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Introduction: Self-care activities have been used as a framework for patient-centered diabetes education. Accumulating evidence suggests that patients who take a more active role in their care process achieve better health outcomes. The present study aimed to design a systematic review of scientific resources over the past decade to identify variables that determine self-care behaviors in patients with type II diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: MeSH keywords were applied to search several databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Med line, DOAJ, Oxford, and the Scientific Information Database for English and Persian language studies between August 2010 and 2019. The process of conducting and reporting this systematic review was guided according to the statements of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Results: The literature search yielded 1,813 publications, of which 62 were included in this study after eliminating non-relevant and overlapping papers. A total of 18 factors and variables determining selfcare behaviors were obtained in patients with T2D. The most influential variables were self-efficacy, knowledge, level of education, age, duration of diabetes, and health literacy. Conclusion: In sum, six main factors were identified as determinants of self-care behaviors in patients with T2D which self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of self-care and is expected to be considered in designing and implementing educational programs and behavior change in diabetic patients. Further studies in the future may support the findings of this review study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fecal incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of fecal material. Fecal incontinence is a particularly embarrassing and distressing condition with significant medical, social and economic implications. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence. Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Ovid, CINAHL, Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Thompson, EMBASE and Medline databases for the period of 1985-2013. The following keywords were used: puborectalis muscle, anal incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic floor muscles, biofeedback, pelvic floor exercise, electrical stimulation. Results: Out of 56 papers, 23 met the criteria for this study. We divided these studies into three categories: 1) the role of pelvic floor muscles in the maintenance of anal continence; 2) the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence; and 3) the role of pelvic floor muscle retraining in management of fecal incontinence. Conclusion: The results indicate there is adequate evidence to support the role of the pelvic floor muscles in the maintenance of anal continence and any damage or dysfunction to these muscles can affect proper disposal and may lead to incontinence. Prevention of incontinence should attempt at preserving the pelvic floor musculature, particularly in patients with impaired defecatory maneuver, which may play a pathophysiological role in the process. The pelvic floor muscles should be considered a goal of treatment in incontinence and improvement in their function should be included as a key outcome in the evaluation of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today modern teaching and learning approaches in medical education have received considerable attention. This paper aims to introduce WebQuest as a new method of inquiry-based learning through the use of Internet. Also its application in medical sciences education in general, and especially nursing education is explained. Methods: To find articles related to the WebQuest topic, the popular databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Nursing Consult, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge were searched using WebQuest related keywords. Very few medical articles were found, and there was no research article published in Iran. Results: WebQuest is a new method of student-centered, inquiry-based learning which uses computer technology to engage and motivate students individually or collaboratively in exploring, analyzing, and synthesizing data to construct a new understanding or meaning. WebQuests, as a student-centered activity, enhance and facilitate higher order cognitive skills, including analysis, synthesis, evaluation and judgment, critical thinking. They also cultivate students' exploratory and problem solving mentality. Based on constructivist learning theory and inquiry learning, WebQuests involve learners in collaborative learning process and group projects. There is a strong link between WebQuests and multi-media techniques which provide significant opportunity for utilizing internet resources in teaching and learning experiences. Conclusion: It seems the concept of WebQuest is still less known both general and higher education, and particularly in medical education in Iran. Introducing this method in medical education which is based on new approaches of teaching and learning processes can provide a different view and encourage students to learn more effectively, deeply, and indelibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to previous studies, a number of executive functions are impaired in people with bulimia nervosa. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to identify the most function impairments involved in patients with bulimia nervosa. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive survey, and according to the method of implementation, is a systematic review study. A literature search was conducted by using the following electronic databases including scientific information databases (SID), CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, google scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medlib, Magiran, and Medline from 1991 through 2017. With executive actions involved in patients with bulimia nervosa, a search was done using the keywords of executive actions, working memory, attention, inhibition, reasoning and planning, organizing, self-regulation, inhibition, retention and conversion, self-regulation, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, speed processing, repositioning, decision-making, self-control, anorexia nervosa, and their combination with bulimia nervosa and similar terms (emotional eating). The content of all articles, after extraction from the databases, was evaluated by the PRISMA checklist, and the content analysis was used to examine data. Results: After the search and evaluation of the studies, the final analysis was carried out on 63 articles.The findings of this study showed that the executive actions involved in bulimia nervosa fall into five categories: attention, decision-making, inhibition, working memory, and set-shifting. Conclusion: Based on the results, drawing on the areas identified in the field of executive functions involved in patients with bulimia nervosa can be used as a conceptual map for more coherent studies and the design of extensive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]