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It is more important to improve and complete the wastewater process in order to reuse and return it to the production line. In this study, the hydrogen peroxide/ozone process (Peroxone) was investigated as a supplementary step in paper mill wastewater treatment to reduce the amount of chemical oxygen demand and remove E. coli. In this regard, using the Box-Behnken Design method based on the response surface method to optimize and investigate the effect of three variables governing the ozonation process, including the amount of hydrogen peroxide consumed (ml), the amount of ozone input (mg/min) and ozonation time (min) were used. The results showed that the amount of ozone and hydrogen peroxide had the greatest effect for reducing COD (up to about 75%). Also, all three variables have played a significant role in increasing the efficiency of the Peroxone process and even completely eliminating E. coli. In determining the optimal conditions, the amount of ozone (146 mg/min), the amount of hydrogen peroxide (2ml) and the duration of ozonation (23 min), the lowest amount of residual COD (73 mg/L) and the highest efficiency (75% removal of E. coli) are predicted. The results showed that due to the interaction of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, the peroxone process performance was less efficient than the ozonation process alone.

In this research, the ozonation process has been used as a supplementary stage of purification to reduce the amount of chemical oxygen demand and remove bacteria, especially E. Coli, from the effluent of the paper industry. Box-Behnken Design statistical method is used to optimize the treatment conditions. In this method, the effect of three variables governing the ozonation process, including the initial pH of the effluent, the amount of input ozone (mg/min) O3 and the duration of ozonation (min) t, was investigated. The results showed that the amount of input ozone and pH had the greatest impact on reducing COD (up to about 80%). Also, the maximum efficiency of the ozonation process for the complete removal of E. Coli was seen in acidic conditions with high amounts of ozone and increasing the duration of ozonation. According to the results, it was found that ozone in molecular form and by direct attack in acidic environments played a role in the destruction of pollutants. Design Expert software was used to determine the optimal conditions, minimize residual COD and maximize the efficiency of the ozonation process. The values of pH=5.2, ozone amount (131mg/min) and duration (23 min) are predicted to reach the lowest residual COD value (48 mg/L) and the highest efficiency (100% removal of E. Coli). According to the investigations carried out in this research, it can be concluded that the use of ozonation process to reduce COD and effectively remove E. Coli from the waste water of paper industry is a promising complementary method.

Background and aim: Co-authorship increases the possibility of visibility of articles and reflection of their findings in the research of others. The aim of the present study was to determine the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) in the Web of Science (WOS). Materials and methods: This quantitative study was conducted using the scientometric approach. The research community consisted of 3,475 hot papers in the field of science in WOS from 2020 to 2021. The Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between the citations of the articles and the number of authors. Data were collected and analyzed using BibExcel, Excel, and SPSS. Findings: The hot papers showed a wide range, from one to 2718 authors. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the field of science (p= 0.000, n= 3475, r= 0.161). Therefore, statistically, there was a positive correlation between the two variables. Conclusion: Higher scientific collaboration in hot articles increases the number of citations and ultimately increases the visibility of these articles.

As the most well-known local authorities, mayors hold several roles that vary depending on different countries’ urban planning and management systems. The role and power of the mayor can be examined from two aspects of power on paper and power in practice. Thus, recognizing the mayor’s role and power requires recognizing the official and legal function and authority and how this role and power is perceived in practice. This research examines the role and power of Tehran’s mayor from two aspects: power on paper and power in practice. This study uses a quantitative-qualitative method to explain the concept of power on paper by examining the relevant laws and legislation. To analyze the mayor’s power in practice, the citizens’ perceptions were studied through surveys, and the city administrators’ perceptions were analyzed through semi-structured interviews. This research uses the inductive content analysis method for data analysis. The findings indicate that the mayor of Tehran holds political, executive, ceremonial and facilitating roles, and the legal power of such functions has been gradually weakened and curtailed (on paper). Furthermore, the mayor’s power in practice does not correspond to that outlined on paper and mayors with personal brand and political support act beyond the bounds of the law.

In this paper, the thermo-electric, phonon, electronic, and optical properties of the C3N monolayer have been investigated using the Wien2K computational code based on first principles calculations in the framework of the density functional theory. The study of electronic properties shows the behavior of non-magnetic semiconductors with an indirect gap with a value of 0.5 electron volts for this two-dimensional structure. Also, optical properties such as dielectric function, reflection, energy loss function, absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity are calculated. C3N monolayer is optically anisotropic in z and x direction, which according to the refractive index diagram leads to birefringence, which is a key parameter for this compound's linear optical performance. The results provide a fundamental understanding of the design of composite structures used in nanodevices based on two-dimensional advanced materials. The linear response approach along the symmetric points calculates the phonon dispersion diagram. The results indicate the absence of negative modes in the phonon spectrum, indicating that the structure is dynamically stable. Investigating the thermoelectric properties of the C3N monolayer using the semi-classical Boltzmann theory shows that this monolayer has a value coefficient (ZT) close to one at room temperature and temperatures lower than room temperature. As a result, it can be proposed as a candidate for thermoelectric applications.

Many non-classicality indicators are used to measure the quantum effects of different systems. Kenfack's and Sadeghi's non-classicality indicators are introduced regarding the amount of Wigner distribution function's negativities and interferences in phase space quantum mechanics, respectively. Kenfack’s non-classicality indicator is used for cases just in the Wigner representation, whereas Sadeghi’s non-classicality indicator is effectively, applied for some real distribution functions. In this paper, we investigate these non-classicality indicators for the entangled photon number states in the Wigner, Husimi, and Rivier representations. It is shown that for a two-level entangled state, Sadeghi's indicator has more benefits to measure entanglement with respect to Kenfack's indicator. For the two-level entangled state, we also show a correspondence between Sadeghi's non-classicality indicator and the Von Neumann entropy. It is also shown that for the superposition of the squeezed number state and ground number state, the squeezing parameter affects the entanglement feature and Sadeghi's non-classicality indicator increases with the increase of the squeezing parameter.

Objective In recent years, advancements in information technology, such as wireless EMG, high-resolution cameras, programs like OpenSim, innovations in textile sensors, and the emergence of artificial intelligence and smart mobile devices, have provided biomechanists with new tools and approaches. This study aims to investigate emerging trends in sports biomechanics, summarizing and providing practical insights from research conducted between 2015 and 2023. Methods A systematic search of research articles on new biomechanics approaches published between 2015 and 2023 was conducted. Specialized databases were queried, and 47 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Results Analysis of the selected studies revealed that the integration of information technology, artificial intelligence, smartphones, software, and wearable medical sensors in sports biomechanics has shown promising results in enhancing performance and reducing injury risks. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that advancements in sports biomechanics technologies are pushing the boundaries of current research. Continued exploration and application of these technologies will likely shape the future of sports science and performance.

Using the experimental results and data, the thermodynamic characteristics and thermal analysis of the electrical arc of torch electrodes and energy deposition in the waste-incinerator primary designed chamber were investigated. The temperature of arc in the intermediate electrode which is called the float nozzle was measured at 7000-8000 Kelvin based on the input power of 2 kW. The plasma plume temperature implied to be lower than the arc temperature according to the cold gas flow in the nozzle. The efficiency of energy transferring to the plasma plume is dependent on the geometrical electrode and nozzle design, and gas flow rate. After ten seconds, the chamber temperature was measured at 1193 Kelvin by thermocouple with the performance of electrical elements and plasma torch. The chamber temperature increasing in an adiabatic process was calculated at 1230 Kelvin after this time. According to the isothermal approach, the heat flow rate, and conduction loss calculation, the chamber temperature was obtained at about 900-1000 Kelvin. Using two approaches with inevitable approximations, the calculated temperature ranges for arc and plasma plume energy estimation have reasonable compatibility and this led to the road map of optimization and development for future torch planning and waste-incinerator chamber design.

In this work, considering the moment theory propagation of the laser beam with relativistic intensity in thermal quantum plasma is studied. Using the Maxwell equation and dielectric function obtained by the quantum hydrodynamic model, the mathematical equation for the laser beam width parameter is achieved and solved numerically by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the stronger self-focusing effect is found in the moment theory compared to paraxial approximation. Also, similar to paraxial approximation, with growing Fermi temperature, plasma density and laser intensity, the oscillation frequency of the beam width parameter increases and focusing length decreases which means improving the self-focusing effect. Furthermore, it is seen that behaviors of the critical radius are not similar in the two theories, as in the moment theory, with increasing laser intensity, critical radius decreases until it becomes independent of the beam intensity, but in the paraxial approximation, the critical radius after a minimum value is enhanced with increasing laser intensity.

Gene expression is known as a phenomenon that shapes human life. This very complex phenomenon is formed from two stages: transcription and translation. In this study, we used the Nose-Hoover thermostat to model the effect of ambient temperature on gene expression since temperature regulates the biological clock of living systems. We have used the Lyapunov exponent approach to investigate the effect of control parameters on gene expression, including the degradation rates of messenger RNA and proteins, and to find critical points (phenomenon boundary limits), mRNA, and protein level boundary values. The rate of degradation in the process of protein synthesis has been investigated with the help of the Lyapunov exponent approach. According to this study, the optimal temperature for the production of mRNA molecules by Escherichia coli bacteria is 306 Kelvin. The study also used the chaos approach to show that the faster the mRNA molecules are degraded, the more they are transcribed, and the more chaotic the system becomes.

Entanglement plays a fundamental role in the field of quantum computing and quantum communication. In real conditions, a physical system is never isolated and inevitably interacts with its surroundings. Temperature is one of these effects that mainly reduces entanglement. In real conditions, the system is at a non-zero temperature, which will lead to a mixed state. Therefore, in the present work, the combined thermal entanglement of electron spin-oscillation in an anisotropic two-dimensional quantum dot is investigated using the negativity criterion. The results show that the combined entanglements are strongly dependent on the changes of the controllable parameters, such as the Rashba parameter and the magnetic field. The thermal entanglement between the spin and the assembly of oscillators is zero at absolute zero temperature and reaches a maximum with increasing temperature and then tends to zero asymptotically. This temperature, at which the amount of entanglement reaches its maximum value, can be controlled by changing the magnetic field and the coupling of the Rashba parameter. These two factors also control the rate of reaching the asymptotic state. These results provide a way to control the degree of entanglement between electron degrees of freedom, which is a fundamental requirement of quantum information processing.

In the last two decades, photonic crystals and structures that are based on them (photonic structures) have been examined and have been widely utilized in various optical applications. In this article, a theoretical and numerical model for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in multilayer dielectric structures is developed. The propagation of ultra-short light pulses in multilayer media and microresonators is investigated, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients depending on the parameters of the environment and duration of the optical pulse are calculated. A method for calculating the transmission and reflection spectra of one-dimensional photonic crystal based on FDTD modeling with the emission of ultra-short optical pulses is proposed. To calculate the transmission and reflection spectrum of a one-dimensional photonic crystal and to simulate the propagation of ultra-short light pulses, in multilayer dielectric structures and microresonators, based on the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations with the finite difference approximation in the space-time domain, is performed.

In this study, The surface plasmon excitations in a dimer structure of closely spaced metallic nanospheres with different radii are investigated using the hydrodynamic model. Initially, an expression was derived to calculate this structure's multipolar surface plasmon excitations. Subsequently, the surface plasmon excitations in the dipole approximation were examined.The surface plasmon excitations in a dimer structure of closely spaced metallic nanospheres with different radii are examined using the hydrodynamic model in this study. It has been observed that the energy of in-phase modes is lower than that of out-of-phase modes in longitudinal or transverse excitations. Furthermore, at each separation distance between the nanospheres, the energy difference between in-phase and out-of-phase longitudinal modes is greater than that of transverse modes. The results show that with an increase in the separation distance between the nanospheres, the energies of in-phase modes increase, and the energies of out-of-phase modes decrease. At large separation distances, two plasmon modes are obtained, with the higher energy mode corresponding to the smaller nanosphere and the lower energy mode corresponding to the larger nanosphere. Finally, the local limit results are presented for comparison.

In this study, the optical and electronic properties of bulk and nano-layer of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are investigated. The calculations for solving the many-body Schrodinger equations are performed in the framework of density functional theory using the WIEN2K computational package. The Engel-Vosko and gradient generalized approximation (GGA) treat the exchange-correlation potential. To investigate the electronic and optical properties of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide nano layers, the electronic band structure and the real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric function for the bulk and nano-layer with different thicknesses are calculated and compared. The results of electronic band structures show that the energy band gap of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide nano-layers with various thicknesses decreases to zero and are metal. In contrast, the bulk of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide compounds are semiconductors. The results also show that for each compounds the static dielectric function for the perpendicular and parallel direction to the nano-layer surface is different from the bulk static dielectric function. Comparison between the real parts of complex dielectric function for the bulk and nano-layer shows that absorption of electromagnetic radiation for the ZnSe and ZnS nano-layer in comparison to corresponding bulk results occur in lower energies.

Zabihollah Yousefi1, Reza-Ali Mohmadpour 2, Ebrahim Zarei3, Mansour Barafrashtehpour 4 1 PhD, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2 PhD, Professor, Department of Statistics, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3 Lecturer, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Sari, Iran 4 MSc, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran In the article published in volume 23, issue Suppl 2, 2014, the first author’s name was incorrect. It should have been Zabihollah Yousefi, which is now corrected.

Archetypic criticism is an approach which has had considerable development in writing the scientific papers in recent decades. It is mostly used in literary studies and is interconnected to the literature. Designed by a research plan, this paper studies the archetypic criticism in Iran discussed in literary criticism in the academic papers related to the epic genre, and analyzes the discourse of archetypic criticism, its repetitive elements and also the development of such elements in papers. It starts by reviewing the works of effective individuals on introducing archetypic criticism, its discourse, its historical and thematic developments in epic genre, employing a descriptive- analytical method. Interdisciplinary studies have focused on archetypic approach since the 1960s. In the 1980s and 1990s, many authors especially those who are now well-known in this field, opened a new way in studies of archetypic criticism. The dominance of content analyses, comparative reading and discovering the meaning, are some considerable specifications of papers of this period. During the 2010s many academic papers were published on this matter and the current paper has investigated their structure and method. Extended Abstract Archetypic criticism is an approach which has been considerably developed in recent decades. This type of criticism is mostly used in literary studies. Derived from the research plan, this paper studies and analyzes the archetypic criticism in Iran in academic papers related to the epic genre, and analyzes the discourse of archetypic criticism, its repetitive elements and also the development of such elements in papers. As already mentioned, Studies on Shahnameh [The Book of Kings] were mostly shaped by orientalism at the beginning of the century. Following nationalism and the establishment of new concepts such as government- people, epic studies and especially works focusing on Shahnameh, expanded in an extensive form. Before the 1950s, they were mostly related to the content analyses, vocabulary and linguistic studies, and so they could be considered as historical and sociological introductions to Shahnameh. From the 1950s/1960s, psychological and mythological studies in literary studies were introduced to the field. At first, papers and books on Shahnameh, written at the beginning of the century, were reviewed and then papers on archetypic criticism of epic genre from the 1990s were studied. The style of writing has seemingly changed during the 2000s and 2010s. Scientific research journals provide an academic requirement for essay writing with the predetermined methodologies. Many academic papers were produced within these two decades. Their main structure was studying the details, choosing two or more elements and trying to employ the theory in the context. As observed in many papers, this approach has both advantages and disadvantages. In the 2000s, attention has been given to visual specifications and natural elements in myths but in the 2010s, the characters were related to more complicated definitions of archetypic criticism such as shadow, persona and perfection of hero. Travel, rebirth and decorum patterns are apparently the most significant ones in this period.

In this paper, using 2D PIC simulation, the electron acceleration in the bubble regime has been investigated in the interaction of a short high-power laser pulse with an underdense plasma with a density ramp. Due to the laser pondermotive force, a plasma wave and its corresponding electric field are formed in the plasma. The electrons injected in the focusing and acceleration region of the plasma wave field can get energy from the wave and are accelerated to high energies of the Giga-electron-Volt range. The simulation results show that with increasing the plasma density gradient, the phase speed of the generated plasma wave increases, and the corresponding wavelength decreases. This causes the displacement of the plasma wave focusing and acceleration region and ultimately increases the acceleration length in the acceleration process. Considering a laser pulse with dimensionless intensity amplitude , pulse duration , and plasma with density ramp length ,the plasma wave accelerating electric field with amplitude was generated. The results of this work can be crucial in choosing an appropriate plasma profile to design the laser-plasma accelerator system for obtaining the Giga-electron-Volt energy gain in a short time.

Weyl semimetals show special quantum states of matter, which have nontrivial topological features and very interesting and unique applications in the spintronics industry. One method of making these materials is the use of alloying method. In this paper, the alloys are constructed using the first-principles methods. After study of their stability, their structural, electronic, and topological properties have been studied. To study the structural and electronic properties of the alloys, the Wien2k package, based on density functional theory, has been used. Furthermore, the topological properties of the alloys have been calculated using the Wanniertools packages, based on the tight-binding method. Calculations show that the alloys, in the absence of spin-orbit coupling, have crossing points with fourfold degeneracy and band inversion. Therefore, they are topological Dirac semimetal. Considering the spin-orbit coupling, it is seen that alloys with concentrations of x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 change to the normal semimetal by opening the band gap; but, the alloy with x = 1 concentration changes to the topological Weyl semimetal with 16 Weyl fermions couple. The full area of the first Brillouin zone (FBZ) was scanned to find the positions of the Weyl points. The results show that the Weyl points, with chirality of either +1 or -1, were scattered in the FBZ with the central symmetry, but all of them are far from the high-symmetry paths of FBZ. Furthermore, the surface state properties, like Fermi arcs, were calculated and studied for the NbSb Weyl semimetal using the Wanniertools computational packages.

The design of optical sensors in the THz region for application in various fields of biological and medical sciences has significantly expanded in the last two decades. In this paper, we proposed an optical sensor using two dimensional and periodic structure of graphene rings on the dielectric substrate. The surface plasmon resonance mechanism was employed to design the refractive index sensor. First, by changing the geometric parameters of the structure, the optimal parameters for the sensor performance have been extracted. Then, the sensor's sensitivity has been checked regarding the change in the refractive index of the surrounding environment. The sensitivity of the proposed simple structure is 11.2 μm/RIU and is larger than previous works. Also, increasing the refractive index of the measured medium diminished the quality of sensor operation. The proposed sensor can be used to detect environmental air pollution by proper calibration. The Lumerical software which is based on the finite difference time domain method is used to this end.

Solar winds result from the eruption of plasma streams from the solar corona. This plasma, which consists of proton particles, electrons, X-rays, and radio waves, penetrates the heliosphere and accelerates from the interplanetary space toward the Earth with high kinetic energy and thermal energy. In addition, if it collides with the Earth's atmosphere, it disrupts human life. But despite the Earth's magnetic field and the magnetic reconnection process in this area, the Earth's magnetosphere acts like a shield and prevents these substances from affecting the Earth. To obtain the necessary information to investigate all kinds of phenomena that happen around the Sun, the use of satellite data is the best and most reliable method in terms of accuracy and up-to-date data. The data from the Goes meteorological satellite, LASCO spacecraft, and the Solar Dynamic Observatory are the information that we use in this article to advance our goals. To check the correlation between solar eruptions and changes in the Earth's magnetosphere layer, we use the wavelet analysis method with Morlet's fundamental wave, which is an important tool for processing fluctuations. The results of accurate numerical calculations of this research showed that there is a strong correlation between the magnetic activities of the Sun and the characteristic indices of the Earth's magnetosphere layer, which can affect the Earth's atmosphere as well.

Analyzing the electromagnetic transition strengths is one of the methods of studying the development of atomic nuclei the big-bang, and the fuel cycle of stars in nuclear astrophysics, nuclear synthesis and radiative capture. The study of nuclei with mass number A=11, for example, 11B and 11C, is significant which can be produced by radiative capture of protons by 10B the dependence of the reduced transition probability related to electric quadrupole B[E2] and magnetic dipole B[M1] that occurs in proton radiative capture by 10B nucleus has been investigated. It depends on the excitation energy and spin-parity of the states for the occurrence of E2 and M1 transitions. The theoretical framework of the calculations based On the Woods-Saxon potential model and double folding M3Y has been used to create the ground and excited states of 11C . The results obtained based on each of the mentioned potential models are in good agreement. It was found that B(E2) increases with the increase of excited energy regardless of the spin of excited states. At the same time, B(M1) is very sensitive to the spin of excited states, and also(3/2)-excited states are independent of the energy.

This work aimed to theoretically investigate the operation of the beta voltaic battery with the 14C radio isotopic source and several semiconductors in the p-n junction structure. For this purpose, the saturated thickness of the 14C beta source and energy deposition distribution of beta particles emitted from this source is simulated and calculated in the various semiconductors including the GaAs, GaN, SiC, and diamond using the Monte Carlo code of MCNPX. Regarding the results obtained, the optimized 14C thickness was achieved by 30 micrometers. Then, applying the analytical and numerical model, the relationships between the doping concentration, short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, and output power density were evaluated. The results showed that with and with the diamond as semiconductor, the output power density of designed battery was increased to 9.68 among the other considered semiconductors.

In this article, we will first get acquainted with the absorption and emission optical properties of algae and types of chlorophylls, and then we will examine the optical setup for measuring the photoluminescence light produced by algae, which is the basis for the construction of chlorophyll concentration measuring devices. By examining algae samples in fresh water ponds in Iran and identifying the predominant type of algae in them, spectrometry and concentration measurement were carried out with the help of hemocytometer or neobar lam method. The most important tool for measuring the concentration of algae is chlorophyll-a, which is present in all types of algae with different percentages and has the property of fluorescence, and by measuring the red light resulting from photoluminescence, the amount of chlorophyll-a can be obtained. The main design of a device to measure the amount of chlorophyll-a based on the measurement of photoluminescence light is considered for this purpose and it is used in terms of software and hardware. For this, the process and intensity of light in terms of density was done for calibration, and the disadvantages and advantages of the design were examined. Direct measurement of light, noises, high stability and preparing a logical routine between the data can help to increase and improve the quality and this device becomes a precise tool for measuring chlorophyll and has commercialization capabilities. The stability, reproducibility and high accuracy of the device is one of the advantages of emission (photoluminescence) test methods compared to absorbance methods.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are advancing swiftly due to their remarkable increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to traditional photovoltaic technologies. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of two distinct PSCS structures that use as an inorganic perovskite active layer. The calculations are based on the optoelectronic model of the solar cell and the use of the finite element method to solve the continuity equations for current and charge density. Therefore, the layer thicknesses of different materials (as ETL and Active layer) are modified to find the better power conversion efficiency of these solar cells. The obtained results of simulation calculations illustrate that the first structure FTO/ITO/ /PEDOT: PSS/Au exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency of 11.37%, with a short circuit current of 14.47 (mA/cm^2) and an open circuit voltage of 0.96 (V) and while the FTO/TiO2/ /Spiro- OMETAD/Au structure shows a maximum power conversion efficiency of 10.57%. The greatest power conversion efficiency for the aforementioned designs is 80 nm for the electron transporting layer is 80 nm and 200 nm for the inorganic active layer, respectively. The results of this article can be useful in the design of new-generation solar cells based on inorganic perovskite layers.

In this research, linear and non-linear optical properties of silver oxide nanoparticles in graphene oxide medium have been investigated. First, graphene oxide is prepared by the improved method of Hammers. Then the synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles is carried out in the environment of graphene oxide diluted with deionized water, by the electric arc method. The electric arc was applied at 200, 300, 400, and 500 volts with a three-second pulse duration of one minute. The results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy show that the resulting solution contains nanoparticles of graphene oxide and silver oxide. Then, a CW 532 nm beam with a maximum power of 300 mW was used to determine the linear absorption of samples. Then, the z-scanning method was used to determine the nonlinear characteristics of the samples. After analyzing the graphs, the refraction and nonlinear absorption coefficients of each sample have been calculated. The results show that with increasing voltage, the concentration of nanoparticles produced in the samples increases and the linear absorption coefficient increases with it. The lowest value of linear absorbance is 1.31 (cm-1) and nonlinear absorbance is negative for all samples and its lowest value is 7.86 *10-3. Also, the nonlinear refractive index is negative for all the samples and its maximum value is 1. 61 *10-14. The thermo-optical coefficients of each of the samples have also been obtained.

Supply chain management can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage. The present study is in search of paper industry supply chain strategies with respect to supply chain dynamics and lean supply chain using dynamics in order to gain a competitive advantage in Iran Wood and Paper Industries Company (Chooka). For this purpose, first, using organizational data and decision makers' participation, the system dynamics model was designed and after validation, the model was simulated in a ten-year horizon. According to the behavior of target variables and model sensitivity analysis in the simulation horizon, policies in line with lean supply chain strategy and sustainable profitability strategy of Chooka business were designed and applied separately and in combination to the model. And analyzed. According to the findings of the model simulation, productivity promotion policies through the use of lean methods in internal processes, increasing the quality of paper products, increasing innovation in the production and supply of paper products, improving raw material supply management And strategic partnership with suppliers of raw materials, industrial waste management, waste and solid waste management and staff empowerment have been presented as the best combined policies of the supply chain strategy of Iran's wood and paper industries.

Michael Anthony Sells (1949) is a professor at the University of Chicago's School of Theology and one of the eminent scholars in the field of mysticism. He believes that Muslim mystics have been influenced by intellectual-philosophical, cultural-poetic, ḥadīth-Quranic, and theological traditions in explaining their mystical experiences. In “bewildered tongue” (1989), Sells tries to highlight five examples of the language worlds related to these traditions and shows the similarity of the Sufis’ language with their traditional-religious backgrounds, especially in terms of mystical union and passing away (Fanāʾ). These language worlds are as follows: poetry of pre-Islamic Arabia; theological (Kalam) terminology; ḥadīth and Qur'anic language regarding ascent through the heavenly spheres to the divine throne (Miʿrāj); ḥadīth of superogatory devotions (al-nawāfil) and the Sufi "bewildered dialogues" of union in which distinctions between subject and object, speaker and hearer, begin to melt, and finally, the later philosophical language of Ibn Arabi (mystical dialectic) to explain the mystical unity. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, first explains the ideas of Sells in his aforementioned work and then evaluates them. Regarding the research material, his work has failed to cover some important ḥadīths and Quranic verses, and from a formal perspective, besides referring to some weak manuscripts, some of his translations are not precise. Nevertheless, the author’s comparative approach to Abrahamic religions and his profound knowledge of Arabic literature and poetry of pre-Islamic Arabia are among the positive features of the work, which have greatly helped Sells in explaining the language of mystical experience in Islam.

In this paper, the behavior of the double pendulums has been studied by considering the effect of initial conditions (angular displacement of the outer pendulum for four cases 12, 30, 90, and 150 degrees) and the influence of system geometry (increasing rod length and mass of the second pendulum), also. After extracting motion equations using the Lagrangian method, in order to deal with the frequency spectrum, traces of bobs, and understanding the system behavior for every case, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique and Poincare sections have been applied. The obtained results show that the consequence of the rising angular displacement the outer pendulum is to increase the energy level of the system and the change of its behavior from quasi-periodic for angular displacement is less than 90 degrees to chaotic when it is 150 degrees. Therefore, the energy level, in this case, has increased more than twice compared to the first. In addition, it seems a quasi-periodic behavior is forming at the heart of chaotic behavior. On the other hand, the results indicate a very significant effect of geometrics on a system's behavior. According to the calculations, the consequence of increasing the length of the rod of the second pendulum has only led to a different behavior from its similar case (case number 3) completely. however, their energy level is the same. Increasing the mass of the outer by twice not only to lead decrease energy level of the system by 330J but also has shown chaotic behavior (in comparison to the case3).

In this research, the symmetry of high-order harmonics resulting from the interaction of a single-layer WSe2 with a linearly polarized laser in both zigzag and armchair directions have been investigated using time-dependent density functional theory in real space. The dependence of the cutoff frequency behavior with the increase of the electric field amplitude and the behavior of the harmonic yield with the laser wavelength has been analyzed. The results show the linear dependence of the cutoff frequency with the electric field and the exponential behavior of the harmonic yield with the laser wavelength. Also, the effect of the input laser field polarization on the high-order harmonic spectrum and harmonic yield has been investigated. Changing the rotation angle of laser polarization to 30 degrees for elliptically polarized light with an ellipticity parameter of 0.1 creates the highest harmonic yield. Also, the results of this research show that by changing the polarization of the input electric field, the polarization of high-order harmonics also changes, which leads to the production of high-order harmonics with different polarization.

At the stagnation time, fuel may impact by a variety of paths, including ablator materials, Hohlraum wall, the interaction of the cone-guided lateral surface with imploding fuel, and cone tip material, releasing and mixing their constituent elements into corona plasma and even inside the pure dense fuel. Here, we have parametrically studied the impact of some well-known ionic impurities such as carbon and gold on the physical condition of DT hot spot ignition. The admissible zone of DT hot spot ignition was plotted on the HsTs plane, and it was shown that for a given percentage of gold impurities, the boundaries of the ignition zone gradually increased with increasing internal implosion velocity and at implosion velocities smaller than 1.7×107 cm/s, there exist two individual ignition islands. In the context of the fast ignition approach to ICF, the areal density of hot spots ignition of deuterium-tritium doped with a small concentration of impurity ions of carbon and gold was then extracted by a non-equilibrium ignition model. Accordingly, for a given value in this range, the contour plot of the allowed areal density parameter in the two-temperature model was plotted on the Te-Ti plane. It has been shown that as the impurity fraction increases, the permissible range of ignition decreases rapidly and the ignition conditions become more difficult. The sensitivity of these changes is directly associated with the coefficient of increase in radiation loss power, which is a function of the parameter of the impurity percentage α and the ionization state of the impurity ion, Zimp. Moreover, in each contour plot, the minimum permissible ignition parameter of ion temperature of contaminated DT fuel is also visible.

A hybrid system including a quantum emitter in the vicinity of a plasmonic core-shell nanostructure in the air is considered, and the spontaneous emission process of the emitter is investigated. The aim is to examine the effect of the plasmonic system on the quantum speed limit and the non-Markovian dynamics of the system. Using the dyadic Green's function of the system, the impact of geometric parameters such as the thickness of the plasmonic nanostructure shell and the distance between the emitter and the nanostructure on the evolution and physical behavior of the desired parameters has been investigated. According to the obtained results, by increasing the distance of the emitter from the nanostructure, the dynamics of spontaneous emission change from non-Markovian to Markovian, and the value of the non-Markovian measure tends to zero. In this condition, the quantum speed limit increases and becomes equal to the evolution time of the system. In addition, as the thickness of the shell increases, the mean value of the non-Markovian measure decreases.

This study examined one of the financial instructions in the Qajar era. The purpose was to transcribe and review the instruction, study its content, analyze it statistically, present an overview of its local economy, and determine its drawn up model. This descriptive-analytical was carried out through a desk study. The findings indicated that such documents were provided during the Qajar era based on administrative principles and debt-collection techniques. The instruction content showed that the taxation burden was mostly borne by the people, including the peasants. This was done while most of such revenues were not sent to the central government, but most of them were spent on additional expenses and merely a small amount was spent on state development. The review of the instruction showed how Abdullah Alaa al-Molk had ruled in Hamedan. It also explained a small section of the socio-economic history of the Qajar dynasty in Hamedan, which can be generalized to the financial status of other Iranian states in the said period.

This paper investigates the effects of cold plasma radiation on the percentage, velocity, average germination per day, germination index, and prose and growth of green cumin roots. A factorial experiment was performed in a randomized design in 5 repetitions. Test factors included pretreatment of cold plasma irradiation time at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 minutes by 7 and 14 kV and 800 Hz plasma generators. The results of this work showed that the treatment time and the applied voltage of cold plasma significantly affect the percentage, velocity, average of germination per a day, germination index, and prose and root of the green cumin seed. Among all treatments, a dose of treatment with time of 6 minutes at a peak voltage of 14 kV had the greatest effect on the referred characteristics, except increasing root in which plasma treatment with a dose of 3 minutes has the most effect. Cold plasma has been generated with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is a hand-made and designed in on desk dimensions, in which air is used as plasma active gas.

The idea of using paper wastes in concrete to reduce environmental pollution and Silica fume to improve the properties of concrete is a huge transformation in the building industry. In this study, the effect of waste paper ash along with silica fume on mechanical properties of concrete was investigated experimentally. The cement was replaced with different percentages of paper waste ash (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) and Silica fume (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%). Then, 25 mix designs were prepared. Compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural tensile strength, slump, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and impact tests are performed for all concrete specimens at different ages. Also, creep was presented for concrete-containing waste paper ash and silica fume based on existing equations and they were compared with the concrete code of USA and concrete code of Iran. These equations were suggested to predict the behavior of concrete-containing waste paper ash and silica fume. It was also observed that at a constant water cement ratio and for all ages, Silica fume and paper waste ash increased. Also, based on the results of this study, empirical relationships were presented for the relationship among indirect tensile strength and 28-days compressive strength of concrete, tensile strength due to flexural and 28-day compressive strength of concrete specimens, compressive strength and specific weight. Thus, these equations could be used to predict the behavior of concrete-containing paper waste ash and Silica fume. The tensile strength/compressive strength ratio of ordinary concrete was about 10. However, this ratio was between 13.55 and 17.79 in concrete specimens containing waste paper ash and silica fume. The compressive strength ratio of 28 days to 90 days was between 0.67 and 0.81. However, this ratio was between 0.55 and 0.65 in ordinary concrete, which indicates the higher initial strength of specimens containing waste paper ash and silica fume.

In this research, first the bismuth ferrite nanostructure doped with Cu = 0.20 was prepared and then, its (Bi1-xYxFe0.80Cu0.20O3) doping with Y = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 by a sol-gel method at a temperature of 650 ºC and a 1 h were studied. The structural properties of the samples have been characterized using XRD, FESEM, FT-IR, and EDX. Investigations of the structural properties showed that by increasing the Y percentage, the peaks are broader and partly have disappeared due to their small size. The magnetic and dielectric properties of the samples using the analyses of VSM, and LCR meters have been investigated. Investigations of the magnetic properties showed that by increasing Y content, the sample's ferromagnetic properties gradually increased. So that the saturation magnetism of our work (2.5 emu/g) compared to the work of others (0.85 emu/g) significantly has increased. Also, the substitute of bismuth ferrite with yttrium and copper has led to the change of the site of Fe in the octahedral center of FeO6 and the change of the bond angle in O-Fe-O. It has created an asymmetry in the structure, which has improved the dielectric properties of the samples. The results of the dielectric properties showed that the dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electric conductivity in the samples doped with Y and Cu are more than in samples without doping.

Gene is a factor encoding genetic information and the basic unit of inheritance. Gene expression is a phenomenon consisting of two complex stages of transcription and translation. In this study, the yeast cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae evolution is investigated due to the importance of the gene expression phenomenon. To clarify the accuracy of the obtained results, we have used experimental data on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cell from the gene bank. We are using chaos theory to study gene expression due to the nonlinear dynamics of the phenomenon. The obtained results predict that, by increasing the rate of degradation in the messenger arena to 0.03, we have reached the threshold value for the gene expression phenomenon. Also, we have recognized that increased transcription is associated with an increased mRNA degradation rate. The optimal values of transcription delay rate (18.2 min) and protein degradation rate (0.03) were obtained. There was a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results.

This study investigates the effect of the filter on the visibility of fringes in single-photon interference. A pair of photons by spontaneous parametric down-conversion is produced using a nonlinear crystal. One of them passes through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer due to the principle of indistinguishability of the paths, which interferes with itself. By changing the length of the paths of the Mach-Zehnder arms with the help of a stage, the interference happens in the coincidence pattern. In order to align the optical elements and minimize the optical path difference in the interferometer arms, interferometry with laser and white light has been used before single photon interferometry. By placing filters with different bandwidths in the signal and idler photons path, we see interference fringes with different visibility. An interference pattern is obtained by recording the coincidence between the correlated photons. The results show that the frequency bandwidth of filters affects the coherence length of generated photons and so the visibility of interference fringes.

The electronic and transport properties of the zigzag and armchair borophene nanoribbons β12 with different edge geometries using the multi-band tight-binding model and Landauer Butticker formalism were investigated by the mode matching model. Our results show that nanoribbons with different edge geometries show different electronic behaviors from metal phase to semiconductor according to and under thermal gradient or voltage poetical produce electrical current from nano ampere to microampere (most of them have ohmic behavior). Also, vacancy defects with controlling energy gaps could change the phase from metal to semiconductor or from semiconductor to metal in different edge geometries. Moreover, vacancy defects could control the values of electrical currents. Finally, the edge geometries; and defect engineering with application thermal gradient or electrostatic potential could control the electronic and transport properties and convert borophene nanoribbons into a good candidate for application in nano-electronic devices.

The penning trap, invented in 1959 by H. Dehmelt, is a combination of an inner electric dipole field and a constant magnetic field. A charged particle trapped in the Penning trap is called a geonium atom. The energy levels of the geonium atom are known in the non-relativistic limit, using the solutions of the Schrodinger equation, and for the case when the gravitational field of the Earth is negligible. In this article we write the Dirac equation for the geonium atom, coupled to the weak gravitational field of the Earth, and study its energy levels using perturbation techniques. If the Newtonian gravitational potential is , the dimensionless perturbing parameter is , where c is the velocity of light. It is found that the effect of these perturbations affects the energy levels by a factor of almost . This tiny shift in the energy levels may be used to investigate the effect of the gravitational field on earth.

Background and objectives: Paper industry in addition to reducing the consumption of various resources such as water, energy, and wood, continues to recycle used paper in different countries due to less pollution. One of the major drawbacks of the old corrugated container (OCC) recycling is its relatively weak strength, which has limited its use in various sections of the packaging industry. In this study, the effect of using some additives to improve the strengths of OCC to make the top liner of cartons in both wet and dry conditions was studied. Methodology: OCC was selected from domestically produced cartons. To determine the performance and optimal amount of additives, corn cationic starch (at 1, 1.4 and, 2%), wet strength resin (at 1, 2 and, 3%), AKD (at 1, 2 and, 3%), and long fiber of imported bulk tea wrapping paper (at 10, 15 and, 20%) based on the dry weight of OCC pulp were separately used as additives. The handsheets were made using laboratory sheet former with the basis weight of 120 g/m² and then tensile, burst, and tear indices were measured both at wet and dry conditions to compare the effect of additives. Also, water absorption was measured by the Cobb test on the test samples. The optimal level of each additive was determined based on the results, and then handsheets data from optimal combination treatment including appropriate levels of all additives, and different properties of handsheets were statistically compared. Results: The water absorption of handsheet was statistically decreased to 90% level compared to the control by adding AKD. This additive was able to reduce the water absorption of handsheet made from OCC to about 20 g/m² as the appropriate range. The greatest increase of wet tensile strength of the handsheet was achieved using 3% wet strength resin compared to the control. The resin maintained the wet tensile, burst, and tear indices of the residual strength of handsheet by 25, 46, and 58%, respectively, compared to dry strengths which indicates its good performance. The results showed that by adding cationic corn starch and recycled long fiber paper, all the dry strengths of handsheet independently increased compared to the control. The optimal combination treatment was determined according to the results independent use of additives in OCC pulp, including 1% cationic starch, 1% AKD, and 3% wet strength resin based on technical-economic considerations. There is no significant difference between dry tensile and burst strength of handsheet using this treatment and 20% recycled long fiber of wrapping paper, which both means ranked statistically in the same group. Conclusion: The use of 20% recycled long fiber of wrapping paper significantly improved the dry strength of OCC pulp, but adding 1% cationic corn starch to OCC pulp caused limit increase in dry strength. The wet strength of handsheet was significantly improved by adding 3% wet strength resin whereas 1% AKD significantly decreased the water absorption of the OCC pulp to 14 g/m². The optimal combination treatment of chemical additives including 1% cationic corn starch, 1% AKD, and 3% wet strength resin improved the wet and dry strength of handsheet made from OCC pulp that could be used for packaging products which need to be kept in refrigerator and freezer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Paper recycling is currently considered as one of the most important solutions for environmentally friendly and sustainable paper production. This process not only reduces the consumption of resources like water, energy, and virgin fibers but also contributes leads to a decrease in pollution. As a result, the paper recycling rate is continuously increasing in various countries, further emphasizing its importance in achieving a greener and more sustainable paper industry. Recycled paper is predominantly utilized in the production of packaging paper and board. However, it is crucial for these paper products to possess not only dry strength but also the ability to maintain the necessary strength when exposed to wet conditions, especially for packaging goods that require cold or freezing storage. To achieve this, various techniques such as refining and additives consumptions can be employed. The objective of this study is to explore the individual impact of each factor, as well as their interaction effects, in order to enhance the properties of office deinked pulp (DIP) for the production of packaging paperboard in order to improve the overall characteristics and performance of the packaging paperboard. Materials and Methods: DIP, sourced from Latif Paper Company, was subjected to refining until it reached an SR value of 30. The additives including cationic corn starch (at four levels of 1%, 1.4%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), wet strength resin (at three levels of 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), and AKD (at three levels of 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), were individually incorporated into the pulp suspension. Handsheets were made with the basis weight of 120 g/m2 . To evaluate and compare the impact of the optimal additive treatment on the treated pulp, various tests were conducted on the handsheets. These tests included measuring water absorption, tensile strength, burst strength, tear strength, wet strength retention, and absolute wet strength retention. The relative retention strength was determined by assessing the independent effects of each treatment on the tensile strength, burst strength, and tear strength of handsheets under both wet and dry conditions. Results: The impact of refining on the strength of handsheets made from DIP was found to be statistically significant in dry conditions. The results demonstrated that incorporating 2wt% cationic corn starch into the refined pulp led to the improved performance, particularly in terms of tear strength, compared to the independent factor of refining alone. Additionally, the utilization of wet strength resin and AKD showed a remarkable increase in the strength of handsheets under wet conditions, as well as a significant reduction in water absorption when compared to the control sample. Furthermore, employing both refining and the optimal combination treatment of additives - including 2wt% cationic corn starch, 3wt% wet strength resin, and 1wt% AKD - simultaneously resulted in a significant enhancement in both the wet and dry strength of the handsheets, as well as a decrease in water absorption. This indicates that the combined treatment presented a positive effect on the overall performance of the handsheets. Conclusions: The application of the optimal combination treatment, which involved refining DIP and adding additives simultaneously, resulted in the improvement of all handsheet properties when compared to the control sample. This enhanced handsheet could be suitable for packaging products that require refrigeration or freezing conditions. In dry state, the strength of the handsheets exceeded the standard strength of bleached kraft paper as per Iran national standard no. 2875, with the exception of tear strength. The evaluation of absolute relative retention wet strength indicated that the performance of the combination treatment was highly favorable compared to previous research reports. The combination treatment remarkably reduced water absorption of the handsheet by 22 g/m², making it suitable for paper storage in freezing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective Hamiltonian describing indirect exchange interactions of type Ruderman- Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida [RKKY] between the magnetic impurities near the Dirac Points is based on the first-order energy. Besides, the points where the impurities are located are important in identifying the oscillatory behaviour of these interactions. Then in this paper, we first intend to obtain the effective Hamiltonian elements near the Dirac points for 2D graphene structures using the tight-binding approximation and then the phase factors between neighbor Dirac points are noticed. The obtained results are extended to obtain the effective Hamiltonian and then the first-order energy for carbon nanotubes. Using the quantized wave vector in the circumferential direction of nanotubes at Dirac Points, we examine the condition for nanotubes to be metallic or semiconductors. The obtained results based on the tight binding could be used to study the magnetic interactions at low energy for graphene structures as well as carbon nanotubes.

In this paper, the optical properties of GaP in different phases have been investigated. The calculations were performed by using pseudopotential in the framework of density functional theory and using the PWscf code. The pseudopotentials applied here are generated using norm-conserving conditions within GGA for the exchange-correlation function. The optical properties of the Zincblend and Cinnabar phases reveal the conformity between the band structure and the imaginary part of the dielectric function, and the band gap and optical gap are almost equal. The refractive index obtained from the real part of the dielectric function in Zincblend is 3.306 and in the Cinnabar phase is 4.235 and 3.808 in the x and z directions, respectively.

This paper uses the Jaynes-Cummings model to investigate the entanglement of a two-qutrit state in a cavity. The entanglement is analyzed as a function of decoherence rate, coupling constant, and frequency of atomic transition. We note that this entanglement is decreased passing time and the negativity is an increasing function of the frequency of atomic transition. The negativity at first is an increasing function of the coupling constant, then for higher values of the coupling constant, the negativity decreases with the increase of the coupling constant and over time it tends to zero. We also investigate the influence of intrinsic decoherence on quantum teleportation via this two-qutrit state. We plot the fidelity as a function of the decoherence rate, the coupling constant, and the atomic transition frequency. The results show that the fidelity decreases with an increasing decoherence rate. Moreover, the frequency of fidelity oscillations is an increasing function of the atomic transition frequency. The fidelity is relatively independent of the coupling constant, especially at a higher value of the coupling constant.

This study was carried out to determine the effect coating with polylactic acid-chitosan complex on the packaging paper by two methods of mixing and grafting. For this purpose, handsheet (80 g/m2) was made using long fibers collected from Mazandaran Wood and Paper Factory. Poly lactic acid, chitosan and nanocytosis with the concentration of 1 wt. %, were prepared by dissolving in chloroform and 1% acetic acid, respectively. In both methods, three layers coating was applied. Then, coated samples were dried in oven. In the mixing method, polylactic acid and chitosan were mixed and then applied on base paper. In the grafting method, by chemical modification of chitosan and polylactic acid, 0.01 g of EDC (N-(3-dimethy laminopropyl)-N/-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), 0.1 g of Span 80 and 0.047 g of HOBT ( 1- Hydoxy benzotriazole) homogeneous solution were prepared and applied on a paper surface. Finally, barrier and mechanical properties including contact angle, water absorption, air permeability and burst strength were measured respectively. The results showed that papers which were coated with grafting method, using three layers of coating (P3nCs3) had the highest air permeability resistance compared to the mixing method. Control sample showed minimum air permeability resistance. Water absorption decreased in coated samples by mixing method compared to grafting method and grafting method further reduced water absorption. Contact angle increased in coated samples by the grafting method compared to the mixing method.

Technological revolution is an outcome of the third wave of revolutions that has brought forth tangible changes and transformations in all industries, including tourism. Technology advancement creates new opportunities for virtual tourism. As such, the virtual tour experience and the study of tourist behavior have turned into an important subject of tourism studies. In this milieu, the current study aims to identify and explain theoretical frameworks of behavioral domain of virtual tourists. It systematically reviews researches on virtual tourist behavior by taking into account scientific articles published in Scopus-indexed journals between 1999 and 2022 as behavior indicators. The findings demonstrated that China and the United States have been on forefront in researches on the behavior of virtual tourists. The most important theoretical approaches to that behavior are: technology acceptance model, planned behavior, and stimulus-organism-response, theory of flow, attention recovery, immersion and presence. In order to identify main components in the proposed study related to the behavior of virtual tourists, the quantitative content analysis was used. In the end, a conceptual framework was extracted from the content of the articles. It was found that the most important and effective theory in this field is technology acceptance.

The presence of heavy metal ions dissolved in tap water poses serious problems for human health. With the rapid growth of the world's population, the need to improve current technology for water purification and in order to provide safe drinking water is constantly increasing. Compared to various conventional heavy metal removal methods, cyanobacteria-mediated heavy metal removal is a more advantageous method, because of the cost-effective, on-site, and green chemistry approach. Cyanobacteria are a very suitable tool for the sequestration of metals because they can simultaneously divide the metal through biosorption and bioaccumulation. Bioabsorption is a cell surface occurrence, while bioaccumulation occurs inside the cell. In addition, the use of plasma technology as a driving force increases the percentage of metal removal in different periods. To write this article, a detailed search was carried out from the authors' experiences and articles and the latest articles available in PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Medline, and Scientific Information Database databases. A review of the available articles showed that although there are many studies on the use of cyanobacteria in the removal of heavy metals, their combined use with plasma technology in biological treatment has been less studied. As a result, the purpose of this article is to review the separation of cyanobacteria in heavy metal ions from wastewater and the defense mechanism of cyanobacteria against metal-induced toxicity. In addition, we attempt to compare the ability of different species of cyanobacteria to separate heavy metals from water under different environmental conditions by producing exopolysaccharides and biosynthetic pathways. The results of this study can provide a complete picture of the identification and implementation of an applied bioremediation technique on an industrial scale that is cost-effective and environmentally sustainable.

The transport properties of the Dirac fermions through the electric and magnetic barriers on the surface of a 3D topological insulator with a hexagonal warping effect have been investigated using the transfer matrix method. It was found that the transmission probability and the electric conductance are strongly modulated by the gate voltage, incident energy, number of barriers, and the exchange field strength. It was remarkable that the Dirac fermion is not perfectly transmitted at the normal incidence, confirming the role of the proximity effect in the suppression of transmission for normal incident electrons. The magnetic field can open up a band gap in the conductance spectrum at the Dirac point, depending on the magnetization orientation. The time-reversal symmetry remains broken as long as the magnetization orientations in modulated regions are not entirely parallel to the surface of a topological insulator. The resonant states and the position of resonant peaks are dependent on the gate voltage and incident energy values. It is shown that the number of tunneling resonances increases with increasing the number of barriers. The hexagonal warping effect can increase electronic transport at high energies. The results found here are consistent with those obtained previously.

In this work, the planar waveguides are investigated by depositing a SU-8 polymer on PET and quartz substrates. Maxwell equations are solved for the designed waveguides to obtain the characteristic equations. By solving these equations, the minimum thickness of SU-8 necessary for operation as a waveguide is found. Afterward, the waveguides are fabricated and characterized by profilometry and UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy. It is observed that SU-8 polymer shows suitable optical transmission. Then, the effective refractive index of the waveguide, as well as the wave propagation, is recognized by the finite element method. The results of simulations show that the total reflectance phenomenon that is required for a waveguide operation is occurring more effectively in the PET/SU-8 device than in the Quartz/SU-8 and in a waveguide configuration, it possesses better performance. Also, the flexibility and low cost of PET make it a proper candidate for substitution of the typical rigid substrate such as quartz.