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AbstractThe present article introduces a manuscript called Kashf al-Zor fi Nazm al-Dor. The author of this version is Rukn al-Din Shirazi, one of the mystics in the 8th century AD. However, it is Ali bin Muhammad Hassan Toni in 835 AD, who has written the mentioned manuscript. The major part of this edition consists of an exquisite mystical treatise and description of Ibn Farez's ode, which is kept in the library of the Islamic Council under the number of 13679. The main goal of this descriptive-analytical research was to examine the literary and expressive methods of the work, while introducing and reflecting on the features of the manuscript and at the end, presenting an appropriate answer to the main question of the research: What are the literary styles and special methods of this manuscript? The current version was full of emotion and imagination and imaginative elements were used in the best way. In general, the predominance of words over meaning, superiority of description over news, poetic imaginations and imagery, and use of poetic purposes, such as praise and simile, were some of the special features of this work. The final results of this research were the identification of the unique manuscript of Kashf al-Zor in Nazm al-Dor and analysis of the modes of expression and stylistic, literary, and linguistic characteristics of this mystical treatise, which had been neglected in the history of Persian language and literature of the 9th century.IntroductionIntroducing and review of literary works are considered as the most important services in the field of protection of the culture and history of this country. In the 7th Century Hijri, a basic and fundamental change occurred in the field of Islamic mysticism. As a result of this transformation, mystical foundations were changed. A new demarcation was formed among mystics and mystical views. Known as Baba Rukn al-Din Shirazi (born in Beiza of Shiraz), Masoud bin Abdullah Beizawi was one of the great sages of mysticism and scholars of the 8th Century Hijri. who lived in Isfahan during the reign of Abu Saeed Ilkhan Mughal and passed away there on the 26th of Rabi al-Awal 769 Hijri. It is worth noting that he belonged to the Sohravardiyya lineage in credo (Tariqat).He was respected during his lifetime and had many students. Even after his death, he had many believers even in the class of scholars, one of the greatest of whom was Baha al-Din Mohammad Ameli, a scholar of the Safavid era. Baba Rukn al-Din had a capable hand in theoretical mysticism and was able to explain and promote Mohi al-Din-e Arabi’s ideas.Materials and MethodsThis research was based on a descriptive-analytical method accompanied by historical research.ResultsSince theoretical mysticism deals with the theory of interpretation of existence and the relationship between God, world, and man, its topics are somewhat similar to philosophy when it turns to rational arguments and for this reason, it requires a clear language and an expressive pen. The present manuscript has expressed and conveyed the issues of theoretical mysticism with an introduction in a simple and clear language, which can be accessible to those interested in these topics. The author of the present edition is Rukn al-Din Shirazi, one of the mystics of the 8th century, which was written by Ali bin Muhammad Hassan Toni in 835 Hijri. The major part of the version is related to the mystical treatise and description of Ibn Farez's ode of Taiyeh, which contains an encyclopedia of pure mystical words, terms, and thoughts.ConclusionStudying this text showed that this work was written in a harmonious or melodious style. The features of euphonious prose were clearly visible in the text. Observing and recognizing the literary style of this work indicated that analogies and creating musical correspondences with precision and meticulousness in the selection and arrangement of words were the most effective factors in the formation of its literary form. That is to say that the author had creatively used literary arrays in shaping musical correspondences and comparisons.Among the innovative arrays and rhetorical techniques that played a big role in creating music and embellishing the words in this book, we could mention different types of euphonious prose, balance and incrustation, symmetry and homophony, prolixity, and collocation. The symmetrical innovation and word selection in this book were sometimes very precise and striking, which sometimes turned it into a poetic prose. The current version was full of emotion and imagination, as well as the elements of fantasy employed in the best way. To enclose, the predominance of words over meaning, superiority of description over news, poetic imaginations and imagery, and use of poetic purposes, such as praise and analogy, were other distinguished features of this work.

Manuscripts are the precious written heritage of any nation. Correcting and recognizing these texts is the first and most important step in reviving these works. One of the manuscripts that has not been studied and scientifically corrected by researchers is the manuscript of Dor Al-Majales by Seif-Al-Din Zafar Ibn Borhan Nobahari which is attributed to the seventh century AH because of calligraphy and writing style. This study aims to introduce briefly the manuscript of Dor Al-Majales and check its linguistic coordinates.The present study was conducted using content analysis method with library tools and descriptive-analytical method. The study area and population is the manuscript of Dor-Al-Majales preserved in the library of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.Seven versions of the manuscript of Dor-Al-Majales are available in Iranian libraries based on the catalogs of manuscripts. There is no information about the author's name in the biographies. This manuscript is a kind of event writing as pemonstrative prose which contains a short introduction and thirty-three chapters. The themes of each chapter are educational, religious and historical concepts. The structure of this version in each chapter is as an anecdote in the anecdote. The most important excellent feature of style in Majales is the simplicity, fluency and easy-understanding its language and expression.By examining the manuscript of Dor-Al-Majales, the extent and quality of linguistic changes in phonetic, lexical and syntactic dimensions are largely understood. At the phonetic level of language, pemonstrative prose reveals spoken expressions.

"Dor-Sokhan"is a newly-found work of the ancient Persian texts. This work belongs to a period between 1350 -1371 written Aboalfatouh Habbatolh Al- Hamouei. This article is written in one abstract and nine sections including: an introduction about this work and similar ones written by Saadi; the history of Dor-Sokhan; presenting the name of the author and his background; introducing the name of the book; presenting information about the content of the book; listing the 21 chapters presented in the book; describing its written and orthographical features; and concluding remarks with respect to this book. The book is among the most valuable Persian texts and has proverbs written in verse and in prose by its writer. Introducing this book, considering literary, scientific and ethical aspects, is necessary. Moreover, the book belongs to the eight century AH and has not been well-known yet.

"Dor-Sokhan" is a newly-found work of the ancient Persian texts. This work belongs to a period between 1350 -1371 written Aboalfatouh Habbatolh Al- Hamouei. This article is written in one abstract and nine sections including: an introduction about this work and similar ones written by Saadi; the history of Dor-Sokhan; presenting the name of the author and his background; introducing the name of the book; presenting information about the content of the book; listing the 21 chapters presented in the book; describing its written and orthographical features; and concluding remarks with respect to this book. The book is among the most valuable Persian texts and has proverbs written in verse and in prose by its writer. Introducing this book, considering literary, scientific and ethical aspects, is necessary. Moreover, the book belongs to the eight century AH and has not been well-known yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy and is defined as glucose intolerance or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), with the onset or first diagnosis during pregnancy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes varies from 1 to 20% and is increasing worldwide as maternal obesity and type 2 diabetes increase (1). Gestational diabetes increases the risk of short-term complications such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, macrosomia, hypoglycemia in infants, or hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units, as well as the long-term progression of type 2 diabetes (3). Some risk factors that predispose women to gestational diabetes include overweight and obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pre-diabetes, gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, a family history of type 2 diabetes, maternal age and vitamin D deficiency (4). Blood glucose control is a vital factor in counteracting the side effects associated with GDM (5). Peripheral insulin resistance has been shown to help increase GDM-related blood glucose (6). In women with GDM, peripheral insulin sensitivity decreases and beta-cell dysfunction cannot meet the increased insulin needs during pregnancy and thus increase blood glucose (7). Metabolic disorders in GDM may be due to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue due to chronic low-grade inflammation associated with macrophage infiltration and secretion of many inflammatory cytokines. GDM is associated with an imbalance of various inflammatory processes that occur during pregnancy. Cytokines including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) increase in the female bloodstream of Obese pregnant women and women with GDM. These cytokines are biologically active compounds that participate as mediators in many metabolic pathways and affect the use of energy substrate in the fetus and offspring (8). Gestational diabetes control is based on two different approaches: interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles, such as changes in diet or exercise, and anti-diabetic drug therapy (11). However, it is not clear about the characteristics of the type of exercise needed to better manage gestational diabetes. Findings from clinical and epidemiological studies do not show any maternal or fetal side effects on women with mild to moderate exercise. In fact, pregnant women are now advised to exercise regularly in the absence of medical or delivery complications (12). In the present study, some of the most important pathophysiological aspects of gestational diabetes are investigated and discuss how exercise can bring about some physiological adaptations of GDM. Metabolic changes and the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in gestational diabetes are examined and attempts are made to elucidate the mechanisms by which exercise can be useful as an adjunctive therapy in improving metabolic conditions and reducing inflammation during gestational diabetes. In view of the above, the present study intends to investigate the effect of exercise activities on metabolic responses and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with gestational diabetes. The aim of this study was to review the effect of exercise on metabolic responses, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods: Search performed for studies on the response of metabolic, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors to exercise in gestational diabetes in the reputable databases Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID and ISC using the keyword Exercise Training, Metabolic factors (glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin sensitivity), inflammatory factors (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and reactive protein C (CRP)) and Anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-10 (IL-10) were performed. 20 studies of metabolic responses and inflammatory-anti-inflammatory to exercise in women with GDM were reviewed. Results: In studies on metabolic factors, the benefits of exercise were observed to improve glycemic control, optimize fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, reduce glycosylated hemoglobin levels and improve insulin sensitivity in women with GDM. Also, decreased levels of inflammatory markers have been reported in women with GDM. Conclusion: Evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that exercise as a supplement to standard care significantly improves postprandial control for glycemia and lowers fasting blood glucose for women with GDM (85-88). It was also found that people who exercise are prescribed less insulin (86, 89), so exercise is as effective as insulin in maintaining normal glycemia and can be helpful in meeting the need for insulin therapy. These results are clinically important because they show the potential of exercise to help lower acute blood glucose levels to normal. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels also measure long-term glycemic control (2 to 3 months), and exercise appears to improve HbA1c in the long term (87, 88). There is an acceptable physiological explanation for supporting exercise as a therapeutic supplement to improve glycemic control in women with GDM. Insulin administration does not reduce insulin resistance. In contrast, exercise increases insulin by stimulating glucose uptake into muscle by activating intracellular glucose transporters and increasing the use of intracellular fatty acids (50). Also, the amount of glucose consumed is affected by the duration and intensity of exercise. The more intense the exercise, the stronger the effect of lowering blood sugar (92). On the other hand, women with GDM show a greater inflammatory response. If inflammation promotes these adverse pregnancy outcomes, exercise may protect against the anti-inflammatory effect. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce some of the complications and risks of gestational diabetes, the protective effect of exercise in pregnant women is partly due to the reduction of inflammation (93). Exercise stimulates glucose in insulin-independent skeletal muscle. Therefore, less insulin is needed to maintain glycemia, and this appears to be mediated by muscle-derived cytokines. Both mechanisms could explain the lower first-phase insulin response seen in more active women. Inflammatory cytokines may play a protective role on the glucose / insulin axis (39), extending this role to overweight and obese pregnant women. Pregnant women are more likely to have a more pronounced proinflammatory condition due to weight, BMI, and metabolic characteristics, which may affect their response to exercise. In general, it seems that changing the exercise version in the experiments prevents identifying the optimal type of exercise to improve metabolic conditions and reduce inflammation in women with GDM. In general, it can be concluded that aerobic and resistance or combined exercise are similarly effective in improving blood glucose control and reducing inflammation in women with GDM, provided they are similar in terms of exercise characteristics. Future studies should evaluate the effects of exercise combined with other interventions (diet) versus control (standard care-recommendation) on metabolic responses and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with GDM, separate studies determine the effect of each intervention, and the type and severity of prescribed exercise should be considered. It seems that regular participation in exercise training can improve metabolic conditions and reduce inflammation in women with GDM. However, more studies are needed to investigate the effect of exercise, especially on inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Vegetation indicators such as abundance, diversity, and richness are susceptible to variations in sampling scale, a factor often overlooked in ecological and plant sociology theories. This study, conducted in the northern plain rangelands of Iran (Khomam, Guilan), introduces concentric plots for the first time in the country to minimize the impact of environmental changes on diversity and abundance measurements. The research aims to analyze changes in vegetation diversity and richness concerning alterations in the sampling scale. Methodology: Vegetation sampling was conducted during the spring of 1400 at two sites on the northern slope of the Alborz mountain range. Six sampling scales (plots) ranging from 0.5 to 10 square meters were employed, with each scale centered on the same initial point. A total of 720 samples were collected, with statistical analyses, including mean comparisons and Tukey's test, performed using the R software. Results: Results indicate a significant effect of sampling scale on diversity and richness indices (p < 0.001). Notably, the scale of 0.5 m2 exhibited the most substantial impact on both diversity and richness, compared to 5 m2 and 10 m2 scales. Scales of 3 m2 and 4 m2 showed no significant differences in variation. The accuracy of variable calculation improved with an increase in scale, reaching a constant level at 2 m2 and 3 m2, followed by a subsequent increase at 5 m2 and 10 m2 scales. The 0.5 m2 scale significantly underestimated measured indicators, yielding inaccurate results. Conclusion: For accurate sampling and calculation of diversity and species richness indicators in the plains of northern Iran (specifically, grass cover and thorny species), the use of a 3-square meter plot/scale is recommended. Apart from delivering precise results, this scale offers practical advantages in terms of ease of use (carrying and deployment) and the relative uniformity and homogeneity of vegetation within it. However, caution is advised when applying this scale to other areas, especially slopes and higher altitude regions, where environmental gradients may significantly impact plant community composition and characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Introduction Manuscripts are the treasures left behind by the predecessors and they express their creators’ intellectual richness and insight. One of the manuscripts that has been examined and scientifically corrected for the first time is the manuscript of Dor al-Majales by Seif-al-Din Zafar bin Burhan Nobahari. This research aims to briefly introduce this manuscript and examine its linguistic properties and find out whether the catalogers’ assumption is correct or incorrect in assigning this work to the 7th century A.H. These questions are answered in this research: To the stylistics of which period does the prose of this work correspond? What new points does the knowledge of its linguistic properties reveal? Is it possible to gain more knowledge about the author and his intellectual and literary attitude by studying this work? This manuscript is mentioned only in an article entitled "Persian Works of Shiite Scholars" by Mohammad Baghestani (2004), published in the Journal of Pazhoohesh Va Hozeh, No. 23 and 24, pp. 367-367; the author has mentioned "Seif al-Din Zafar bin Burhan Nobahari" as a 10th century Shiite scholar and has introduced the book of "Dor al-Majales" as a "religious history". The incorrectness of this perception about the author’s lifetime and his religion was proven by comprehensively examining the manuscript of Dor al-Majales in this article. The structural features, as well as the similarities and differences of this work with other educational sources and religious chronicles of the time and before were revealed by correcting this work. 2. Methodology Seven copies of the manuscript were observed in the libraries of Iran by referring to the catalogers of Iran’s manuscripts Fankha and Dena. In this research, the manuscript preserved in the library of the Islamic Council was chosen as the base version. The upcoming research has been done using the content analysis method with library tools and descriptive-analytical method. In order to answer the article questions, the base version was first copied and compared with six other versions. Then, linguistic properties were extracted by studying the work and referring to stylistics books. 3. Discussion The author’s name was obtained from the preface of the manuscript of "Dor al-Majales", but there is no information about him as to his birthplace and place of residence, his age while creating the work, his profession, and the political situation of his era; there are no points that reveal such information in the text. According to the themes that the author chose for the chapters of his book, as well as the expression of his desire to attend religious meetings, it can be guessed that he himself was a member of Sufism and a devotee of that intellectual attitude. The manuscript of Dor al-Majales contains a short introduction in praise of God and of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and greetings to the four Caliphs; thirty-three chapters describe the virtues of some of the great prophets, the successors of the beloved Prophet of Islam, and some of his companions. The author has also magnified some of the Islamic manners and morals and has presented instructive stories of famous mystics. At the end of each chapter, there is a prayer that begins with the phrase "O God" and ends with the phrase "by His grace, bounty, and full generosity". In one or two lines, the author prays for himself and other believers, and sometimes emphasizes this prayer with an oath to the person’s honor in whose name the chapter id entitled. The writer’s name and the date of writing of the copy of Dor alMajales preserved in the library of the Islamic Council with the abbreviation of "S", No. (1/14248), are unknown; it is written in 146 pages and 15 lines with Nastaliq script. The titles and addresses are in cinnabar color and the typeface of the text is black. Seif al-Din Zafar has defined the text’s poems as verses or quatrains. Dor al-Majales has been lithographed in Lahore in the years of 1293 AH, 1321 AH, and 1900 AD. Seif al-Din Zafar recounts his sermons with anecdote, and since anecdotes are based on dialogue between characters, most of the speeches are inside the stories in this text. As most of the speech writings, the writing style of this manuscript is simple and straightforward, devoid of any artificiality; it is clear and expressive in terms of words, and it is short and concise in terms of sentences. Most of the available speech books are compiled in the lecture style and on the basis of questions and answers, but this method is not observed in Dor al-Majales. In this research, two categories of stylistics have been explored regarding manuscripts of Dor al-Majales. In examining and evaluating the stylistics of each work, its linguistic, literary and intellectual properties are discussed; it is tried to identify the text in terms of phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels as well. At the phonetic level, the text has been examined in terms of substitutes (Abdal), reduction, increase and decrease of phonemes. From lexical point of view, the author has used about twenty-five percent Arabic words and expressions, prayer sentences, parentheses, independent and subordinate (dependent) clauses. The influence of the style of Indian writers is evident in the careful observation in the writing of the manuscripts. Some current nouns, verbs and compounds with old forms and meanings can be seen in this work. This book has the characteristics of the Persian first period texts in most cases, in terms of the syntactic level. 4. Conclusion Dor al-Majales is one of the educational works of speech writing created by Seif al-Din Zafar bin Burhan Nobahari in thirty-three chapters. The themes of each chapter are educational, religious and historical. He likes a simple and straightforward style for his book in the way of general speech writings. The work can be assigned to the 7th century AH by examining the characteristics of calligraphy and style. The frequency of using Arabic words and combinations in this text is higher than in the previous periods. The influence of the thought and words related to Sufism is moderate in this work. The language features of this work are consistent and harmonious with texts such as Tarikh-e-Balami, Tarikh-e-Sistan, and Tarikh-eBeyhaqi, and reflecting on the stylistic features of Dor al-Majales shows that the author was influenced by works before him. The influence of the local language and the use of Indian vocabulary, and some stylistic characteristics of Indian writers is significant in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Although sound waves are considered as an essential factor in human life, but in some cases and in special circumstances, hearing these sound waves is not very pleasant and exposure to annoying sounds too much will cause hearing loss in humans. (1). Noise pollution is defined as the emission of any kind of noise and excessive vibration in open spaces and is one of the examples of damage to the environment (2); So that it will have very clear effects on human health and ecosystems (3). In addition to the negative impact on the auditory system, noise as a stressful source will also affect the human heart and arteries and stimulate the nervous system, cause anxiety and increase mental health problems (7). Environmental conditions have a significant impact on how sound is emitted. However, after a period of exposure to noise, man becomes accustomed to those conditions; But again, noise pollution is a cause of fatigue and reduces the capacity of human work, both in mental jobs and in simple physical jobs. On the other hand, noise pollution affects the mental state of people and causes problems in adapting to their work environment and even the community and family; the result will be a reduction in productivity and productivity (10). Gyms and swimming pools are poorly sounded environments due to the lack of sound-absorbing materials, noisy sports activities, the simultaneous presence of many users, and the heavy use of whistles for communication. As a result, physical education educators not only suffer from prolonged stress and strain, but are also exposed to noise-induced hearing loss. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully analyze all the factors that can affect the noise in these environments, in order to provide guidelines for officials and planners for stress management and hearing protection programs (11). The present research is an applied research that has been done by networking method. The purpose of this study was to measure noise pollution in indoor pools with emphasis on the health of staff and users of indoor pools in Mashhad. Methods: The sound level was measured as an equivalent level by the portable device and software Decibel X version 2020 and was compared with the sound standard (OSHA-90 dBA). Measurements Calculated the parameters of sound pressure level (SPL), average sound level (LP) ̅), continuous sound equivalent level (Leq) and individual daily dose of LAEp, d in 3 shifts. Results: The lowest sound pressure level in the first turn was 76.5 dB and the highest pressure level in the second turn was 97.7 dB. The average sound pressure level increases with the change of time from morning (11 am) tonight (8 pm). The average sound level in indoor pools is equal to 78.4 dB and the level is equal to 85.42 and the individual daily dose of LEp, d personnel and users is 92.45 and 87.15 dB, respectively. The permissible noise exposure time was estimated at 1 hour and 30 minutes for users and 5 hours for personnel, indicating that users were 30 minutes and personnel 3 hours more exposed to noise pollution than allowed. Conclusion: In the indoor pools of Mashhad, staff and users are exposed to high noise pollution and the possibility of physical and psychological injuries is high. Existing sound levels are higher than international and national standards and indicate that the use of engineering management principles is necessary to reduce the sound level in indoor pools. Swimming is one of the most popular sports activities. Diving in water, the whistling of coaches and saviors, moving equipment, the sound of music playing, athletes talking, emotional screams, etc. all provide the ground for raising the sound level. Accordingly, the prolonged or frequent presence of an athlete in an environment with high noise levels, can increase the risk of injuries due to noise pollution and may even reduce his efficiency. The results of the present study showed that the sound level in the shifts in which men were present was not much different from the shifts of women. Also, in the morning sports times (11/15/11), the sound level was significantly lower than in the evening (17-17-17), which is probably due to the smaller number of athletes in the morning compared to the evening. In general, the absence of the above conditions has caused an increase in the sound level in the selected indoor pools. Of course, there was no significant difference in terms of sound level in different areas of Mashhad and in this regard, there can be no difference in terms of sound level published in indoor pools based on zoning in Mashhad. This research is methodologically consistent with the research conducted by Taheri et al. (1398) (32). But; their results cannot be generalized and compared with each other, because the environment studied in this study was closed space. However, the results are to a large extent consistent with the results of studies of Bahmanpour et al. (2011), Mafi et al. (2009) (28, 11). Comparison of the average sound level in the indoor pools studied with international standards shows that most of the measured pools (except pools 9 and 10) have a lower average sound level than the NIOSH, OSHA and ACGIH standards. However, all the pools studied have a sound level higher than the standard of the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the standard of leisure centers and parks in the United Kingdom (which is equal to 55 decibels). They also differ from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) standard of 55-65 decibels. On the other hand, the allowable exposure to the sound level in the studied pools for athletes is 1 hour and 30 minutes, which is basically 30 minutes less than the current time. In other words, at present, athletes are exposed to sound levels for about 30 minutes longer than allowed. Also, for employees (management and employees) the allowable limit of 5 hours was set, which is basically 3 hours less than the current situation. Therefore, due to the sound level in swimming pools, personnel should be present in the pool environment for 3 hours less so as not to be exposed to high sound levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Due to the international pain association, pain is usually defined as sensory and emotional experiences associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Chronic pain: pain with unknown etiology that lasts for more than 6 months after the lesion has healed and leads to emotional distress and increased use of resources in health care systems (1). Studies conducted among the Iranian population indicating that pain is a common phenomenon (2). and also, in some groups of patients, especially patients with experience of trauma and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (3). The literature indicates that the experience of trauma can be considered as a predisposing factor in many diseases with chronic pain (4).in addition people who experienced trauma were more likely to develop physical, psychosomatic, and psychological disorders. And this issue, in the absence of the necessary precautions, leads to huge financial and psychological costs among the affected population for recovery and treatment (9,10). According to researches, in our country, Iran, less attention has been paid to the experience of trauma in the research. Also, there is no proper tools for screening these patients to use it for early assessment and identification of injured patients. In this regard, the Life Events Checklist (LEC) tool was developed and evaluated in accordance with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (LEC). The tool consists of 17 items and is designed to assess exposure to potentially traumatic events based on diagnostic criterion A for PTSD in accordance with the DSM-5 (9). Therefore, the researcher had two options to build a new tool or translate existing tools from the original language into Persian and determine its validity and reliability and cultural adaptation to his country and society. Methods: The method of study is a cross-sectional descriptive and validation research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients that suffer from chronic pain. The sample size was determined by considering at least 300 participants for studies based on confirmatory factor analysis (15) and also using Krejcie and Morgan chart (16). The sample size was 350 participants. Three chronic pain clinics (chronic pain clinic, chronic pain clinic of Imam Khomeini, chronic pain clinic of Dr. Shariati hospital) were selected in Tehran. Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 to reduce the risk of transmission of the disease, an online questionnaire was designed to send links to the participant's cellphones, and after the necessary explanations, the individuals completed the questionnaires if they were satisfied. Inclusion criteria include age over 18 years, diagnosis of chronic pain by a chronic pain specialist, literacy and exclusion criteria include disagreement with the research conditions and having any physical disability that prevents participation in the study. Data collection was done with a life events checklist that contains 17 phrases which scored on a 6-point scale. To prepare the tool, first, items of the questionnaire was translated into Persian by two master's degree students in psychology. The validity of the content was then assessed by a faculty member in psychology. In the next step, the items were returned to English by a senior English language expert who had not previously read the original version of the questionnaire, and then the original version and the translated version of the questionnaire were reviewed by psychologists to prevent semantic difference in it. After the final version was prepared, the questionnaire was distributed among 36 participants with chronic pain as a pilot and the desired problems in some items were resolved. All participants were given written letter consent including a brief explanation of the objectives, research method, and principle of confidentiality and anonymity. After obtaining consent, participants were asked to complete a package of self-report questionnaires including a life event checklist scale, a chronic pain catastrophe scale, chronic pain self-efficacy, and life satisfaction. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 25 and LISREL software version 8/8. In order to analyze the data from descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) as well as Cronbach's alpha method and retest test to examine internal consistency, the correlation of life events checklist scale with DASS-21 questionnaires and chronic pain catastrophe To assess convergent validity and the correlation of this questionnaire with chronic pain self-efficacy and life satisfaction questionnaires was used to assess divergent validity. Confirmatory factor analysis of LISREL version 8/8 was used for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis was also used to determine the frequency of factors. Results: The results showed that the phrases had good internal consistency and diagnostic power, except for the seventeenth question, which was excluded from the questionnaire. The correlation of the phrases with the total score varied from 0.27 for phrase 16 to 0.66 for phrase 4 and 14, Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was equal to 0.86, which indicates the acceptable internal consistency of this instrument. The rate of retesting the questionnaire with a sample of 40 individuals in a period of 3 weeks was equal to 0.85, which is an acceptable score. Also, by considering the KMO value equal to 0/85 and rejecting the null hypothesis in the Bartlett sphericity test (p = 0.000, df = 136, x2 = 1786.27), The results showed that the conditions are ready for factor analysis. Primary analysis indicated four factors. The Scree diagram also supported the four-factor structure. The results related to factor loads show that all expressions have a common variance and a factor load greater than 0.46, in total, the four factors explain 0.56 variance. In the study, RMSEA between 0.8 and 0.10 indicates acceptable model and 0.95 CFI≥ indicates good model fit (27). According to the obtained results and the number of indices after using CFI (comparative fit index) correction indices value 0.95 GFI (goodness of fit index) value 0.90 and (normed fit index) NFI value 0.93 and also index the standardized root error of the mean squares of the RMSEA approximation is 0.7 and the degree of freedom x2 / df is less than 3, all indicating the relative suitability of the model after reformation. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicated that the Persian version of the scale has an acceptable internal consistency in a sample of chronic pain patients. The findings were consistent with the results of Matt Gray et al., In which Cronbach’s alpha was reported in the study (18). The findings consistent with the study of Halip Bae et al., In whose study Cronbach's alpha was reported 0.66 (12). Another study conducted in South Korea were inconsistent with our findings. In explaining this issue, the concept of culturally oriented trauma can be well justified. In other words, the phenomenon of trauma has a cultural aspect and it is the cultural beliefs of a society that determine the traumatic nature of an event (29, 30). In general, according to the results it can be concluded that the checklist of life events in the Iranian sample with chronic pain is valid and the LEC scale has acceptable psychometric properties. Therefore, therapists and specialists in the field of mental health can use this screening tool in research to diagnose and evaluate trauma in order to prevent or reduce consequences and pathological symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The study of physiological characteristics and recognition of cardiac pathological factors during exercise and endurance activities can provide a good background in identifying athletes who are at risk. NTproBNP has been reported as a biological marker for the diagnosis of heart failure and disease progression in response to increased stress on the heart wall, increased volume, ventricular and atrial pressure, and other conditions such as ischemia or myocardial infarction and in response to various signals Increased myocardial infarction On the other hand, several studies have shown that elevated cytokines, particularly IL-6, severely modulate cardiac function and can lead to myocyte damage. Increased plasma IL-6 levels during exercise are associated with left ventricular dysfunction and are an important factor in the development of heart failure. It was a professional profession. Methods: The method of this research is laboratory, cross-sectional, laboratory, cross-sectional, and three-blind, by randomly selecting professional runners with the aim of investigating the effect of caffeine and beet juice supplementation on nitrate on NTproBNP and IL-6 followed by a The course of aerobic activity was performed in professional endurance runners. 15 elite male runners with a mean age of 27.5 3 3.8, mean height of 176.7 7 7.7, mean weight of 69.9 7 7.8 and body mass index of 22.3 1 1.5 and maximum oxygen consumption (ml / kg / min) Select 5.2 4 4.6 and randomly, into three groups: 1) High dose (9.6 mmol nitrate and 400 mg caffeine), 2) Low dose (4.8 and 200) and 3) Placebos were divided. Subjects consumed the supplement twice daily with 250 cc of water for seven days before the test. Aerobic exercise included running on a treadmill for 5 km. Plasma concentration of NTproBNP was measured in picograms per ml (pg / ml) and by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys NTproBNP 2010) with a sensitivity of 125 pg / ml. Plasma IL-6 was measured by BMS213HS kit with a sensitivity of 0.02 pg / ml and the results were shown in picograms per ml. Beet powder in powder form Beet powder Sun Say extract completely herbal and organic without sugar, gluten and other preservatives and synthetic chemicals and license made 10645/14 and caffeine in powder form made by Karen company and natural beet juice placebo It was examined by a food quality control laboratory and determined as a placebo with a little basic nitrate. The supplements were combined in three forms by the researcher's colleague in water and provided to the researcher as a solution for consumption. Random help supplement: 1) 9.6 mmol beet extract and 400 mg caffeine for high dose group, 2) 4.8 mmol beet extract and 200 mg caffeine for low dose group and 3) placebo water Natural beets were obtained for the placebo group. Results: The results showed that supplementation had no significant effect on NTproBNP (p = 0.821), but decreased IL-6 (p = 0.001). Also, one session of exercise significantly increased the levels of NTproBNP (p <0.05) and IL-6 (p <0.05) and supplementation after seven days decreased the levels of NTproBNP (p = 0.071) and IL-6 (p = 0.092) followed by sports activities. Conclusion: Considering the increase in plasma levels of NTproBNP and IL-6 immediately after exercise intervention and their significant decrease seven days after intervention, it can be said that due to doubts about the increase in these parameters after exercise, an activity with such a temporal and intense nature does not seem to lead to harm. However, the greater intensity in competitions and the effect of repetition of this training pattern in the long run cannot be ignored and it is suggested that in addition to interpreting the study results of plasma levels of NTproBNP and IL-6 in athletes, comprehensive cardiological studies and physiological factors affect Examine the secretion of these markers in other endurance sports activities for more accurate information on the physiological function of athletes' hearts during endurance sports activities. Also, due to the lack of significant effect of caffeine nitrate supplement on NTproBNP and significant reduction of this supplement on IL-6 after intense and short anaerobic exercise, it is not possible to be confident about taking caffeine-nitrate supplement to control inflammatory factors after intense anaerobic exercise. Commented; However, taking this supplement, due to its anti-oxidant properties and findings based on previous studies, will probably be somewhat beneficial for athletes who train hard. It may need to be used for a longer period of time to be more effective, and more studies are needed to find out more about the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine-nitrate supplementation in humans. The limitations of this study were low number of samples, duration of sports intervention, lack of control over mental states and motivation of the subjects. Also, although the subjects were given a 24-hour reminder form, it was not possible to precisely control their feeding. In general, according to the findings of the present study and regardless of its limitations and considering the precautionary aspects, it can be recommended to young athletes that they can use caffeine-nitrate supplement to modulate cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer has become a major health problem worldwide. The reported incidence of new cancer cases is estimated at 19.3 million, with a mortality rate of 10 million in the world in 2020. There are some approaches for cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, neoadjuant surgery, hormone therapy, and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of chemical drug therapy meant to destroy rapidly growing cells in the body. It’s usually used to treat cancer, as cancer cells grow and divide faster than other cells. On the other hand, chemotherapy means consuming anti-neoplastic drugs, alone or in combination. However, these drugs can cause damages to the normal cells and have many side effects. The most common side effects are allergic reactions, hair loss, urination disturbances, heart damages, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, and kidney injury. Anthracyclines are commonly used in chemotherapy; especially doxorubicin is the most widely used drug of this family. Doxorubicin, the anthracycline antibiotic, was first produced from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius in 1960. Doxorubicin is represented as one of the most effective broad-spectrum anti-cancer agent. It is determined widely efficient against various types of cancers, including solid malignancies (bladder, breast, lung, etc.) and hematologic tumors (Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, pediatric leukemia). The primary mechanism of action of doxorubicin involves the drug’s ability to intercalate within DNA base pairs, causing breakage of DNA strands and inhibition of both DNA and RNA synthesis. Also, it inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II, causing DNA damage and induction of apoptosis. Doxorubicin stabilizes the topoisomerase II complex after it has broken the DNA chain for replication, preventing the DNA double helix from being resealed and thereby stopping the process of replication. When combined with iron, doxorubicin also causes free radical-mediated oxidative damage to DNA, further limiting DNA synthesis. Iron chelators, such as dexrazoxane, may prevent free radical formation by limiting binding of doxorubicin with iron. The most dangerous side effect of doxorubicin is cardiomyopathy, leading to congestive heart failure. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity starts from myocardial cell injury; and is followed by left ventricular damage. It is assumed that this drug has many cytotoxic mechanisms. The cardiac side effects of doxorubicin during a chemotherapy regimen can be acute, chronic, or even gradually progressive and persistent after termination of doxorubicin therapy. The incidence of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity rises with the escalation in total cumulative dose of doxorubicin during a day or a treatment cycle. Cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin is very common and there is no reliable and absolute treatment for this problem. Unfortunately, there are currently a few medications for the treatment of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in clinical setting. Extensive basic and clinical researches have been done to discover preventive treatments. Various studies sought to explain the underlying cellular mechanism that participates in the manifestation of this medication’s undesirable effects. Disruption of normal mitochondrial function, decreased amount of antioxidant defense (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron free radical formation, oxidative stress pathways, activation of inflammatory cascade and inflammatory factors including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and imbalance of intracellular ions homeostasis are involved in phathophysiology of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Gap junctions are the most important structures in cardiomyocytes. The presences of gap junctions in the cardiomyocytes are necessary for conduction of impulses and maintenance of the integrity of cardiac cells contractions and excitation. Gap junctions are aggregates of intercellular channels that facilitate direct cell–cell interactions and intercellular transmission of molecules and ions. Electrical connection between cardiomyocytes and maintenance of the normal cardiac rhythm are mediated by gap junctions, and these junctions consist of groups of membrane channels that directly link the cytoplasmic parts of nearby cells. Each gap‐junctional channel is constructed from connexins. The most abundant isoform of connexin in the mammalian cardiac cells is connexin43 (Cx43), while other types of connexins are also expressed. Cx43 generally localizes in gap junctions, but has also been detected in mitochondria, and it is considered vital for cardioprotection. Mitochondrial-Cx43 has a crucial role in mitochondrial permeability under conditions of calcium overload and oxidative stress. Additionally, Cx43 also participates in other cellular functions such as cell growth, differentiation and death/survival signaling, but the involvement of Cx43 in these functions may be partially or fully independent of its role in intercellular communication. Administration of doxorubicin induces alterations in Cx43 expression and distribution. Therefore, electrical signal conduction between cardiomyocytes, intracellular calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial function are disturbed. As a result, a part of the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin is exerted by affecting function of Cx43. Elevation in the level of Cx43 in the intercalated discs could reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxic effects such as cardiomyocytes calcium overload and ECG abnormities. Sirtuins are a well-known family of proteins found in most classes of the organisms, including mammals. Sirtuins have many vital roles in mammalian physiology, and they may provide new targets for treating diseases associated with aging and perhaps increasing lifespan. Seven mammalian sirtuins, SIRT1–7, have been identified. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) are essential for the regulation of metabolic processes in mammalian. Various metabolic disorders are related to SIRT1 and SIRT3 deficiencies. The kidney, brain, and heart have highest tissue levels of SIRT3. It is localized in the mitochondrial matrix, and it is necessary for enzymatic activity and expression of many mitochondrial proteins. Moreover, mitochondrial sirtuins reduce degree of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, expansion of cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure. Therefore, elevation in cardiac tissue levels of sirtuins for improvement of myocardial mitochondrial energetics is a novel approach in several cardiac disorders. Sirtuins are activated by low energy levels and stimulate energy production through their activation of transcription factors and enzymatic regulators of cardiac energy metabolism. Mitochondrial sirtuins preserve mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial metabolism, inhibiting ROS generation, decreasing apoptosis, controlling the quality of mitochondria, and increasing autophagy. Moreover, doxorubicin interferes with myocardial energetics; thus, a hopeful approach to reduce cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin may be to target mitochondria and improve metabolic function. Because of the importance of sirtuin and CX43 in the cardiac function, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of connexins and sirtuins in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the tissues that is affected by physical activity is bone. Bone is one of the tissues that needs to receive mechanical load to have normal function as a key factor in strengthening bone mass (2). Evidence shows that the mechanical load resulting from physical activity activates a set of proteins involved in the process of osteoblast activation and inhibits osteoclasts. One of these proteins is osteonectin. It is commonly used as a serum marker of osteoblastic bone formation and is believed to regulate minerals in the bone matrix, but now new genetic and pharmacological evidence also points to the hormonal role of this protein (5). Osteopointin, on the other hand, accounts for about 2% of non-collagenous bone proteins and is synthesized mainly by osteoblasts as well as bone-forming cells, bone cells and other hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow (7). Another important factor in the ossification process is ALP, a membrane-bound tetrameric enzyme found in the plasma membrane of osteoblasts. This substance plays an important role in the formation of osteoids and mineralization by degrading enzymes inhibiting minerals, pyrophosphate at alkaline pH (8). Also, due to their active phytochemical compounds, medicinal plants can affect the formation and destruction of bone tissue through various mechanisms. One of the plants used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes is palm tree pollen. This plant is used to improve infertility and impotence in men and women. Phytochemical compounds such as estrone, α-amirin, triterpenoidal, saponins, flavonoids, estrone, estradiol and estriol are abundant in this plant (15). Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether resistance training and date pollen extract affect bone tissue density and osteoblast cell proliferation in young males? Methods: For the present experimental study, 36 8-week-old male rats with a weight range of 220 20 20 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and randomly divided into 6 groups: 1) sham, 2) exercise, 3) palm pollen, 4) testosterone. 5) Exercise + palm pollen and 6) Exercise + Testosterone were divided. After one week of adaptation, groups 2, 4 and 6 performed resistance training for four weeks and five sessions per week. Groups 3 and 5 performed 100 mg / kg of date fertilization pollen five days a week. Gavage was also given. Groups 4 and 6 also received 2 mg / kg of testosterone propionate per week peritoneally. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, two-way analysis of variance and Benferroni post hoc using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that resistance training and drug administration significantly increased osteocalcin gene expression, ALP concentration, ALP gene expression and osteopontin and osteogenesis of femoral bone tissue. Although the highest expression of osteocalcin gene was observed in the group of resistance training and date palm pollen or testosterone enanthate, but the interaction of these two interventions was not statistically significant. It was also found that resistance training (palm pollen and testosterone enanthate) significantly reduced serum ALP. The interaction of these two interventions on serum ALP concentration was significant. Simultaneous resistance training and medication enhanced the reducing effect of each intervention. Conclusion: In this study, due to resistance training, osteocalcin, osteopontin, ALP, RUNX2 gene expression, ALP protein expression and osteogenesis were significantly increased. While serum ALP showed a significant decrease. The expression of bone matrix proteins, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin appears to increase with the differentiation of osteoblasts, which may lead to bone mineralization and formation. Another reason for the increased expression of acetocalcin gene in this study can be explained by the change in cytokine changes caused by resistance training, especially interleukin-6. Much of IL-6 has been reported to be secreted into the bloodstream from muscle during physical activity, an increase that is essential for increasing physical function capacity. IL-6, on the other hand, triggers signals in osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclast differentiation and the secretion of the bioactive form of osteocalcin into the bloodstream. In general, an increase in interleukin-6 is necessary to increase circulating osteocalcin levels during physical activity (28). Another mechanism of increased expression of osteocalcin gene induced by resistance training in this study can be explained based on the effect of resistance training on oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that regular resistance training can increase antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress (29). On the other hand, increasing oxidative pressure can reduce the process of osteoblast differentiation by activating apoptotic processes in bone (30). In the present study, resistance training increased the expression of osteopontin gene. Along with osteocalcin, acetaminophen is involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix, the coordination of bone cell interactions with the extracellular matrix, and the matrix minerals. Both proteins also play a structural role in bone and determine the tendency of bone to break. As a result, these proteins may regulate the structure and morphology of the entire bone and affect the mechanical properties of bone (36, 37). Like osteocalcin, the mechanical load resulting from resistance training appears to stimulate the expression of the osteopontin gene. It has been shown that the application of mechanical load on bone increases the periosteal of bone by increasing the activation of bone formation processes. In these conditions, mechanical load can stimulate both gene expression and ALP protein expression by activating adult osteoblasts and increase They become (26). On the other hand, date palm extract could increase the expression of the studied genes and the process of osteogenesis. The effect of date palm extract on increasing gene expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteogenesis can be examined from two perspectives. The first view is the effect of this extract on the motility of LH followed by stimulation of testicular Leydig cells to produce and secrete circulating testosterone. Numerous studies have reported stimulation of testosterone secretion after induction of date palm pollen (45, 46). The view on the effect of date pollen extract on the process of outcomes measured in this study is the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of the compounds in this plant material (47, 48). As mentioned about the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise and its role on acetoblasts, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts (30). Induction of date palm pollen extract in this way can develop the process of bone formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Increased prevalence of obesity is known as the main reason for the spread of metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). On the other hand, research on the effect of resistance training on diabetic people simultaneously with NAFLD is limited. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training on body composition indices, fat profiles and fatty liver in diabetic women with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Methods: This experimental study was performed with two groups including training group (15) and control (15). 30 diabetic women in the age range of 45 to 65 years were randomly selected (48 ± 8 years old age, 158 ± 2, weight of 76 ± 8 kg) and were divided into two groups of control and training. The criteria for entering the research included at least 6 years of history of diabetes, BMI between 25 and 36 (kg / m2), a glycemic index between 120 and 150 (mg / dl), glycosylated hemoglobin (HA1C) between 6.5 to 9 and having a fatty liver of grid 2 and 3 (via sonography). Exclusion criteria included known genetic disease, endocrine disease and advanced complications of diabetes, hepatitis C and B and autoimmunity, hemochromatosis, or liver-related diseases, cardiac-pulmonary disease and drug and alcohol consumption. Weight and BMI were measured by using body composition device model (Inbody570). Body fat percentage (BFP) was measured by a three-point method (arms, thighs and supraspinatus) using a Harpanden metal caliper (with an accuracy of 0.05 mm) and calculated by Jackson and Pollack formulas. Serum levels of fasting blood sugar, LDL, HDL, AST and ALT were analyzed using a bionic diagnostic kit (made in Iran) with a mindray analyzer BS-480 and insulin using a monobind kit (made in the USA). On the other hand, the training group performed resistance exercises for upper and lower torso muscles in three sets (70-50% of one maximum repetition, 10-16 repetitions) in each session and three sessions per week for eight weeks. Participants performed eight different strength training, including large muscle groups, on the machines. These movements include: Bench press, Barbell curl, Lying triceps press, lat pull down, leg press, leg extension, Lying leg curl and Standing calf raise. Each training session includes warm-up phase using stretching movements for 5 minutes, resistance movement phase in the form of three sets (50-70% of one maximum repetition, 10-16 repetitions) for 35 to 50 minutes and Finally, the cooling-down step was for 5 minutes. A maximum repetition test was used to measure the maximum strength of the leg and chest muscles. A 90-second break was also allowed between sets. The training duration gradually increased from 45 in the first week to 60 minutes in the eighth week. During these two months, individuals were asked to refrain from engaging in physical activity outside of the program. The subjects in the control group were also asked not to do any sports activities during the program and to do only their normal daily activities. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine the differences and independent t-test was used to compare the changes of the two groups in pre-test and post-test (∆) and interval confidence of 95% was considered at all stages of the test. Results: The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measurements showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the interaction (group × time) in weight, WHR, body fat percentage and a maximum repetition (leg press and chest press) (P <0.05) but this result in BMI changes was not significant (p>0.05). In addition, the results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the interaction (group × time) and in the variables of glucose and insulin (P <0.05). Also, comparing the interaction (group × time) using two-way ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that there were a significant difference between the control and training groups in HDL, LDL, TG, TC variables (P <0.05). Also, the results of the two-way ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that in the within group comparison (difference between pre-test and post-test) and in ALT and AST variables, a significant difference were observed in both control and exercise groups (P <0.05). Also, comparing delta changes (pre-test and post-test changes) using independent t-test, the results showed that there were a significant difference between ALT and AST variables between control and training groups (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that performing eight weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training can improve metabolic parameters such as glycemic index, insulin resistance, 1RM and body composition index (weight, BMI, WHR) and body fat percentage) in women with T2DM and NAFLD. These results suggest that resistance training can modulate the levels of lipid profile variables and liver enzymes closer to normal by compensating for the destructive effects of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver in HDL, ALT and AST variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide. The disease affects millions of people around the world and its prevalence is increasing rapidly. Muscle atrophy eventually leads to changes in intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in maintaining a balance between protein synthesis and breakdown. Muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduces muscle function, interrupts daily activities, and reduces the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract consumption on Muscle Atrophy Indices in type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: This experimental research was performed with 42 male Wistar rats that were randomly divided into seven groups. Dexamethasone (750 μg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into rats. Rats were type 2 diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ (60 μg/kg). Rats in supplemented groups received Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 5 and 10 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rat soleus muscle was collected. 24 hours after the last training session, the mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine [90 mg / kg] and xylazine [10 mg / kg], then a sample of horseshoe muscle tissue was collected. Horseshoe muscle tissue was isolated and after washing with PBS solution was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196 ° C) and then stored at -80 ° C. Concentration of 6-methylguanine using DLdevelop ELISA kit from Canada with detection range of 1000-125 pg / ml, sensitivity 27 pg / ml and coefficient of variation of 10-12%, expression level of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b was measured by Real-time PCR and PAB horseshoe tissue was measured by immunoassay. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the mean changes of the studied factors in the groups. Significance level was considered p≤0.05 in all cases. All statistical operations were performed with SPSS software version 23. Results: The results showed that aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention of Tribulus extract with aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in the expression genes of Atrogin-1(p=0.001), MURF-1 (p=0.001) and MiR-29b (p=0.001), as well as a significant increase in methyl guanine (p=0.001) and oxidant-prooxidant balance (PAB) (p=0.001) levels in male wistar rats exposed to dexamethasone. Therefore, administration of Tribulus terrestris extract along with aerobic exercise may be useful and effective due to the antioxidant effects of Tribulus terrestris and aerobic exercise, as well as their effect on the elimination of destructive metabolites and the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy in diabetes. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of other factors related to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Measuring signaling pathways such as PKC pathway regulation can also more clearly show the effects of physical activity on the transcription factors involved in skeletal muscle atrophy in people with diabetes. However, more research is needed in this area. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced the expression of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b genes as well as significantly increased levels of O-6-methyl guanine-DNA-methyltransferase and oxidant-prooxidant (PAB) balance in rats. Became type 2 diabetic. Diabetes is widely and closely related to oxidative stress due to the intensification of the formation of oxygen free radicals. Various studies have shown that high blood sugar is associated with increased oxidative stress and this leads to many complications of the disease. In summary, the results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise, Tribulus terrestris extract and combined intervention of Tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic exercise reduced the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy, as well as increased oxidant-prooxidant balance in male Wistar rats exposed to dexa. Metazone. Therefore, according to the results, it seems that the combined intervention of Tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic exercise can help improve the condition during diabetes by reducing the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy. It is suggested that in the future, a study be conducted on the effect of different doses of Tribulus terrestris extract and exercise on signaling pathways affecting muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic subjects. It seems that the combined intervention of Tribulus terrestris extract with aerobic exercise can help improve the condition during diabetes by reducing the expression of genes involved in muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Some people who have taken on responsibilities in societies are not responsive to the needs and well-being of others and only consider personal gain and loss. According to this, when a person is responsive to the needs and well-being of others, a value can be called responsibility (1). Therefore, cultivating the value of responsibility in societies can be seen in the life and evolution of human beings.When a person can determine and regulate his thoughts, feelings and behavior and is responsible for his choices and their personal and social consequences, we can name the structure of responsibility (1, 2). As it turns out, the key element of accountability is accountability for choices and the consequences of choices, meaning that one is aware that one's choices belong to oneself (1).In order to create responsibility, it is necessary to pay special attention to educational situations and conditions and certain cognitive and social processes that affect its creation. In the following, various researches are pointed out to determine the characteristics and effective situations in the field of responsibility.As we have seen, it can be inferred that the kind of attitude and relationship that parents have with their children can be effective in their responsibility. Family communication in the family environment is considered in the form of family communication patterns. Family communication patterns; It includes two dimensions, dialogue orientation and compliance orientation (11, 12).A review of the research literature has shown that teaching emotion regulation skills may be part of programs to create and increase responsibility. Emotional knowledge helps regulate emotion. With this in mind, individuals need to develop competencies related to this level in order to apply its knowledge in practice. The ability to regulate emotion helps maintain mood and strategies to improve mood (17). On the other hand, emotion regulation plays an important role in the continuity and health of social relationships (18). Methods: The statistical population of the present study included high school students in Shiraz who were studying in 2010-2011. The sample size includes 352 (163 boys and 189 girls). Participants were selected using a multi-stage random cluster method.In order to collect information about the research variables, three tools of Family Communication Patterns Questionnaire of Koerner & Fitzpatrick(2002) (12), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire of Gross and John (2003) (23) and Accountability Questionnaire of Soroush (1390) (24) were used. Results: As it turned out, dialogue through cognitive reassessment has a significant effect on responsibility (β = 0.16, p = 0.02). In addition, it was found that compliance with cognitive reassessment has a significant effect on responsibility (β = 0.05, p = 0.006). Also, The direct and indirect path of dialogue (mediated by cognitive reassessment) to responsibility and the indirect path of conformity (mediated by cognitive reassessment) to responsibility became significant. Also, it has been found that the coefficient of determining responsibility (R2 = 0.46) is higher than cognitive reassessment (R2 = 0.13) and repression (R2 = 0.07). Eventually, the indicators before modifying the model showed that the model did not have a good fit at first. After making corrections and removing the proposed non-significant paths from the model, the model fits. Conclusion: In the direction of dialogue, the person in his family is able to express his opinions, listen to the arguments of family members and make appropriate arguments himself, using various skills to pursue these topics such as problem solving, effective communication, Gain control of emotions and manage them; Because the individual influences important family decisions and gains the necessary independence. Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) also believe that when a person is engaged in dialogue in his family environment, they are able to get acquainted with different opinions according to the arguments that are raised in the family environment in the field of various issues. Also, when there is a warm and friendly atmosphere in the family; One is able to use adaptive strategies to regulate one's emotions and is able to learn a variety of cognitive skills (12). Therefore, one can learn the strategy of cognitive reassessment following this communication style in the family and use it in other situations and situations. When a person uses this strategy in different situations and situations, he believes that his thoughts, emotions and behaviors are under his control and he can look at events from different aspects and perceive them. (23). This confirms that external situations do not affect a person, but it is his thoughts that create behavioral and emotional consequences, in other words, his choices and choices that cause different consequences. . This improves a person's responsibility to others and to himself. Because its main pillar, ie free choice, has taken place (3). Compliance orientation can also pave the way for cognitive reassessment and ultimately increase accountability. It should be noted that according to the results, the calculated indirect effect is very low. However, this effect was calculated to be significant. In the explanation, we need to pay attention to the features of compliance; In the direction of conformity, the person experiences high similarity of attitudes, values and beliefs; It tries to avoid conflicts and debates and to experience mutual dependence with the family. In this orientation, family cohesion is very high and the family has a hierarchy and emphasis is placed on relationships within the family and family interests are of paramount importance (12). All of this emphasizes the need to match one's views with others and emphasizes the interests and values of the family, and therefore, is able to provide a basis for understanding phenomena and events from different perspectives, and one can Use a cognitive reassessment strategy. Finally, the present study found that both dialogue orientation and conformity can increase personal and social responsibility through cognitive reassessment or correct emotion regulation strategies. This means that cognitive reassessment grows in the family components of dialogue and conformity, and this increases responsibility. In high-dialogue families, the arguments that take place lead to the use of positive and adaptive strategies, and also, in harmonious families, because individuals have to control their emotions in order to be consistent. And accept the opinions of others leads to the use of cognitive reassessment strategy because the person in that environment tries to view the phenomenon from a different perspective, and this is possible through cognitive reassessment. This is how responsibility increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood during which a great qualitative change occurs in the biological, psychological, and social dimensions of the individual. High school coincides with adolescence with personality development. Almost all psychologists and educational scientists believe that adolescence is the most sensitive, critical, and important period of human development. During this period, the person experiences puberty. It seeks to discover its own identity, seeks independence and detachment from childhood attachments, which is why adolescents often experience the "worst" behavioral "problems" to overcome "crises" and developmental challenges. One of the most important factors in the formation of personality and behavioral characteristics, as well as changes in adolescence, is the family. Adolescents are more reckless, emotional, and erroneous than other age groups to transition from parental control to adolescence, and adolescence, as one of the most challenging periods of human development, can lead to high-risk behaviors and influence factors on high-risk behaviors. During adolescence, situations arise that can lead to increased negative emotional experiences and emotional instability. Because adolescents experience negative emotions in conflict with their parents, adaptive emotion management is essential for mental health. Much research has been done to determine the nature of parent-adolescent conflict, and it is generally believed that one of the causes of emotional maladaptation in adolescents is a conflict between them and parents. But more extensive research shows that this relationship (parent-child conflict and emotional dysfunction) is more complex than being summed up in a simple cause-and-effect relationship. The present study was conducted in this regard and according to the extensive study among these factors, the three dark components of personality were selected to investigate whether a logical model can be drawn for the relationship between parent-child conflict and adolescent emotional with the mediating role of these factors. The researcher hopes that this research will be a step to start extensive studies in this field and an introduction to draw the final map of the relationship between all the effective factors in the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict and the occurrence of emotional dysfunction. Methods: In this survey study, the statistical population included all adolescents aged 14 to 18 in Tehran's District 5 high schools studying in 2018-19. According to statistics obtained from the Tehran District 5 Education Organization, the number of high school students was equal to 55,066 students. To determine the sample size, a Morgan table was used, based on which a sample of 381 people can be selected for a population of 50,000. In this study, to control the sample drop during the study, the sample size was considered equal to 400 people, which included 200 female adolescents and 200 male adolescents. To measure the research data, the parent-adolescent conflict questionnaire, the emotional dysregulation questionnaire, and the dark triple personality questionnaire were used. Results: The results showed that the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict with emotion dysregulation with the role of dark personality triple mediator in adolescents was more than the direct relationship between parent and adolescent conflict with emotion dysregulation and therefore the effect of dark personality triple mediation. It has been meaningful. Also, in fitting the designed model, it was found that because the value of GFI and AGFI index obtained is close to one, and also, the root mean square of the estimation error or RMSEA is less than 0.08 and in the acceptable range, we can say that the model variables Well fitted by data. Conclusion: The results showed that the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict with emotion dysregulation with the role of dark personality triple mediator in adolescents was more than the direct relationship between parent and adolescent conflict with emotion maladaptation and therefore the effect of dark personality triple mediation was significant. In explaining these results, theoretical foundations can be used in this field. The overall structure and dimensions of personality are established in childhood and adolescence and are highly stable over time, and recognizing personality not only helps the individual to take an appropriate and informed stance in interaction with others but also in preventing or taking possible action about the occurrence. Disorders and disorders are also useful. Given the significant individual differences in the use of emotion regulation strategies, emotion regulation seems to be tied to certain dimensions of personality; these individual differences in emotion regulation have been examined to the dimensions of the five personality factors model, including neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreement. Explaining the role of gender, although there are important similarities between the components of the dark three personality traits between the two sexes, we must acknowledge the important differences between these components between girls and boys. One of these divergences is related to the fact that the traits of Machiavellianism and anti-socialism have been considered as darker and uglier personality traits of boys than narcissism. However, current research has shown that even though there is a fundamental difference in the quantity and nature of dark personality traits in girls and boys, this variable in both groups significantly plays a mediating role in the parental conflict with adolescents and their emotional dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Nowadays, industrialization has reduced physical activity and lifestyle changes, resulting in the spread of lifestyle-related diseases. A common feature in most diseases associated with the new lifestyle is obesity. Obesity as a multifactorial disease is often associated with other diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis and some kinds of cancers. Considering as a global problem, obesity is on the rise in adults, adolescents, and children. In many societies, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased over the past two decades. In the United States, the risk of developing overweight and obesity during a person's lifetime is 4% and 6%, respectively. Obesity is associate with many secondary diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases that have in common high blood glucose levels. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes. High blood glucose causes damage to various organs as well as disturbances in their function. The average life expectancy of diabetic patients is 10 years less than their non-diabetic peers. Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in humans. Along with peripheral insulin resistance, which is present in 90% of patients with type 2 diabetes, research has also shown central insulin resistance, especially in the hippocampus, which causes impaired glucose metabolism, memory and cognitive problems, and eventually Alzheimer's. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. As a result, metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, in addition to environmental effects, can cause Alzheimer's and cognitive disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the main and most common diseases of the nervous system. While 10-15% of AD patients have a genetic background, 85-90% have non genetic causes. The main cause of AD and cognitive disorders is extracellular accumulation of beta amyloid. These plaques cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which eventually leads to the destruction of cortical and hippocampal neurons. The presence of tau protein clots in brain tissue is another feature of AD. Since the hippocampus is the main site of memory and learning, the accumulation of tau and beta amyloid plaques in the hippocampus causes memory and learning disorders. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is a major problem in AD patients. Cognitive function refers to a set of mental processes that contribute to perception, memory, and reason. Cognitive function begins with the initial processing of data and ends with executive function. Early data processing requires few stimuli and thus shows a limited level of cognitive function. In contrast, executive functions represent more advanced cognitive processes that contribute to purposeful behavior. Disruption of these cognitive processes can go a step further and cause premature or delayed complications of various diseases by disrupting function of most body systems which eventually could lead to death. Exercise has always been considered as a useful intervention in preventing metabolic disorders. Since the most important reason for not exercising is lack of time, high intensity interval training (HIIT) because of less time needed and being more beneficial have replaced traditional training with high volume. HIIT consists of intervals (from 45 seconds to 4 minutes) of high-intensity activity (more than 85% of maximal heart rate) and low-intensity activity (approximately 50% of maximal heart rate). Many studies have shown the therapeutic and even preventive role of HIIT in memory and learning disorders induced by obesity and diabetes. However, some other reported no positive effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the effect of HIIT on memory and learning impairments induced by obesity and diabetes. Hereby, we tried to find out if HIIT could improve memory and learning impairments induced by obesity and diabetes and in this case which HIT protocol would be the most effective. Methods: The protocol of the present study is as follows: a search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Noor and Mgiran databases. Studies between 2000 and July 2021 which meet inclusion criteria (the manuscript considered as valid by http://impactfactor.ir) were included. In the initial search, 152 studies were found based on the title and keywords. Then, 84 studies were deleted due to the lack of abstract relevance to the field. Of the remaining studies (68 studies), 38 were removed due to not having at least one combination of our keywords (in addition to HIIT, at least one of the words cognitive impairment, hippocampus, and AD should be included in the title or keywords of the study). In the third stage, the full text of 30 studies was reviewed and 15 studies were excluded due to the lack of relevance of the full text to the field. Finally, the full text of 15 studies was thoroughly reviewed, and at the end, due to the relevance of the full text of these articles and their subject matter to the authors of the present study, they were regularly categorized based on the sample used (human, animal) And entered the research. Results: 8 studies (30%) were conducted between 2000-2010 and 19 studies (70%) were conducted between 2021-2011. 18 studies (66%) were long-term (studies with training protocol lasted more than a week) and 9 studies (33%) were short-term (studies with training protocol lasted less than a week). 8 studies (30%) used human participants and 19 studies (70%) used animal. Conclusion: HIIT shows opposite effects to promote cognitive function by promoting mitochondrial functions and reduce neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. Preliminary evidence suggests that HIIT can induce structural and functional brain changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD, but results are still inconclusive. It also has been suggested that, HIIT could exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves the brain redox status, thereby ameliorating the pathophysiological hallmarks of AD (e.g., beta amyloid deposition). Also There is evidence suggesting that incorporating HIIT into the school day is not associated with improvements in the executive function skill of inhibition, but rather, HIIT is better related to attention–concentration in the classroom. Studies showed that only four minutes of HIIT between classes can improve selective attention in children. Notably, HIIT is useful in combating a wide range of neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in obese and diabetic rodents, including improving learning and memory disorders, reducing depression-like behaviors, and improving uncontrolled appetitive behaviors. Restored neurogenesis, improved synaptic plasticity, and reduced neuroinflammation may altogether contribute to cognitive improvements in obese and diabetic rodents. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has suggested the indisputable role of adipose tissues on cognitive function, metabolic function, and neural plasticity. HIIT can effectively attenuate metabolic syndromes in obesity and diabetes by improving lipid profile, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. In sum, this review of these studies shows that performing any type of HIIT can increase improve cognitive function and learning. HIIT could also stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by diabetes. As a result, HIIT can improve cognitive impairment, increase learning and memory, and ultimately improve AD symptoms. Also The authors show that HIIT is beneficial to cognitive control and working memory capacity when compared against "a blend of board games, computer games, and trivia quizzes" and that this effect is mediated by the Adipokines polymorphism. That study "suggests a promising alternative to enhance cognition, via short and potent exercise regimens". A meta-analysis studies showed that HIIT can elicit short term brain improvements. Future studies should examine the effect of HIIT on the molecular basis of AD (e.g., beta-amyloid protein accumulation and tau) in addition to behavioral tests to measure short- and long-term memory in mice and measure their learning. In addition, measuring the stress and anxiety of mice can help us determine an effective training protocol. In addition, to complete the results of the present study, it is better to examine different training protocols. In this regard, the effect of different types of exercise (running, optional exercise, etc.) on cognitive functions and improvement of learning and memory disorders has been investigated. Therefore, the effect of intense swimming on cognitive function has not been studied yet and it is suggested that it be the focus of suture studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Depression is a common mental illness that causes mental, occupational, and physical dysfunction. Most empirical studies on the causes of depression adopt a predisposition-depression model in which vulnerable individuals become depressed when external stressors outweigh the individual's personal resources to overcome the illness. In addition to examining genetic predispositions, research on depression has paid much attention to the study of personality vulnerabilities. Therefore, achieving a healthy society obviously depends on the health of the family and the realization of a healthy family is conditional on the mental health of its members and having a favorable relationship with each other. Therefore, improving the health of family members in their relationships will undoubtedly have positive effects on society. When the family center includes a healthy environment and warm relationships and intimate interpersonal interaction, it can lead to the growth and development of family members. The existence of a satisfactory marriage is a place of intersection and exchange of positive feelings and emotions between couples, and the formation of a normal family plays an important role in the health, quality, and satisfaction of married life and the well-being of the whole society. An important expectation from the pattern of marriage in today's world is that couples pay attention to each other's needs for love, intimacy, and affection. Also, people consider marriage to be the most intimate relationship of adulthood, a relationship for which the main source of affection, support, and satisfaction. The ability to cultivate intimacy is an interpersonal factor, the importance of which is often highlighted because of its essential role in the development of close relationships and its relationship with marital satisfaction. Thus, intimacy creates both personal and communication satisfaction and is the main factor in providing health, adjustment, happiness, and a sense of meaning in couples; Besides, intimacy seems to improve commitment in relationships and increase communication compatibility, so this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of existential group therapy on intimacy and marital satisfaction of depressed married women. Methods: The present study with the code IR.IAU.BOJNOURD.REC.1399.009 was approved by the ethics committee of Islamic Azad University Bojnourd branch. Quasi-experimental research method with pre-test, post-test with a control group and two-month follow-up and the statistical population of married female clients applied for counseling from two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in the period of October to November 1398. Beck Depression Inventory, 56 women who scored higher in this questionnaire according to the inclusion criteria, which were: having at least a diploma, more than 3 years of married life, and no mental or physical illness available 30 women were selected. For these people, the research plan including the number of sessions, the duration of each session, and the issues raised in the sessions, were fully explained, and after obtaining their full consent and desire in the research company, written consent was obtained and their names were included in the research list. Became; Then 30 women were randomly selected into two experimental groups (15 women) and a control (15 women). Research tools: Walker and Thompson Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, 1989; Also, the intervention program of the educational-therapeutic package of the existential theory of Frankel and Yalom models were taught to the experimental group in 8 90-minute group sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed analysis of variance. Results: The results show that group existential therapy was effective on the score of marital intimacy (P = 0.020) with an effect size of 0.18 and also on the score of marital satisfaction (P = 0.017) with an effect size of 0.18. Also, the comparison of the three stages in the experimental group and the control group shows that the difference between marital intimacy and marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages in comparison with the pre-test is significant and this effect remains stable until the follow-up stage; While in the control group, these differences are not significant. Conclusion: The aim of this study was the effectiveness of group existential therapy on intimacy and marital satisfaction of depressed married women. The results of this study show that the mean of marital intimacy in both experimental groups in the post-test stage has increased compared to the pre-test. Also, repeated measures analysis of variance confirms that this intervention has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of the training, according to the results of the Bephroni post hoc test. According to the research literature, each of these approaches is one of the most effective and successful interventions in the field of psychotherapy. A look at the extent of the impact of each of these approaches on marital intimacy in explaining the findings of this study will be enlightening. The basis of all human relationships is the need to belong, to love, to acknowledge, and to respect. Hence, a healthy relationship is characterized by interdependence, calculation, and an existential relationship based on generosity and mutual love. As a result, existential psychotherapy helped married women in the experimental group to get to know each other better during a dynamic relationship with their husbands and family members; Get acquainted with their inner and fundamental needs, meanings and values, and explore them in the depths of their being. They were also trained to identify challenges in their relationships, to approach the issue from their own perspective, and then to try to address the issue from the perspective of the other person as well as the perspective of a third person to address all aspects of a Get acquainted with the problem and challenge and then take action to reduce the challenges in the heart of their relationship by accepting their role and responsibility. According to the research findings, group existential therapy can be used to improve intimacy and marital satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The family is one of the most important social institutions based on marriage. The issue of marriage is one of the most fundamental issues of human society and the first sprouts of communication between generations appear in the family. Emotional relationships, love, affection, and empathy in the family ensure the mental health of individuals and the upliftment of human beings. But one of the biggest social problems in today's human society is family conflicts; therefore, addressing the issue of marital conflict to achieve prevention strategies is one of the most important necessities of family education. Marital conflict can be defined as the dissatisfaction of at least one couple with the relationship, which increases rapidly. The existence of marital conflicts between couples is inevitable and conflicts in couples' relationships are one of the consequences of harm in the family and a common phenomenon. Although the family gives its members a sense of security and peace, marital conflicts weaken relationships, increase marital problems, and do not meet the natural needs of couples. On the other hand, couples' expectations towards marriage and married life play an important role in marital conflicts, and the problems that arise through marital conflict cause irreparable damage to the family body. As a result, the need to strengthen family life and its stability and durability is the type of attitude and interaction of couples with each other, and communication beliefs are among the factors that affect the relationship between couples. Awareness and knowledge of couples of their role in creating a healthy and fruitful relationship are of particular importance; But sometimes, after a while, a couple or both of them may have doubts about the depth and shape of their relationship; Because they do not see the necessary harmony in the psychological distances between the beliefs of marital relations (their expectations from life) and the realities of their marital life, and they feel frustration and marital exhaustion. However, one of the most damaging factors that threaten marital life and its stability is that irrational and romantic beliefs enter the couple's life after marriage. Research has shown that high levels of irrational communication beliefs are associated with low levels of marital satisfaction. One of the biggest social problems in today's society is family conflicts; therefore, addressing the issue of marital conflict to achieve prevention strategies is one of the most important necessities of family education. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of sex enrichment training on marital relationship beliefs, expression, and sexual activity in women with marital conflicts. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 50 women with marital conflicts were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Eight 90-minute sessions were held for the experimental group for 4 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Participants were measured by the Barati and Sanai (1996) Marital Conflict Questionnaire, the Idelson-Epstein (1982) Communication Beliefs, the Halbert Sexual Index (1992), and the Rosen et al. (2000) Sexual Performance Index. Results: The results of analysis of covariance, repeated measures test, and Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the scores of marital relationship beliefs among the experimental group decreased significantly, but in the control group there was no significant decrease and the scores of expression and sexual activity among The experimental group had a significant increase, but in the control group there was no significant increase, so there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The follow-up results also showed that the effect of educational intervention was still stable. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that sex enrichment training has a significant effect on marital beliefs, expression, and sexual activity in the experimental group who received the educational intervention, compared with the control group who did not receive educational intervention Significant changes were experienced in the dependent variables and also the follow-up results showed that the effect of educational intervention in the experimental group was still stable. Therefore, the hypotheses were confirmed. As a result, based on the evidence of the present study, this educational program can be used to improve the beliefs about marital relationships and the sexual expression and sexuality of women with marital conflicts. The Sex Enrichment Training Program helps couples reduce their communication problems by teaching them expressive speaking and listening skills. According to experts, in the approach of enriching sex, change and improvement are the results of the clients' own work, and the clients can overcome problems by acquiring special skills. As a result, in this training program, people are taught skills that can help people to achieve a healthy and happy life. Marital life combined with sexual intimacy requires skills that people in the family may not learn. In this training, conflict resolution skills and conversation skills are taught, and this training causes good couples to learn to listen and establish a good relationship with each other. This good listening skill reduces the couple's misunderstanding. In fact, enriching marital education leads to the growth of the marital relationship in a positive direction. People are also taught the skills to focus on their emotions and the feelings of their husbands, which results in the promotion of sexual intimacy and the ability to express sexual needs and desires by women and ultimately increase their sexual expression. The main limitation of this study is the taboo nature of sexual issues in society, and for this reason, some participants were cautious in their answers. Therefore, it is suggested that other researchers use this type of research with other effective intervention strategies on marital relationship beliefs, expression, and sexual activity in women with marital conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Having an exceptional child in the family often causes irreparable damage. The vulnerability of the family to this injury is sometimes so great that the family is severely damaged in terms of mental health. Quality of life is a broad concept that encompasses all aspects of life, including health. The term, which is also used in a variety of political, social, and economic contexts, is often used in medical research and is considered by most experts to have different dimensions: physiological, social, physical, and even spiritual. Acceptance and practice therapy has six central processes that lead to psychological flexibility. These six processes are: acceptance, failure, self as context, present communication, recognition of values and action, acceptance and practice therapy Its purpose is not to make a direct change in the client, but to help the client to relate to his or her experiences in different ways and to be able to fully engage in meaningful and value-based loss that seems to be able to help mothers of exceptional children. ; However, and in general, according to the presented principles, mothers with mentally retarded children have many challenges in quality of life and mood that these factors may affect the family structure as well as family relationships and marital issues. Cause problems for them in these areas. Therefore, appropriate solutions to improve the perception of quality of life and mood of mothers with mentally retarded children can improve the family environment. However, considering the research gap in the effectiveness of the acceptance and practice approach based on early maladaptive schemas on the quality of women with exceptional children, this study seeks to determine whether the causal model of acceptance and practice based on primary maladaptive schemas with a mediating role Does the difficulty in regulating emotion improve the quality of life of mothers of exceptional children fit the experimental model? Methods: This research is both an experimental-field research that was performed by pre-test and post-test with the control group and also by correlation-modeling method. The statistical population includes all mothers with children with mental and physical disabilities in Kermanshah. 30 sample males were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. Admission-based treatment interventions were performed on the experimental group in one of the exceptional children's schools twice a week in 90-minute sessions for eight sessions. Data collection tools included Weir et al.'s (1996) Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Hertzgertz and Roemer (2004) Difficulty in Emotional Adjustment Questionnaire, the Young (2005) Adaptive Schema Scale (2005), and the Bond et al. (2017) Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. In this study, covariance in SPSS software and structural equations in PLS software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results show that the condition of non-alignment is met. The second criterion for evaluating the internal model is the path coefficients, which in order to examine their significance, the self-management procedure has been used. The results indicate that disconnection and rejection have a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Impaired self-control has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Orientation has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Listening has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of regulating emotion; Impaired limitation has a positive and significant effect on the difficulty of emotion regulation; Disconnection and rejection have a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance; Impaired self-government has a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance; Orientation has a positive and significant effect on practice and acceptance; Listening has a positive and significant effect on practice and acceptance; Impaired constraints have a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance, and the difficulty of regulating emotion has a positive and significant effect on action and acceptance. Also, based on the obtained results, the indirect effect of disconnection and rejection on action and acceptance is significant with the role of a difficult mediator in emotion regulation; The indirect effect of impaired self-regulation on action and acceptance is significant with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation; Another indirect effect of direction on action and acceptance is significant with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation; Another indirect effect of listening is significant on action and acceptance with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation, and another indirect effect of impaired constraint on action and acceptance with a difficult mediating role in emotion regulation is significant. Also, the interaction between the group and the quality of life test is not significant. In other words, the data support the hypothesis of homogeneity of regression slopes (p = 0.188 and F = 1.830). Also, after adjusting the quality of life test pretest scores, there was no significant difference between the effects of the experimental and control groups (sig = .001 and. Therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the two groups is rejected and it is concluded that the education program based on the causal model of action and acceptance has been effective on the quality of life of mothers with exceptional children. Conclusion: The goal of acceptance and practice therapy is to create more psychological flexibility. Psychological resilience refers to the ability to change or perpetuate behavioral classes of action that contribute to valuable goals. Because it is not possible to eliminate or displace the language processes that cause human problems, the goal is to bring these processes into contextual control. These processes are related to the change of central language processes that interfere with psychological flexibility. Acceptance and practice treatment interventions can be performed through any of these processes. In acceptance and practice therapy, no action is taken to reduce, change, avoid, suppress or control private experiences (thoughts and feelings). Rather, clients learn to reduce the impact of unwanted thoughts and feelings through the effective use of pervasive consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the main pillars of sports education as well as leadership and leadership of the coaching team. The coach is the center of guidance and development of sports in any society. Coaches' efforts are successful when they have the necessary sports knowledge (1). The position and role of coaches and the effects of their performance and personality traits in sports are very important, so that coaches have a significant role in team development, development of technical skills and social and cultural behaviors of players (2). Another important issue in the present era and in the sports environment is the issue of mental health, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. The goal of mental health is to create mental health by preventing mental illness and creating a healthy environment for proper human relationships. According to the World Health Organization, a person's health does not simply include a state of complete physical health; It also includes the dimensions of mental and social health, the ability to communicate appropriately and in harmony with others, change and modify the individual and social environment, and resolve conflicts and personal desires in a positive, just and appropriate way, which is a necessity of coaching (6). The importance of coaching is so great that various researches have been done about it and contradictory results have been obtained. For example, Zare et al. (2019) in their research emphasized the role of coaches in the development of players' skills in all dimensions, especially the development of psychological skills (8). In general, the role and position of coaches is clear to everyone, but what remains an issue in this direction is how to prepare and promote coaches for this serious responsibility. Coaching is one of the most complex sports professions and one of the most effective areas that can lead to the development of sports and training of athletes. Therefore, in this regard, it is necessary to have a suitable system to promote knowledge, mental health and job skills so that trainers can use the most appropriate training courses (scientific and practical) to play their role and responsibilities (10) . Therefore, the researcher seeks to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the development of knowledge, mental health and practical skills. Methods: The present research is quantitative and qualitative in terms of data, applied in terms of purpose, exploratory in terms of field, field data collection in terms of time and time in terms of time period. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included sports experts and sports coaching and in the quantitative part were 508 Olympic sports coaches, from which 306 people were randomly selected as a sample. A researcher-made questionnaire prepared by fuzzy Delphi method was used to collect information. The face, content and structure validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts in the field of quality, factor analysis and structural equations, respectively. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire in a pilot study on 30 people in the study population and using Cronbach's alpha test in all components was calculated to be more than 0.70. Finally, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, one-sample t-test and structural equation analysis using SPSS and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the data. Results: The initial estimate of the share of each variable showed that the values of all of them are equal to one. It was also found that the common variance of all items is more than 0.5. Therefore, all variables (items) will remain in the analysis. According to Table 3, 71 items in the present study can be reduced to 11 factors and from the combination of these 71 items, a new structure can be designed based on the factors with the new combination and the data can be analyzed based on that data. Also, Table 3 showed that the contribution of each factor in explaining the variance of 71 items related to the factors affecting the development of applied knowledge and skills for coaching levels in Iran is different and decreasing. Finally, according to the results for level 3 coaches, the highest weight was related to individual factors, education, advertising and media. Also, according to the results for level 2 trainers, the highest weight was related to managerial factors, localization of knowledge and knowledge enhancement. And for level 1 educators, the highest weight was related to talent identification and basic factors, localization of knowledge and managerial factors. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, the growth and development of coaching knowledge in the country on the one hand and its decline and decline on the other hand, is rooted in several factors, which will be difficult to determine the share of each. There is no doubt that the scientific study and identification of the existing problems in this field on the one hand and the efforts of the officials to solve these problems on the other hand will be successful in promoting it as much as possible. However, it should be noted that the research community is made up of experts and qualified trainers in the country and their opinion can really pave the way for success and development of knowledge and practical skills for coaching levels in Iran. Therefore, it seems that paying attention to the opinions of these experts can be one of the best data needed for managers to make decisions regarding the implementation of coaching promotion programs in the country. On the other hand, structural equation modeling also confirms this and shows that the identified factors can be effective in developing knowledge and practical skills for coaching levels in Iran and therefore using the results of this study can further improve the coaching of the field. Various sports in the country was promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the complex and disturbing issues of current societies that have attracted the attention of many sociologists is the issue of youth violence which is becoming more and more widespread. Violence is one of the social harms that have many harmful physical, psychological, and social effects. Violence not only affects the victim but also indirectly harms others in the community. The increase in the rate of violence and the victimization of violent crimes has increased in recent years, so that it has a major impact on the mortality of young people and adolescents in each country. Today, a large number of young people and adolescents carry firearms to save their lives, which indicates the relative insecurity of society. According to statistics recorded by legal centers, conflict and social violence have been on the rise in the country in recent years, and even this violence has peaked in men during the warmer seasons. Violence is a behavior that is observed in all countries and its victims are added every day and cause anxiety and insecurity of people, especially weaker and more vulnerable groups. The prevalence and increase of all kinds of violence in the society, in addition to the victims, also affect and endanger the social security and mental health of the people. Social media has been so influential in the online and offline lives of Internet users in recent years that forms of social communication have also been influenced by these new media. Introduction The topic of virtual social networks has been the main concern of Internet users in the world and in Iran since 2005 and for this reason, they are called the most powerful online media in the world. The multiplicity, variety of content, and numerous software and Internet capabilities are the features that have made the users of these networks very popular. The power to establish a network system between friends and like-minded users regularly is a feature of these networks. Today, it is mainly used to name websites where people can access other members' information, get to know their interests, share text, audio, and video products, and form interest-based groups. They find common ground with some other members of the base. The growing number of social media visitors reflects the many attractions of virtual communities to attract Internet users. One of the factors influencing violence among young people is the use of social networks. Violence is one of the social harms that have many harmful physical, psychological, and social effects, and the role of cyberspace on it is not known; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the role of virtual social networks in reducing violence among adolescents and young people. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a mixed approach. The statistical population of the study was the qualitative section of the experts of the university complex of the province and in the quantitative section, the students of the Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, and Allameh Tabatabai University. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample and selected by available random sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was assessed as content validity by referring to the opinions of 5 experts and professors of technology. Data analysis was performed using LISREL and SPSS20 software. Results: The results showed that the components of social networks including cultural, social values, communication, and ideological dimensions can be avoided by managing cyberspace policy along with increasing media literacy through integration, identity, civic character development, and student youth adaptation. Provided of violence. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that social networks are effective in reducing violence among adolescents and young students; therefore, attention and planning for social networks is important in reducing crime and violence. In today's world, human life is interconnected with social networks, interconnected and interconnected communication networks have affected all areas, meanings and concepts, and everything in general. Network communication as the "basis of human communication activity" is transforming all human communication. It makes the world indigenous and the canvas global. The term social media is a subset of social media. Social media is a big concept that has emerged with the advent of new communication networks such as the Internet and mobile phones. Social networks are based on the interests of individuals and groups due to the location of the Internet. In fact, social networks are built on public participation. These social networking sites are increasingly drawing people into the online world by providing motivation and purpose to work in media that was previously unattractive. The main focus of these new media technologies is the simultaneous use of online and digital facilities concerning the audience. In this new relationship, the audience's behavior towards the media also changes and changes from a passive audience to an active audience. This two-way relationship creates a new structure in the new generation of media. In the new generation of media, in addition to the linear presentation, programs also have the property of being selected by the audience. Social networking sites have become a global phenomenon, with communities like Facebook having hundreds of millions of users. By creating friendly environments, these websites have brought the possibility of communication and harmony in social life for their users, but in addition to the advantages that social networks have, they have also created negative consequences and many challenges in people's lives. In other words, today, especially in our society, these networks are becoming a threat; these cases require an expert view to identify these threats and take steps to reduce or eliminate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The one of problem that infertile women face is negative social messages about their bodies. (Your body is not able to reproduce). So, people try to control a part of their body to avoid unpleasant emotions and annoying thoughts. This control is achieved through diet, extreme exercise, surgery, makeup, and avoiding social situations. In commitment-based counseling, control is not the solution but the problem itself. Exactly when a person wants to control something, he is not accepting it. Reality-based counseling also suggests that instead of blaming and criticizing one's body (external control), one accepts and respects one's body and does not seek to change it (internal control). Both counseling methods express the concept of control and try not to do it, so the combination of these two methods can be related to creating a favorable body image in infertile women and have a significant effect on their body image. Body image is the perception or mental belief about the appearance and the body in general. Infertile women with poor body image are more likely to have mental health problems, which can affect all aspects of their lives, and cause them to worry about physical attractiveness, overall self-esteem and general health. They suffer from mental disorders, especially emotional problems. Given the importance of mental health and its role in fertility, researchers suggest that the infertility treatment program be accompanied by psychological therapy. Counseling programs include a wide range of counseling approaches, including commitment-based counseling and reality therapy. Act treatment includes exposure-based exercises, language metaphors, and methods such as mental care. The ultimate goal of this treatment is to increase the abundance of valuable living. The main goal in this treatment is to establish the ability to make practical choices between different choices that are more appropriate. Research has also emphasized the effectiveness of group intervention in acceptance and commitment therapy and its important applications on adaptation, stress, anxiety, depression, resilience and psychosocial well-being. On the other hand, group therapy provides an opportunity for patients to come together in a supportive meeting to deal with the impact that the disease has on them. Studies have shown that some psychological interventions improve the health of infertile women. Common therapies that may affect these individuals include group therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy and group therapy with a reality therapy approach.Research has also been done in this area. Among them are Narimani, Alamdari and Abolghasem,,who studied the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on infertile women's quality of life. Cognitive attachment and flexibility in infertile women, Yaghoubi and Shahabizadeh, who studied the effectiveness of reality therapy training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of women with experience of infidelity, Rahmanian, Nejad Ali and Oraki. The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Cognitive Regulation of Emotion and Body Image Concern in Women with Overeating, Peterson and Efert, who in their study exposed 217 students to the theory of group therapy selection and counseling, Prinzella, who in his study examined the interventional effect of reality therapy based on selection theory on PTSD patients, Hoggs, Clark, Klaklo, Dahl and McMillan, who in their research on the effectiveness of commitment-based therapy and acceptance on Examined chronic pain in women. Due to the prevalence and frequency of infertility and chronic infertility, a range of psychological problems for such women in various areas such as body image and resilience. The present study seeks to answer the question of whether the combination of group counseling based on commitment and acceptance with reality therapy is effective on body image and resilience in infertile women? Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental type of intra-subject - between subject and quarterly follow-up with an experimental group and a control group. According to this plan, the subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group and then an experimental operation was performed. First, they were pre-tested and then for the experimental group, a combination of acceptance and commitment group counseling program (ACT) was performed, while the control group did not receive any training. Then, at the end of the training course, post-test was taken from both groups to compare the effect of the combination of acceptance and commitment group therapy (ACT) with reality therapy on the performance of the groups. The statistical population of the present study was all infertile women in Shiraz who had referred to one of the infertility clinics and treatment centers in Shiraz in a period of three months (summer 1398). Among infertile women referred, 30 were selected by convenience sampling. In order to control the effects of demographic, the two groups were matched based on age of 20-45 years. These groups included two experimental groups (combination of act therapy and reality therapy) and a control group. The measuring instruments were Connor and Davidson’s Resilience Questionnaire and Fisher’s Body image questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was calculated through face validity and their reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, whose reliability was 0.89 and 0.86, respectively. Descriptive statistics methods were used to estimate the distribution of participants and research variables and inferential statistics such as analysis of covariance were used to compare the means of the experimental and control groups. Results: The results showed that the combination of group counseling based on commitment and acceptance with reality therapy is effective on resilience and body image in infertile women. Conclusion: Due to the fact that infertility causes destructive psychological effects and various social reactions and many psychological problems, adverse social and psychological conditions for infertile women in society are formed. Therefore, using a combination of group counseling based on commitment and acceptance with reality therapy on resilience and body image in infertile women is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the most important challenges of today's managers in organizations is the insufficient use of intellectual resources, mental capacity and potential capacities of human resources; In most organizations, the capabilities of employees are not used optimally and managers are not able to use their potential. Certainly, an organization is more successful if it has a capable and committed workforce, because empowerment is one of the newest techniques to increase effectiveness and efficiency by increasing the commitment and organizational citizenship behavior of human resources. However, in general, psychological competence and individual creativity are among the important variables in people's working lives and can play an important role in individual and organizational growth. Researchers believe that these variables are more individual and can be developed through intervention strategies. In this regard, psycho-individual strategies can be one of the effective strategies on the development of psychological ability and creativity of the individual that can provide the field of mental well-being to the field of mastery of job processes. Psychological education generally refers to a set of complementary therapeutic interventions that operate with a systematic, structured and educational approach to the development of mental and psychological aspects. In fact, this method takes steps to create lasting behavioral changes in the target individuals by providing individual and social educational goals. However, in general, considering the job pressures and increasing burnout, as well as psychological problems of employees and reducing innovation and job creativity in organizations, recognizing appropriate strategies for psychological empowerment and individual creativity is noteworthy and important. Therefore, considering the positive effects of psycho-individual mechanisms on various physical and psychological dimensions and research gap in the field of its effects on psychological competence and individual creativity, the aim of this study is to provide therapeutic solutions based on psycho-individual mechanisms on psychological competence and individual creativity. Methods: This research in terms of Purpose is applied and in terms of how to do it is Descriptive correlation type (regression). The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part includes the elites in the field of organizational psychology as well as some selected managers of sports and youth departments. The interview continued until reaching theoretical saturation (10 people). The sampling method was purposeful. The statistical population in a small part includes all the staff of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, of course, except for the service staff who are working in this organization in 1399. The statistical population was equal to 890 people and the number of samples was equal to 500 people, of which 485 questionnaires were returned correctly. In this study, three questionnaires have been used, including a questionnaire of treatment strategies based on psycho-individual mechanisms, researcher-made and based on theoretical foundations and interviews with experts (20 items and four components), Spritzer Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1995) (18 items and Five components) and the Creativity Questionnaire Randsip (1979) (30 items). Results: To evaluate the fit of the structural model of the research, several criteria are used, the first and most basic of which are the coefficients of significance t or t-values. If the value of these numbers exceeds 0.95, it indicates the correctness of the relationship between the variables and thus confirms the research hypotheses at the confidence level of 1.96. Of course, it should be noted that the numbers only show the correctness of the relationship and the intensity of the relationship between the variables can not be measured with it. The value of R2 is zero for exogenous or independent variables. In this section, the value of R2 is equal to a strong value for the two variables of the research model of individual creativity and psychological empowerment. Q2 value: This criterion for both dependent variables of the research model is more than 0.15, which indicates that the exogenous variables (independent) are moderate in predicting the dependent variable and the proper fit of the structural model of the research is somewhat burdensome. Another confirms. General Model Fit (GOF): The general model includes both the measurement and structural model parts, and by confirming its fit, the fit of the model is checked. Considering the three values of 0.01, 0.25 and 0.36, which are introduced as weak, medium and strong values for GOF, in both variables, a value greater than 0.36 was obtained, which indicates a strong overall fit of the model. According to the results of structural equation modeling, the T-value of both relationships in the research model is more than 2.58, so at the level of 0.99, therapeutic strategies based on psycho-individual mechanisms on individual creativity and empowerment it is psychologically influential. Conclusion: Reason for the effectiveness of psychological interventions is that psychological training disrupts the processing of dysfunctional thoughts and negative biases due to metacognitive monitoring and the person deals with it more consciously, so this leads to changing defective patterns of thinking and training attention control skills., Increases the preventive aspect of treatment. Psychological training involves maintaining awareness voluntarily and based on attention to specific topics such as bodily emotions from one moment to the next. HoweverWhen the mind is distracted by thoughts, feelings, sounds, and experiences in general, the content of those experiences is memorized and then attention is slowly but surely turned to specific protected goals. This process is repeated many times. In fact, by using psychological techniques such as conscious breathing practice, it can be used again to return to the present. As in the technique of pervasive observation, thoughts are seen only as an object, not necessarily reality itself, and these factors improve coping and regulation of one's emotions. . However, in general, improving the mental and physical condition of individuals through psycho-individual mechanisms by creating favorable physical and psychological conditions for the individual can lead them to focus on career advancement, personal empowerment and increase creativity and innovation. Psycho-individual mechanisms can improve the process of information processing in the mind and provide the conditions for improving cognitive processes such as attention and memory. However, it is suggested that managers and officials of organizations to benefit from the psychological-individual mechanisms of employees. However, some of the limitations of the present study include the corona virus epidemic and difficult access to the statistical population and limited research background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the main complications of type 2 diabetes is cardiovascular complications, which greatly increases mortality and reduces the quality of life of these patients. Complications of type 2 diabetes, which are known as cardiovascular risk factors, include dyslipidemia (1, 3) and high blood pressure, which are common diseases in type 2 diabetes (1, 4). Another complication of type 2 diabetes is liver complications (5). Which is associated with cardiovascular risk factors (5, 8) in type 2 diabetes. Despite extensive research to identify the pathological causes of type 2 diabetes, no definitive treatment for type 2 diabetes has been found so far, and the annual death rate from type 2 diabetes and liver disorders due to diabetes due to cardiovascular events is increasing (5). Indicating the need for further research to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in these patients. Exercise is one of the main pillars in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (13), but these patients may be limited in performing continuous aerobic exercise due to overweight and low level of physical fitness (14); For this reason, interval training is recommended for these patients because resting between exercise intervals reduces the cardiac stress caused, leading to metabolic recovery and rebuilding energy systems, allowing for more exercise in one session (18); Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval aerobic training on cardiovascular risk factors including cardiovascular and hepatic complications in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In the present quasi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from volunteer patients aged 35 to 50 years, sedentary lifestyle (no physical activity in the last six months), no insulin injection, no acute cardiovascular disease, no respiratory disease, and no musculoskeletal disease. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic interval training and control. Exercise training intervention in the present study included 12 weeks of aerobic interval training, three sessions per week and each exercise session included 1)10-15 minutes of warm-up, 2) the main exercise program (10-40 minutes aerobic interval training with 5 minute intervals and a rest-to-activity ratio of 1: 1), 3) and 10 minutes of coolingdown. 24 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session, the research variables were measured in fasting. Paired sample t-test and independent t-tests were used to examine changes within and between groups. All statistical analysis operations were performed at the significant level of P 05 0.05 by SPSS software version 22. Results: The results showed that after the training period there was founded a significant decrease in the levels of HbA1c (P <0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.038), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.008), alanine aminotransferase (P <0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P <0.001), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.06) and body fat percentage (P = 0.003) and significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.002) And maximum oxygen consumption (P <0.001) was observed compared to the control group, but there was no a significant difference in changes in total cholesterol (P = 0.159), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.211) and body weight (0.061). = P) between training and control groups. Conclusion: Regarding the chronic effect of regular exercise on glycemic control in diabetic patients, it can be said that aerobic interval exercise has increased glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes by increasing cell sensitivity with insulin-dependent molecular pathways and insulin-independent pathways (19). Also, after the training period, was observed a significant decrease in body fat percentage. The ratio of fat to muscle mass plays an important role in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders (21); therefore, the decrease in HbA1c caused by exercise can be justified in relation to the reduction of body fat percentage. Also, after the training period, a significant improvement in lipid profile was observed in the form of a decrease in triglycerides and LDL and a significant increase in HDL levels. The improvement in lipid profile in the present study may be due to the reduction of insulin resistance and glycemic control in adaptation to periodic aerobic exercise (16). Also, a significant decrease in serum aminotransferases was observed in the exercise group compared to the control group; it can be said that improving insulin resistance in the liver has reduced the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, which has resulted in reduced hepatic steatosis and improved liver function in patients. It is reported that body composition and HbA1c levels were associated with NAFLD. Also, after the training period, a significant increase in VO2max was observed compared to the control group. Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), is related to functional capacity and human function and has been shown to be a strong predictor of disease mortality (27). One of the complications of diabetes is decreased functional ability in patients during exercise, the optimal delivery and use of oxygen means the interaction of various physiological functions, such as pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, cardiac output, muscle blood distribution, aerobic capacity and energy production in skeletal muscle, as well as perception of fatigue (14). It can be said that exercise improves the function of the cardiorespiratory system by increasing the absorption and delivery of oxygen to the active muscles. Also in the present study, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure was observed compared to the control group. Due to the fact that exercise training can affect vascular function and thus the response to vascular flow, it can increase blood flow to active muscles during exercise and provide the need for muscle oxygen by increasing blood flow, as well as increasing flow. The blood expels the metabolites produced and thus reduces the accumulation of these metabolites in the muscles (4, 28). On the other hand, by reducing insulin resistance in muscle cells, glucose uptake increases and as a result, glycogen stores in muscle cells increase, which can be useful in performing long-term exercise. Improving insulin signaling also leads to better glucose uptake during exercise (27, 29), resulting in better performance in long-term aerobic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Intense physical activity, despite its various benefits for general health, can cause possible damage to various tissues of the body due to increasing oxidative stress through increasing production of reactive species. Muscle bruising and pain is a common experience that occurs after performing unusual and intense activities, especially after resistance and extroverted activities. Delayed muscle spasm is associated with the release of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, and can be measured by the release of these enzymes into the blood. Numerous studies have examined the effect of resistance trainings on muscle injury indices that creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, spartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and myoglobin indices increased significantly after exercise. In another study, they did not see any significant changes in CK and LDH muscle injury indices after 3 hours of cycling. Therefore, due to the injuries, researchers have drawn attention to the effects of resistance exercise on muscle injury indices. Although resistance training improves performance, it does not prevent the release of inflammatory and traumatic factors, so these factors can cause acute sports injuries, which will be especially important at a young age. Nowadays, special attention is paid to the use of various methods of resistance training, the most prominent of which is TRX or the same resistance training exercises suspended by body weight. Therefore, considering the different effects of sports activities, especially strength training on different parts of the body and the possibility of injury in these exercises, and considering the differences in the type of resistance training programs such as TRX and circular resistance, it is important to pay attention to the effects of this type of training and muscle injury indices. Also due to the contradictory results about the effect of exercise, especially the effect of resistance activity on muscle injury indices and also the lack of sufficient research on the long-term effect of TRX training on muscle injury indices and especially insufficient research on the comparison of resistance training and TRX, the researcher decided to compare 8 weeks of traditional resistance training and TRX on the indicators of muscle injury in inactive women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, (28) healthy inactive girls with a mean age of 21.00 38 1.38 years were randomly divided into three groups: traditional resistance training (9), TRX training (9) and control (10). The experimental groups performed the training protocol three times a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 65 to 80%. Blood samples were taken before training and 48 hours after the last training session and creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that traditional resistance training and TRX both cause significant changes in LDH levels, while there was no significant difference in CPK variable from pre-test to post-test in all three groups. Also, in examining the differences between groups, no significant difference was observed between the three study groups at CPK levels. While there was a significant difference in the amount of lactate dehydrogenase between the three groups (p <0.05). According to the results of Table 3, there was a significant difference in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase between the resistance group and the TRX group (p = 0.0001), the control group with the TRX group (p = 0.0001) and the control group with the resistance group (p = 0.012) was observed. Conclusion: The presence of CK and LDH in the blood is an indirect sign of muscle damage as well as the diagnosis of medical conditions such as heart attack, muscular dystrophy and brain diseases. Cellular disorders, especially muscle cells, can cause CK and LDH to leak from cells into the blood serum. The findings of the present study showed that although there was a difference in the means of the three groups in both variables of creatine kinase and LDH, but this difference was significant only for LDH (P <0.05). The results of this study also showed that there is no significant difference in creatine kinase index between the two types of traditional resistance training and TRX after eight weeks. These factors affect the amount of response and the time period of secretion along with the injury. In general, the researchers state that intense resistance activities due to increased mechanical-metabolic pressure on the fibers lead to rupture of fibers, fluidization of z-plates, rupture of sarcolemma, displacement of intracellular organs, instability of plasma membranes and increasing secretion of intracellular proteins, after performing the resistant and intense activity. In fact, fatigue of muscle fibers following exhaustive activities can lead to increasing permeability of cell membranes to intracellular free calcium ions and dysfunction of sodium-potassium pumps, causing instability of cell membranes and activation of proteases and intracellular lipases. There is a close relationship between the release of phospholipases and creatine kinase due to the activity of intracellular proteolytic enzymes stimulated by calcium in the isolated muscle of mammals. The results of this study on LDH showed that the LDH of the experimental groups was significantly lower than the control group. Lactate dehydrogenase is one of the enzymes involved in the anaerobic pathway of ATP production. The secretion of lactate from the training muscle and the activity of the muscle pump indicate the role of continuous exercise training on the rate of cell damages. It has also been shown that trained people have less enzymatic release into the bloodstream than people who did not, which may be due to the adaptation of trained people to the physical activity and exercise; because the skeletal muscles of athletes and trained people have the highest amount of ATP, which is used during exercise and physical activity to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, and as a result, reduces the leakage of enzymes into the blood. In any case, it seems that as a result of running consecutive weeks of regular exercise programs, intramuscular adaptation may be established, and the nature of resistance training programs causes adaptation to occur at all levels, including intramuscular and better blood supply, which reduces the activity level of CK and LDH enzymes as indicators of muscle and cell damage; therefore, it seems that the use of appropriate methods of training reduces the disruption of biochemical changes. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, it can be stated that the implementation of TRX training program and traditional resistance both can significantly reduce the rate of LDH cell damage index and no change in CK, and there is no difference between this type of training on the indicators muscle damage in young women, so both types of exercise can have beneficial effects on muscle injury indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, cancer is a growing phenomenon that is recognized as one of the major problems for contemporary human health. Breast cancer is still the most common cancer among women in the world. Living with breast cancer presents women with significant challenges that interfere with their physical, social, psychological, economic and spiritual life of patients. These challenges are major factors that reduce the quality of life of women with breast cancer. One of the psychological components that plays a key role in the lives of these patients and their families is hope. Hope is a vital factor in predicting the adaptation of cancer patients to the nature of the disease and its treatment, especially when faced with the prospect of chronic pain. Low or no hope can threaten the patient's physical and mental health. Another important psychological component in coping with the disease is the perception of the disease. Perception of disease means the belief or image that patients have of their disease, which affects their adaptation to the disease and their psychological state. Understanding the causes of breast cancer can affect patients' ability to seek medical treatment; Because misconceptions may lead to search for alternative health care from unapproved sources. Another psychological factor related to life expectancy in patients is the availability and perception of social support. The availability of social support is considered a important source of coping that can help the patient to cope with life with cancer. Evidence from the research literature shows that social support from family, friends, and other important individuals is associated with reduced mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal behaviors, and improved quality of life in women with breast cancer. Another important psychological component that people use when facing problems is coping styles. These styles that developed to reduce stress are important both in acute periods of stress (such as natural disasters) and in patients suffering from chronic illnesses such as depression, breast cancer, and HIV / AIDS. One of the most common styles for managing a challenging situation is trying to deal with and change the stressful stimulus; This strategy is called problem-oriented coping. Most research shows that people who use this style are more adaptable. On the other hand, research shows that people who use emotion-oriented and avoidance strategies experience higher stress and lower quality of life. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the role of perception of disease, perceived social support and coping style in the life expectancy in women with breast cancer. Methods: The method of the present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population is all patients with breast cancer in Ahvaz in 1398 that 60 patients volunteered to participate in the study by available sampling method. Inclusion criteria include 1- ability to read and write, 2- being between 31 to 70 years old, 3- having 2 to 3 years of illness, 4- undergoing chemotherapy without or before mastectomy, 5- Not having a history of psychiatric illness and being hospitalized in psychiatric wards and 6- Willingness to participate in research. In order to conduct the research, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the relevant authorities from the two public hospitals of Baqaei and Golestan in an available method, 70 patients who met the research criteria were asked to complete the research tools. Due to the decrease in patients staying in the hospital during corona disease and the lack of cooperation of patients, the sample of this study was reduced from 70 volunteers to 60 patients. The tools used in this study included questionnaires of disease perception (Bradbent, 2006), multidimensional perceived social support (Zimt et al., 1998), coping styles in special situations (Billings & Moss, 1981) and life expectancy (Schneider, 1991). In this study, multivariate regression was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between perception of disease and life expectancy (-0.78). Also, there is a significant relationship between predictor variables including social support, problem-oriented coping styles and emotion-oriented coping style with participants' life expectancy (0.80, 0.47 and -0.52, respectively). On the other hand, the relationship between avoidant coping style and participants' life expectancy was not significant (0.06 and 0.06, respectively). Also, the results of stepwise regression analysis indicate that the variables of social support and disease perception are the best predictors of life expectancy in patients with breast cancer, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social support and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. Sun et al. Also found in their research that people who benefit from the social support of their relatives when faced with problems are more satisfied with life. Perceived social support affects patients' life expectancy in two ways. First, it can vaccinate a person before experiencing stress, thus reducing the harmful effects of stress. Second, it acts as a shield against the stress of the disease and makes the patient more satisfied with his life and hopes for positive consequences such as health and reducing the risk of disease. Also, this study showed that there is a significant positive relationship between problem-oriented coping style and life expectancy of breast cancer patients. When people believe that they have the ability to cope with stressful events such as illness, their anxiety is reduced and they can choose more effective coping strategies. Also, this study showed that the perception of the disease has a negative and significant relationship with life expectancy of women with breast cancer. Therefore, when patients have negative beliefs and perceptions of their disease and its various aspects, they experience physical and mental problems that can increase the burden of the disease for them and reduce their quality of life. Considering the importance of hope in the life and treatment of cancer patients, it is recommended that medical staff and psychologists pay attention to the role of life expectancy in their interventions and treatment protocol, especially in breast cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Coping Disorder is a type of destructive behavior disorder in childhood and adolescence that includes a set of behaviors based on stubbornness, disobedience, inattention, hostility, resentment, arguing, and trying to upset others. One of these important components in these children is interpersonal cognitive distortion. . It is defined as very exaggerated, rigid, irrational and absolute beliefs about the nature of relationships, and the relationship of people with others. People with confrontational disobedience disorder experience individual and interpersonal cognitive distortions and are part of aggressive behaviors. These people are the result of these distortions. There is a strong relationship between cognitive distortions and extrinsic disorders, with high levels of cognitive distortions being associated with high levels of extrinsic problems. Therefore, in the treatment of people with confrontational defiant disorder, this variable also needs clinical attention. . Interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy have a significant effect on reducing the symptoms of defiant disobedience disorder and is one of the most important components in the field of hypnotherapy. However, although research reports suggest that these two therapies may be effective in reducing adolescent distortion with coping disobedience disorder, it has not yet been addressed. Given these cases, the present study in a quasi-experimental study addresses the question of whether there is a difference between cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy in terms of effectiveness in reducing cognitive distortions in adolescents with confrontational defiant disorder? Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included all high school students of the first period (seventh, eighth, ninth) in Urmia city who had symptoms of confrontational disobedience disorder who were studying in the educational schools of this city in the academic year 1400-1399. Among them, students suspected of having symptoms of confrontational defiant disorder were purposefully selected using the help of school principals and teachers and examined by a psychologist using a structured clinical interview to accurately diagnose the disease. After identifying these adolescents, their parents were interviewed and asked to respond to Aachenbach's behavioral checklist of their children's behaviors. They were selected from among the 75 people who were interviewed, 51 (17 for the cognitive-behavioral therapy group; 17 for the hypnotherapy and 17 for the control group) and after completing the research tools in the pre-test stage, they were randomly selected. Groups were placed. Then, the cognitive-behavioral therapy group was intervened according to the standard protocol of Houghton et al. However, the members of the control group did not receive any intervention and after one month, a follow-up test was performed. At the end of the sessions, the research scales were used again. SPSS software version 22 and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: In the studies, cognitive distortion in the cognitive-behavioral therapy group had a significant reduction both in the post-test and in the follow-up stage compared to the control group. While in the hypnosis group, there is no significant difference in any of the three stages, because in this study, repeated measures analysis of variance is the basis of the analysis. Mouchley and Looney's value can be said to hold the assumptions of repeated analysis of variance . . Then, the effects of hypnotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive distortion in adolescents with coping disobedience disorder in the post-test and follow-up stages were discussed. By referring to the significant level values that this value is less than 0.01, which shows a significant difference in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Also, considering the effect of the group, it was observed that the significance level of this test is less than 0.01, which indicates the difference between the two treatment groups in reducing interpersonal cognitive distortion . Therefore, it can be said that the rate of cognitive distortion in the two groups has changed differently and between the two groups in terms of power to reduce cognitive distortion is different. As can be seen, the course of hypnosis treatment has not had much effect on the rate of cognitive distortion in the post-test and follow-up phase, while this effect is significant through the course of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy on reducing interpersonal cognitive distortion in adolescents with confrontational disobedience. has done Because the main philosophy of cognitive and behavioral therapy is to reduce distortions and cognitive errors, and this treatment has been able to be effective in both stages of post-test and follow-up in this area. In the sessions, using direct and indirect questions and interaction with adolescents, a list of problems and types of dysfunctional and distorted cognitions was presented to confirm or disapprove them, and thus the list of the most important cognitive distortions of each client in the form of Separately extracted and with the help of the therapist and by examining these distortions in the context of their own real life, they have a more logical view of the facts around them and evaluate the facts with more analysis. Although in the present study and in the intervention sessions, the cognitions of cognitive distortion were also discussed and these skills were taught, but in general, cognitive distortions seem to be resistant to change through indoctrination and hypnotherapy and to direct treatments. The more they respond the better. One of the limitations of this study is the coronary conditions that caused parents and adolescents to have serious doubts about attending face-to-face meetings. Meetings were held online at the height of the Corona crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Anxiety disorders and depression are the most common emotional disorders in adolescence, which in addition to the direct costs they impose on the community health and care system, also have indirect costs (functional decline) that are higher than other psychological disorders. Allocates the amount to itself (4). One of the most interesting aspects of anxiety disorders is the subtle interaction that exists between hereditary and environmental factors that cause these disorders (5). For this reason, paying attention to the family environment is very important in explaining and treating anxiety disorders. Each family uses special methods for individual and social upbringing of their children, which are called parenting methods. These methods are patterns of child rearing that are formed from the normal interaction of parents and their response to children's behavior (7). Since the mother's communication pattern plays an important role in the child's emotional and social development in the future and can improve children's behaviors, it seems that training sessions for parents to manage emotions in interaction with children can improve parents' skills. Equip them with good upbringing, and in these circumstances, parents can better behave decisively towards their children by setting constructive rules in the family and managing their negative emotions (10). In the meantime, integrated meta-diagnostic therapy in response to the limitations of cognitive-behavioral therapies such as the failure of these therapies to improve a significant portion of patients, the existence of multiple guidelines and treatment plans for each disorder and confusion in choosing the appropriate patient guidelines Has been (14). The main goal of integrated meta-diagnostic therapy is for individuals to acquire skills that can effectively manage their negative emotions (15). Given the above and the impact of anxiety on adolescents' personal, family and social lives and the imposition of heavy costs on the individual and society on the one hand, finding a way to reduce the negative effects of anxiety on the other hand and because reviewed research No research has been found on the subject at home or abroad. The researcher seeks to answer the question of whether an integrated transdiagnostic treatment program affects anxious adolescents and their mothers' parents. Methods: To conduct the present quasi-experimental research, which was conducted as a pre-test-post-test with the experimental and control groups, among all anxious adolescent girls in the age range of 12-15 years in the first grade of high school in Tehran in the 98-99 academic year, 20 Paying attention to the entry and exit criteria from one of the schools in Tehran were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then the therapeutic stages of an integrated meta-diagnostic approach, including five main stages of treatment (emotional awareness based on mood 2. cognitive flexibility 3. emotional avoidance and behaviors caused by emotion 4. awareness and tolerance of bodily feelings and 5. endogenous and situational emotional exposure) ( 16). And 12-16 sessions and ranged approximately 50 to 60 minutes weekly. Also, to collect data, the Spence Anxiety Questionnaire was used to assess the anxiety of children aged 8-15 years old in 1997 and the Arjmandnia Parenting Methods Questionnaire 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis (MANCOVA). Results: The results of descriptive statistics of children's anxiety showed that the mean obtained for the experimental group in the pretest is 142.70. With a decrease of 16.07 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 126.63. Regarding the effect of intervention on anxiety, the results of analysis of covariance showed that the integrated meta-diagnostic treatment program had a significant effect on reducing adolescent anxiety (F = 59.5). The average score for the experimental group in the pre-test is 27.53. With an increase of 3.96 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 31.49. Also in the component of authoritative behavior: the average achieved for the experimental group in the pre-test is 8.74. With an increase of 4.67 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 13.41. Finally, in the component of parental dependence: the average achieved for the experimental group in the pre-test is 9.53. With a decrease of 3.55 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 6.48. Regarding the effect of intervention on parenting, it was found that the value of Pilay effect is 0.72 and the value of Lambeda Wilkes is 0.28, both of which are significant at the level of P 0.0 0.01. Therefore, the dependent variables (parenting components) of the experimental and control groups are significantly different from each other. Finally, the results of univariate analysis of covariance on the components of parenting show that the value of F obtained in the two components of authoritarian behavior and parental dependence is significant at the level of P 0.0 0.01. Therefore, the difference between the experimental and control groups is significant in these components. Considering that in the component of authoritative behavior, the mean post-test score of the experimental group increased compared to the pre-test and in the component of parental dependence, there was a decrease in the component, so it can be said that integrated meta-diagnostic treatment program increased authoritarian and dependent behavior. reduces; But the effect of the independent variable on democratic parenting was not significant. Conclusion: In general, meta-diagnostic therapies are an emotion-focused meta-diagnostic and cognitive-behavioral therapy that can be used for a wide range of emotional disorders using emotion regulation skills (22). Emotional response management is the core of transdisciplinary practices and seeks to teach individuals to recognize their emotional responses, modify and regulate their emotional habits to reduce the severity of emotional trauma (23). The use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies is associated with mental health problems. Among the negative strategies, self-blame, mental rumination and catastrophic captivity, strong correlation with negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, anxiety (24). In summary, to alleviate the problems associated with anxiety, researchers consider the use of cognitive-behavioral and emotional components in therapy necessary (17) and integrated programs have been used to identify multiple problems and benefit from cost-effective multiple therapies; But if these programs are not effective, it is necessary to reduce the anxiety, should consider the cognitive-emotional schemas of individuals and eliminate cognitive distortions, emotional schemas (24). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the developmental neurological disorders, which is associated with significant disorders in developmental, cognitive, emotional, and educational issues. Mentalization-based therapy enhances the ability of ADHD children to empathize by increasing the reflective function of one’s own and others’ mentalizing capacity and improve the ability to see through the perspective-taking and understanding of one’s own and others' feelings under the influence of ego functions reinforcement. From the theory of ego psychology and object-relations approach, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder in ego functions (executive functions, inability to regulate emotions, problem-solving, etc.) and the development of a coherent sense of self in relation to others. These children have serious problems in interpersonal relationships, and failure and the dyad of frustration and anger are characteristic of their relationships (1). According to Fonagyet al. (1996), mentalization is a psychological process that facilitates explicit and implicit meaningful interpretation of one's own and others' actions, desires, thoughts, and intentions(2, 3). Mentalization is the result of secure attachment and relationship with the early caregivers. Metallization-Based Therapy (MBT) was originally developed by Bateman and Fonagy for adult patients with borderline personality disorder in the 1990s; but in recent years, this treatment has been used for a wide range of disorders, including childhood disorders. Its purpose is to improve the mentalization skills (understanding of the inner world, point of view and feelings, and one's own desires and others’ intentions or theory of mind) in the child and the parent. The present study aimed to test the effectiveness of this treatment on the empathic function of children with ADHD, considering there are some deficits in empathic functions during developmental lines of such children. Methods: The present study is an experimental study of a one-factor design with three groups of Repeated Measures. The study sample consisted of 60 children (30 girls and 30 boys) with school-age ADHD (6- to 12-year-old) who were selected by targeted sampling. These children first received an initial diagnosis by a psychiatrist and then were assessed by psychologists for entry and exit criteria using the K-SADS-PL DSM-5 diagnostic interview form. The participants’ parents completed EQ-SQ questionnaire in three stages (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up), describing their child. Participating children were randomly assigned to three intervention groups including pharmacotherapy with methylphenidate, MBT-C, and combined method. The interventions lasted for 36 sessions and a follow-up session was held again three months after the end of the treatment. To analyze the data, Repeated Measures ANOVA and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests were used. All participants signed an informed consent form for ethical considerations. Results: MANOVA results showed that in the intergroup effect test between the three interventions (pharmacotherapy, MBT-C, combined method), there was a significant difference (P <0.001) in the empathy variable. The result of the intragroup effect test was also significant (P <0.001). In addition, the results of the Post Hoc test in efficacy comparisons for the two-way between the three interventions showed that mentalization-based therapy and combined method were significantly different from the pharmacotherapy group; And its effectiveness in improving empathy in children with ADHD was confirmed. There was no significant difference in effectiveness between MBT-C group and combined method (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results confirm that mentalization-based therapy increases the level of empathy in children with ADHD. Mentalization-based therapy is a process-oriented therapy that uses plays to enhance mentalization and introspection, trying to teach and improve the reflective function, thinking, and mentalization capacity of children's mentalization and empathetic companionship and curiosity about the relationship with the child's inner experiences by the parents. Thus, MBT-C can be an effective intervention to improve empathy capacity in children with ADHD by focusing on the interaction of the inner and outer worlds and the regulation of emotions and interpersonal relationships. Data analysis of the present study showed that mentalization-based therapy was effective on empathy in children with ADHD and there was a significant difference between the three interventions of combined intervention, MBT-C, and pharmacotherapy with methylphenidate in the empathy variable. And combined intervention and MBT-C were more effective than pharmacotherapy on empathy in children with ADHD. Midgley et al. (2013) stated that the goal of Mentalization-Based Treatment for children (MBT-C) plants the seeds of curiosity and genuine empathy that create an atmosphere full of "emotional oxygen" for both the child and the parents so that they can face the pleasures and experience the challenges of life during the therapy(4). Taylor (2012) also utters that simple mentalization efforts such as support and empathy are effective in treating cases where there is high arousal in children (such as the emotional experiences seen in children with ADHD) (5). Given that mentalization-based treatment seeks to improve children's capacity for reflective functions, thinking, and mentalization, as well as educating reflective functions and practice empathetic companionship and curiosity about the child's inner experiences to parents, it increases the effectiveness of treatment for ADHD children. Mentalization-based treatment by use of play builds a powerful medium (for both the child and the parent and therapist) to explore relationships, to learn about the world of feelings, and to discover a psychological voice for oneself as a child. From a mentalization perspective, play is a form of social learning, as all kinds of experiences in daily life are rehearsed, changed, and completed, and integrated into the child's behavioral repertoire through this medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Anterior cruciate ligament rupture is very common in athletes . Dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system leads to joint instability in various motor maneuvers, resulting in the introduction of abnormal forces into the anterior cruciate ligament . The cutting maneuver is one of the most common movements in various sports (3). During the descent from a height, the contraction of the hamstring muscle causes the tibia to pull back and reduce the amount of shear force applied to the anterior cruciate ligament. In contrast, the quadriceps muscle causes the anterior tibia to move over the femur and apply shear to the with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (4, 5). In some simulated models, the posterior leg muscles have been introduced as knee stabilizers (5). Usually, the average activity of quadriceps muscles in women is higher than in men (6) and the ratio of hamstring to quadriceps muscle activity in the stop stage of lateral shear maneuver is lower than the lateral movement stage (7). On the other hand, when walking, the timing of hamstring activity before the foot hits the ground is different between men and women (8). Due to the fact that hamstring muscle activity reduces the shear force in the knee joint, the relative decrease in hamstring muscle activity in women is one of the reasons for the higher risk of ACL injury in women than men (8). It is clinically important to evaluate the activity and timing of muscles in various sports movements, including lateral incision (9,10). Because in the cutting manuvre movement, the knee of the support foot is placed in the position of the valgus and this movement is one of the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury, there is very little information about the function of the knee muscles during this maneuver in athletes (9, 10). One of the limitations of previous research is that researchers often examine the intensity of muscle activity in this movement and no information is available on the coordination and timing of knee muscle activity. The interaction between knee ligament injury and poor muscle function has not yet been well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of lower limb muscle activity in people with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared to healthy individuals during cutting maneuvers. Methods: 10 healthy male soccer players participated as a control group and 10 soccer players with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction participated as an experimental group in this study. The experimental group underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the technique of two Gracilis-semi- tendinous bundles. Electromyographic activity of tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris with BTS Free EMG 300 device was recorded during cutting maneuvers. Before performing the main tests and recording the data, the subjects were first instructed to run at a speed of 2.5 m / s and perform a cutting maneuver. To perform a cutting maneuver, subjects ran a 5-meter path and then cut the path at a 45-degree angle to the side (left or right). Electromyographic signals with a frequency of 2500 Hz and a bandwidth of 1250 Hz were recorded in computer memory. Later, with a bandwidth filter, signals above 500 Hz and below 10 Hz were removed. A 50 Hz notch filter was also used to remove electrical device signals. The device GAIN was considered equal to 1250. The linear envelope technique was used in the EMG Graphing software environment to obtain the time to start muscle activity. This means that in the Linear envelop diagram, a point of 10% relative to the signal peak of each activity was considered as the beginning of muscle activity. Simultaneously with the recording of electromyographic signals, the kinematic variables of the lower extremities were recorded using the Vicon motion analysis system with 4 T-series cameras and a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. Plug-in-gait marking model was used to track the lower limb and determine the moment of heel contact with the ground (HC) and the moment of toe separation from the ground (TO). Before using this device, the cameras were calibrated using a space of 3 meters long /0 0.9 meters wide × 2 meters high. Camera system data recording and electromyography were simultaneous. For data analysis, first, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution. All data had a normal distribution. Then, multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the research variables between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-23 software and p <0.05 was considered as the significance level. Results: The activity onset of tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles was earlier in the experimental group than the control group; (p<0.05). Also, the time to reach the peak of tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius major muscle activity in the experimental group was earlier than the healthy group (p≥0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that in cutting maneuver motion, the moment of onset of tibialis anterior muscle activity in patients with ACL injury was earlier than in healthy individuals. This muscle plays an important role in dorsiflexion and supination of the foot (13, 14). The tibialis anterior plays an important role in dorsiflexion and supination of the foot. Researchers believe that the tibialis anterior muscle is one of the stabilizers of the ankle joint at the moment of the heel's initial contact with the ground when walking and running. Researchers have also shown that the tibialis anterior plays a role in stabilizing the ankle joint in the stance phase of cutting maneuvers (13, 14). This muscle helps maintain the stability of the knee by maintaining tibial stability. (13). Some researchers believe that this muscle stabilizes the ankle joint in the phase of the initial contact of the foot with the ground (19, 20). Changes in the timing and magnitude of muscle activity are considered as a compensatory mechanism in people with ACL rupture (20,21). Early-onset of gastrocnemius muscle activity in people with ACL rupture compared to healthy individuals can be a protective mechanism to maintain knee stability (22). The earlier activity of the gastrocnemius muscles in people with anterior cruciate ligament injury compared to healthy people can be explained by the fact that it is a protective mechanism to maintain the stability and strength of the knee. Muscular responses and the mechanism of joint mechanical behavior are closely related to the time to reach maximum muscle activity (22). These muscular responses may be related to muscle function in maintaining knee joint stability before, during, and after movement. In fact, due to the rupture of the ACL, the joint position and the sense of movement are disturbed and the movement pattern may change. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is associated with changes in lower limb muscle function in terms of onset time. It seems that after the surgery, a new kind of muscular adaptation develops. Further investigation is needed to determine the association between this compatibility and the risk of osteoarthritis or re-rupture. Injury to a joint in the body causes a change in the activity of the muscles around the joint; ACL injury also affects the function of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and twin muscles of the knee joint (18). Evidence suggests that ACL injury affects twin muscle function and strategies (12. This research also has certain limitations. These limitations are that the research results are based on male subjects and due to individual differences between men and women in anatomical and biomechanical characteristics, the generalization of these results to the whole male and female community will be difficult. It seems that differences in size and body size and Q angle of women may show different results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body becomes insulin resistant and therefore the insulin produced cannot function normally. Among the long-term complications of this disease, the most common cause of death is cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis (2). Researches has shown that the presence of levels of systemic inflammation, independent of glycemic control, contributes to the complications of diabetes, especially cardiovascular disease (3). Interleukin-33 and its receptor (ST2) play an important role in inflammation, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-33 is known as "dual cytokine" and acts as a protective and detrimental effect or as a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factor as well as a nucleus transcription factor that depends on the disease model and cell type (7). Researches has shown that exercise training, with its effect on inflammation, plays a key role in improving inflammatory factors and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and leads to a reduction in mortality from diabetes and its complications (9). Many studies have reported that exercise has anti-inflammatory effects in diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and improves metabolic disorders. Among the training methods, most of the studies on the effect of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors used continuous and often long-term aerobic activity in their studies. In contrast, interval training is a training method that requires less time with high intensity and low volume and improves diseases and body composition (10). Methods: The statistical population of the present study consists of women 35 to 50 years with type 2 diabetes in Esfahan that were selected purposefully and divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control. Inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes, fasting blood sugar above 126 to 250 mg / dL, no history of cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal disease, no drug addiction, no regular exercise during the last 6 months And there were no skeletal abnormalities. To measure the height of the subjects, the SECA model's gauge was used, to calculate the weight of the subjects, the GLMOR brand digital scale was used and to control the heart rate, the polar pacemaker was used. Regarding the measurement of blood variables, ELISA laboratory kit was used to measure serum levels of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 and interleukin 33. Rockport test was also used to estimate the aerobic capacity of patients. diet 24-hour dietary recalls was used to control diet; Anthropometric and physiological measurements of the subjects were performed. Fasting blood sample were taken from the subjects 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last exercise session. The interval Training conducted including 12 weeks, three sessions in a week with 75 to 90% of the maximum heart rate. Also, the collected information was presented in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the values of anthropometric features at the beginning of the period between groups (P <0.05). This point is a sign of homogeneity of groups. The anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. The results of data analysis using correlated t-test showed that 12 weeks of training had significant effects on body weight loss, Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2, Interleukin-33 and Vo2max. Also the results of data analysis using ANCOVA showed that serum levels of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 after high-intensity interval training had a significant decrease compared to control conditions. Conclusion: Disorders of lipid and glucose metabolism are characteristic of type 2 diabetes. The link between ST2 circulation and metabolic disorders in diabetes is not yet fully understood. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes through inflammation. Its mechanism is as follows: Interleukin 33 has a protective role against glucose metabolism and obesity in obese mice and a Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 for interleukin-33. Binding of the two stimulates the activity of Th2 cells and Th2 increases inflammation by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, increased levels of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 in diabetes may impair the protective effects of interleukin 33 (20). Analyzes show links between immune status and exercise. Knowing the function of the immune system in the context of exercise and the mechanism regulation of nerve endocrine glands and the physiological significance of these changes is invaluable. Recent findings show that high-intensity interval training is an useful way to reduce fat and inflammation and cause a negative energy balance (21). Overall, the present study showed that regular interval exercise can alleviate the inflammatory response and Control blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, exercise intervention can minimize the incidence of complications associated with type 2 diabetes. As a result, exercise training is widely recommended as a treatment option for these people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes is a chronic progressive disease that has physical, metabolic, social and psychological challenges and increases the risk of concomitant mental health problems (1). Accelerated macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes are due in part to increased metabolic side effects such as elevated cholesterol and LDL (4). In this regard, research has shown that there is a close relationship between fat percentage, body mass index and insulin concentration (5). Because the challenges of diabetes affect many aspects of patients' daily lives and their families, psychosocial assessment and treatment is a vital part of comprehensive diabetes care. The diabetic must accept that he or she may have diabetes-related complications; The patient should consider themselves an important member of the diabetes care team, not the person being cared for by the treatment team. Emotional stress can cause behavior change so that the other person does not follow their own diet, exercise, and treatment (6). For this reason, researchers have long used various methods to reduce the negative effects of diabetes, so that the effect of physical activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has long been known (7). Although a lot of research has been done in this field, but there is a big difference between the results of research (8). Regarding the treatment of mental problems of diabetic patients, considering that the use of sedatives and other drugs is always associated with many side effects, and today in the global medical system, more efforts are made to prevent and treat diseases without the use of drugs. It seems that participating in a regular and codified exercise program can play a major role in reducing the effects of diabetes, improving mental health and reducing the negative psychological effects of diabetes. Due to the conflicting results of research, researchers are trying to use different training methods to get the best results, so it seems necessary to design new protocols and study their impact on various factors. Also, considering that there is little research that in addition to examining the effect of aerobic exercise on metabolic side effects has examined the effect of these exercises on psychological factors in diabetic patients, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether pyramidal aerobic exercise on cholesterol, HbA1c, LDL, affect anxiety and stress in type 2 diabetic patients? Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes in Zabol city were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups. The research method was that 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session from the beginning of the research, the research variables in the pre-test were measured using blood sampling and Beck Anxiety and Stress Questionnaires. The training protocol in the present study included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session included 45-60 minutes of pyramidal aerobic training in 3 stages. The volume of each training interval based on the intensity of training and the ability of the subjects started from light intensity in the first interval and increased in each interval. Resistance was also calculated using the reserve heart rate of each individual using the caronene formula (20). In order to observe the principle of overload, the training time was started from 15 minutes and reached 35 minutes in the eighth week. To divide the time in each interval, the total training time was divided into 3 parts; In the first 1.2, light exercise was performed (50-35% of the reserve heart rate). In the second interval, the training, which included the remaining 2.3 of the training time, was performed with an intensity of 50-65% of the reserve heart rate. The rest time between each interval was 3 minutes. Finally, descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, paired t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that after 8 weeks of pyramidal aerobic training, cholesterol, LDL, HbA1c, depression, anxiety and stress in the experimental group were significantly reduced in the post-test compared to the pre-test. However, in the post-test control group, this value increased compared to the pre-test, but was not statistically significant. The results were compared with the control group to ensure that the decrease in research variables was due to the present research protocol. Control can be confidently reported that the changes were due to the training protocol. Concluson: Findings of this study showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly reduced total cholesterol, HbA1C, LDL, anxiety, depression and stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the above explanation, it can be said that research has shown that muscle contraction has an insulin-like role and sends a large amount of glucose into the cell to be used for energy production. 33 Muscle contraction increases membrane permeability to glucose, possibly due to an increase in the number of glucose transporters in the membrane. Exercise (Glut4) increases plasma in trained muscles, which improves Glut4 levels of insulin on glucose metabolism (28). In the above explanation, it can be said that physical activity in women increases the level of progesterone and this increase reduces psychological symptoms such as anxiety. In general, physical activity seems to improve mood symptoms, including anxiety, by the mechanism of action on cerebral endorphins (34). Physical activity increases the efficiency of the mind, the feeling of freshness and health, and provides a good mental attitude to life, provides mental health. Women are more affected by the psychological factors of physical activity than men and their sense of well-being increases more than men (35). Research has shown that anxiety and stress are caused by a lack of self-confidence in people. As Farad's social interactions increase in team sports, their self-esteem improves and self-confidence increases. On the other hand, team sports reduce stress and anxiety. Although self-confidence was not examined in the present study, it may be one of the mechanisms related to the findings of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: During an outbreak of a disease such as coronary heart disease, fear of disease and fear of death, along with disruption of daily activities, cause people to become involved with disease anxiety (1). Anxiety about Covid-19 is common, and seems to be due to the fact that it is largely unknown and confusing to people about the virus. Fear of the unknown reduces the perception of safety in humans and has always been anxious for humans. About Covid-19 This lack of scientific information also exacerbates this anxiety (2). Turbulence tolerance, on the other hand, is defined as the capacity to experience and tolerate negative psychological states. Disorder may be the result of cognitive or physical processes, but it manifests as an emotional state that is often characterized by a desire to act to alleviate the emotional experience (3). Therefore, increasing the tolerance of turbulence can help improve the mental health of people, especially the survivors of Quid-19 disease. In addition, it seems that the inability to regulate emotion during threatening and anxious situations can also be an important factor in coronary anxiety. The importance of the subject is such that psychologists define emotion regulation as the process of initiating, maintaining, and modifying one's experience and expression of emotions (4). Due to the above, anxiety control and emotion regulation are very important for survivors of coronary heart disease, so researchers are looking for a way to improve the psychological condition of these people. In this regard, one of the new therapies that treat the third wave. It is well known and has attracted the attention of many psychologists in recent years, it is a dialectical behavior therapy. Which is a cognitive-behavioral method that was first used to treat borderline disease and its core is emotion (6). Also, another new treatment method is compassion therapy. Self-compassion as a way to reduce anxiety associated with mental disorders. Compassionate therapy can play a protective role against depression, anxiety and repressive thinking. This treatment can develop self-compassion and reduce self-critical burden of depression, anxiety and stress, suppress negative thoughts and emotions, and emotional regulation. And be self-controlled. Self-compassion is defined as a three-component construct including kindness to oneself versus self-judgment, human commonalities versus isolation, and mindfulness versus increasing assimilation (8). Considering the above, the effect of corona on anxiety and cognitive regulation of emotion on the one hand, the importance of using a method to control and reduce these symptoms in coronary survivors on the other hand, contradiction in research results and lack of research Research variables Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy and compassion therapy on anxiety, tolerance of turmoil and emotional regulation in survivors of Covid-19 disease or not? Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control and test groups. The population of the present study consisted of the survivors of coronary heart disease victims in Mashhad who were members of social networks in the spring and summer of 1399. Inclusion criteria included 3 to 10 months after the death of a family member due to corona, having at least a diploma, not undergoing psychological treatment, not taking psychiatric drugs and no stressful events such as divorce and death of loved ones in three months In the past, being 30 to 60 years old and not having a history of divorce and exclusion criteria included missing more than one session and canceling further cooperation. The questionnaires were designed and provided to the subjects through social networks (Telegram, WhatsApp and Instagram channels) so that people who want to participate in the research can answer the questions. A total of 60 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced in three equal groups (10 pairs in each group). The intervention groups were trained in 10 sessions of 90 minutes separately with dialectical therapy and compassion therapy methods and the control group was placed on a waiting list for training. In this study, data collection tools are: 1. Demographic information questionnaire, 2. Corona anxiety questionnaire (Alipour et al., 1399) (14), 3. Emotional regulation questionnaire (Graz and Roemer, 2004) (15), 4. Turbulence Tolerance Questionnaire (Simmons & Gaher, 2005) (3), 5. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Protocol and 6. Compassion-Based Therapy Protocol. Finally, descriptive statistics (table and graph) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the statistical significance of Wilkes's lambda test was less than 0.05 and was therefore significant. Therefore, it can be found that there is a significant difference between the groups of dialectical therapy, compassion therapy and control in at least one of the variables of coronary anxiety, disturbance tolerance and emotional regulation. Therefore, according to the above results, there are conditions for using multivariate analysis of covariance. On the other hand, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention methods in all three variables of coronary anxiety (CS), perturbation tolerance (DT) and emotional regulation (ER). The results of post hoc test showed that both dialectical and compassionate therapies significantly reduced coronary anxiety, increased turbulence tolerance and increased emotional regulation in comparison with the control group. Also, dialectical therapy was more effective in reducing coronary anxiety, increasing turbulence tolerance and increasing emotional regulation compared to compassion therapy. Conclusion: In general, the results showed that: Dialectical therapy significantly reduced coronary anxiety, increased disturbance tolerance and increased emotional regulation. Compassion therapy significantly reduced coronary anxiety, increased turbulence tolerance, and increased emotional regulation. Dialectical therapy is more effective than compassionate therapy in reducing coronary anxiety, increasing turbulence tolerance, and increasing emotional regulation. The findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of research by Soler et al. (2009) who concluded that dialectical behavior therapy is effective in improving anxiety and emotional instability (16). Also, the results of the present study confirm some of the findings of the study of Steele et al. (2011) who found that dialectical behavior therapy reduces anxiety symptoms (17). In addition, the findings of the present study, along with some of the results of research by Wang et al. (2020) who found that compassion therapy is effective in conceptualizing emotional responses (18). Is consistent. On the other hand, the results of the present study confirm some of the findings of the study of Richard and Ser (2015) who found that dialectical behavior therapy is effective in improving anxiety (9). Also, the findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of Modarres Gharavi (2011) that receiving dialectical behavior therapy is effective in significantly increasing anxiety tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The World Health Organization defines health as complete physical, mental, and social health, and not merely the absence of disease. The organization also defines mental health as a state of well-being in which the individual recognizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, works productively, and is beneficial to his or her community. Paying attention to the concept of health and well-being as an influential aspect on the individual and social performance of individuals is an approach that is considered by many researchers today. Today, paying attention to the signs of emotional well-being such as happiness and well-being, life satisfaction and lack of negative factors such as anxiety and frustration are factors that should be considered in people's lives. Communication between employees and managers does not only come from money, services and information, but also from personal and emotional resources such as approval, respect and support. The amount of support that the organization shows over time and creates a sense of obligation and compensation in employees, which can increase and increase the efficiency and effectiveness and, in fact, the productivity of the organization. Lack of organizational support for individuals leads to lack of emotional growth and adaptation and objectivity of individuals and as a result, dependence on the organization and proper performance is presented at an undesirable level, which ultimately leads to ineffectiveness and efficiency and development of the organization in today's competitive world. It seems that the study of the variables of employee health promotion, perceived organizational support and attention to psychological capital, while clarifying the situation in the study community, can create valuable information about the ability of employees in the study community to create a Provide us with new insights into the physical education officials and administrators of the country and strategies to increase emotional cohesion and engage more of them with the goals of the organization. Another reason for the importance of this research is that it seems that by conducting such research and obtaining more information, sports managers, like managers of other organizations, by correctly and timely identification of how employees are able to work and organizational support and effective consequences on employee productivity. And be aware of the psychological capital of their employees to take significant steps to achieve organizational goals and increase effectiveness. Employees of sports and youth departments due to their important role in increasing the health and well-being of young people in society. They should always have mental health as well as positive behavior that can inject positive spirit into young people and adolescents, encourage them to engage in sports activities and strive to maintain physical and mental health. Therefore, having a positive social capital in this group of employees is necessary and important. Given this, the need for such research is felt more than ever. On the other hand, many researches related to psychological capital, organizational support and health promotion of employees have been done in different organizations, but no research has been found to investigate the effect of perceived organizational support and psychological capital on health promotion in sports and youth employees. Therefore, the concepts of organizational support, psychological capital and its impact on improving the health of employees are of considerable importance, so that increasing attention to these issues increases the commitment and efficiency of the organization; Therefore, considering the importance of the issue and the necessity of doing it, this study intends to investigate the effect of organizational support and psychological capital on improving the health of employees among employees of sports and youth departments in Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Ilam provinces. Methods: This research was descriptive-correlational and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of physical education departments in the western provinces of the country (390 people), data were collected from total sampling; After distributing and collecting the questionnaires, 350 questionnaires were analyzed. Goldberg and Hiller (1970) General Health Questionnaire, Eisenberger et al.'s (1986) Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (Lutanz's Psychological Capital Questionnaire) (2007) were used to collect data. The combined method with PLS was approved. To determine the normality of the variables, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and to analyze the data, Pearson correlation matrix test and to test the research hypotheses, the technique of partial least squares and factor load were used. GOF, Tenenhaus et al. (2004) were used to examine the fit of the overall model, which controls both parts of the measurement and structural model. Results: Demographic results show that out of a total of 350 statistical samples included in this study, 208 (59.52%) were male and another 142 (40.48%) were female respondents. Also, 51 people have diplomas (14.62%), 54 people have master's degrees (15.38%), 170 people have bachelors (48.71%), 45 people have master's degrees (12.90%), 30 people have doctorates (8.39%). Findings showed a positive and significant direct effect on the components of psychological capital and its dimensions and perceived organizational support by promoting employee health. The results of regression analysis also showed that psychological capital and perceived organizational support are able to predict the ability to do work. Conclusion: Perceived organizational support as one of the job resources has a positive relationship with health promotion and can as a positive source improve the ability to do work (health promotion) in employees of sports and youth departments because perceived organizational support, wide changes in employees' attitudes toward their jobs. It plays and as a result has positive organizational behavior consequences. Employees will show more enthusiasm for their job if they feel that their commitment and perseverance towards their job is being taken into account and supported. Finally, from the results of this study, it can be concluded that in the employee community, the use of programs to increase the psychological capital of employees can lead to promoting job motivation and improving their health. It also increases the supportive attitude within organizations and, consequently, the employees' perception of being supported, their ability to do work and their enthusiasmIn general, improving the health of employees is very important for organizations and based on the results, increasing organizational support and psychological capital can provide the basis for improving the level of health in employees, and therefore managers and officials of organizations should plan in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, physical education and sports have found their true place in the world and its importance in building the human body and soul has been proven. Exercise is the most effective and important program for enriching leisure time and can be a useful tool to deal with various deviations. New research shows that exercise and physical activity in leisure time, even among people in whom athletes increase self-confidence. The benefits of sports activity have been well documented in recent years. Exercise may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, help with weight management, improve personal mood, and promote physiological health. In the past, researchers and scientists have conducted population-based or experimental studies to reap the health benefits of physical activity. These facts confirm that common physical activity includes a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer, strong bones, weight management, increased energy, less anxiety, and a sense of well-being. Exercise and physical activity is a valuable tool that today fills most of the leisure time of millions of people around the world. Leisure time is a good and desirable opportunity to engage in sports. Over the past 15 years, people's knowledge of the benefits of physical exercise has increased, and fitness programs have developed at the community level, and recreational and leisure sports have grown unpredictably. In fact, today the people of the world are motivated to participate in sports activities to gain health, well-being, vitality and avoid diseases. Today, on the other hand, sport has become so widespread that experts call it the "small world in society." According to experts, sport shows the values, structure and driving force of society and reflects social characteristics. However, there is insufficient evidence available on the psychological challenges to improving leisure activities. Given the research gap in this area; Conducting the present study can provide valuable evidence for the development of leisure activities. In other words, the present research can be used to develop scientific evidence; Provide a practical path to participate in leisure sports activities. The development of leisure activities such as exercise can provide conditions for improving the mental health of individuals by improving their physical and mental condition. Due to the lack of comprehensive research on improving the mental health of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities, the process of improving the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities has encountered major problems. In a way, the research gap on the mental health challenges of people to participate in sports activities in leisure time is clear. This gap has led to a lack of operational strategies to address the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. This issue has led to the design and implementation of the present study with the aim of challenging the mental health of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. Therefore, the main question of the present study is what are the psychological health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities? Methods: The present research is based on an applied purpose and is a hybrid method. To solve the problem of psychological health challenges of individuals to participate in sports activities in leisure, a combined approach is used. This approach was performed in the research using a combination of two sets of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The tools of the present study included a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. In the qualitative part of the research, interviews were used to identify the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. The output of the qualitative section led to the formation of a researcher-made questionnaire. In other words, the research questionnaire was the output of the qualitative section, which was designed according to the principles of the qualitative section. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions that examined the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities. The validity of this questionnaire was examined by reviewing the opinions of academic experts. Also, its reliability after calculating Cronbach's alpha was 0.88.The statistical population of the research in the field of recognizing factors consisted of experts in the field of sports activity and institutionalization, which includes sports management specialists, executives and managers of cultural and sports departments, managers of sports organizations, sociologists familiar with sports, veteran coaches, veterans, people They were familiar with cultural activities in sports (N = 11). The sampling method was purposeful in the first statistical population. These individuals were identified as a research sample due to theoretical saturation. In other words, sampling in the qualitative section continued until new content was added to the information obtained. This caused theoretical saturation in sample number 11. In the second part, compiling and designing the model and testing it, the statistical population of the study consisted of young people throughout Tehran who went from sports activities to leisure activities to sports activities, which due to their unlimited number throughout Tehran and 384 people were considered using Morgan table. In order to analyze the qualitative part, open, axial and selective coding was used. Also, in a small part, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the research data. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency and percentage were used. Also, in the inferential statistics section, the structural equation method was used. The whole process of data analysis was performed in SPSS and AMOS software. Results: Ualitative results of the study showed that the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities included 23 cases. These challenges include not responding to people's tastes, lack of personal support for sports, lack of awareness of sports capabilities, lack of proper quality of life, poor life expectancy, lack of personality fit with sports, lack of perfectionism, irrational beliefs, Inadequate personal styles, poor communication skills, lack of mental stubbornness, low desire to participate in sports, low motivational beliefs about sports, personality disorders, low self-esteem, emotional fatigue, anxiety, lack of environment, lack of environmental attractiveness, lack of environmental attractiveness, Environmental deterrents were in the areas of sports, social phobia, inadequate social support, and inadequate social acceptance. Smirnov clomograph test was used to evaluate the normality of research data. According to the results of these indicators, it was found that the data of the present study had a natural distribution. As the results of the table above show, all the identified challenges have a significant effect on the level of significance with respect to the T level which is higher than 1.96. In general, the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities were identified in three categories: individual challenge, mental challenge and environmental challenge. Thus, individual challenges include not responding to people's tastes, lack of individual support for sports, lack of awareness of sports capacity, lack of proper quality of life, poor life expectancy, lack of personality fit with sports, lack of perfectionism, Irrational beliefs of individuals, inappropriate individual styles and communication skills were inappropriate. On the other hand, mental challenges included lack of mental stubbornness, low desire to participate in sports, low motivational beliefs about sports, personality disorders, low self-esteem, emotional fatigue and anxiety. Environmental challenges also included environmental incompatibility with individual needs, lack of environmental attractiveness, environmental deterrents in the field of sports, social phobia, inadequate social support and inadequate social acceptance. Conclusion: In general, the mental health challenges of individuals to participate in leisure sports activities were identified in three categories: individual challenge, mental challenge and environmental challenge. This issue has been mentioned in various researches. Lack of attention to these challenges has caused the process of impact of these challenges in mental, personal and environmental dimensions to be still evident. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that while paying attention to the existing challenges, conditions be created to improve individual education in order to improve sports skills and create mental capacities among individuals. It is also suggested that by improving the environmental situation, conditions be provided to improve environmental issues in attracting people to leisure sports activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Undoubtedly, in sports environments, everyone tries to show their best performance. Therefore, in these environments, in order to achieve success and improve the performance of competition in all age groups, it reaches its highest level (2). One of the problems among student-athletes is their incompatibility with sports environments. This issue, in addition to distorting the sports position of students, also causes problems in their education in different situations (4). Compatibility is so important that various researches have been done in this field. For example, Otto et al. (2019) showed that appropriate sports services improve students' athletic performance while improving individual adjustment in sports environments (9). Adaptation is more important in some situations and eras, including crises. One of the crises that human beings face today and has overshadowed all activities is the prevalence of Quid-19 virus (16). The widespread spread of the virus has raised major concerns worldwide (18). Given the importance of adaptation on the one hand and the impact of corona on psychological and social characteristics on the other hand, the need for social adaptation of students in sports environments in the post-corona era is increasingly understood. The lack of research on adaptation among athletes, especially students in times of crisis, especially the outbreak of coronavirus, has caused major problems for this group of people today. These problems are overshadowed by the culture of sports among students, their distance from sports environments and possibly the decrease in their loyalty and interest in sports. On the other hand, in the post-corona era, students will undoubtedly face problems in social adjustment, which can cause major problems for their presence in sports environments. Therefore, it seems necessary to conduct the present study. Methods: The present study is an applied research that was conducted in the field. Also, the present study was mixed in terms of data collection method, which was performed qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section included people aware of the subject of the study who were selected as a sample in the qualitative section using purposive sampling method until the theoretical saturation was reached. The statistical population of the quantitative section included all male student-athletes of high schools in Shiraz. According to the available selection, 240 student-athletes were identified and after distributing and collecting the questionnaires, 162 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The research instruments included semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire derived from the output of the qualitative section. It had 28 questions that were scored based on a 5-point Likert scale. Content validity, Syrian and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed. In order to analyze the data of the present study, open, axial and selective coding in the qualitative part and structural equation testing in the quantitative part were used. SPSS software was used using SPSS software. Results: After coding, the characteristics extracted from the interviews were identified and summarized. According to the results, motivational, cultural, economic, personal, health and environmental factors are factors that are important for the psychological adjustment of students in the post-corona period, each of which includes several factors (Figure 1). Also, according to the results of the research model, it was found that according to the T-level of each factor, which is higher than 1.96, it can be said that all factors were significantly present in the research model. On the other hand, the results showed that the research model has a good fit. Conclusion: The present study showed that in order to improve students' social adjustment in sports environments in the post-corona period, motivational factors have the most role. Pakpour and Griffiths (2020) identified that re-emergence in post-corona sports environments requires motivational issues. Motivational factors, by attracting students to sports environments in the post-corona period and improving their social relationships, cause their social adjustment to increase appropriately (22). The results showed that cultural and economic factors had an effect on improving the socio-psychological adjustment of students in sports environments in the post-corona period. It seems that cultural and economic factors cause students to be more motivated to participate in sports environments, which affects their behaviors and attitudes and facilitates their social adjustment (21). Another finding showed that individual factors and health-environmental factors are other factors affecting the improvement of students' socio-psychological adjustment in sports environments in the post-corona period. It seems that paying attention to personal and health factors causes public trust to be formed among students regarding sports environments in the first stage, and then the behavioral and mental problems caused by the outbreak of corona virus in the post-corona period are identified and considered (20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: In Iran’s health system, with integration of medical education and ministry of health, medical universities have a variety of responsibilities apart from delivering medical education to university students. Medical universities are playing an essential role in management of the health system. They are in charge of providing the necessary prevention and treatment services in provincial levels, as well as management and oversight of the health services needed by the population. Meanwhile, medical universities are expected to maintain and improve population health through scientific and innovative methods. Although the indicators highlight the success of these universities in many of their tasks, sometimes they fail to fulfil the expected targets. Identifying problems and challenges that hinder universities’ performance and supporting them with innovative problem solving methods can help managers in achieving university goals. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing the university challenges are essential steps that should be taken for the strengthening the university system and empower them to respond more successfully to the existing and future needs and to assure that the university continues its pathway toward growth and development and keeps up the track of achieving its goals. Methods: This study is an applied research project, which has been designed to identify and categorize the challenges that affect the performance of different sectors of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The participants of this qualitative study were experts, managers, directors and officers of different sectors of the university, including faculties, deputies, offices, hospitals and health centers. In the first step, an open-ended questionnaire was developed and evaluated to extract challenges and problems faced by different units in the university. Then, this open-ended questionnaire was distributed and the challenges and problems of different academic and non-academic units of the university were collected through questioning the managers and staff of all units and subunits about the most important challenges they face. For each challenge they mentioned, title of the challenge, description, and the rational of their importance and priority was provided. The process continued until no new themes emerged. At the end of this step, a list of existing challenges and problems along with their description and rational for selection were available. In the next step, the collected concepts were analyzed in order to investigate the limiting role of these challenges on the performance of different units in the university. After organizing the answers and reviewing the suggested items, similar and overlapping items were merged or removed. Also, challenges that targeted a limited number of units or those targeting people (instead of problems or processes) were removed. In the following step, reviewing and coding was performed and themes were extracted by two independent researchers. Finally, the themes were summarized based on the opinions of different experts and by achieving consensus. At the end of this step, affecting factors were identified, categorized and presented. In the last step, three rounds of focus group discussions were held to evaluate the accuracy of the obtained data. In all steps of the study, in order to benefit from the views of a wide range of experts and managers and officers with different experiences, purposive sampling was performed. The data collection continued until data reached saturation. Content analysis was undertaken to provide a complete understanding of the collected data. For maintaining the ethical considerations, the names of the study units and any reference to specific people and occasions were removed from the reports and texts. Results: we achieved a response rate of 90 percent through multiple reminders and follow ups we sent to unit managers. Based on the responses from units, 215 problems were identified from 38 participating units. The identified problems were categorized into three main themes. Most of the mentioned problems could be categorized under the general theme of lack of evidence-based management. In fact, issues related to lack of evidence-based management was mentioned by almost every participant. This theme includes issues such as Lack of effective monitoring and evaluation systems, and poor frameworks and process flows for applying evaluation results; excessive focus on quantitative approaches for evaluating performance of teams and individuals, and lack of efficient and fair rewarding and punishing systems. The second emerged theme was inefficient bureaucracy, where issues such as legal, managerial, structural and process problems are addresses. Organizational culture was the third extracted theme and defective staff education, communication and motivation, poor workforce performance and attitudes to organization; and insufficient professional commitment were among the most frequently indicated problems. Lack of meritocracy was an issue mentioned across all three themes by participants and was considered as an important determining topic linking all three themes. This topic highlighted lack of predefined approaches for selecting staff at different levels and unclear process of succession in different organizational levels and units. Conclusion: According to the university workforce, the main problems and challenges that hinder university performance are rooted in an environment of interrelated factors which can be categorized mainly in absence of evidence-based management, inefficient bureaucratic structure, undefined and underdeveloped decision-making process at different levels of the organization, and some aspects of the organizational culture that may adversely affect the processes of the organization. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the university’s existing performance management system, is generally hindering the evidence based management, which in turn, results in shaping of an overall ineffective approach to the decision making processes and a rather static organizational status. Moreover, such cultural environment can consequently cause a attitude of resistance versus different efforts toward evidence based management. Finally, it can be concluded that if a sustainable and effective change is intended to occur in the management of the university, the probable concurrent effects of the designed interventions an all three hindering factors should be considered with high caution. This consideration is especially important because it is believed that implementing an evidence based decision making system in an organization requires detailed evaluation of organizational culture and characteristics; and failing to provide these information properly can result in a serious obstacles in success of the interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The overall objective of this study was to identify the role of quantum management in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in order to present a model. The 21st century coincides with Einstein's theory of relativity, followed by his student Heisenberg, who proposed quantum theory. The message of quantum is that all the components of the universe, the universe, including human beings, are dynamic, conscious, and interconnected beings. Quantum means a moving particle with possible tendencies, and simple one-cause relationships give way to multi-cause and intertwined relationships. The basis of the quantum paradigm is based on complexity, uncertainty and cliché. In fact, the assumptions of traditional management are questionable, because traditional management is assumed to be rational, while the quantum paradigm acknowledges that not only is nothing predictable in the world, but that there is not even enough information to understand the current situation (1). The scientific development of quantum physics and its ability to explain many intangible and complex phenomena led to the use of quantum theory concepts in the form of a new paradigm in management science. This paradigm, while being able to explain many complex organizational concepts, has opened a new perspective on the science of organization and management. The quantum paradigm in management tries to use the rules, concepts and principles of quantum theory in the form of metaphors and guidelines to solve management problems and to describe and explain organizational phenomena (2). Organizations are the cornerstone of today's societies, and management is the most important factor in the life, growth, or death of organizations. A good manager guides the process of moving from the status quo to the desired situation. And at every moment, he is striving for a better future. Therefore, management is the most important issue that should be considered for the cultural, economic, industrial and political growth and excellence of society. In the past, organizational thinking has been profoundly influenced by Newtonian classical thinking. That is, the same traditional management skills that Fayol provided (including planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling, and commanding). These skills were essential to the organizational development of the twentieth century. But in today's fast-paced, complex world, these traditional management skills are useful, but not enough (3). Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of survey method. The statistical population consisted of all managers and faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences in the number of 492 people. According to Cochran's formula, 217 people were selected as a statistical sample by stratified random sampling method based on scientific rank. Researcher-made Quantum Management Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 36 questions and 7 dimensions or main components including quantum seeing, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum acting, quantum trusting and quantum being, which is in a 5-point Likert scale (very low, low, medium, high and very high Scored). The face and content validity of the instrument was confirmed by experts and specialists and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81. SPSS25 and AMOS23 software and structural equation testing were used to analyze the data. Results: The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index was 0.863 and the significance level of Bartlett sphericity test was 0.0009 indicating the adequacy of the number of data for exploratory factor analysis. Based on Varimax rotation, seven dimensions: quantum seeing, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum acting, quantum trust and quantum being were identified. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the quantum feeling dimension with a standard coefficient of 0.80 had the highest impact on explaining quantum skills. Exploratory factor analysis and determining the factor load of variables and quantum management skills items were performed by Varimax rotation method. Except for items 9, 19 and 36 of the questionnaire, whose communalities coefficient is less than 0.50, the rest of the items have a communalities coefficient of more than 0.50. Using second-order factor analysis, we present an explanatory model of each of the key factors of quantum management skills. To determine the effect of each of the variables and their importance coefficients, second-order factor analysis and standard coefficients were used. To evaluate the adequacy of the model, model fit indicators such as: NFI, GFI, CFI and IFI have been used. All of which are in an acceptable and appropriate level and the SRMR index is 0.093. Conclusion: According to the research results, quantum management plays an essential role in the development of the University of Medical Sciences. It creates a suitable background for the application of this model in the management of the country's educational system. Today, rapid and continuous environmental changes have complexly derailed educational organizations and, consequently, Universities of Medical Sciences. Under such circumstances, managers' ability to plan, organize, direct, and control has become increasingly challenged. Quantum management changes and reverses the view of universities administrators in looking at phenomena from the top down and from the outside in. This is possible by equipping with quantum skills, which include; quantum seeing, quantum thinking, quantum feeling, quantum cognition, quantum acting, quantum trust, and quantum being. In medical sciences universities, due to the complexities of technology and the unstable conditions of the organizational environment, widespread competition, widening gaps, declining quality, globalization of education goals, concerns about preservation of identity, limited resources, etc., maintaining stagnation and preventing change. Management theories are classic, they do not have the desired efficiency. In order to eliminate or reduce inefficiencies, the use of quantum management principles enables managers to look at issues in a consultative rather than traditional way, to think creatively and intuitively, to have active positive emotions, and to be accountable to the organization. And prioritize their community. Trust the working life of staff and faculty. Managers must build a strong communication network between themselves and other people in the organization based on mutual trust and, most importantly, be prepared for any organizational change and create participation and innovation to adapt to the new conditions of the organizational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Negative Affect is an action occurring when an individual is involved in a mutual interaction, triggered by verbal and non-verbal power in order to make the person to comply with the orders and ultimately, it accompanies with gaining benefits. Negative Affect in workplace in recent years has drawn lots of attention because it results in serious consequences for the individuals and the goals of the organization. For this reason, Negative Affect is viewed as one of the severe forms of organizational and interpersonal misbehaviors in organizational environments. Of such Negative Affect behaviors, we can mention some passive behaviors like: negligence, intentional inattention and active behaviors such as: overt and covert threat. Negative Affect at workplace lowers the staff’s efficiency and performance in the organization since this phenomenon is associated with job dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, burnout and reduced job commitment. Of course, being exposed to bullying is viewed as a critical source of stress. On the one hand, one of the outcomes of bullying is psychosomatic complaint originating from psychological processes of human beings. Negative Affect is also characterized as a threating factor to the nurses’ health in hospital settings. The findings of a study revealed that by strengthening resilience and hope, it’s viable to control the consequences of encountering bullying on the psychosomatic health of the nurses. As the conducted studies suggest, various factors such as: lack of understanding among fellows and manager, personality traits, major changes in practice bring about bullying. The research by Johnson et al. (2019) suggested that Negative Affect outbreak is high among nurses and as Negative Affect increases, the quality of care provided by the nurses decreases and client’s safety declines and job burnout increases. Since one of the tasks in this profession is to maximally maintain people’s health, thus the nursing staff have to be equipped with maximum level of health. In particular, due to the nature of the ward, the nursing working in special wards are more exposed to the situations like the patients on the verge of death, emergencies and unpredictable conditions, noisy monitoring equipment and conducting clinical and drug administration processes with advanced and efficient devices. Despite the studies performed about hospital workplace related Negative Affect, nothing as exclusive has been discovered so far dealing with bullying association with special wards’ nurses’ mental health. This gap emphasizes the necessity for further studying. Consequently, the current study has been designed and performed pursuing the goal to outline the relationship between Negative Affect and special wards’ nurses’ mental health in the educational hospitals affiliated with MazandaranUniversity of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical research done as cross-sectional in 2020. The statistical community is made up of all (ICUs, CCUs and dialysis wards) nurses from five educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The nurses were selected through proportional and simple random methods, which overall resulted in 195 nurses. The data collection consisted of three questionnaires as the demographics, bullying and mental health. A) The demographics questionnaire including age, gender, hospital, marital status, job status and working history. B) Bullying (Negative Affect) questionnaire developed in 2001 and psychometrically assessed in Iran by Salimi et al. (2017). C) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was developed in 1972 and psychometrically assessed by Tehrani et al. (2011) in Iran and its reliability was reported as 0.93 using Alpha-Cronbach. The ethical considerations observed in the present research involved not requiring the name to be mentioned in the questionnaires, giving the samples information about the research objectives and the optional participation in the study. Having acquired the permit from Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, the questionnaires were distributed in Google Form in the social networks of the nurses in the study hospitals and after completing and collecting the questionnaires, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS -21 and descriptive statistics indices (frequency distribution tables, mean and standard deviation) and and correlation coefficient (predicting the random variable in terms of another variable) was analyzed. Results: The mean and the standard deviation of Negative Affect imposed on the CCU nurses got the max score as 62.53±14.90 and that of the ICU nurses got the min score as 55.68±15.77 and 72.6% of the participants were exposed to moderate rate of bullying. The mean and standard deviation of the mental health of the CCU nurses got the max score as 33.03 ±8.09 and that of the dialysis wards’ nurses got the min score as 29.11±2.61. Regarding the subscales of the General Health Questionnaire, the social area with a frequency of 93% was identified as the most prevalent disorder and depression with a frequency of 1.6% was detected as the least common disorder. According to the study findings, a significant positive correlation was discovered between Negative Affect and its dimensions and mental health and its dimensions (P≤0.00). Besides, in some cases, the correlation between the mental health dimensions and Negative Affect each other was achieved as poor: the correlation coefficient with social area was gained as 0.875 and with depression area as 0.225. Conclusion: The positive correlation between Negative Affect and mental health indicates that as bullying score increases, the nurses' mental health decreases. Moreover, the findings revealed that the mental health of women and single individuals is more exposed to danger. Since one of the obligations in this profession is to maintain and promote people’s health, then the nursing staff have to be at the maximum level of health so that to be less affected by the consequences of this phenomenon when facing Negative Affect. Therefore, it’s imperative for the medical health system management to develop some programs to lower Negative Affect in nurses’ workplace environment. Regarding the significant relationship existing between Negative Affect and mental health, it can be inferred that by workplace bullying increases, the individuals’ mental health gets impaired .According to the study derived findings about the mental health of women and single individuals, it’s recommended to screen the organizational Negative Affect behavior in the professional health services of the organization, or to develop on-the-job training courses or some courses during their studies at university to increase their mental health and preparedness for Negative Affect behaviors among this group of people so that to be equipped with favorable mental health when encountered with Negative Affect behaviors. Moreover, to determine the proposed approaches’ effectiveness, it’s imperative to develop and conduct an intervention study. Of the present study limitations, we can report lack of controlling the confounding factors of Covid-19 pandemic effect on nurses’ mental health which results in being cautious about generalizing and interpreting the study findings. Therefore, it’s required to perform extensive studies about Negative Affect and mental health of the nurses in other province located hospitals and also employ other tools such as qualitative approaches like interview in order to boost the accuracy of post-Covid-19 pandemic study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Nowadays, engaging in sports activities has become widespread in all societies and the number of people who engage in all kinds of sports as a competitive sport or as a recreational sport (leisure) is increasing every day. Optimal leisure time plays an important role in educating the community and prevents individual, social, economic, and cultural problems. Leisure is an activity through which members of society, regardless of the constraints of the environment and the requirements of life, develop their talents and develop their personalities. How to spend leisure time is a reflection of the social, economic, and cultural conditions of any society that the optimal use of this time can have a significant impact on improving the quality of social and economic life of society. Physical activity in leisure time is one of the things that make leisure time enjoyable and useful and has a tremendous effect on the physical and mental health of human beings and can have a great contribution in filling leisure time and positive social, economic and Have someone with you. Sport has a special place in the division of leisure time and is in the line of recreation and includes the active production of leisure experience in which the participants have some control over the work process. Leisure physical activities are sports and recreational activities that are performed for the purpose of pleasure, competition, building social relationships, and gaining physical fitness in leisure. Low participation in physical activity causes physical problems such as for overweight and obesity among children, adolescents, and young people, which is a major concern. Studies have shown that with age, physical activity decreases. Since attitude affects behavior and has a cause-and-effect relationship with behavior, the study of attitude to motor and sports activities is the source of conscious behavior to achieve well-being and well-being goals and is very important. Undoubtedly, building a healthy and vibrant society depends on the mental and physical health of the members of the society and owes to the efforts of healthy, efficient, and thoughtful human resources. The results of various researches indicate that people with different perspectives and attitudes engage in sports activities. At the same time, the theory of planned behavior is one of the well-known models of behavior change and In fact, it can be said that the planned behavior model can change the behavior and attitude of people, especially students, towards sports activities. The main purpose of programs and sports activities at the level of schools and educational institutions, while filling part of students' leisure time, helping to grow and develop their moral, psychological, physical, championship and cultural aspects of education in parallel It is another science and technology, so that the future creators of the country can make their progress and excellence and that of society possible. Undoubtedly, research on such a subject can be effective in many leisure programs and is of great importance. Especially in Iran and in schools, even the sports bell is often considered a time of recreation, and as it should be, a careful scientific view of adolescents' physical activities during these hours as well as in leisure time should not be considered, so it is necessary to Codified training to create interest and change the attitude and tendency of as many students as possible and increase the hours spent on sports and the continuation of their interests should be taken seriously. In this regard, in this study, an attempt has been made to apply the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework for research and education based on exercise, predictors of behavior tend to physical activity among adolescents and students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population consisted of male high school students in Chalous city. The number of statistical samples was 40 through random sampling and these people were divided into two groups of 20 intervention and control. Research tools include a designed educational package (which lasted ten sessions) and Jandaghi Physical Activity Trend Questionnaire (2017) with 18 questions and 5 components of Physical Activity Attitude Questionnaire (6 questions), Awareness (3 questions), Abstract norms (3 questions), perceived behavioral control (4 questions), behavioral intention (2 questions). Independent t-test and sample pairs were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of students' tendency to physical activity before and after the intervention within the intervention group (p = 0.001). Also, the results of the independent t-test showed that in the intervention group, due to leisure training based on the model of planned behavior on the tendency to physical activity in students, an increase was observed that the difference between before and after the intervention was 8.1. The mean increased from 42.2 to 53.3. Conclusion: According to the research findings, the difference between before and after the intervention is 8.1, which the average has increased from 42.2 to 53.3. In planned behaviors, a range of individual attitudes changes as his or her awareness increases, cognition of and abstraction of abstract norms improves, and perceptions of behavior and control increase. A person's behavioral intent eventually develops. On the other hand, rapid industrial changes and transformations are associated with many social and economic consequences and have important effects on how people spend their leisure time, which results in turning to cyberspace in their leisure time, which causes many physical and mental problems. Individuals can take a big step in improving the health status of society by changing the mental approach of individuals and the tendency to do physical activity in their spare time. The findings of this study showed that the attitude to exercise improves the tendency to physical activity and exercise. Attitude towards behavior means to what extent the desired behavior is desirable, pleasant, useful, and enjoyable for the person, which depends on the person's judgment about the effects and consequences of the behavior. In fact, attitude is based on the consequences of individual experience, behavior, or surrogate experiences through learning to observe others. Because of the direct experience of a behavior, positive beliefs about the consequences of the behavior are reinforced and then act as a motivation to continue. Attitude also refers to the emotions caused by the behavior, the experience of these pleasant emotions can affect its promotion and continuity. In fact, using the rain of thoughts and discussing the consequences of behavior and physical activity by the target group, and experiencing the positive physical and psychological benefits resulting from it affects the tendency of students to physical activity. On the other hand, one of the important obstacles in engaging in physical activity is the lack of awareness about the benefits of physical activity and also the lack of sufficient information about the levels and scope of physical activity and exercise. In general, it can be said that the implementation of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior can affect the promotion and inclination of students to physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Persian verb "xâstan" exhibits a dual nature, functioning both as an auxiliary verb and a lexical verb. As a lexical verb, it conveys a range of meanings expressed through various syntactic structures. This research delved into the syntactic and semantic aspects of the mentioned verb in different constructions. The authors proposed that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), with its focus on complex structures, could provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing the constructions under consideration. RRG conceptualizes complex structures based on "Interclausal Relations Hierarchy", which comprises two syntactic and semantic continua. The syntactic continuum examines juncture -nexus relations, while the semantic continuum explores the type of semantic relations based on the main predicate. This study endeavored to describe the various applications of the verb "xâstan" within the mentioned framework. Additionally, the research findings were employed to evaluate the tenets of RRG. The findings revealed that, semantically, the verb "xâstan" fell within the categories of psych -action, jussive, and propositional attitude predicates. Syntactically, it manifested in the forms of core cosubordination and core subordination. The data for this research were extracted from the corpus of Hamshahri 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, different types of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish are investigated. The corpus of the research data includes endocentric compounds that have been obtained from the everyday speech of native speakers of Gahvarehei Kurdish, which is one of the dialects of the southern Kurdish branch and is common in Gahvareh section in Dalahoo County, Kermanshah province, Iran. The results of the research show that endocentric compound words in Gahvarehei Kurdish in terms of structure include: noun -noun head -initial, noun -noun head -final, noun -adjective, adjective -noun and preposition -noun. Various semantic relationships between the components of these structures can be found, such as origin, material, gender, content, possession, use, type, dependence, similarity, instrument, kinship, manner, time, amalgamation, taste, physical condition, age, function, production tools and place. The research findings, which include a list of semantic relationships between the components of endocentric compound words in Southern Kurdish, can be a complement for other lists provided by researchers in other Iranian languages as well as other languages in the world and lead us to a comprehensive classification of different types of semantic relations in compound words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The new coronavirus, known as severe coronavirus syndrome (SARS-CoV2), is a viral pneumonia caused by an emerging virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). The etiology and pathology of the disease are not known exactly, but it has been reported to enter host cells by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). (2) The range of clinical symptoms of the disease varies from asymptomatic to respiratory failure, which requires mechanical ventilation. These symptoms have been more severe in patients with diabetes and hypertension (1). Detection of COVID-19 is based on RT-PCR (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) test of the pharyngeal sample. It has been found that chest CT scans can be useful in diagnosing interstitial pneumonia in patients with suspected COVID-19 (7, 8). Bilateral peripheral GGO involvement is the most common finding on chest CT scan in COVID-19 patients. The appearance of GGO alone or with consolidative opacities was also a common finding in chest CT. Chest CT scan and pathological changes are more severe in patients with diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in Iran and the world. This disease is considered as a risk factor in patients with 19-COVID. The risk of severe symptoms and death in diabetic patients with COVID-19 is higher than others. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in the severity of lung involvement in chest CT scan of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with Covid-19. Methods: The present study is a retrospective cross-sectional study that was performed on 148 patients with Covid-19 including 74 diabetic patients and 74 non-diabetic patients admitted to Kosar Hospital in Semnan and Firoozabadi Hospital in Tehran in 2016. Inclusion criteria were confirmation of coronary heart disease, confirmation of diagnosis of diabetes from 5 years ago and use of diabetic drugs in the case group. Demographic information, signs and symptoms, chest CT scan findings and RT-PCR were extracted from patients' medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and the significance level of P was less than 0.05. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the age of patients with COVID-19 in the two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients (p = 0.002). Chest CT scan in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 was 21.44 and 20.04, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the chest CT scores of patients with diabetic and non-diabetic groups by sex and age. Conclusion: In the present study, the rate of lung involvement by chest CT scan in 74 diabetic patients with Covid-19 was compared with 74 non-diabetic patients. There was a statistically significant difference between the ages of patients with COVID-19 in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients, so that the mean age of diabetic patients was higher than non-diabetic patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the sex and chest CT scan score of patients with COVID-19 in the two groups of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The results of the present study showed that the mean age of diabetic patients was higher than non-diabetic patients. The rate of pulmonary involvement in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 was not different and the score of lung CT scan was similar in both groups; In addition, age and gender had no effect on CT scan score. This finding is the most important result of the present study. Pulmonary infiltration may be due to the body's immune response to the virus, and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, known as cytokine storms, can cause lung damage (15). People with diabetes are affected by low-grade chronic inflammation that may facilitate the cytokine storm, which in turn appears to be the cause of severe cases of COVID-19 (19). IL-6 is the most common marker of inflammation in diabetes mellitus with COVID-19. (20). From these cases, it can be concluded that in diabetic patients, due to the higher level of inflammatory cytokines, lung damage is also expected to increase. Another cause of severe COVID-19 9 and more lung involvement in diabetic patients can be a disorder in the innate immune system of these patients, which increases the risk of infection. Another mechanism in the disorder of the immune system in diabetic patients is the increased adhesion of microorganisms to the cells of diabetic patients; In addition, some Firoozabadi hospital clinical research development unit(FHCRDU),patients with COVID-19 is higher than non-diabetic patients, this difference is not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Sleep and epilepsy are complex interactions and are completely interdependent, so that some patients experience seizures while asleep or deprived of sleep or when waking up, and for some they occur during the day or night (1). The American Psychiatric Association defines sleepiness as symptoms of excessive quantity of sleep (e.g., extended nocturnal sleep or involuntary daytime sleep), deteriorated quality of wakefulness (i.e., sleep propensity during wakefulness as shown by difficulty awakening or inability to remain awake when required), and sleep inertia (i.e., a period of impaired performance and reduced vigilance following awakening from the regular sleep episode or from a nap) (2). Its prevalence is higher in seizures than in the control group (3, 4) and in different groups seizures have been reported between 31 to 60% (5-7). According to common clinical beliefs, sleep disruption can have a significant effect on memory, as REM sleep or slow-wave sleep is essential for optimal cognitive function (3), and excessive daily sleepiness can increase seizures (8, 9) and pain (10) in patients; However, the exact function of sleep remains unclear, and the findings have not always been consistent. These discrepancies require the conduct of research in which, through a comprehensive look, a large number of parameters related to sleepiness are present in seizures. In other words, the heterogeneity of the previous findings highlights the variability of the course of the disease as a result of the interaction of sleepiness and seizures, which makes it necessary to conduct more research to better understand the problems of patients. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the comorbidity effect of sleepiness and epilepsy on cognitive functions, quality and severity of pain and disease severity markers in patients with epilepsy. Methods: The present research was conducted as a case-control study in 2020 in Shiraz Namazi Hospital. The statistical population of this study included all patients with focal epileptic seizures (temporal lobe epilepsy) (n = 30) and generalized (idiopathic generalized epilepsy) (n = 21) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (n = 17) in Shiraz. Through their follow-up treatment process, they referred to the epilepsy and seizure ward of Shiraz Namazi Hospital, from which 68 patients with inclusion criteria were selected through purposive sampling method. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, each patient completed a comprehensive list of demographic and clinical variables, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Visual Analogue Scale under the supervision of an on-site clinical psychology PhD student. After collecting research data, patients with seizures were divided into two groups with sleepiness (n = 45) and no sleepiness (n = 23) through a cut score equal to or greater than 3 on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests in version 24 of SPSS software. Results: Preliminary findings showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of patients with epilepsy with and without sleepiness in terms of mean age and frequency of antiepileptic drugs (P <0.05); While there was no difference between the two groups in terms of type of seizure, education, gender, marital status and employment status. In order to investigate the effect of sleepiness on cognitive function and components related to pain quality, multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance was used to control age variables and use antiepileptic drugs. The results showed that patients with sleepiness in functions of language, Abstraction, delayed recall, as well as achieving the overall Montreal Cognitive Assessment score performed worse. These patients had higher sensory perception of pain experience, rated their pain higher, scored higher in pain quality, and chose more words to describe their pain (P<0.05). Evaluations of disease severity markers through nonparametric tests also showed that compared to patients without sleepiness, patients with epilepsy with sleepiness have experienced more pain, more seizures, a higher incidence of comorbid physical diseases, a longer history of psychiatric diagnoses, and they have more concomitant use of antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that patients with epilepsy with sleepiness had lower mean scores on some cognitive subscales than their counterparts without sleepiness; However, the two groups did not differ in terms of spatial visual function, naming, attention, and orientation. Using a methodology similar to this study, Vascouto et al. Found that there was no difference between the two groups of patients with seizures with and without sleepiness in most cognitive components such as attention and spatial visual skills; Only from the point of view of the total score of auditory verbal learning, there is a significant difference (11) that is relatively consistent with the present study. Although more research is needed to draw more detailed discussions, the discrepancies in some findings can be explained by differences in the type of patient samples in the two studies and the reduction in attention and performance resulting from sleepiness. The results also showed that patients with epilepsy with sleepiness compared to their counterparts, evaluated the qualitative dimensions of their pain higher and experienced more severe pain. Consistent with these findings, Gutter et al. Found that sleepiness comorbidity in epileptic seizures leads to increased chronic pain in patients (10) and Jaussent et al. Also reported that chronic pain is a significant predictor of sleepiness (12). In this regard, potential underlying mechanisms such as structural and functional changes in the prefrontal cortex (13), anterior cingulate cortex (14), hippocampus (15), amygdala (16), insula (17), subcortical regions (17) and shock spinal cord passages (18); Neural-glial interactions; Abnormalities in autonomic function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and other biological factors may contribute to the relationship between sleepiness and pain. Finally, the results showed that the frequency of seizures, the presence of comorbidities of physical disease, the history of psychiatric diagnoses and the simultaneous use of antiepileptic and psychiatric drugs in patients with epilepsy with sleepiness were higher than their counterparts. In this regard, Pizzatto et al. (19) and Xu et al. (20) evaluated patients with epileptic seizures and did not find a relationship between daily sleepiness scores and the frequency of seizures. But Lee et al. Showed that the presence of psychiatric symptoms is an independent predictor of sleepiness in patients (21). It seems that sleepiness reduces the ability to control seizures in patients (22) and contributes to their recurrence and worsening of the disease. Disruption of patients' circadian rhythms can also be involved as a consequence of sleepiness; Because circadian rhythms affect the frequency of seizures depending on the epileptogenic region (23,24). According to the findings, measuring sleep habits, sleep hygiene and comorbidity of sleepiness is an unavoidable necessity. In particular, early diagnosis and treatment of comorbid sleepiness and seizures can improve the prognosis and reduce the negative health consequences in patients (25). Lack of objective measurements of sleepiness and self-reported nature of the data are the limitations of the present study. Future studies can complement these findings by using objective measures of sleepiness. Patients with epilepsy with sleepiness have a poorer cognitive and clinical status than their counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of prototypical transitivity components presented by Hopper and Thompson (1980) on object omission construction in Persian. Object omission is a valency-reduction process in which a verb which is transitive in nature, appears without its object but the construction makes sense for the hearer. As this construction reduces the valency of the verb, it can be considered as a transitivity reduction phenomenon as well. Accordingly, the existence of more transitivity components with low degree in the aforementioned construction is expected. To examine this hypothesis, a data set including 435 cases of object omission was discovered and examined. The analysis revealed that unexpectedly, there are some transitivity increasing components such as kinesis (action) and mode (irrealis) in this construction. On the other hand, although some of the components have no impact on object omission, some of them including participants, aspect, punctuality and affectedness of the object, seem to be the most important factors which facilitates object omission. The impact of ten prototypical transitivity components on object omission and the reasons behind that, is what has been investigated and justified in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the fields of study in Quranic sciences is the clarity and vagueness of quranic verses (mojmal and mobayan). Jalaluddin al-Soyuti assigns one of the chapters of his his book "al-Etgan fi Olum-el-Qur’an" to this subject, in which he enumerates verses considered as “vague” with their various meanings. As the causes of ambiguity, he cites homonymity, rarity of words, ellipsis and etc. and gives examples from quranic verses. In this article, Soyuti’s view on the causes of vagueness based on his statements on the verses mentioned in “al-Etghan” as well as hadiths in his other book "Al-Dor al-Manthur” has been examined with reference to different books on quranic sciences and Allama Tabatayi’s views in his Almizan exegesis. In most cases, Almizan has considered these verses, due to their context, as clear; however at times, no definite meaning is suggested and probable meanings of the verse have only been mentioned.