considering the risks and costs of blood transfusion, it seems that physicians' education and emphasis on the use of restrictive transfusion strategy can lead to reduction of blood consumption, reduction of complications, and better blood management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Patients suffering from End-stage renal disease (ESRD), which means complete dysfunction of kidneys can experience medical disorders due to important rules of kidneys in Hemostasis and electrolyte balance. In ESRD patients, treated with conventional hemodialysis, cardiac involvement is a serious consequence and is the most important cause of death among ESRD patients. The most common cardiac involvement in these patients is heart failure 'Pericarditis and cardiomyopathy (1). Echocardiography is a powerful tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of these disorders. Structural and functional changes can be detected by Echocardiography. Left ventricular mass, Size of chambers, and size of valves are structural parameters. Left ventricular ejection fraction, Global longitudinal strain are functional parameters. In a study performed by Liu YW, et al, they observed no significant difference in gender, age, and LVEF among groups. Compared with controls, global peak systolic longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain, and strain rate were decreased in the CKD group. Along with the decline of renal function, GLS deteriorated (2).Ventricular systolic function is determined by echocardiographic findings including Ejection fraction and anatomical findings like LV mass. GLS is an echocardiographic parameter that can determine Subclinical heart failure before EF is reduced. In a study done by Krishnasamy et al, it is found that GLS is a superior predictor of heart failure and can be used instead of LVEF. This study aims to determine the effect of Different factors such as Time of hemodialysis, Diabetes, Smoking, Etiology of ESRD, and duration of CKD before ESRD on the severity of heart disease among ESRD patients at first. And we want to find if there is a significant association between LV mass and GLS. Methods: In a cross-sectional study 55 adult patients were enrolled among all of ESRD patients who underwent hemodialysis in Hazrat-e Rasool Hospital of Tehran since September 2021 until August 2022. Complete 2-D, 3-D, M-mode, Doppler and color Doppler study were performed by a single operator for each patient and the abnormalities were recorded. Echocardiographic parameters like LV mass, LVEF, E/e, GLS were calculated. Inclusion criteria are: all the ESRD patients over 18 years old who were referred to echocardiography department for cardiac evaluation as a part of pre operation check-up. Exclusion criteria include: Low quality of Echocardiography images, obvious Arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, pericardial effusion, Infective endocarditis, and serious pulmonary or hepatic disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension (secondary to lung disease). In the beginning, 64 patients were referred but 9 patients were excluded due to having exclusion criteria. And finally, 55peoples were chosen. The procedure was explained to patients, General information like Age, Gender, weight, and height was collected by checklist, and Ethical code no IR.IUMS.REC.1402.106 was registered in Iran university of medical sciences committee of ethics. Echocardiography was performed by Philips IE33 device and X5-1 probe in 2D and 3D echocardiographic images from different views for evaluating size and function of left ventricle and the size and function of valves. Full volume image was performed in an Apical 4 chamber in 7 Beat-Breath hold cycle at first 24 hours after hemodialysis. Volumes and LVEF were calculated by Q-lab image arena software. Apical 4,2,3 chamber views were calculated for detecting left ventricular GLS by cardiac motion quantification (CMQ) method. and data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statics version 26 by 95% meaningfulness. Results: Considering the probable effect of the Time of hemodialysis on the cardiac findings in Echocardiography we evaluate correction between the Time of hemodialysis with LV mass, GLS, and LVEF. In pearson correlate, in SPSS we found a significant relationship between time on hemodialysis and increasing LV mass/BSA (P value<0.01) and decreasing GLS and LVEF. We hypothesized that the duration of CKD before initiating Hemodialysis may be a probable factor that can affect cardiac function. Hence, we use the Pearson correlation again for evaluating the relation between the time of CKD before starting hemodialysis and LV mass, GLS, LVEF, E/e'. Strangely we found there is not a significant relationship between CKD and these parameters (P value=0.07 for LVEF, 0.197 for LV mass/BSA, 0.541 for E/e', 0.059 for GLS). An increase in LV mass in ESRD patients can be related to several different causes like: increasing Afterload, Volume overload, and other factors. We hypothesize increase on LV mass can affect ventricular systolic dysfunction and GLS. So, we check their relation using the pearson correlation. We exclude the effect of confounding variants like smoking, Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia. And We found there is a significant relation between LV mass with GLS. In other word: an increase in mass can be a cause of decreasing GLS. Conclusion: According to the statistical studies, it seems that End-stage renal disease, which means requirement of regular dialysis, can lead to cardiac complications in terms of subclinical heart failure, increased LV mass, and decreased ventricular ejection fraction. In the next phase of investigations, increase in the duration of the disease and the progression of ESRD can be significantly related to the increase in LV mass and the decrease in GLS. We found that increase in ventricular mass can be independent of the influence of other cofounder factors. Reduce the amount of GLS. In fact, left ventricular hypertrophy can be a determining factor for patients to progress to subclinical heart failure. Therefore, based on the available findings, it can be concluded that in the early stages of hemodialysis, it is necessary to perform cardiovascular evaluations and echocardiography of patients dependent on hemodialysis and to measure criteria such as GLS and LV mass, before causing obvious ventricular failure. With the least decrease in GLS or increase in LV mass, kidney transplant should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the concerns of nurses and physicians is the adherence to treatment in patients with heart diseases. In Iran, there are no accurate statistics on the treatment adherence of patients with coronary artery stents, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in these patients has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs in patients with coronary artery stents. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 in Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were 200 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty in the past year and had coronary artery stents. They were selected by a simple random sampling method. To collect data, a demographic form, the treatment adherence questionnaire, and the Framingham risk score (FRS) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance. Results The mean age of the patients was 61.6±10.62 years. Most of them were male (60.5%) and married (68%). The overall mean score of treatment adherence was 41.50±8.48, indicating moderate adherence. Patients had poor adherence in domains of dietary regimen and regular physical activity such that most of them used high-fat food (87%) and had the least amount of physical activity per week (92.4%), but they used prescribed medicines on time (70.3%). Based on the FRS, men were twice as likely to have CVDs as women. There was a significant association between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs, such that the risk of CVDs in the next 10 years among patients decreased with increasing their adherence to treatment (r=-0.25, P<0.001). Conclusion Given that there is a significant relationship between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs in patients with coronary artery stents, and considering that these patients have poor adherence to a low-fat diet and regular physical activity, it is recommended that nurses in their patient education programs emphasize adherence to having a low-fat diet and regular physical activity and identify the barriers to achieving it, so that, by increasing patients’ adherence to treatment, the risk of CVDs in the next 10 years can be reduced in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Aging is associated with decreased physical and psychological functions. This study aims to investigate the ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly women with osteoporosis in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 130 elderly women over 60 years of age referred to selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020, who were selected by a consecutive sampling method. The data collection tools were a demographic form, the Barthel index for ADL, and the Lawton-Brody Instrumental ADL scale. The data was statistically analyzed in SPSS software, version 20. Results The mean age of the women was 67.5±5.7 years. None of them had dependency for performing ADLs such as eating. The highest dependence was for urination (54.62%). Regarding instrumental ADLs, the highest inability was related to shopping (60.77%), and the lowest inability was related to managing one's own medication use (0.77%). The scores of basic and instrumental ADLs were significantly related to age and educational level (P<0.001). Conclusion More governmental, family and social support is needed for elderly women with osteoporosis (with older age and educational level) who have lower ability to perform their basic and instrumental ADLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The proper diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis is done depends on the understanding of its causative organisms. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the types of microorganisms in definitive neonatal sepsis. Methods Neonatal sepsis is a serious infectious disease with high mortality. And its diagnosed by blood culture. It includes early (appearance of clinical symptoms from birth to the third-seventh day) and late (from the third day to the twenty-eighth day) types with specific and sometimes common clinical symptoms. This cross-sectional study was performed on 266 neonates hospitalized with definitive sepsis in Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad from 2010 to 2020 using available sampling method. Infants suspected of bacterial infection who had positive blood cultures were included in the study. Type of bacterial organism, time of sepsis, main causes of death and need for mechanical ventilation were evaluated. Results Eighty eight neonates had early sepsis and 197 neonates had late sepsis. The bacterial organism of early sepsis was gram negative as 70.1% and in late sepsis was gram negative as 77.1%. The most common causes of early sepsis were Klebsiella pneumonia 21 cases (23.9%), Staphylococcus epidermis 16 cases (18.2%) and 10 cases (11.4%) E. coli . And the most common causes of late sepsis were K. pneumonia 35 cases (25.4%), Enterobacter aeroginosa 25(18.1%), S. epidermis 12(8.7%) and E. coli 11(8%). Conclusion K. pneumonia, S. epidermis and E. coli were three most common organisms in early neonatal sepsis and K. pneumonia, S. epidermis and Enterobacter were the most common organisms in late neonatal sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Emotional intelligence as the ability to understand emotions in self and others, is recognized as underlying success in various aspects. Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and sleep quality in female high school students. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 female high school students in Rasht in 2019- 2020, selected by cluster sampling. Demographic, the Bar-On emotional intelligence, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaires were completed online by the participants. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statistics software, version 22 using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The Mean age of participants was 13.94±0.95 years, and the mean previous grade point average (GPA) of participants was 19.61±0.89. The Mean total score of students’ emotional intelligence and sleep quality were 334.95±42.82 and 4.71±3.20, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the total score of emotional intelligence and sleep quality (r=-0.427 and P<0.001). Also, 31% of the subjects had poor sleep quality (95% CI, 25.7%-36.6%), and the multiple logistic regression showed an inverse relationship between poor sleep quality and emotional intelligence score (OR=0.98, P<0.001). There was no association between demographic variables and sleep quality (P>0.05). Conclusion About a third of female students had poor sleep quality. There was a significant relationship between sleep quality and emotional intelligence. Therefore, poor sleep quality was associated with lower emotional intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Oral and dental health plays an important role in people's general health and is affected by various factors such as knowledge and attitude of a person regarding oral and dental health. Improving people's Knowledge and attitude in this regard will lead to more attention towards oral and dental health. therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the rate of tooth decay and its relationship with knowledge, attitude and performance in high school students in the Islamabad-eGharb city. Methods & Materials This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among 348 high school students in Islamabad-e-Gharb. Which were selected through sampling in two stages, cluster and random. Data were collected using clinical examination and standard questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Sheffe post hoc test and Spearman's correlation coefficient at a significance level of less than 0.05 using SPSS software, version 22. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1397.548). Results The Mean Decay-Missing-Filled Teeth (DMFT) index 6.07±3.47 and Mean teeth decayed were 5.31± 2.90 respectively and 96.3 percent of the students had dental carries. Both DMFT index (r=-0.124, P=0.021) and teeth decay (r=-131, P=0.015) had a significant relationship with students' performance regarding oral and dental health. There was no significant difference between DMFT index and the number of teeth decayed with students' knowledge and attitude regarding oral and dental health (P<0.05). No significant relationship were found between either DMFT index (P=0.749) and teeth decay (P=0.614) with gender. Conclusion In this study, DMFT index and teeth decay were relatively high and this shows the need to design educational interventions in adolescents to prevent teeth decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression is the most common psychological health disorder. Considering that micronutrients have always played a significant role in all physical and psychological aspects of people, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrients intake and anthropometric profiles with depression in male medical students of Yazd University of Medical Sciences in2021. Materials and Methods: 245students participated in this cross-sectional study. The intake of nutrients in the diet was measured using a food recall questionnaire. Anthropometric evaluations including, body mass index, waist to hip ratio and waist to height ratio were measured using standard methods. Beck depression questionnaire was used to determine the depression score. SPSS26 was used for data analysis. Results: The average age of the examined samples was22.7±2.3 years, the average body mass index was23.56±8.35 kg/m2.the average waist to hip ratio of the samples was0.90 ±0.01 cm and the ratio of waist circumference to height of the samples was0.48 ±0.03. The depression score was significantly lower in group with normal BMI,WHpR and WHtR. Also, the average score of depression in the group with adequate intake of selenium, magnesium and vitamin D was significantly lower than the group with inadequate intake. Conclusion: According to the result, the increase in BMI, WHpR and WHtR and the decrease in consumption of selenium, magnesium and vitamin D can be associated with increase in the incidence of depression in medical students. Therefore, controlling body weight in ideal condition and getting enough selenium, magnesium and vitamin D can be preventive and perhaps a therapeutic factor to deal with some mood disorders, including depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Salivary stones are a common disease of the salivary glands, which is caused by the obstruction of saliva secretion by a stone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of salivary gland stones in corpses referred to forensic medicine in Fars province. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 228 dead bodies referred to forensic medicine in Fars province were examined to determine the presence of salivary stones in 2020 and 2021. The data collection tool in this study is a demographic information questionnaire and salivary gland stones checklist. Demographic information in this study includes; Age, gender, marital status, body mass index, occupation, underlying disease, history of addiction and multiple alcoholism. The characteristics of salivary stones include; History of salivary gland stones, location of salivary gland stones, size of salivary gland stones, weight of salivary gland stones and anatomical location. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistical tests (t-test) at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The age of 21-30 years (36%) was the most frequent in the corpses referred to forensic medicine in Fars province. The reason for referring the majority of dead bodies referred to Fars province forensic medicine was an accident. Only 8 people (3.5%) had a history of salivary gland stones, and the site of salivary gland stone formation in the submandibular cavity (37.5%) has the highest frequency. The largest size of salivary gland stone was 2.3 and 3.2 (25%). Also, the highest frequency of salivary gland stone weight was 4 and SUB anatomical location (37.5%). There is a relationship between age (p=0.001), marital status (p=0.002), body mass index (p=0.035), underlying disease (p=0.001), addiction history (p=0.005) and alcohol consumption (p=0.001) with salivary gland stones. The highest incidence of salivary gland stones was in the corpses of people over 60 years old (25%), married people (8.6%), obese people (11.1%), with a history of addiction (12.5%) and alcohol consumption (14.3%). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, 3.5% of the people examined in the present study had a history of salivary gland stones, and the place of salivary gland stone formation in the submandibular cavity has the highest frequency. In addition, the highest frequency of salivary gland stones in the corpses of people over 60 years old, obese people with a history of addiction and alcohol consumption, these factors have reported a significant relationship with the formation of salivary gland stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Healthcare providers are responsible for providing services to mothers and infants during disasters. The purpose of this study is to determine their educational needs for maternal and newborn care during disasters in Iran. Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2017 on 208 healthcare providers (nurses, practical nurses, and midwives) from nine armed forces hospitals in Tehran, Iran who were selected by a census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable face validity, content validity, and structure, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean score on the educational needs assessment scale was higher in the fields of sexual violence management (4.30±0.01) and information management (4.28±0.01), indicating the high need for education in these areas. The lowest scores were in the fields of postpartum care in newborns (2.19±0.96) and responsiveness (2.98±0.89). In total, the educational needs of healthcare providers were high (3.3±0.43). Conclusion The readiness of healthcare providers in Iran to provide maternal and newborn care during disasters is low and needs more attention. Therefore, it is recommended to compile and revise university educational programs and implement continuous education programs based on the results of this study in the proposed areas (especially sexual violence management and information management) in a regular, periodic, and continuous manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims safe nursing care is the use of knowledge and skills by nurses to provide quality patient care and it is considered one of the health goals in intensive care units. The feeling of being supported by the hospital play a key role in achieving this goal; it can lead to job satisfaction, good job performance, and patient satisfaction. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived organizational support and safe nursing care in nurses working in the intensive care units (ICUs) of public hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted on 200 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2021-2022, who were selected using a quota sampling method. Eisenberger et al.’s perceived organizational support scale and Rashvand et al.’s safe nursing care questionaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test). Results The mean score of perceived organizational support was 23.20±9.57, which was lower than the cutoff point. Safe nursing care was at a favorable level with a mean score of 322.89±34.1. The perceived organizational support had no statistically significant correlation with safe nursing care and its dimensions. Conclusion Despite the unfavorable perceived organizational support of ICU nurses in Tabriz, their safe nursing care is favorable. There is no statistically significant relationship between their perceived organizational support and safe nursing care. This finding is probably due to the prevailing rules and professional beliefs in the work of nurses, which has caused the care provided to be safe despite the perception of low organizational support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the congenital disorders in premature neonates, which is strongly associated with increased mortality in them. Currently, echocardiography is the method of choice for detecting PDA, and due to the high cost of this method and its lack of easy access, finding a suitable and low-cost alternative method, including the use of clinical parameters to quickly detect PDA in premature neonates and determine the cases in need Treatment is very important. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of clinical criteria in the diagnosis of PDA in comparison with the echocardiography method. Preterm neonates refer to neonates who are born before 37 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period (1) due to developmental delay and also weakness in the immune system, these neonates are about 40 times more than neonates with normal weight at risk of mortality (2). The ductus arteriosus is a vein that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This duct is the fetal vascular connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta artery, which diverts blood from the pulmonary bed to the systemic circulation during the fetal period (3). In the uterus, blood is shunted from the lungs due to the high pressure in the lungs. Therefore, the blood leaves the right ventricle, enters the ductus arteriosus, and from there enters the aorta (4). The ductus arteriosus contracts after birth and usually closes within 72 hours after birth. If this active contraction does not occur after birth, the ductus arteriosus will remain open. Usually, within 10 to 15 hours after birth, this contraction causes the functional closure of the ductus arteriosus, which starts from the side of the pulmonary artery and finally progresses to the end of the aorta (5). Therefore, keeping this duct open causes the oxygen-rich blood in the aorta to mix with the deoxygenated blood flowing in the pulmonary artery. Therefore, a lot of blood is transferred to the lungs, which increases the pressure on the heart, increases the blood pressure in the pulmonary veins, and also impairs the ventilation of the lungs (6). A large blood shunt from the ductus arteriosus increases pulmonary blood flow and also decreases systemic blood flow (7). Neonates with reduced systemic blood circulation are exposed to dangerous complications such as increased systolic and diastolic pressure, increased oxygen demand, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, active pericardium, heart failure, intracerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis (8). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on preterm neonates with PDA and preterm neonates without PDA who were admitted to the NICU department of Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran during 2017 and 2018. In this study, 124 preterm neonates with a gestational age of 25 to 37 weeks were included in the study. Preterm neonates with convulsions, life-threatening infections, clinical or radiographic evidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, evidence of hemorrhage, congenital neurological disorders, metabolic and genetic syndromes, pulmonary hypoplasia syndrome, congenital heart anomalies, and other fatal abnormalities., were excluded from the study. Also, a checklist was provided in which case and demographic information related to preterm neonates was recorded. Parameters such as birth age, height and weight, gender, duration of hospitalization in NICU, duration of mechanical ventilation, history of any underlying or congenital disease (such as heart and lung disease, sepsis, other infectious diseases, diseases respiratory, history of cardiac arrest, etc.), neurological diseases, type of birth (NVD or cesarean section), gestational age, mothers' age were also recorded. After initial examinations and selection of patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, various clinical parameters in newborns including heart rate, peripheral pulse status, precordial pulse status, heart murmur status, cardiothoracic ratio, first minute Apgar score and Fifth, the deterioration of the respiratory condition was investigated in terms of physical and clinical examinations. A heart rate less than 160 was given a score of zero, a heart rate between 160 and 180 was given a score of 1, and a heart rate greater than 180 was given a score of 2. Cardiothoracic ratio less than 0.6, 0.6 to 0.65 and more than 0.65 were determined with zero, 1 and 2 scores, respectively. The status without murmur, systolic murmur and diastolic murmur were defined with 0, 1 and 2 scores, respectively. Normal peripheral pulse score zero, brachial banding score 1, brachial and dorsalis pedis banding score 2, precordial pulse not visible and not palpable with score 0, palpable precordial pulse with score 1 and visible precordial pulse with score 2. The scores of each of the clinical criteria were added together and a score equal to or greater than 3 was considered to be associated with the incidence of hemodynamically significant PDA. Then echocardiography was performed in the examined neonates by an experienced pediatric cardiologist. The results of this research were analyzed by SPSS software. In this study, p value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical factors in determining PDA requiring treatment, the ROC diagram and the area under the ROC curve were used. The results related to the sensitivity and specificity of each of the physical and clinical examinations as a factor in the diagnosis of active PDA in need of treatment were compared with echocardiography results. Results: Based on statistical analysis and ROC curve performed in this study, the relationship between scores calculated based on Clinical criteria were demonstrated with PDA. Based on this, it can be said that by measuring clinical criteria and calculating the score can be detected PDA. Also based on the ROC curve analysis at point (score) 3, the sensitivity value is 65% and the specificity value is 95%, and at point (score) 2 the sensitivity value is 90% and the specificity value is 87%. Conclusion: AUC = 0.94 for the diagnosis of hs-PDA indicates the fact that the definition of the score parameter based on the clinical criteria presented in this research can help in the diagnosis of PDA without echo. Only the difference between the pre-ductal and post-ductal oxygen saturation and the intensity of the dorsalis pedis pulse should be taken into account. Also, since the level of sensitivity is higher in the score of two, and this means that the false negative cases are less in the score of two, therefore, the score of two can be a more appropriate score for detecting cases that need treatment. According to the ROC curve of 5 clinical criteria for the diagnosis of hemodynamically PDA, the order of effectiveness of these 5 criteria are CTR, precordial pulse, heart murmur, heart rate and peripheral pulse respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: rug abuse is a major health challenge all over the world, and the majority of society thinks that drug abuse is mainly a male phenomenon. While drug abuse in women is increasing. Women experience a stressful life with drug abuse and need more support from family and society. If they do not receive the necessary support, they will be stuck in the cycle of addiction and it will be difficult for them to bear failures. Pregnancy with substance abuse poses serious risks to women's mental, psychological, physical and physical health and threatens the mental, social, political and economic health and safety of the society. In this context, midwifery personnel play a role as active people in the health care team and as one of the important sources of information to the community members in increasing social support and bearing more failures. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of social support in coping with the failure of pregnant women with substance abuse who referred to Hazrat Zainab Hospital in Shiraz in 2021. Methods: The current study is a descriptive-cross-sectional study and the statistical population of all pregnant women with substance abuse referring to the clinic, laboratory, IVF unit, ultrasound, emergency department, and inpatient departments who, based on their self-report, declared that they suffered from substance abuse in a 12-month period. The consumption of substances such as cigarettes, opium, opium juice, heroin, crack, glass, hashish, morphine, cocaine, amphetamine, methadone, marijuana, NAS, pan, bong, flower, alprazolam, buponorphine and other substances and in different sections. Hazrat Zainab Hospital was in Shiraz. 200 people were included in the study by continuous sampling. The inclusion criteria included: having Iranian nationality, women aged 18 and above, ability to read and write, being married and with drug abuse according to the individual, mental and physical conditions were suitable.While respecting the privacy and confidentiality of information, demographic questionnaires, VAX social support and Harrington's failure tolerance were completed. Sampling continued from Mehr to Esfand 1400. Data analysis was done with SPSS 22 software with descriptive and analytical statistics tests of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. Results: In the present study, 200 Iranian pregnant mothers with substance abuse with an average age of 34 years, average age of marriage 21.70 ± 4.51 years, majority of married women, housewives, with unfavorable economic status and no insurance were examined. Women and spouses with primary and secondary education levels had the highest frequency compared to other people. Women with working spouses also had the highest frequency compared to other people. 56% of these women had an unwanted pregnancy and 50 of these women had a history of prison and half of them had a history of prison once. The reason for the conviction of 60% of women was for carrying drugs, 30% for theft and 10% for other reasons. Women with 2 children had the highest frequency. The average social support score of pregnant women with substance abuse was 53.4 ± 2.32, which indicates unfavorable social support. Social support in the support of friends dimension had the highest mean (2.44 ± 0.91) and the support of community members had the lowest mean (2.24 ± 0.64). Social support was more in wives and husbands with middle and higher education levels. The mean failure tolerance score was 136.73±22.5, and failure tolerance was inversely correlated with social support (P=0.012) in the dimension of not tolerating stress, not tolerating discomfort, and not tolerating injustice and dissatisfaction. Conclusion: The social support received by pregnant women with drug abuse is not optimal and these women receive most of their support from friends, family and acquaintances, which provides the basis for more harm to them and makes them more prone to fall into the trap. Addictive Most of these women have not been able to bear failures, so it seems necessary to design and hold life-enhancing programs. Social support in these women was related to the level of education and favorable economic status, which can be helped by promoting education and improving the economic situation by creating simple jobs and educational spaces for these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the response rate to the hepatitis B vaccine and the factors affecting it in people with advanced kidney failure undergoing hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2019 to 2021 at Ziyaian Hospital in Tehran. For patients undergoing hemodialysis, serum levels of the nutritional, inflammatory, and bone and mineral markers were measured before hepatitis B vaccine injection. They then received hepatitis B vaccine, and 6 months later the serum level of hepatitis B antibody was measured. In case of no immune response to the vaccine, a second injection was given. Then the rate of lack of immune response to the vaccine in the subjects under study was determined and the levels of nutritional, inflammatory, and bone factors were compared between those who responded to the vaccine and those without an immune response. Results: 54 people were included in the study. In the first round of vaccination, 45 people participated, of whom 62.2% responded to the vaccine and 37.8% did not respond. 26 people participated in the second round of vaccination, in which 69.2% (18 people) responded to the vaccine and 30.8% (8 people) did not respond to the second round of the vaccine. In the non-response group to the vaccine, the serum levels of albumin, and cholesterol were significantly lower and the serum level of neutrophils and the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes was significantly higher than in the patients with response to the vaccine. Conclusion: Inflammatory and nutritional factors can affect the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine. Therefore, it is recommended to check the nutritional status of these patients and encourage them to follow up on the results of the vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 are in dire need of spiritual care due to being alone in quarantine, away from their families. The present study aims to assess the spiritual care competence of nurses in the special care units for COVID-19 in teaching hospitals in Arak, Iran Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants were 142 nurses working in the special care units for COVID-19 in hospitals affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2022, who were selected by a census method. The data collection tool was the spiritual care competence scale. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean total score of spiritual care competence was 100.71±14.45, which was higher than the median score of 81. The spiritual care competence had a significant relationship with marital status (P=0.044), willingness to work overtime (P<0.001), age (P=0.011), total work experience (P=0.03), and work experience in the special care unit (P=0.025), such that spiritual care competence was higher in older married nurses with a willingness to work overtime and a higher work experience. Conclusion The spiritual care competence of nurses in the study hospitals is at a favorable level. The results of this study can help future studies in improving the quality of nursing care and the competence of nurses in spiritual care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The early mobility of a patient hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a very complicated issue and requires coordination between the departments and between all ICU staff, including physicians, nurses, and physiotherapists. Early mobilization program is safe and feasible and has positive results for the patient, medical staff, families, and health system. The present study aims to determine the barriers to early mobility of patients admitted to the ICUs of hospitals in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in 2020-2022. The study population consists of the ICU staff of hospitals in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, including physicians, nurses, and physiotherapists. Sampling was done by a census method. The data were collected using a demographic form and a researcher-made questionnaire of early mobility barriers of ICU patients and analyzed in SPSS software, version 18 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results In the present study, 174 nurses, physicians, and physiotherapists answered the questionnaire, where 57.8% were female and 59.8% were single. Among the barriers to early mobility, the patient-related barriers had the lowest mean (0.411±0.108) and cultural barriers had the highest mean (0.478±0.146). Conclusion It is necessary to investigate the barriers to early mobility of patients admitted to the ICU of study hospitals, especially the cultural barriers. In this regard, there is a need to design a clinical protocol to manage and reduce these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Oral lesions can affect people’s quality of life by interfering with chewing, swallowing, and speech. These lesions may originate from epithelial or mesenchymal tissues. Malignant oral lesions can be life-threatening. Epidemiological data of oral lesions in Iran is limited. Objective This study aims to investigate the frequency of oral lesions in Rasht, Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, histopathologic data of oral lesions reported by Razi laboratory in Rasht from 2015 to 2019 were evaluated. The data collected: Patients’ age and sex, histopathologic findings, and location, type and origin of lesions. Non-specific diagnoses and dental and bone lesions were excluded. Results A total of 259 pathologic reports were included. The mean age patients was 52.09±19 years, and 40.2% were male. Oral lesions in patients aged <40 years were mainly benign (64.2%), whereas half of lesions in patients ≥70 years were mostly malignant. Tongue was the most common location of the lesions (34.7%) and the main location for malignant lesions (46.7%). Benign lesions were significantly higher in females whereas malignant lesions were significantly higher in males (P=0.011). Epithelial tissues were the most common site of origin (49%) and salivary glands were the least common site of origin (11.6%) for oral lesions. Conclusion Malignant oral lesions are more common in Iranian men aged >70 years, where the tongue is the most common site of involvement and epithelial tissue is the main site of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to depression, stress and mental health problems in medical students working in hospitals. Objective The present study aims to evaluate the professional quality of life (QoL) of medical interns in Rasht, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 152 medical interns working in hospitals affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2020. The professional QoL was assessed using the professional quality of life scale (ProQOL). Results The mean scores of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress were 38.4±8.3, 30.9±5.4, and 25.3±7.5, respectively. Compassion satisfaction had a significant relationship with marital status, history of underlying diseases, being resident of the city, and work shift duration. Conclusion The professional QoL of medical interns in Rasht is low. Considering the differences in the spread of COVID-19 in Iran, it is necessary to conduct more study in other cities and on other medical trainees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The goal of medical science, which is progressing on a daily basis, is not only to avoid diseases but also to increase the quality of life of people (1). Quality of life is an important indicator of health beyond physical health and includes the feeling of healthiness, some degree of satisfaction and the general sense of self-worth (2), namely a mental state of well-being that can be influenced by culture, value system and the stressful environment (3). According to WHO definition, the quality of life is people's understanding of their position in life in terms of culture, value system in which they live, their goals, expectations, standards and priorities (4), which is affected in different ways by social, economic, environmental and individual factors (5). In fact, economic, psychological, social and environmental factors (6), as well as age, health status, occupation (7), gender, culture, education along with general behavioral, job and adaptation elements can influence the quality of life (8). Failure to pay attention to quality of life can lead to disappointment, reduction in social, cultural, economic, and health activities, loss of work motivation, decreased job performance, occupational burnout and early retirement (8, 9). On the other hand, paying attention to quality of life increases efficiency and reduces psychological pressures (10). Quality of life is one of the most important aspects of human health, and improving the health of employees may reduce medical costs, disability and absenteeism, improve job satisfaction and increase productivity (9, 11). The operating room is a closed environment associated with risks and anomalies, which can be considered a unit with environmental factors of stress causing dissatisfaction with personal responsibilities and professional work of surgical technologists, which may lead to physical and mental disorders adversely affecting a person's health and quality of life (13). Because we need employees who enjoy their high quality of life in order to provide satisfactory health care (14), the physical, mental health and emotional management of staff should not be neglected (15). In the operating room, the common goal of the surgical team is to provide effective, systematic and safe care, and failure of each member to perform their role can have a serious impact on the success of the entire team, and on the other hand, the success of an individual as a member of the team creates personal satisfaction in him/her (16) because surgical technologists are responsible for maintaining safety and comfort for patients in the operating room (17). Any negligence on the part of technologists may endanger the life of patients. According to the search for sources on this issue in Iran and abroad, it was observed that there were limited studies on quality of life of surgical technologists. Therefore, the researcher decided to conduct the present study with the aim of determining the quality of life and its related factors among surgical technologists of the medical training hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this cross-sectional study that was conducted in hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences hospitals, 125 surgical technologists were recruited. Inclusion criterion was holding an associate or bachelor degree in surgical technology. The cluster sampling method was used, in which each of the centers was considered a separate cluster. According to the number of staff in the center, the personnel IDs of individuals were written on small sheets of paper. Then, the IDs were randomly selected by a person outside the study, the number was matched with that in the staff list, the desired person was chosen and sampling completed. A total of 150 questionnaires was distributed among surgical technologists in hospitals. The data were collected using demographic information questionnaire (age, gender, marital status, work experience, type of shift work, level of education, income, night shift hours per month and employment status) as well as 26-item WHOQOL-BREF. After obtaining permission from Research Vice-Chancellor (ethics code IR.IUMS.REC 1395.9411101009), OR was visited to collect data. The research goal was explained to all the research units, and there was no compulsion to participate in the study. In all stages of the research, the utmost confidentiality was observed for personal information, and anonymous questionnaires were completed as self-reports by the research units themselves in presence of the researcher. The normal distribution of data was confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in SPSS-22. The results of descriptive analysis for qualitative variables were reported using frequency (percentage). The values of variables related to different dimensions of quality of life in each level of the studied variables were reported using mean±SD. To examine the relationship between different dimensions of quality of life with the studied variables, independent t-test was used for two-level qualitative variables, and one-way ANOVA was employed for qualitative variables with more than two levels. Bonferroni's post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. To investigate the effect of each variable on different dimensions of quality of life by controlling the effect of other variables, we used linear regression analysis, so that the significant variables entered at 0.2 level in univariate analysis. P<0.05 was considered the significance level in the rest of tests. Results: The participants of this research were 125 surgical technologists. More than half of the research units (52%) were <30 years, 40.8% were 30-40 years and the rest >49 years. The majority of research units (79.2%) were women and the rest were men. The mean and standard deviation of the quality of life was 63.10 ± 18.57; quality-of-life score in dimension of physical health was 54.77 ± 18.87, social health 54.60 ± 18.07, mental health 54.40±14.19, and environmental health 48.27±12.25, which shows that the lowest quality of life score of research units was related to the environmental dimension. By controlling the effect of each of the dependent variables, the variables of marital status and time of night shift had a significant effect on the level of physical health, so that after controlling the effect of night shift variable, the physical health score of married people was on average 13.23 units higher than single people [B=13.23, SE=2.96, P=<0.001, 95%CI= (7.36, 19.09)]. Also, after controlling the effect of the variable of marital status, physical health score of people who had >36 hours of night shift per month was on average 8.73 points lower than those who had <12 hours of night shift per month [B=- 8.73, SE=4.01, P=0.031, 95% CI= (-16.66, -0.790)]. Conclusion: The quality of life of surgical technologists was at an average level, and it was lower than other dimensions in the environmental dimension. Married people had a higher quality of physical health than unmarried people, and physical health was lower in those who had >36 hours of night shift per month relative to people with <12 hours of night shift per month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Sepsis is the principal cause of death in the first months of life and leads to 30- 50% of infant mortality in developing countries (1). The prevalence of sepsis is reported differently in many countries. In developed countries, the prevalence of sepsis is 1-4 per 1,000 live births, while in poor and developing countries it is almost ten times higher (2). Neonatal sepsis leads to 25.2% of all neonatal deaths in Iran (3). The clinical signs of neonatal sepsis are nonspecific and may be mixed with noninfectious disorders such as aspiration syndrome and respiratory distress syndrome (4,5). The most important factor in reducing infant mortality from sepsis is appropriate and quick treatment (6). On the other hand, the clinical signs of affected infants, including decreased neonatal reflexes, bradycardia, hypo/hyperthermia, respiratory distress, seizures, weakness and lethargy, apnea, and abdominal distension, are not sensitive enough to definitively diagnose sepsis. Blood tests and immunological tests also have less sensitive and specific compared to blood culture (7). Since sepsis is one of the most important causes of mortality and disability in the neonatal stage, with early diagnosis and treatment of the disease and improving the quality of care during delivery, neonatal survival can be increased, the clinical signs, predisposing factors, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of neonates with the diagnosis of sepsis who admitted to Afzalipour hospital in Kerman were evaluated. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The statistical population was all infants admitted to Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman from 2015 to 2017.The sample size was determined with the census method (sample size = 200 infants). Infants with Complete Blood Count (CBC), arterial gas measurement, C Reactive Protein (CRP), blood and urine cultures, and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were included in the present study. All neonates with a diagnosis other than sepsis were excluded from the study. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, neonates were classified into three groups: 1- Infants who had positive blood culture sepsis in addition to clinical and laboratory findings. 2- Neonates who had only laboratory and clinical findings of sepsis but their blood culture was negative. 3- Infants who had clinical signs of sepsis but were negative for laboratory findings and blood culture. All infants were treated with antibiotics immediately after the tests. Clinical and laboratory findings as well as the type of antibiotic and maternal and neonatal risk factors were collected using a checklist. Outcomes of treatment were expressed as improvement and discharge, complications, and death. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25 (version 25, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Quantitative data were presented as Mean ± SD (standard deviation) and frequency and percentage. Results: The highest age of infants was related to the birth group (91%). 59.5% of infants were male and 40.5% were female. The mean duration of admission was 9.76. 1.05 days. The most common clinical signs were tachypnea (74%), poor nutrition (36%), apnea (32%), and hypo/hyperthermia (25%) respectively. The results showed that 91.5% of participants used ampicillin, 93% of them gentamicin, 84% of them used vancomycin, 52% of them used meropenem, 18.5% of them used metronidazole, 19.5% of them used amikacin, 18 % of them took cefotaxime, 19% of them used fluconazole, 1% of them used clindamycin and 1.5% of them used ceftazidime Regarding the frequency distribution of risk factors, the results showed that 23.5% of participants had PROM (Premature rupture of Membrane), 11 % had maternal urinary tract infection, 12 % had maternal fever and 91.5% had low birth weight. The results showed that the mortality rate for participants was 78% and the rate of discharge and recovery was 22%. The results showed that the mean number of white blood cells was 16.468 ± 0.103 × و 103 and the mean CRP of the participants was 22.6 ± 2.8. The results of this study also showed that 14.5% of participants had positive blood cultures and 85.5% of them had negative blood cultures. Conclusion: Systemic and local infections are very common in infants. Sepsis is a systemic response to infection and is divided into early, late and nosocomial types (17). The results showed that 59.5% of the participants who had early sepsis were male and 40.5% of them were female, which is consistent with the results of Khalili et al. (13). While in the textbooks, the incidence of male infants is twice as high as female infants (18). In the study of Arab Mohammadi et al., 60% of patients were boys and 40% were girls. In this study, the most common clinical symptoms were tachypnea (74%), hypo/hyperthermia (25%), and tachycardia (5%), respectively, which is consistent with the results of Hengst et al. (10) while it is not similar to the results of Khalili et al. (13), Santana et al. (9) and Vergnano et al. (14). In other textbooks, the most common clinical symptoms are fever, jaundice, respiratory distress, hepatomegaly, anorexia, vomiting, and cyanosis (19). In the study of Shiva et al. (20), a total of three symptoms of tachycardia, tachypnea, hypothermia had a sensitivity of 53.6% and a specificity of 100% in identifying sepsis with positive blood culture. In the study of Arab Mohammadi et al. (21), hyperthermia, jaundice, respiratory distress, hepatomegaly, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, and cyanosis were reported as the most common symptoms of sepsis. Investigation of 500 infants suspected of sepsis, temperature instability, and respiratory symptoms were the most common symptoms. The results showed that 14.5% of the participants had positive blood cultures and 85.5% of them had negative blood cultures. This rate (positive blood culture) was 15.4% for the study of Khan et al (22). This rate was 14% in the study of Manucha et al. (23) in India. The reason for the lack of positive blood culture is neonatal SEPSIS is one of the diseases in which the actual number of cases is much less than the number of suspected cases and laboratory-related problems also play an important role in this results (24). The prevalence of sepsis with positive blood culture has been reported in the study of Shiva et al. 25% (20), Samaei et al. 41% (25), and Hosseini et al. The results showed that the mean CRP of the participants in our study was 22.6. 2.8. According to textbooks, if CRP is performed in combination with other tests, it is effective in screening for sepsis, but if used alone as a primary test to look for infection, it helps in less than 10% of definite diagnoses (26, 27). CRP sensitivity has been reported from 46 to 74% in various studies (28). In the meta-analyzes about this subject, the first time CRP sensitivity was 39%, CPR specificity was 92.5%, positive predictive value was 53.2% and negative predictive value was 93.6%. Therefore, it seems that the serum level of CRP for the first time at the time of admission in infants suspected of early neonatal sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) has no value in determining sensitivity (29). In the study by Zecca et al, the negative predictive value of CRP was 100% (30 %). A study by Cetinkaya et al on 100 infants suspected of having early neonatal sepsis showed that the diagnostic power of CRP increased over time and peaked 24 to 48 hours after the onset of sepsis, which is consistent with our study (31). Therefore, if serum CRP levels remain negative 24 hours after the onset of clinical symptoms, the high negative predictive value is 99%, and antibiotic therapy can be discontinued in the absence of strong clinical suspicion of sepsis (32). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patient participation in treatment decisions has been associated with improved treatment results. By checking the level of knowledge of patients and informing patients about the risks and benefits of treatment methods, the level of participation of patients in treatment can be checked. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the participation rate in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted in descriptive and analytical form in 2019. The statistical population includes 15 doctors who worked in the field of breast diseases and 300 patients with breast cancer who visited clinics and doctor's offices in the cities of Shiraz, Kerman, Rasht and Tabriz, who were selected by cluster random sampling. In order to measure the level of participation, a researcher-made questionnaire was used after validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software with the help of descriptive statistics and chi-square inferential tests. Results: The findings of the research showed that patients' participation in treatment has a significant and direct relationship with age, education, duration of illness and income of patients (P value < 0.05). Based on the findings of this study, patient participation was reported in three areas (decision-making process (53%), doctor's practical behavior (67.6) and patient preferences (66.2)) and in general, the level of participation in the treatment of patients with Breast cancer was estimated at 52%. Conclusion: Empowering patients by increasing awareness about diagnosis and treatment, as well as covering breast cancer as a special disease and receiving treatment allowances, can help increase patient participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Organizational health and flexibility enable organizations to manage complex challenges in the organization such as the occurrence of crises such as Covid-19. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between organizational health and organizational flexibility with the mediating role of stress of contracting Covid-19 in medical personnel of Shohdai Anohmim Yasuj Hospital in 2022. Methodology: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 160 medical staff working in Shahada Anhomesh Yasouj Hospital were selected by simple random sampling. The treatment staff responded to the Organizational Health Scale (OHI) of Hoy and Fidman, the Organizational Flexibility Questionnaire of Mofabi et al., and the standard Covid-19 stress questionnaire. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling and SPSS20 and SMART PLS software at a significance level of 0.05. Result: The results showed that the average age of the participants was 32.18±1.62, and 98 people (61.25 percent) were women and 62 people (38.75 percent) were men. The findings showed that organizational health has a positive and significant relationship with organizational flexibility and a negative and significant relationship with the stress of contracting Covid-19 (p<0.001). The stress of contracting Covid-19 has a negative and significant relationship with organizational flexibility (p<0.001). The stress of contracting covid-19 significantly plays a mediating role between the relationship between organizational health and organizational flexibility (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results show that organizational health and organizational flexibility have a positive and strong relationship, also the stress of contracting Covid-19 has a mediating role with its inverse and significant relationship between these two variables, so it seems that by controlling the stress of contracting Covid19 Organizational health and organizational flexibility can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The preventive maintenance management system plays an effective role in preventing defects, increasing the safety of equipment and users, and reducing cost of operating systems. In this study, the efficiency of these systems was investigated in 6 blood transfusion centers in Tehran, Alborz, Amol, Hamedan, Semnan and Qom during May to October 2021 Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, the condition of the components, connections and parts of 35 active engine rooms, ventilation and diesel generator systems in 6 blood transfusion centers was investigated through checklists, interviews and visual observation, and the obtained data was analyzed using the software SPSS 25. Results The results of this study indicated the non-compliance with the requirements in the maintenance management system of electrical network equipment and facilities in 6 centers with more than 10 years of history due to the lack of experienced personnel, financial limitations and lack of supervision in effective periodic visits, safety tests, and corrections. The need for reforms was imperative in the engine room and electrical network. The average non)cleansing of components in these centers was 61%, deposits and corrosion of connections 33%, rust 25%, clutter and accumulation of wires and cables 67%. Conclusions The results of this study showed that non-compliance with the requirements of the maintenance management system leads to the failure to prevent the occurrence of damages and injuries on the performance of the devices, as well as the failure to increase the safety of the equipment, the useful service life of the operation and the access time, along with the reduction of breakdowns and repair costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the challenges for middle school students is learning mathematics. Researches show that due to the complex nature of mathematics, using effective and efficient self-regulation learning strategies and having motivation is related to success in mathematics. Measuring self-regulated learning is one of the research fields that play a key role both in developing theory and for intervention. Historically, the tools used to measure self-regulated learning rely on researchers' conceptualizations of self-regulated learning as a construct and have been used to expand theories. To measure self-regulated learning, various tools and methods have been used, such as structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, as well as direct measurement of students' behaviors, such as behavioral effects and observing behaviors. To measure self-regulation, several self-report questionnaires have been created, among which we can refer to the self-regulation questionnaire, self-regulation questionnaire, motivational strategies questionnaire for learning, academic self-regulation learning scale, and teacher scoring scale of self-regulation strategy list. All these questionnaires, except the selfregulation strategy list questionnaire, have been translated into Farsi and their psychometric properties have been studied. Self-report questionnaires are considered to be the most widely used tools for measuring self-regulated learning and have many benefits such as ease and low cost of design, implementation, and scoring, and they allow students to report their thoughts and motivational thoughts that are not visible to others. Mathematics requires solving multistage problems, learning different strategies, and using concepts correctly. For example, students who have high progress in mathematics often use self-regulated learning strategies effectively and efficiently when learning different theories and applying ideas, while students who have poor progress in Mathematics students use these strategies to a lesser extent. Learning strategies and self-regulation are some of the most important factors influencing the quality of learning. The purpose of this study was to predict math self-efficacy based on selfregulation processes and determine the convergent validity of the self-regulation learning strategies questionnaire with the math self-efficacy source scale? Methods: This research is a descriptive cross-sectional and correlational survey. After approving the proposal and receiving the implementation license from the university and coordination with the Education Department of Saveh City, 610 students (317 girls and 293 boys) of the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades of the first secondary school online and by sampling method in Available were selected. To collect data, study questionnaires were first uploaded to Google Docs; then their link was provided to the school officials, and with their help, it was provided to the participants. In the end, after completing the number of samples to the appropriate extent, the data collection was stopped. To maintain confidentiality, the students were assured that the information obtained from the research would be analyzed as a group and that their individual information would remain completely confidential. At the end of the data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used, which were analyzed in the SPSS software environment. Results: The results showed that self-regulation was a predictor of students' mathematical selfefficacy (p=0.05, β=0.76). Also, the self-regulation questionnaire had a convergence validity of 0.874 with the mathematical self-efficacy questionnaire. The coefficients of recognition power indicate that all the items of the questionnaire on self-efficacy strategies have good and high recognition power because most of the correlation coefficients of the item-total score are above 0.40 and the highest recognition coefficient is related to item 24 and the lowest recognition coefficient is related to items 15 and 22. The correlation between students' scores in the self-regulation questionnaire and its subscales with their scores in the math self-efficacy questionnaire showed that all coefficients are statistically significant at the alpha level of 0.01, which indicates the convergent validity of the self-regulation questionnaire. Conclusion: Therefore, according to the findings of the research, it can be said that students who use more self-regulated learning strategies have a higher sense of mathematical selfefficacy and vice versa; That is, students who use little self-regulated learning strategies have a lower sense of self-efficacy in mathematics and do not consider themselves competent and competent in terms of mathematics. The feeling of self-efficacy increases the student's selfconfidence and interest in studying. Increasing self-confidence and interest in the lesson makes the student try to use all the available methods and facilities to learn mathematics. It makes the student try to act independently in learning mathematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: There are different definitions of patient satisfaction provided by researchers. In general, the definition of patient satisfaction includes the patient's expectations and the excellence of health care and medical services (1). Various factors are involved in creating patient satisfaction, which include nursing care, medicine, support and various organizational departments (2). Information related to patient satisfaction can be used in many health-care facilities and designs and be effective in improving the quality of health care (1). The importance of patient satisfaction is that if this is achieved, the patient will establish a better and more appropriate relationship with the treatment team, and in this way, recovery will be accelerated. By building trust towards hospital personnel, the patient will be more cooperative in treatment procedures (3). According to the above content, it is clear that firstly, the level of patients' satisfaction with hospitals is very low compared to the rest of the world, and on the other hand, the conducted researches have considered other dimensions that are contrary to the dimensions of the present research. In the context of the subject, it has not been done in Gorgan hospitals, so in this study, we investigated the level of patients' satisfaction with the health and treatment services of Gorgan Philosophical Hospital in order to add a point to the existing information in this field in order to solve the existing deficiencies. For this purpose, a satisfaction questionnaire was completed by the patients and the obtained information was analyzed. Methods: The current research is a descriptive-cross-sectional type that was conducted in 1401. For this purpose, from among the patients who were admitted in the departments of internal medicine and male surgery (Milad), neurology and psychology (Aghaz), CCU, general department (Pegah), internal medicine and female surgery (Shafaq) and maternity ward, available during a 173 patients were selected as samples. Then, the satisfaction level of referring patients was investigated using a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by the professors of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaire contained demographic information including age, gender, level of education and the department where the patient was admitted. Questionnaire topics include security with one question, reception with two questions, department secretary with one question, medical staff with 5 questions, nursing staff with 8 questions, nutrition with 5 questions, laboratory with 3 questions, pharmacy with one question, discharge and cashier with 4 questions, imaging with 3 questions and amenities with 13 questions. Results: Out of 173 patients included in the study, 13 patients were excluded due to the incompleteness of the questionnaires and their lack of consent to participate in the study. A total of 160 patients were examined. The demographic information of the patients is presented in Table 1. According to the information obtained, the age of men was higher than the age of women, while the number of female participants was higher than that of men. The educational level of most of the participating patients (38%) was diploma and most of the patients (25%) from Milad department of the hospital participated in this The frequency distribution of patients based on different health and treatment services provided in Philosophical Hospital is presented in Table 1. The most satisfied was with "doctors' encounter" where 129 people (80.62 percent) gave an excellent answer. The lowest level of satisfaction was "providing necessary training regarding the amount of tariffs and service insurance coverage" where 83 people (51.87%) gave an excellent answer. Of course, the lowest level of satisfaction was related to "how to provide ambulance services" that not all patients used this service. The most weak answer was related to the question of "providing necessary information for admission" and 7 people (4.37) gave this answer. Conclusion: Based on the results, more than 50% of patients had an excellent opinion on all the services provided. In general, in the medical staff department with 5 services, on average, 73.25% of patients had an excellent opinion and 19.50% had a good opinion. In general, patients' satisfaction with the services of the nursing staff was slightly lower than that of the medical staff. The importance of satisfaction with nursing services is to the extent that it affects patients' satisfaction with the entire hospital services (6). In this regard, Aiken et al. (2018), in an extensive study on patients discharged from 161 British hospitals, point out the important role of the quality of nurses' work and the presence of the right number of professional and experienced nurses in patients' trust in nurses and doctors (7). In the nutrition department, on average, 63.22% of the patients gave an excellent response and 29.37% gave a good response to the service. The highest level of satisfaction was related to "time of food distribution" and the highest level of satisfaction was related to food quality. In the laboratory department, on average, 58.33% of patients gave an excellent response and 28.33% gave a good response to the service. In this department, the percentage of patients with no response was increasing. This result is worth considering. In the departments of pharmacy, discharge and fund, imaging and comfort facilities, the satisfaction of the patients gradually decreased, which should be noticed by the hospital officials. In the security department, reception and department secretary, the responses were mostly excellent and good. But the presence of 7 weak answers in "providing the necessary information at the time of admission" was significant and requires more cooperation of the admission staff. In this context, Moin et al. (2016) investigated the satisfaction of 400 patients with the emergency services in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Tehran. The findings showed that 91.3% of patients had satisfactory satisfaction. The highest level of satisfaction was with the medical staff. The lowest level of satisfaction was reported in the received costs, the facilities of the emergency department compared to the comfort facilities and park clinic affairs. They stated that the status of health insurances, activating hospital staff, equipping comfort facilities and finding committed and experienced human resources were the things that needed more attention from the managers of the mentioned hospital (3). In our study, similar to the study of Moin et al., satisfaction with the medical staff (doctors and nurses) was more than other services. Overall, patient satisfaction is one of the factors that increase patients' loyalty to the hospital and its services. In this regard, Yousefi et al. (2017), in the study of the factors affecting the loyalty of patients to the hospital brand in the educational and therapeutic hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, named three factors affecting the increase of loyalty, which are patient satisfaction, trust and commitment. to the relationship in the hospital (14). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: From the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic, a number of recommendations were made by health organizations, such as maintaining social distance, using masks, and hand hygiene. Hand washing with soap or alcohol-based disinfectants and high hygiene as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of this emerging virus is widely promoted, and almost all people follow these recommendations. Although hand washing and hygiene are more serious than ever before, and is certainly helpful in preventing the spread of Covid-19, but there is the question of how this can affect different people who have not previously had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also peoples with mild and sub-threshold symptoms (1,6). The Covid-19 epidemic in the late winter of 2019 / spring 2020 became a global crisis and spread widely and rapidly across borders and continues to this day (3). Covid19 disease may have different effects on people with different socioeconomic status, as shown in several studies (11,9,8,20,21,22). Very little is known about the impact of the emerging Covid-19 disease on the prevalence or development of mental disorders, and little research has been done in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obsessivecompulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 six months after discharge from the hospital, evaluate the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder, socioeconomic status and demographic variables such as gender, age, level of education and marital status. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 479 patients with a history of definitive diagnosis of Covid-19 and subsequent hospitalization were studied. The participation of all sample members in this study was completely voluntary and the present study has been approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The sample members were selected using random number generation software and through a completely random selection from the list of hospitalized patients. After selecting the sample, they were invited to participate in the study by telephone. After initial satisfaction, research questionnaires were provided to the sample members face to face. In this study, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive inventory (MOCI), Ghodrat Nama et al. Socio-Economic Status Questionnaire (GHSESQ) were used. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been studied in Iran and both of them are valid and reliable. Also, after completing the questionnaires, each member of the sample was examined through a short face-to-face supplementary interview (maximum 10 minutes) for the presence of DSM5 diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder and the results were recorded. After data collection, the overall point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder was calculated. Also, the point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder were obtained based on each of the classes of demographic variables in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used in this study. SPSS 21 statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: After reviewing and analyzing the completed questionnaires and the results of the supplementary interview, 92 members of the sample were diagnosed with obsessivecompulsive disorder. The overall prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in all samples was 19.20%. According to the results of statistical analysis, there was a significant relationship between gender and obsessive-compulsive disorder and this disorder was more common in women than men (χ2 = 5.3793; P-value = 0.020378; p≤0.05). There was a significant relationship between age variable and obsessive-compulsive disorder and the prevalence of this disorder was more common in other age groups of 38-58 and 18-38, respectively (χ2 = 10.3501; P-value = 0.015813 ; p≤0.05). There was no significant relationship between education and disorder (χ2 = 2.9693; P-value = 0.562976; p≤0.05). Finally, in the case of marital status, there was no significant relationship between marital status and obsessivecompulsive disorder (χ2 = 4.4587; P-value = 0.107601; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessivecompulsive disorder was 12.16% in very low socio-economic status, 15.16% in low socioeconomic status, 18.12% in medium socio-economic status, 35.84% in high socio-economic status and 40.00% in very high socio-economic status. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 (χ2 = 20.7756; P-value = 0.000351; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder has increased with increasing in level of socioeconomic status. The highest prevalence of disorders was in very high and high socio-economic status. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was performed to compare the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses and the value of F was 4.67467, Which shows that there is a significant difference in the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder between socio-economic statuses. The results of Tukey test on the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses showed that the differences between very low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00597), very low and very high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00179), low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.03153) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Evidence from research to date suggests that anxiety and fear of being infected by a person or family member, as well as fear of death and threat to life at the time of infection, especially in hospitalized cases, can lead to or the trigger for mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hospitalized people who have experienced a severe illness and whose life and health are seriously threatened can be one of the groups with the highest rates of mental disorders caused by this epidemic. It is suggested that institutions and organizations related to the maintenance and promotion of mental health in the community take the necessary plans and measures to prevent the occurrence or exacerbation of mental disorders and reduce the psychological consequences of this epidemic in the general population and especially highrisk populations, like people who have experienced the intense and critical state of Covid-19. Considering that the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 is much higher than the prevalence of this disorder in the general population, it can be concluded that covid-19 infection and subsequent hospitalization can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. prevalence of Covid-19 exacerbates obsessive-compulsive behaviors and thoughts related to cleanliness and avoidance of the virus. In addition to threatening people's physical health, Covid-19 also threatens their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim A lack of healthy nutrition first causes prediabetes and then overt diabetes, and every year about 5% to 10% of people with glucose intolerance develop type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess the factors affecting the consumption of healthy foods (CHF) based on the food pyramid among prediabetic women based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Methods & Materials This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on 99 prediabetic women selected from comprehensive healthcare centers in Arak, Iran. A demographic questionnaire, a TPB-based questionnaire, and a food consumption Questionnaire were used for data collection. Data were analyzed through Spearman’s correlation and linear regression analyses. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1398.07). Results The Mean±SD score of diet behavior was 1.34±0.28 (in the possible range of 0-2). Around 41% of participants consumed sugary foods such as sweets and chocolate at least once a week and 35% at least once a month. Regression analysis shows that by increasing a standard deviation in the behavioral intention score, the behavior score of a healthy diet will increase by 0.22 standard deviation (P<0.05). Conclusion To achieve a healthy lifestyle in the individual at risk for a diabetics education program to increase perceived behavior and motivation for decision making for adherence to healthy food can be attention for policymakers in a health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A number of factors affect the duration of assignment of patients and prolong this time in the emergency department. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of delay in determining the assignment of patients admitted to the emergency department of Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad from the point of view of doctors, nurses, paramedics and department secretary. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 129 emergency personnel of Ghaem hospital in Mashhad city in 2022. The data collection tool in this study includes two demographic information questionnaires and a researcher-made questionnaire to assess the causes of delay in determining the assignment of emergency patients. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests. Results: The average age of the participants was 34.7±8.0 years and their work experience was 8.7±8.0 years. 62 patients (48.1%) were nurses, 34 patients were doctors (26.4%), 15 patients (11.6%) were paramedics, and 4 patients (3.1%) were secretaries. Overcrowding of the emergency room and lack of nursing staff, lack of timely visits by senior shift assistants, and scattered cases were respectively the most important in determining patients' assignments. From the point of view of doctors and nurses, overcrowding of the emergency room and lack of nursing staff, from the point of view of paramedics, handing over the file and doctor's order to the nurse, and from the point of view of the secretary, the initiation of treatment/recording of drugs and tests in the system were the most important causes of delay in determining the patient's assignment. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that overcrowding of the emergency room, shortage of nursing staff, and lack of timely visits by senior shift assistants are the main causes of delay in determining patients' assignments from the point of view of the treatment staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In addition to physical health, the epidemic of COVD-19 has significant effects on mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the post-traumatic stress smytpmys in people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. The population of this study was all people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to COVID-19 ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Jiroft city during the summer of 2020, who were chosen throw convenient sampling. Eventually 304 people were available through sampling, who were diagnosed with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and consented to participate in the study, answered the demographic information questionnaire and the PostTraumatic Symptoms Scale (PTSS-10) and the Revised Event Impact Scale (IES-R). The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA and at the significance level 0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that the mean scores of IES and PTSS for the studied subjects were 34.55±14.92 and 2.66±2.59, respectively, overall, 46.8% of the participants considered the psychological effects of COVID-19 as moderate to severe and were at risk for PTSD. Conclusion: According to the results, at least half of the people confronted with COVID-19 are exposed to psychological effects and the risk of PTSS. Providing timely counseling and treatment services on time can prevent possible consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The most important factors for the development of any society are human resources. The intensive care units (ICUs) are the most important departments in the hospitals. Considering the importance of time management for patient care, lack of human resources in this profession, and the fact that nurses spend a lot of time on indirect and non-nursing works, this study aims to investigate the time and type of indirect patient care provided by nurses in the ICU of a hospital in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study that was conducted for 6 months. Participants were 42 nurses working in the ICU of Hafte Tir Hospital in Rey, Iran who were randomly selected from different shifts. Their activities were observed and their spent time was recorded by the researcher using the stopwatch mobile application. The data collection tool was the Persian version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) checklist with acceptable face and content validity according to opinions of a panel of experts (5 faculty members and 10 nurses). descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were used for data analysis by SPSS software, version 22. Results Most of nurses (60%) were in the age group of 30-39 years and 72% of them had a work experience of 11-20 years. Most of the nurses were female (85%) and married (80%). In each shift, nurses spent an average time of 247 minutes providing indirect care. The longest time in indirect care was related to writing nursing reports (34.9 ± 10.5 min per shift) and the shortest time were related to removing personal protective equipment (6.11±3.19 min per shift), consulting with a colleague, and wearing personal protective equipment (both with 7±3.55 min per shift). Conclusion Although patients need direct care and continuous presence of the nurse more during the COVID-19 pandemic and there are advanced equipment. To provide proper nursing care, it is important to increase the number of nurses and reduce their non-nursing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Although COVID-19 can affect people in different age groups, the conditions and severity of symptoms are worse in people with diabetes. This aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 in people with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 384 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes referred to Firozgar and Hazrat Rasool-e Akram hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2021 to June 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic form and the KAP questionnaire designed by Honarvar et al. (2020). Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of the participants was 40.11±15.20 years. It was reported that 94.8% had moderate and sufficient knowledge of COVID-19. The mean attitude score was 30.90±4.89 which is a moderateto-high level. Only 1.3% had poor practice regarding COVID-19. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the average knowledge of patients and their marital status (P=0.006), employment status, and duration of disease (P<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the attitude of patients and their educational level (P=0.015) and duration of disease (P=0.027). Their practice level had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.010), marital status (P=0.001), and type of diabetes (P<0.001). Conclusion The KAP of people with diabetes in Tehran regarding COVID-19 is at a favorable level. This indicates the success of the measures taken to educate this category of patients by health centers and media, and reveals the necessity of increasing the health literacy of people in pandemics. Background & Aims Although COVID-19 can affect people in different age groups, the conditions and severity of symptoms are worse in people with diabetes. This aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 in people with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 384 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes referred to Firozgar and Hazrat Rasool-e Akram hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2021 to June 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic form and the KAP questionnaire designed by Honarvar et al. (2020). Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of the participants was 40.11±15.20 years. It was reported that 94.8% had moderate and sufficient knowledge of COVID-19. The mean attitude score was 30.90±4.89 which is a moderateto-high level. Only 1.3% had poor practice regarding COVID-19. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the average knowledge of patients and their marital status (P=0.006), employment status, and duration of disease (P<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the attitude of patients and their educational level (P=0.015) and duration of disease (P=0.027). Their practice level had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.010), marital status (P=0.001), and type of diabetes (P<0.001). Conclusion The KAP of people with diabetes in Tehran regarding COVID-19 is at a favorable level. This indicates the success of the measures taken to educate this category of patients by health centers and media, and reveals the necessity of increasing the health literacy of people in pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]