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The art of animation holds immense power. It has the ability to craft fantastical worlds and has been a powerful tool for storytelling. The depiction of characters and their physical forms has been a crucial aspect of storytelling. Animations have also introduced new concepts and ideas to challenge societal norms. One such concept that has recently been explored in animations is disability as a cultural concept. The purpose of this study is to explore the representation of disability in animations, unraveling the multiple layers and intricate dimensions associated with such portrayals. In this article, we delve into the portrayal of disability as a representation of identity disorder in the film I Lost My Body. We examine the correlation between one's physicality and their sense of self, with our main inquiry focused on how the relationship between body form and function intertwines with identity and how I Lost My Body depicts this connection. There are two models for analyzing disability: medical and social. In the medical model, disability is seen as an individual problem that requires medical intervention. Here, we utilize Mike Oliver's social model of disability and examine characters in feature films to acquire valuable insights into the intricate interplay among corporeality, identity, and body representation. Mike Oliver's social model of disability can provide a useful framework. This model posits that social barriers and exclusion are what create disability rather than any inherent physical or mental impairment. By applying this model to the protagonist's disability in the film I Lost My Body, we can assess how the movie addresses the connection between identity and physicality. Through this lens, we can examine how disability is portrayed and whether the film challenges societal stereotypes surrounding disability. By analyzing the film, it becomes apparent that Naoufel's physical disability gave rise to a unique identity for him. This identity is not characterized by damage or negativity, but rather by a stark contrast to the completeness and integration that his body once enjoyed. By living without an important and useful part of himself, Naoufel demonstrated a natural ability to move on from the past and embrace a separate existence, detached from his parental influence. Our examination of animated films highlights the impact that body perception can have on one's identity and actions. Through animation, creators have the ability to explore mental landscapes that challenge societal norms regarding physical appearance. By showcasing diverse body types, filmmakers encourage viewers to question their preconceived notions of beauty and embrace individuality. This article sheds light on how animated characters' physical appearance and abilities are critical to how they are perceived and accepted within their respective worlds. Additionally, we aim to address the passive portrayal of disabled characters in animation and instead, represent them as a normal part of society. Through our analysis, we uncover stereotypes surrounding disability in animated media, and we hope to encourage more nuanced and varied representation of disability in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's world, recognized as "the age of information", is a world in which media has penetrated into all and each aspects of human life in an unavoidable way. As one of the most advanced visual media tools, Satellite TV has been increasingly accessible for Iranian public in recent years, facilitating cultural and taste changes among Iranian families. Satellite programs, advertisements and images change peoples' attitudes regarding body and believes about beauty. They contain profound impacts on peoples' understanding and perception of their bodies and their level of self-esteem to such a degree that many may actually take initiative and begin to manipulate their body in order to conform to such beauty norms and ideals. Now, women and young girls in particular, because are primarily evaluated and commended according to their physical attractiveness, are more than men inclined to try to obtain fit and attractive bodies. The present paper aims at examining the effects of media images- which promote the ideal of beauty- on body image and self-esteem. In doing so, we introduce a relatively unknown variable named appearance self-schema as a moderating variable, whose role is examined in the process of media impact on body image and self-esteem. Although various studies in the past have paid attention to the role of media in body management and body image, fewer studies have actually considered the role that variables such as appearance self-schema can play. This variable is crucially important not only for understanding experiences of body image in everyday life, but for understanding the amount of investment people have in believes and assumptions related to importance, significance, and influence of appearances in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on sexual satisfaction and body image in women with drug abuse. Method: The research method was quasi-experimental, including a pre-test, post-test design with a control group, and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population comprised all individuals with opioid abuse who referred to addiction treatment centers for women in Tehran in 2014. Using the available sampling method, 28 women at Behbud Gostarane Hamgam were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The research tools were the Female Sexual Function Inventory (FSFI) by Rosen & Heiman (2000) and the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) by Littleton, Axom & Pury (2005). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes (twice a week) of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for one month. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was effective in improving sexual satisfaction and body image in women with drug abuse, and this effect was sustained in the follow-up examination (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Results provide preliminary support for the use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to address concerns about body image and increase sexual satisfaction in women with substance abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Physical appearance is an important part of the body image, a part of identity, the first source of information for others in social interactions, and one of the important factors in the formation of personality. Body image plays a critical role in several areas of people's lives. Body image concern can be defined as a person's perception, feelings, and thoughts about his own body, which is usually considered as a combination of body size estimation, body attractiveness evaluation, and various feelings related to body shape and size. Previous studies show the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and such disorders as depression, anxiety, and anorexia nervosa. Dissatisfaction with body image is also a strong factor imposing cosmetic surgery, having an inverse relationship with self-esteem, self-confidence, academic performance, and quality of life. Considering that there is a relationship between negative body image and cognitive biases towards the body and the fact that cognitive bias towards physical appearance is one of the reasons of increasing dissatisfaction with body image, cognitive bias is a useful target for therapeutic intervention. Taking into account the mentioned issues, this study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of correcting cognitive bias towards physical appearance on body image concerns among female university students. Method This study relied on a semi-experimental design, using a pre-test, post-test, and control group. The statistical population consisted of female students of Foulad University of Technology (about 700 people), in the academic year of 2018-2019, being 18 to 30 years old. Using purposeful sampling method and executing inclusion criteria including not receiving psychological and psychiatric treatments and not performing cosmetic surgery, this study selected 200 students. All of the students completed the body image questionnaire. Then, among the 45 students who scored higher than the cut-off point (57) in the body image questionnaire, 30 participants were randomly selected and placed into experimental and control groups (15 participants in each group) using the random assignment method. Absence of more than two sessions in the process of intervention, aimed at correcting cognitive bias, was considered as exclusion criterion. Body image concern was measured using a questionnaire with the same title that was developed and validated by Littleton, Axsom and Pury (2005). This measure includes two components of a person's dissatisfaction and embarrassment with appearance and the degree of interference of concern about appearance in a person's social performance. Measuring and correcting cognitive bias towards physical appearance were also done using a modified visual version of the Dot-probe task. First, the amount of attention bias towards beautiful faces (the target) was measured, and then, based on the insights of Flakiger et al. (2020) on the number of sessions needed for effective psychological interventions, eight 30-40 minute intervention sessions were conducted for the experimental group members. Finally, using the one-way analysis of covariance statistical test, the effectiveness of the intervention on the degree of participants’ bias towards beautiful faces and also their concern about their own body image were analyzed. Results The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of cognitive bias towards physical appearance in the experimental and control groups (F=7.19, P<0.005). Correcting cognitive bias towards physical appearance reduced cognitive bias towards physical appearance. Therefore, the results confirmed the first hypothesis of the research regarding the impact of correcting cognitive bias on reducing cognitive bias towards physical appearance. Moreover, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of concern about body image in the experimental and control groups. Therefore, the results confirmed the second hypothesis of the research regarding the impact of correcting cognitive bias on reducing concern about body image. Discussion and conclusion The results on the effectiveness of an intervention program aimed at correcting cognitive bias on reducing cognitive bias and on reducing the anxiety of female students regarding their body image, opens a new venue for how to implement such cognitive interventions. More research can clarify the details of this impact and lead to intervention programs that reduce the desire for cosmetic surgery among women. Correcting cognitive bias can be used as an effective method to prevent the formation of concern about body image. This research faced such limitations as the difficulty of communicating with students due to the spread of the Covid-19, being satisfied with one gender and a certain stratum of society (students), and using self-report tools to measure the sensitive issue of concern about body image among girls. Despite these limitations, the transparent impact of the intervention program aimed at correcting cognitive bias on reducing cognitive bias and also on reducing the concern of female students about their body image, offers a new perspective for how to implement such cognitive interventions in order to reduce the negative impact of cognitive factors related to body image on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent interest in body issues on the part of academic and scientific circles should be seen as a reaction to the radical changes in relationship between body, economy, technology and society. The growth of nutrition, health and sport technologies along with the increasing importance of agency and consumerism, have turned body and embodiment into major themes in the contemporary society. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data on young boys and girls having regular sport activity, the present paper aims to reveal the relationship and the feelings they have towards their body. The findings indicate that modernity has made the youths more sensitive towards controlling and disciplining their body. Similarly, the competing discourses in public sphere (including the masculine discourse) act as major references in forming, understanding, and representing the body. In addition to reproducing traditional norms and bodily behaviors, such young boys and girls having regular sport activity, the present paper aims to reveal the relationship and the feelings they have towards their body.

The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on body image, attachment style, and emotion regulation in women with eating disorders. The present paper is a quasi-experimental study of "pretest-posttest with control group design" and was applied research based on the aim. The statistical population includes 470 women who attended nutrition clinics, psychiatric centers, and bodybuilding and aerobics clubs in areas 1, 3, 6, and 21 of Tehran in 20219. The sample includes 30 women with eating disorders who attended the above centers in 2019. They were selected by Convenience Sampling and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Patients in the intervention group received 12 sessions of two-hour CBT group therapy over a 12-week period. Patients in the control group remained on the waiting list. Participants answered the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Satisfaction with Body Image (SWBI) questionnaires in the pretest and posttest phases. We used ANCOVA and the T-test for independent samples to test the research hypotheses. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. The results of ANCOVA showed a significant effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on body image (F= 6.632, p= 0.016), emotion regulation (F= 57.423, p=0.001), and secure attachment style (F=6.250, p= 0.019). In addition, the results of the Independent Sample T-test showed that cognitive behavioral therapy had a significant effect on avoidance attachment style (t= 3.272, p= 0.006) and ambivalence attachment style (t= 4.570, p=0.001). The present study demonstrated that cognitive behavioral group therapy improved body image, attachment style, and emotion regulation in women with eating disorders, and that this type of treatment may be a useful therapy for women with eating disorders.

In the history of western and eastern philosophy, the discussion of science and perception has been centered on the soul, and the body has been on the sidelines. Islamic philosophers, especially Masha'is, consider science and perception to be the function of the soul and not the body. In this research, we try to analyze the views of Ibn-Sina and Maurice Merleau-Ponty's thoughts about bodily perception using an analytical-descriptive method and a comparative approach. In this regard, first Ibn-Sina's views on the principles of psychology and then the role of the body in perception are analyzed. Then, the phenomenology of perception and the role of the body in it are examined from the perspective of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Believing in the duality of soul and body, Ibn-Sina considers the soul as the basis of perception, but at the same time, he is not oblivious to the role of the body in the matter of perception. He sees the soul as a rider that uses its compound, the body, in actions and perception. On the other hand, according to Merleau-Ponty, the soul and the body are united and the body has a more prominent role in perception; in other words, the body is considered the only way to perceive existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Obesity considered to be one of the major health problems and risk factors of a wide range of diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure and various types of cancer. This study was performed to compare the effectiveness of integrated group psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral stress management on body image and mindful eating of obese women. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 45 obese women were randomly divided into three groups including integrated group therapy (first intervention), behavioral-cognitive stress management (second intervention) and control groups. All of the three groups fulfilled a pretest but the control group did not receive any intervention. Intervention groups received nine sessions of therapy. Data were collected through questionnaires of body image and mindful eating. Results: Reduction in worry in body image and mindful eating were observed in integrated group therapy and behavioral-cognitive stress management (P<0.05). However, the difference between mean values of body image and mindful eating scores in behavioral-cognitive stress management and integrated groups were 0.852 and 22.93, respectively which was not significant. Conclusion: Integrated group therapy and cognitive-behavioral stress management was shown to have an effect on the body image and mindful eating in obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Maxillofacial cosmetic surgeries are one of the most popular surgeries in the country and various factors are involved in the tendency for these types of surgeries. This study aimed to investigate the effect of social networks on Ahvazian women's tendency for these types of surgeries. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptiveanalytical study. Sample size was calculated as 200 persons, using Cochran formula and stratified random sampling. statistical population was women who referred for cosmetic surgeries to ten offices of maxillofacial surgeons and ENT specialists private offices in Ahvaz city. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software and independent t-test. Results: The results of this study showed that social networks can increase the tendency for cosmetic surgeries by various ways such as reducing self-confidence and increasing negative impression of face, advertising, increasing social pressure on women, make a desire to approach ideal faces and increasing face acceptance and attracting men in social networks. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, despite the positive aspects, social networks have negative aspects and can be effective in increasing the tendency of women to have maxillofacial cosmetic surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to survey effectiveness of behavioral-mindfulness intervention on self-concept promotion and life quality improvement of female students with negative body image. After applying Multi-dimensional Body-Self Relationship Questionnaire (MBSRQ), 30 females with scores under 160 and 33 respectively in MBSRQ and Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS) were selected and categorized in two 15-person test and control groups. The subjects in both groups replied to all the items of MBSRQ, Beck Self-concept and Life Quality questionnaires before and after intervention. Data analysis was done after 12 sessions of behavioral-mindfulness using SPSS software 16th version and variance analysis test. Findings showed that there is significant difference between test and control groups in relation to body image and self-concept, representing improvement of them in subjects. But life quality changes in test group were not significantly different from control one. Considering the above-mentioned findings, it could be stated that behavioral-mindfulness intervention with modification of behavioral and conceptual components related to body image improves individuals’ judgment on their own body and rationalizes their perception of it leading to improvement of satisfaction of body and self-concept

Introduction Today's world, recognized as "the age of information", is a world in which media has penetrated into all and each aspects of human life in an unavoidable way. As one of the most advanced visual media tools, Satellite TV has been increasingly accessible for Iranian public in recent years, facilitating cultural and taste changes among Iranian families. Satellite programs, advertisements and images change peoples' attitudes regarding body and believes about beauty. They contain profound impacts on peoples' understanding and perception of their bodies and their level of self-esteem to such a degree that many may actually take initiative and begin to manipulate their body in order to conform to such beauty norms and ideals. Now, women and young girls in particular, because are primarily evaluated and commended according to their physical attractiveness, are more than men inclined to try to obtain fit and attractive bodies. The present paper aims at examining the effects of media images- which promote the ideal of beauty- on body image and self-esteem. In doing so, we introduce a relatively unknown variable named appearance self-schema as a moderating variable, whose role is examined in the process of media impact on body image and self-esteem. Although various studies in the past have paid attention to the role of media in body management and body image, fewer studies have actually considered the role that variables such as appearance self-schema can play. This variable is crucially important not only for understanding experiences of body image in everyday life, but for understanding the amount of investment people have in believes and assumptions related to importance, significance, and influence of appearances in general. Methods and Materials This is a quantitative study, with experiment as its main strategy. Research sample was randomly selected from among female graduate students of the University of Isfahan who lived in University dormitory and were divided into two groups of experiment and control. Limiting research sample to on-campus students and graduate level is due to make sure of the paring principle between the two groups of experiment and control, and also to make sure that we can control the accessibility of the groups to satellite TV programs. In order to measure body image variable, Tomas Cash's (1997) standard questionnaire was used and in order to measure the level of self-esteem, Rosenberg's questionnaire. Also, appearance self-schema variable was measured using Cash's et al (2003) standard questionnaire. Media images, including pictures of attractive and bodily fit women, were sent to members of the experiment group via email as incentive to see how their perceptions might be influenced. Via pre-test, subjects' information were obtained before the incentive is put into effect, that is, scores for variables of body image, self-esteem and self-schema appearance. Then for a period of one month, members of the experiment group were sent image incentives while control group members were supposed to see no similar images. At the end and in post-test, the scores of both groups were again measured to see what changes might have happened. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Research findings indicate that being subject to Satellite TV images does in fact influence body image. Those subjects who watch satellite programs advertising beauty products and physical fitness or films in which attractive, beautiful and fit actors play, have a more negative attitude toward their appearance and body. This is because, we assume, seeing these models takes the standards and criteria of beauty at a higher level among subjects and makes it difficult for them to feel competent upon comparison. This upward comparison produce a negative feeling about one's appearance and body. Also, being subject to media images has a meaningful relationship with appearance self-schema in the sense that those subjects who are more subject to attractive media images obtain a higher score in appearance self-schema variable, which means appearance becomes more of a priority and centrality in their lives, pushing them toward more involvement in appearance-managing behavior. These subjects tend to interpret their life events according to appearance more than others. In fact, appearance turns into a kind of schema for them to process information and influence the interpretation of subsequent information as well. However, being subject to media images does not have a meaningful relationship with the level of self-esteem in this research. In order to account for this, we would argue that as an enduring structure, self-esteem is rather inflexible and resist influence in the face of short-term motivations. Its vacillations are not fast. Therefore, although seeing attractive media images can influence attitudes toward body and even make it negative, it is unlikely that subjects' levels of self-esteem change dramatically. As another finding, a meaningful relationship was found between appearance self-schema score and body image score. The variable of appearance self-schema indicates how much one invests in his or her physical appearance. Subjects with higher scores in appearance self-schema are individuals for whom appearance constitutes one of the most important aspects of existence and interpret most of their everyday event according to it. For these individuals appearance self-schema does have a moderating role, in the sense that the mere encounter with attractive images would not make their attitudes toward the boy more negative, but it depends on how much of an important matter the appearance is for them. In other words, those individuals for whom appearance is very important tend to become more influenced upon seeing media images.

Introduction Today's world, recognized as "the age of information", is a world in which media has penetrated into all and each aspects of human life in an unavoidable way. As one of the most advanced visual media tools, Satellite TV has been increasingly accessible for Iranian public in recent years, facilitating cultural and taste changes among Iranian families. Satellite programs, advertisements and images change peoples' attitudes regarding body and believes about beauty. They contain profound impacts on peoples' understanding and perception of their bodies and their level of self-esteem to such a degree that many may actually take initiative and begin to manipulate their body in order to conform to such beauty norms and ideals. Now, women and young girls in particular, because are primarily evaluated and commended according to their physical attractiveness, are more than men inclined to try to obtain fit and attractive bodies. The present paper aims at examining the effects of media images- which promote the ideal of beauty- on body image and self-esteem. In doing so, we introduce a relatively unknown variable named appearance self-schema as a moderating variable, whose role is examined in the process of media impact on body image and self-esteem. Although various studies in the past have paid attention to the role of media in body management and body image, fewer studies have actually considered the role that variables such as appearance self-schema can play. This variable is crucially important not only for understanding experiences of body image in everyday life, but for understanding the amount of investment people have in believes and assumptions related to importance, significance, and influence of appearances in general. Methods and Materials This is a quantitative study, with experiment as its main strategy. Research sample was randomly selected from among female graduate students of the University of Isfahan who lived in University dormitory and were divided into two groups of experiment and control. Limiting research sample to on-campus students and graduate level is due to make sure of the paring principle between the two groups of experiment and control, and also to make sure that we can control the accessibility of the groups to satellite TV programs. In order to measure body image variable, Tomas Cash's (1997) standard questionnaire was used and in order to measure the level of self-esteem, Rosenberg's questionnaire. Also, appearance self-schema variable was measured using Cash's et al (2003) standard questionnaire. Media images, including pictures of attractive and bodily fit women, were sent to members of the experiment group via email as incentive to see how their perceptions might be influenced. Via pre-test, subjects' information were obtained before the incentive is put into effect, that is, scores for variables of body image, self-esteem and self-schema appearance. Then for a period of one month, members of the experiment group were sent image incentives while control group members were supposed to see no similar images. At the end and in post-test, the scores of both groups were again measured to see what changes might have happened. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Research findings indicate that being subject to Satellite TV images does in fact influence body image. Those subjects who watch satellite programs advertising beauty products and physical fitness or films in which attractive, beautiful and fit actors play, have a more negative attitude toward their appearance and body. This is because, we assume, seeing these models takes the standards and criteria of beauty at a higher level among subjects and makes it difficult for them to feel competent upon comparison. This upward comparison produce a negative feeling about one's appearance and body. Also, being subject to media images has a meaningful relationship with appearance self-schema in the sense that those subjects who are more subject to attractive media images obtain a higher score in appearance self-schema variable, which means appearance becomes more of a priority and centrality in their lives, pushing them toward more involvement in appearance-managing behavior. These subjects tend to interpret their life events according to appearance more than others. In fact, appearance turns into a kind of schema for them to process information and influence the interpretation of subsequent information as well. However, being subject to media images does not have a meaningful relationship with the level of self-esteem in this research. In order to account for this, we would argue that as an enduring structure, self-esteem is rather inflexible and resist influence in the face of short-term motivations. Its vacillations are not fast. Therefore, although seeing attractive media images can influence attitudes toward body and even make it negative, it is unlikely that subjects' levels of self-esteem change dramatically. As another finding, a meaningful relationship was found between appearance self-schema score and body image score. The variable of appearance self-schema indicates how much one invests in his or her physical appearance. Subjects with higher scores in appearance self-schema are individuals for whom appearance constitutes one of the most important aspects of existence and interpret most of their everyday event according to it. For these individuals appearance self-schema does have a moderating role, in the sense that the mere encounter with attractive images would not make their attitudes toward the boy more negative, but it depends on how much of an important matter the appearance is for them. In other words, those individuals for whom appearance is very important tend to become more influenced upon seeing media images.