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In the years after the relative domestic stability following the Islamic Revolution of Iran, regional and international issues became the most important concerns of the Iranian politicians. The Iran hostage crisis and the ensuing break in Iran–US relations as well as the Iraqi-imposed war on Iran during the early years of the formation of the Islamic Revolution practically led to a crisis in Iran’s relations with the Western, Eastern, and Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.Later on, some analysts of Iran’s foreign policy pointed to the ideological nature of Iran’s foreign policy, the idealist viewpoint of Iran’s revolutionary leaders, and the attempt to export the Revolution to other countries. The foreign policy of Iran was based on the preference for nations over states in international relations, the emphasis on the political independence in planning and policymaking, on the preference for beliefs over economic and commercial interests in bilateral and multilateral relations, and the importance attached to political justice in the relations between states in international relations.Highlighting the convergence in intra- and extraregional cooperation, recent changes in Iran’s foreign policy have led to the current emphasis on convergence of issues such as expansion of bilateral and multilateral relations, cooperation and good-neighborliness with neighbors (esp. in the Persian Gulf region), and reduction of disputes. This new approach to foreign policy subscribes to the view that Iran has strategic depth due to its geographical and historical location, hence capable of attaining strategic-cum-global significance. For this purpose, it is necessary for Iran to resolve its problems and differences with its neighbors, establish friendly relationships based on good-neighborliness, and prepare the grounds for the convergence of countries by exporting strategic goods, for example, gas export to Oman. Iran–Oman relations in the field of energy can move to a transregional level, leading to the greater convergence and cooperation in the Persian Gulf region and even in the countries such as India and China.This article aims to evaluate one of the most important developments in Iran’s foreign policy in the last decade, that is, the focus on the surrounding regions, including the Persian Gulf, and the look to the East and Asian countries (e.g., India and China) for the purpose of reducing the disputes with neighbors and seeking extensive cooperation with the East concerning the export of natural gas. The main question is, how can Iran’s export of gas to Oman contribute to the expansion of convergence in Iran–Oman relations? The research hypothesis predicts that the expansion of communications (e.g., the export of strategic goods, such as gas, to Oman) will prepare the ground for enhancing the convergence between the two countries in other fields. The research used Peter McLaughlin’s functional explanation as the method and convergence theory as well as Karl Deutsch’s communications theory as the conceptual frameworks.Considering the economic power and energy in the Persian Gulf region, the analysis indicates that Iran is able to be one of the important sources of income and set gas transit in the region, hence the transit hub of the Persian Gulf. Iran’s gas export to Oman faces challenges and advantages. Regarding the challenges, the enormous investment is required for transporting gas through pipelines over a long distance, which stresses the need to guarantee the gas consumption market and access to a large volume of gas reserves. The dispute between Oman and the UAE over determining the route of the gas pipeline constitutes an important challenge for Iran’s export of gas to Oman. Another challenge is the sanctions through which the US and the Western countries, unable to dominate the energy and resources of Iran after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, tried to oppose Iran. The US has prevented Iran from reaching its desired goals. Despite the challenges, Iran’s gas export to Oman has advantages. For example, the construction of the gas pipeline is beneficial given the fact that Iran is supposed to export 30 million cubic meters gas to Oman and increase this figure to 70 million. This long-term contract enables Iran to achieve between 20 to 30 million dollars of gas revenue.The findings show that the increase in communications (e.g., the export of strategic goods, such as gas) between the two countries can prepare the ground for increasing exchanges of other goods and services. Exporting gas to Oman is considered as the reason for meeting the country’s energy needs, energy security, and even as the basis for the expansion of the gas pipeline from Oman to India and China—which is the most effective factor for the implementation of Iran’s active foreign policy based on convergence between the countries of the Persian Gulf.

The basis of human life in the inhabited biosphere is the balance in the triple cycle of water, food and energy. Also, fair use and exploitation of land and natural resources are added to this importance. However, due to human and artificial carelessness, irreparable events appear that significantly impact the failure of the human life cycle. We can mention climate changes that leave unlimited environmental crises among these events. This is not a marginal issue, but it is considered an ongoing and crucial global issue. This research attempts to analyse the gaps in tools in the field of responsibility and the necessity of international partners in the light of diplomacy by enumerating the upcoming events and sufferings. This research seeks to answer how the climate convergence model is realised in its two-way relationship with the triple cycle. With this description, the importance of climate change and its direct and indirect effects on vital human dimensions made us look at this issue.

Introduction Operational risk is one of the factors identified in organizations, especially in banks, and banking supervisory committees pay special attention to it. In this paper, a mathematical model based on an advanced operational risk model is considered to calculate the probability of bank survival as a partial Volterra integro-differential equation. Integral equations are considered as one of the useful mathematical tools in pure and applied analysis. Often the results of applied equations such as partial differential equations, integro-differential equations, random equations and other equations including integro differential part are used in physical phenomena. One of the applications of these equations is in operational risk. In (1988) different methods for solving differential equations and integro-differential equations of parabolic type are presented. The issue of survival probability is an important issue in modeling a business's risk. The model under study is often expressed by the partial Volterra intego-differential equation.Types of risks available to organizations (banks) include credit risk, market risk or operational risk. One of the most important is the operational risk to which all the activities of the bank are exposed. Operational risk is the possibility of losses due to inadequacy and inadequacy of processes and methods, people and internal systems or due to events outside the organization (bank). The effects of this type of risk can sometimes be so wide that it can lead to the bankruptcy of a bank. Therefore, domestic and international regulators - especially the Wing Committee - and banks are making great efforts to accurately identify and effectively manage this risk. The wide range of this risk, in addition to the difficulty of quantifying it, makes it very difficult to obtain a reliable database that can be found by mathematical modeling of a particular trend or order among the data. To counter the consequences of operational risk, banks are required to allocate some reserves to hedge potential losses. This can be considered a form of autoimmunity, although the explicit allocation of capital to operational risk by the Basel Committee is not mandatory for banks. The concept of operational risk is the same for different organizations and its amount depends on the total capital of the organization. Material and methods This equation has been solved numerically by applying the finite differences method with the trapezoidal rule (FD-TR method) to estimate its integral part and the effect of changing the parameters of the models on the output of the problem has been investigated. In addition, the stability and convergence of the method are discussed and its numerical results are presented. Results and discussion We have discretized the integro-differential equation related to operational risk in different networks and solved it by finite differences method. We have obtained useful results for its operation in organizations at different times and with different risk reserves. Conclusion According to the results obtained from the numerical solution of the problem, the following results can be raised: At the same time, by increasing risk storage in different networks, it is observed that the probability of survival increases, the probability of survival is directly related to risk storage. This result is especially evident in the network of 8. By storing constant risk, the passage of time in different networks will reduce the probability of survival, the probability of survival is inversely related to the passage of time. This result is especially evident in the network of 8. By increasing the network segmentations sufficiently, the convergence of the FD-TR method is quite evident. FD-TR method is an efficient scheme to estimate the solution of the operational risk’s model as a stable and convergence numerical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationality is sometimes described as beliefs, and sometimes actions and behavior are characterized by rationality, and sometimes values ??are characterized by it, but in any case, rationality is based on revelation and Islamic principles, a system consisting of principles that are in the framework Islamic culture and civilization has been formed and organizes the mentalities and behavior of Muslims. Convergence and unity of Muslims also leads to the realization of the goals and interests of the Islamic Ummah and standing against the enemies of Islam. The new Islamic civilization is formed when the element of rationality and convergence regains its original position in Islamic societies, and thus Islamic civilization, which includes all the achievements of Muslims in various economic, cultural, religious, social, moral, material and spiritual dimensions and... can be; Revive, rebuild and rehabilitate. Planning this important issue in a jurisprudential environment and by expressing the Shariah ruling of its obligation or sanctity, in addition to speeding up the impact of the social reform movement, it causes a horizon beyond the recommendation and praise of these two important and at the same time interrelated matters. put in front of Islamic societies. In a descriptive-analytical way, this article seeks to express the jurisprudential foundations of rationality and convergence of Muslims in the formation of modern Islamic civilization. The findings of the research show that the jurisprudential foundations of this issue are: monotheistic nature, the principle of the state system, the principle of forming a single nation, Rationality based on the book and tradition, and among the jurisprudence rules cited, we can mention the rule of respect, the rule of unity, the rule of taqiyyah, the rule of obligation, and the rule of justice

ntroduction Fractional calculus is an extension of derivatives and integrals to noninteger orders and it has been widely used to model engineering and scientific problems. Studying fractional calculus is an old topic in mathematical analysis, which goes back to Leibniz (1695) and Euler (1730). Exact solutions for the majority of fractional differential equations cannot be found easily, thus analytical and numerical methods must be used. In fact, several numerical methods for solving fractional differential equations have been presented in the literature and they have their own advantages and limitations. In recent years, the numerical solution of fractional equations has become a popular topic in applied sciences control and engineering. The Riccati equations play a significant role in many fields of engineering and applied science such as the theory of random processes, diffusion problems, transmission-line phenomena and optimal control theory. The Riccati differential equation is named after the Italian Nobleman Count Jacopo Francesco Riccati (1676-1754). In this work, we implement exponential spline method for solving the time fractional nonlinear Riccati initial value problem with the Caputo fractional derivative. Many authors have made attempts to solve these equations using different numerical methods. Some of these methods, such as the Laplace-Adomian-Pade method, the modified homotopy perturbation method, the He's variational iteration method, the Chebyshev wavelet operational matrix method, the finite difference method and Padevariational iteration method, the shifted Jacobi polynomial integral operational matrix method, The sine-cosine wavelet operational matrix, Variational iteration algorithm and the residual power series method. Material and methods There are several definitions of a fractional derivative of order such as Riemann-Liouville, Grunwald-Letnikove, and Caputo. In this paper, the Caputo fractional derivative is used for the formulation of the problem. The exponential spline function is presented for solving Riccati differential equations. Applying the continuity of the exponential spline function and its derivative we get the consistency relations. The relations of exponential spline function are utilized to transform the differential equations to the system of algebraic equations. Also, the error analysis of the exponential spline function bases is given. We use exponential spline approximation to develop a family of new numerical methods to obtain smooth approximations to the solution of fractional riccati differential equation. The proposed methods can be used to solve not only the classical Riccati differential equations but also the fractional ones. The convergence analysis of the method has been discussed. Some examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique and to compare the computed results with the other methods. Results and discussion Our main aim is to solve the Riccati differential equations by using exponential spline function. We propose two main methods to find an approximate solution of the fractional Riccati equation. The main advantage of our algorithm is that it can be used directly without using an assumption or transformation formulae and the convergence analysis of the method has been discussed. By using the truncation error to eliminate the coefficients of various powers h we can obtain classes of the methods. The presented method is its greater accuracy and smooth approximation without using an off-step point. The present method enables us to approximate the solution at every point of the interval [a, b]. Conclusion In this paper, the exponential spline has been applied to approximate the solution of the fractional riccati differential equations and we have obtained some methods of order-two. To demonstrate the convergence and applicability of the presented methods, some numerical experiments are reported. Comparisons with other methods and the exact solution show that this technique is a good approximation for solving the fractional Riccati differential equations. Based on the error analysis and convergence of these methods, we find that the order of convergence is two and applies to all kinds of fractional equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income inequality is an important obstacle to the growth and expansion of social welfare. Developed societies use various tools to overcome this problem. The social security system is one of the most well-known of these tools. In this study, the effect of social security costs on the convergence of income distribution in the provinces of the country in the period 1397-1387 has been investigated. In this research, the subject has been studied through spatial methodology. The results showed that the long-term costs of social security have a significant negative effect on the convergence of income distribution in the provinces, but short-term costs have no effect. Absolute and conditional convergence coefficient shows that the provinces of the country converge to a level of income distribution in the long run. The estimated convergence velocity is 0.061 in the absolute convergence state and 0.075 in the conditional state. The findings also showed that inflation and human capital have a positive and significant effect and Internet penetration has a negative and significant effect on the convergence of income distribution. Kuznets hypothesis was confirmed in the provinces. The study of the effects of overflows in 1397 showed that the long-term costs of social security in one province affect the neighboring provinces and Isfahan province due to its proximity to 9 provinces has been able to have the greatest effect of overflows on other provinces.

Aim and Introduction: Rapid developments in organizational technologies and processes, advancement of knowledge and development of management science in the field of health services on the one hand and increasing the costs of providing and providing care on the other hand have caused strategists and policy makers in the sector. To make the planning, presentation and evaluation processes of health services more effective and efficient by using the various capabilities of e-commerce and information technology. In this regard, the present study has researched health tourism and trade of this type of services in Muslim member countries of the Islamic Conference.Methodology: This article is based on the comparative advantage of 50 Muslim countries in the period 1990 to 2017 using the panel data method, and using the dependent variable of health tourism and independent variables including economic size, population size, distance of countries, exchange rate, tax rate, Common language, regional arrangements, the Organization for Economic Co-operation, eight developing Islamic countries, the Gulf Cooperation Council and the Western Maghreb have been examined.Findings: According to the acceptable value of F-Limer statistic and significant value that is less than 0.05 and the results of Haussmann test, the model will fit the panel data using the fixed effects method. The results of the present study indicate that by increasing the effective economic size by one percent, the improvement of health tourism will increase by about 0.1 percent. The obtained negative coefficient of the border distance variable shows the effect of 17% of this variable on the improvement of health tourism.

1-AbstractAssessment of the role of pearls in recognizing some historical and traditional concepts governing the social and economic relations of inhabitants around the Persian Gulf, especially its central and southern coasts, is of great significance due to their special position for explaining the historical events and contexts of the Persian Gulf Region Administration. Pearl has been defined as an important commodity in the region's traditional economy, prompting researchers to explore its various social, economic, and political dimensions. Among the important historical backgrounds, recognizing and redefining how to manage this vast trade in local and regional dimensions and continuing to find traces of Iranian bureaucracy were the focus of this particular case study. With its analytical approach and based on some historical evidence, this article sought to answer the fundamental question of what the trace of Iranian bureaucracy in this process was given the mechanism of pearl fishing and trading. The prevailing premise was that bureaucracy had indirectly contributed to fishing management and regulation of pearl-fishing grounds.2- Introduction Traditionally and historically, the southern coastline of the Persian Gulf, along with the southern coast of Iran, was based on geographical proximity, common religion and economic interests, and political and social ties. In the meantime, trade interactions, especially participation in trading for goods and fisheries, were more important. In the context of interactions for gaining economic benefits from the sea, pearl fishing and trading were of particular significance due to the role of different strata in gaining broad financial benefits. This could be the basis for doing a historical analysis on the role of pearl fishing and trading in creating a kind of collective participation and historical interaction between coastal residents on both sides of the Persian Gulf. Interactions that had existed since ancient times and throughout the history of the Islamic era were reinforced by the strengthening of religious ties between Iranians and Arabs and continued until the Qajar period. Since pearl fishing was the most important platform for economic activities of the coastal residents, who were scattered along the southern shores of the Persian Gulf and had no other livelihoods, pearl fishing and trading were the major and central platform for their roles in the local Persian Gulf economy. This presence was more prominent in the major pearl sites in the region, namely around Bahrain, east and west of Qatar Peninsula, and around the islands of Abu Dhabi. Understanding the nature of this interaction, the important role of Iranian captains and merchants in this business, and the need for convergence and coordination among coastal residents revealed the role of their common interests in creating this ancient traditional system and a better communication for strengthening those interests. Although the evolution of the international system and development of the trade and security systems by securing British Naval Power and preserving the Indian Empire changed the long-standing relations and local traditions in the Persian Gulf, pearl fishing and trading so well dominated over the region due to its complexity and special characteristics. It was less affected by the conditions of the new era and was able to maintain its existence until the 1930s. Go on with your life. Nevertheless, the first half of the 19th century …AD/13 AH. The pattern of beach-dwelling relations with the presence of pearl fisheries on the southeast coast was the same as the traditional patterns. Meanwhile, the southeastern shores of the Persian Gulf were the most important pearl-fishing grounds in the entire Indian Ocean basin and an important center of mass gathering and collective participation of coastal residents throughout the ports and islands of the Persian Gulf. Meanwhile, despite the historical importance of the principles of interaction and participation in the coastal residents’ social lives, the major issue for Iranian and Arab scholars in the present era was to address the qualities and scopes of Iranian and Arab governments’ influences and powers in Persian Gulf ports and islands. Hence, less attention was paid to the issue of interaction and participation of both groups in the social and economic contexts. Although a brief look at the historical and human geography and climate on the shores of the Persian Gulf revealed the concentration of human settlements on the northern shores (present-day coasts of Iran) and the dominance of Iranian elements on the sea. The social and economic lives on the ports and islands were neglected. Participation continued from the distant past to the domination of modern security systems in the 14th century AH/20 AD. Therefore, the developments that occurred during the last two centuries necessitated recognition of some historical foundations of connections between the coastal and maritime areas on both sides of the Persian Gulf. Due to the economic and communication significance of this commercial region, pearls were of historical importance among the commercial goods in the Persian Gulf as they had a special role in the coastal residents’ livelihood and local economy. Pearl was known as a locally produced commodity and unlike other important transit commodities, such as spices, horses, textiles, nuts, etc., it was not merely a transit commodity, while it belonged to the coastal areas and the coastal people permanently participated in catching and processing it. The difference between pearl and other important local commodities like salt was in its reliance on fishing techniques and complexity and trading process, as well as its necessities. Knowledge and experience, along with the financial resources derived from the pearl trade, provided a balance for coastal residents against foreign interference. Moreover, the deep connection of pearls with all aspects of local people’s social lives and the scope of activities related to it were in such a way that even oil, despite its economic importance beyond pearls, was not as a cultural activity linked to the sea people’s lives as pearls, which created closeness. However, the most important issue in this regard was the complexity of how Iranians were related to pearl fishing and trading in the Persian Gulf.Scattered historical references to pearl fishing and trading were the basis for understanding some important aspects of the interactions between the two shores. In addition to the book "Al-Magha's Al-Laali and Minar Al-Laali" (Sadid al-Saltanah Kababi (1371), which was published under the Persian name of "Northern Lands ..." and whose main title and contents had brief references to fishing and trading in the Persian Gulf region, a short book on the subject of pearls entitled "Al-Manas fi Ahwal al-Ghousva al-Al-Wass" by Sadid al-Saltanah Kababi (1308) was available. Also, there was a collection of documents related to pearl fishing in the Persian Gulf. This four-volume collection of documents from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century contained statistics and reports that showed the role of pearls in coastal people’s livelihoods. Among the official documents and reports of the British agency in the Persian Gulf, which were in the form of several independent collections, the detailed collection of Saldanha and Lorimer was included as well. 3- Materials & Methods Through historical and analytical methods and based on library studies, this article tried to answer the basic question of what role this commodity played in creating interaction and convergence among the coastal residents of the Persian Gulf according to the mechanism of pearl fishing and trading. The prevailing assumption was that the process of attending fishing grounds and the rules and regulations governing fishing culture played an important role in creating convergence and interaction among coastal residents with regard to the importance of pearl fishing and trading, as well as researchers' emphasis on the existence of rules and traditional customs.4- Discussion of Results & Conclusions Obtaining financial benefits for political centers on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf provided an explanation to the importance of this industry and trade. A closer look at the events revealed that the central role of pearl industry in the inhabitants’ lives and livelihoods on the southern coasts had not been studied by researchers despite the existence of some references in the sources, which could sufficiently encourage them to perform explanatory research in these areas. The historical nature of coastal dwellers’ connection and interactions based on the culture and economy of pearls should be carefully studied as one of the most original and fundamental foundations of the history of the Persian Gulf region.Pearls had a special place in the local economy of the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf due to their historical importance, so much so that in official reports, they were mentioned as the strength of the scattered settlements on the southern coasts. In the first Qajar era, the basis of interactions between both sides of the Persian Gulf was a continuation of the historical trading traditions in the form of the presence of fishing fleets and residents in pearl fisheries in Iranian ports. In the field of pearl trading, which was considered to be the most important livelihood activity of dwellers on the southern shores of the Persian Gulf, an unwritten and, of course, precise mechanism, which Lorimer considered a Sassanid tradition, made the basis for creating order between thousands of boats and ships. These traditions were seen in the spatial and temporal divisions of fishermen's groups and timing of the presence of large and small ships, merchants, etc., expressing common interests and the necessity of establishing a system of customs on both sides of the northern and southern coasts. This did the right thing even without a direct supervision in the Qajar period, which was the result of the emergence of new European mechanisms that remained strong until the middle of the 14th century AH/20 AD. Despite the weakness and decline of the Qajar ruling system, this continuous presence showed that local traditions were a key factor in preserving the region's historical identity by strengthening the interaction between coastal residents even in the absence of direct supervision of the central government. These traditions reflected an important part of the coastal inhabitants’ economic and social lives.

Abstract:The emergence of various intellectual ideas in the Islamic world after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) until today has posed the challenge of the convergence of the Ummah. The period of the Imamate of Imam Javad (AS) (825-842 AD) was also the season of prosperity, internal revolts, and foreign aggression against the Islamic Caliphate. The suspicious activities of these groups threatened religion. One of the threats was the division of the Ummah. The present study, by asking what the components of convergence from the perspective of Imam Javad (AS) are, seeks to identify these components in situations such as debates, confrontation with caliphs, and currents of thought. His teachings were manifested in the form of components of correcting theological beliefs with respect, lack of tension in political relations, good manners, adherence to the Holy Qur'an and tradition, and innocence from Islamic extremism. The study hypothesizes that Imam Javad (AS) considers the roots of divergence in not understanding the truth of religion, hegemony, and separatist tendencies. Imam's actions in the direction of convergence have been in the form of corrective measures in interaction with different currents, removing doubts, and avoiding any divergent action towards the unity of the Ummah.Introduction:The political situation of the Islamic society changed after revealing the nature of Bani Abbas especially with Mansour’s actions (136-158 AH) and the foundations of the Abbasid caliphate. The situation was not in accordance with the Imamate doctrine. Therefore, contrary to previous claims, the Abbasid caliphs, the same as Umayyads, were forced to pursue two strategic principles in confrontation with the doctrine of the Imamate. The first was making doubt in the doctrine of Imamate and the second was creating deviant sects to keep these sects busy with each other and diverging among Shiites. In such an atmosphere, Imam Javad (AS), who was supposed to protect the doctrine of Imamate and unite the Ummah, became Imam at an early age. The young age of the Imam was a problem for the public of Shiites. But considering the influence of gentlefolks in the society and their impact on the positions of the masses, the Imam, in the face of doubts created by gentlefolks, removed doubts and explained the doctrine of Imamate. This study seeks to provide a model for Islamic convergence by searching the lifestyle of Imam Javad (AS) in situations such as debates, confrontation with caliphs, and currents of thought.Imam Javad (AS) debates with Mutazilite and Sunni elders were held in the form of theological and jurisprudence subjects. Subjects such as divorce a woman, hunting in the shrine (Masjed Al-haram), the quality of becoming halal and haram for a woman several times a day, exaggerated virtues about sheikhs, signs of Imamate, issues related to Monotheism, cutting off the hand of a thief and punishing bandits. Caliphs held debates intending to challenge the knowledge and position of Imam Javad (AS) in the society and create doubts among Shiites about the legitimacy of their Imam. This seemingly threat, of course, was an opportunity for the Imam to prove his knowledge and legitimacy. Beyond these debates, in addition to dispelling doubts and enlightening thoughts about Islamic teachings in the field of Monotheism, Prophecy, Imamate, and the Qur'an, he sought to create convergence, because he explained and corrected some Sunni beliefs without any insults, humiliation, or bringing religious sensitivities.Materials and Methods:The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical with reference to historical, hadith, and rijali books.Discussion of Results and Conclusions:Imam Javad (AS) pursued a strategic plan to create and strengthen convergence through debates, confrontations with caliphs, and currents of thought. He considered the divergence of the Ummah as a result of mutual disrespect for beliefs, sanctities, and incitement of religious feelings and stressed the necessity of respect and courtesy. This religious courtesy leads to preserving the dignity of the Islamic society, its immunity from insults, avoiding the field of discord, and leading to convergence. Although the Imam claimed an appointed leadership (by Prophet Mohammad) over the Muslim Ummah, according to the requirements of the time in preserving the Islamic government, he did not take any divergent action towards the caliphate and did not use the currents and forces seeking independence for politic aims.According to the teachings of Imam Javad (AS), wise behavior and best scientific debate along with softness, love, and avoidance of harsh words, even towards those who hated him, lead to convergence. He emphasized the unity of Muslims based on the two original sources that are Qur'an and Sunnah (Prophet's lifestyle) and the necessity to follow its instructions. In the face of the phenomenon of Islamic extremism, he used two methods of enlightenment and decisive approaches. The Enlightenment method included guiding and responding to doubts. The decisive approach included cases such as cursing and giving murder sentences. The Imam tried to guide and retrain the teachings of religion through enlightenment. Since extremist Shiites paved the way for the enemies to slander and oppose the Shiites, exposing, cursing, and finally issuing a murder statement for some of them was the agendum. He eliminated misunderstandings and provided convergence by clarifying the nature of extremist Shiites and declaring the illegitimacy of them. The Imam also tried to reject the exaggerated beliefs of the Sunnis without stimulating religious sensitivities. He refuted these beliefs logically with convincing citations. Therefore, the divergent behaviors of Islamic currents are due to the lack of proper understanding of the nature of religion and manners of the Innocents (AS). Thus, the life of the Imams (AS) can play an effective role in creating Islamic convergence.

Most of the researches on Iran and Saudi Arabia issues have developed in a completely different atmosphere based on aggressive realism. Few also of Theme, while confessing to the divergence of the Islamic world had been willing to expand the liberal process of the European Union. critical thinking, which is based on the first class of works; while comprehensive data are present from existing conditions; do not change and soften the situation and are often misunderstood and unanimously affected by the pattern of balance of powers .In the case of the second spectrum of works, in the realist climate of south-west Asia, an appropriate developmental path is not provided for freedom and unity of liberal type. The aim of the present paper is to present a compromise between these two approaches by taking advantage of the regimes of regimes in order to soften the situation into the realistic environment. The Result of this paper is to find out the two countries by changing the rules of the game in order to achieve its (convergence).this will preserve and increaseregionalism of the Persian Gulf, and then the regional cooperation between the two countries is focal point for the development and expansion of the convergence process of the Islamic world.The present article, with a critical look at the existing works, seeks to achieve a favorable situation in the relations between the two countries.

Water supply at a desired rate at any time to meet the water requirements regardless of river discharge must be considered in the general design of intakes provided that the needs do not exceed the river flow. Due to the lack of necessary information in this field and the importance of sediment transport to the lateral intakes at river bends, this study aimed at understanding the mechanism of this phenomenon. To this end, the combined effect of convergence and divergence in lateral intakes on the sediment transport was investigated. According to the results, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by converging the laboratory flume. By narrowing and converging the end of the flume, the diversion discharge was increased further, so that as the flume was converged to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by 13.6% and 75%, respectively. This could be connected to narrowing, flow obstruction and backflow to the intake. In contrast, different results were found by diverging the flume. In other words, the inflow to the intake was decreased by diverging the flume. As the flume end was diverged, the diversion discharge was decreased further. By diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was decreased by 21.9 and 31.8%, respectively. The average diversion discharge to the intake at 30, 60 and 90º was 13.2, 15.2 and 11.5%, respectively. By converting the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was increased by 18.5 and 71.4%. In contrast, by diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was decreased by 35.4 and 49.9%, respectively.

The South Caucasus is one of the areas where, since the end of the Cold War, and the crises caused by geopolitical and geostrategic developments, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there have been rivalries and bargaining of major regional and sub-regional powers. In recent years, The presence of the Zionist regime as one of the supranational powers in the South Caucasus as the periphery of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its strategic partnership with the countries of the region, and the further expansion of the field of cooperation and strategic plans with them, has created a serious challenge to our country's vital interests. The continuation of this presence has brought about a clear opposition in various political, security, economic and cultural spheres, which, in proportion to the emergence and level of cooperation and hostilities of the states of the region, in the absence of the maintenance of the ruling states of the region could spark a conflict Cause. The methodology of this research is based on an argumentative approach and its research methodology has a descriptive-analytic character.

In this paper, we develop some stationary iterative schemes in block forms for solving double saddle point problem. To this end, we first generalize the Jacobi iterative method and study its convergence under certain condition. Moreover, using a relaxation parameter, the weighted version of the Jacobi method together with its convergence analysis are considered. Furthermore, we extend a method from the class of Gauss-Seidel iterative method and establish its convergence properties under a certain condition. In addition, the block successive overrelaxation (SOR) method is used to construct an iterative scheme to solve the mentioned double saddle point problem and its convergence properties are analyzed. In order to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods, we report some numerical experiments for a class of saddle point problems arising from the modeling of liquid crystal directors using finite elements../files/site1/files/52/2.pdf

The emergence of various intellectual ideas in the Islamic world after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) until today has posed the challenge of the convergence of the Ummah. The period of the Imamate of Imam Javad (AS) (825-842 AD) was also the season of prosperity, internal revolts, and foreign aggression against the Islamic Caliphate. The suspicious activities of these groups threatened religion. One of the threats was the division of the Ummah. The present study, by asking what the components of convergence from the perspective of Imam Javad (AS) are, seeks to identify these components in situations such as debates, confrontation with caliphs, and currents of thought. His teachings were manifested in the form of components of correcting theological beliefs with respect, lack of tension in political relations, good manners, adherence to the Holy Qur'an and tradition, and innocence from Islamic extremism. The study hypothesizes that Imam Javad (AS) considers the roots of divergence in not understanding the truth of religion, hegemony, and separatist tendencies. Imam's actions in the direction of convergence have been in the form of corrective measures in interaction with different currents, removing doubts, and avoiding any divergent action towards the unity of the Ummah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the role of pearls in recognizing some historical and traditional concepts governing the social and economic relations of inhabitants around the Persian Gulf, especially its central and southern coasts, is of great significance due to their special position for explaining the historical events and contexts of the Persian Gulf Region Administration. Pearl has been defined as an important commodity in the region's traditional economy, prompting researchers to explore its various social, economic, and political dimensions. Among the important historical backgrounds, recognizing and redefining how to manage this vast trade in local and regional dimensions and continuing to find traces of Iranian bureaucracy were the focus of this particular case study. With its analytical approach and based on some historical evidence, this article sought to answer the fundamental question of what the trace of Iranian bureaucracy in this process was given the mechanism of pearl fishing and trading. The prevailing premise was that bureaucracy had indirectly contributed to fishing management and regulation of pearl-fishing grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of unconventional oil resources on the internal structure and decisions taken by OPEC. The way members of OPEC are interacting shows that new shale oil resources influence the mutual behavior and decision making of the OPEC. Since the position and power of this international organization has always been influenced by its structural disagreements and production from the unconventional resources of oil, which its majority part is out of territory of OPEC members, Could end in depending differences inside the organization or it will repair them, any majority changes in the OPEC’s impact on the global economy, may influence it’s total existence. This research by using historical variables of differences within the OPEC and its adaptation with future quantity scenarios of the oil production from the conventional and unconventional sources comes to the conclusion that entry and continuity of the shale oil variable into the international energy market at the same time, could be the element for the continuity and strength of opec organization or may cause breakdown of this organization after several decades of its activity in the world energy market. این مقاله به بررسی نقش منابع غیرمتعارف نفت بر ساختار درونی و تصمیم‌گیری‌های سازمان اوپک می‌پردازد. نحوه تعامل اعضا در سازمان اوپک نشان می‌دهد که منابع جدید نفت شیل نحوه رفتار متقابل و تصمیم‌گیری درون این سازمان را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. از آنجا که جایگاه و قدرت این سازمان بین‌المللی، همواره تحت تأثیر اختلافات ساختاری درون این سازمان بوده است و تولید از منابع نامتعارف نفت که قسمت عمده آن در خارج از حوزه سرزمینی اعضای اوپک است، می‌تواند به تعمیق اختلافات در درون این سازمان و یا ترمیم آنها بینجامد، هرگونه تغییر اساسی در میزان تأثیرگذاری اوپک در اقتصاد جهانی می‌تواند کلیت وجودی آن را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. این نوشتار با استفاده از متغیر تاریخی اختلافات درون سازمان اوپک و انطباق آن با سناریوهای کمی آتی تولید نفت از منابع متعارف و غیرمتعارف به این نتیجه می‌رسد که ورود و تداوم متغیر نفت شیل به بازار بین‌المللی انرژی، همزمان می‌تواند عامل تداوم و استحکام سازمان اوپک و یا از هم‌گسیختگی این سازمان بین‌المللی بعد از چندین دهه فعالیت در بازار انرژی جهانی شود.

Desalination plants dispose with the wastewater feed via channels and pipelines. The behavior of dense flows discharged into receiving water body is very important, thus prompting researchers to conducted numerous studies on the behavior of flows from surface and submerged dischargers. Among the scholars focusing on submerged dischargers, Zeitoun et al. (1972), Cipollina et al. (2005), and Bleninger and Jirka (2008) investigated submerged negatively buoyant jets in horizontal, vertical, and oblique discharge conditions and obtained results on flow trajectory and dilution rate. Furthermore, Researchers have also delved into surface dischargers. Using numerical modeling, Kassem et al. (2003) inquired into the effects of different parameters of an outflow, a bed, and receiving ambient water on the properties of dense flows discharged through inclined and divergent channels. Kotsovinos (2000), Papakonstantis and Christodoulou (2010), Kaye and Hunt (2004) experimentally examined the spreading of dense flows caused by the impingement of submerged jets on a horizontal plane. Papakonstantis and Christodoulou (2010) concentrated on negatively buoyant circular jets and vertical and horizontal positively buoyant jets, reporting that the dense flow in negatively buoyant jets and vertical positively buoyant jets has a circular outer boundary. The authors also observed that radial distance from the impingement point to the outer boundary of flow is related to time by a power of 0.5. As previously stated, understanding the behavior of dense flows discharged into receiving ambient water is highly important. Correspondingly, this study explored the spreading of dense horizontal flow over the bed of deep and stagnant ambient water.

As our recent society is turning to senility, this research tries to analyze meaningful factors on elders' lives according to social interpretation approach. In this research, it is tried to reach a background theory through qualitative method and deep interview. Using systematic sampling and theoretical saturation scale,21 people among 68 to 81-years-old elders in Tehran, district 21 (Tehransar) were interviewed and the information received coded(open and axial)and concepts and categories reached, were analysed. The data using background theory contains 10 categories. Categorizing in this research is family adaptability that generally covered all other categories. Based on nuclear category, two cases out of data, are convergence and disparity and the most important achievement of research is the effect of convergence (family and social) on life's meaningfulness and the effect of disparity on life's meaninglessness. Factors like health or sickness, financial situation and fidelity of elders are considered underlie that shows their approach to life. Finally, basic reached theory presented in the form of paradigm, selective, adaptive and marriage.

The stock market is one of the most important infrastructures for economic development in developing and developed countries. The convergence of stock market returns reflects the interdependence of the economies of countries and the mobility of capital among them. This study aims to test the stock market price index convergence between OECD countries Philips and sul (2007) methodology over the period January 2007-Februrary 2017. The results show that the stock markets do not form a convergent cluster. However, there are three convergent clubs with one divergent market, Luxemburg. Also, the result of convergence test among clusters represents that the first and second clusters form a convergent cluster.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of income distribution and to find evidence of convergence or divergence in per capita income in Iranian provinces by using newly developed methods for Exploratory Space–Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). In order to achieve this goal, per capita income data were collected for the period from 1997 to 2014. Then, using the markov chain and the spatial markov chain, the transition probability matrix is estimated at different time periods. The results show that in an 18-year period in Iranian economy, there was a very small possibility that poor provinces (in terms of per capita income) could increase their per capita income. Also, the values of asymptotic distribution show very weak tendency to divergence in per capita income of Iranian provinces during period 1997 to 2000. According to the high probability of 77% for staying at each level of per capita income, one can claim that there is no strong evidence of convergence or divergence in the distribution of per capita income between provinces of Iran. Also, the estimation results of the spatial transition probability matrix show that the moves between income classes for each province depends on the performance and status of neighboring provinces.

Given the increasing importance of the concept "earnings quality", various models and criteria for its evaluation have been presented. The literature review of the subject of research has shown that, firstly, various definitions have been proposed for the concept "earnings quality", and secondly, different earnings quality models have the different describing and explaining power. In other words, the question that has led to this research is whether there is a convergence among the various criteria of earnings quality. In fact, this study examines whether the lack of unity in the earnings quality definitions is also evident in its measurement models or not. In order to answer this question, the earnings quality based on the five models of Dechow and Dichev (2002) , the McNichols model (2002) , the Ball and Shivakumar model (2006) , the Kasznik model (1999) and the McNichols and Stubben model (2008) for 155 The company listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2009 to 2015 is estimated. Then, the convergence of these variables is analyzed using correlation test. The results of the research hypothesis test show that there is no perfect convergence among the different criteria of earnings quality

This paper aims to investigate convergence hypothesis in Iran provinces in terms of per capita income and per capita consumption over the period 2000- 2014 using the cluster analysis. In order to analyze this issue more exactly, in the first step, using taxonomy method, the provinces of the country are divided into three categories: underdeveloped provinces (5 provinces), developing provinces (13 provinces) and developed provinces (13 provinces). Then, the possibility of forming convergent clusters in terms of per capita income and per capita consumption is investigated in each group using cluster analysis. The results show that two convergent clusters (each cluster consists of only two provinces) are observed for per capita income among developed provinces. In studying the convergence status of the mentioned provinces, two clusters (each cluster with two provinces) are identified regarding per capita consumption. In the developing provinces, two clusters (one cluster with eight provinces and another one including two provinces) are formed in terms of per capita income, and two clusters are generated on the basis of per capita consumption(each cluster includes three provinces). In underdeveloped provinces, there is no convergent cluster. Therefore, in general, the findings indicate the divergence between per capita income and per capita consumption among all underdeveloped provinces and most of developed provinces, but there is some evidence of convergence in terms of per capita income among developing provinces in the long run.

Objective: In this research, the hypothesis of convergence of the stock price indices in selected countries over the period from January 2007 to February 2017 has been investigated. Methods: Cluster analysis method is used for estimation purposes in the present study. Results: The results did not confirm the overall convergence of the stock markets under investigation. However, there are two convergent clusters and one non-convergent (divergent) cluster among those stock markets. The results also showed that Iran stock market doesn’t behave independently and there is a tendency towards convergence with other international stock markets. Conclusion: This tendency towards convergence might have taken place through two channels: first; through the effect of international volatility of oil and other commodities on Iran stock market and second; through foreign trade as Iran and its main trading allies lie in the same cluster. We can also claim that financial policymakers should moderate and manage the effects of international financial volatilities on domestic market by implementing policies which can help make domestic market more diversified.

Water supply at a desired rate at any time to meet the water requirements regardless of river discharge must be considered in the general design of intakes provided that the needs do not exceed the river flow. Due to the lack of necessary information in this field and the importance of sediment transport to the lateral intakes at river bends, this study aimed at understanding the mechanism of this phenomenon. To this end, the combined effect of convergence and divergence in lateral intakes on the sediment transport was investigated. According to the results, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by converging the laboratory flume. By narrowing and converging the end of the flume, the diversion discharge was increased further, so that as the flume was converged to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was increased by 13.6% and 75%, respectively. This could be connected to narrowing, flow obstruction and backflow to the intake. In contrast, different results were found by diverging the flume. In other words, the inflow to the intake was decreased by diverging the flume. As the flume end was diverged, the diversion discharge was decreased further. By diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion discharge to the intake was decreased by 21.9 and 31.8%, respectively. The average diversion discharge to the intake at 30, 60 and 90º was 13.2, 15.2 and 11.5%, respectively. By converting the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was increased by 18.5 and 71.4%. In contrast, by diverging the flume to the size (b/B) of 0.75 and 0.5, the diversion sediment to the intake was decreased by 35.4 and 49.9%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is one of the main production inputs, which indicates potential political and economic power in different countries. Due to higher energy prices, energy productivity is of special importance, and recent applied researches imply the effectiveness of energy productivity on economic growth. In addition, the process of regional economic growth is influenced by geographic conditions, regional and neighborhood specifications and functioning as well as usual regional economic variables including labor, capital, technology and energy. This paper estimates the effect of provincial energy productivity on provincial economic growth, using spatial econometric model and Maximum Likelihood method with applying provincial data from 2001 to 2011. In addition, it investigates β and σ convergence of energy productivity among Iran’s provinces. In spatial econometric method, we can consider the spillover effects and spatial relations among adjacent provinces with defining a distance-weight matrix between regions. Our findings indicate no σ convergence, but there is a conditional β convergence, which is a signal of existence of either spillover or neighborhood effect in provincial energy productivity growth. Meanwhile, the higher economic openness and lower government intervention in the economy improve energy productivity growth, but increasing energy price has no significant effect on the provincial energy productivity.

Societies and governments have considered tax as one of the most important ways of public financing. Moreover, identifying new tax capacity to improve tax status and to increase tax incomes is assumed substantial. On the other hand, most economists believe that economic status of a country is affected not only by the economic performance of region but also by the adjacent zones. Therefore, ignoring such spatial factors and linkages may negatively affect the performance of that region. Accordingly, convergence and the related subjects are increasingly drawing the attention of more economists. The present study tries to examine the tax capacity convergence among Iran's provinces during 2001-2011 using Spatial Econometrics in MATLAB software. The findings indicate that meaningful and negative coefficient of the lagged dependent variable represents the convergence of the tax to value added (VA) ratio to its long-term path.

Bat Algorithm is a type of swarm intelligence algorithm which is inspired by the behavior of little bats which are looking for direction in hunting opportunities. Swarm intelligence algorithms are inspired by the nature which are very efficient on crucial optimization problems. These algorithms are simple, flexible and can be implemented easily as well. Analyzing swarm intelligence algorithms makes their utilization reliable and guarantees finding answers by them. Earlier, stability analysis has been accomplished for some swarm intelligence algorithms including Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search but sufficient mathematical analysis for the bat algorithm has not been done. For this purpose, in the present paper, we considered Bat Algorithm stability analysis using Lyapunov method. In this study, at first, stability analysis of standard bat algorithm has been analyzed. Because of unsuccessful attempts to analyze the stability of standard algorithm, new updating relations has been introduced to increase the degree of freedom. The stability analysis has been presented for these relations. Experimental results illustrate the stability of the new updating relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role and importance of knowledge in economic growth has been considered since the second half of the twentieth century. As of 1980s, knowledge entered the production function as an endogenous and determining variable. By the time that knowledge, innovation and new technologies became of value; broad studies were carried out in order to investigate the role and impact of these variables on economic growth, both at national and regional (regions within the national borders) levels. Economic researchers have tried to explain the disparities in economic growth of regions according to the differences in knowledge share and innovation. Through the production and publication of financial accounts of provinces in Iran since 1990, the pathway for such studies has been smoothed and the ground has been prepared for investigating the role and impact of knowledge and innovation on economic growth of different provinces and their diversity in economic growth. In the present article, the effects of knowledge variables (including specialized labor, R&D employees and value-added of high-tech sectors) have been surveyed alongside with two traditional variables of labor and capital on economic growth of Iran provinces during years 1990-2011 and the economic growth model has been estimated through this approach. The results of model estimation using stochastic effects method reveal that specialized labor growth rate has the highest effect on economic growth of provinces, by a coefficient equal to 2.05. The growth rates of capital per capita, and high-tech and intermediate-tech industries (per employee) have the coefficients of 0.89 and 0.19, respectively.

The spread of high economic growth among East Asian countries in the last three decades resulted in increasing attention regarding these countries’ development models. The present study attempts to investigate the process of integration among 15 countries in East Asia and to identify factors influencing the convergence of these countries during the years 1980 to 2012. The results show that the hypothesis of absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence are confirmed in the region. Examining the convergence toward the average reginal GDP per capita shows that the absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence are not confirmed for Japan. Meanwhile, conditional convergence is shown for Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, while absolute convergence is confirmed for Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These results indicate a significant difference between the three countries of Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, regarding GDP per capita compared with the average GDP per capita in the region. Due to Japan's position as a leading economy in the region, we investigate these countries’ convergence with Japan. The results show that all countries (except Macau, Brunei and Mongolia) have convergence with Japan. Asian international input-output tables depict a highly deepening and widening interdependency among manufacturing sector in East Asian countries during the years 1985-2005. Their interdependency which can be explained by "Flying Geese Pattern of Development" started with the acceptance of Plaza Accord in 1985 and the drastic wage increase in Japan in the early 1980s. Because of this interdependency, in the second part of this study we investigate the relationship between total export and bilateral export by using extended gravity model during the years 1988-2012. The results confirmed a significant positive relationship between bilateral exports and some of the model’s variables such as GDP and total relative exports of countries in the sample.

Regional inequalities have always been one of the concerns of the government planners and they have attempted to recognize these inequalities and devise particular policies to curb them. The motivation to work on this domain has led to the development of different indices and techniques to measure regional inequalities. β-convergence examination is one of the aforementioned methods of measuring income distribution. An important point is that, urbanization trend cannot be examined apart from economic variables either in Iran or in other countries of the world and economic variables such as households’ income are expected to be affected by the degree of urbanization. Consistent with this reasoning, we can say that urbanization is one of the effective factors on income distribution; therefore, the present paper is focused on the examination of urbanization effects upon convergence rate of income distribution between urban and rural areas in 25 selected provinces of Iran during the time period of 2001-2011 using general spatial econometric model and ordinary least squares (OSL) method. The findings indicated the existence of income distribution convergence among the examined provinces during the above-mentioned period. Moreover, during this period and following the increasing degree of urbanization, the conditional convergence rate for decreasing the gap between current income of urban and rural and its steady state equilibrium is increased as compared with the absolute convergence rate.

After the inversion of Mongols was stopped by landowners, Mongol Ilkhans needed to union with eastern Christian governments such as Armenia and Byzantium, in order to have a better relationship with Europe because they wanted to be able to deal with landlords and maintain their political and economic interests. Byzantium government during paleologue dynasty, resisting against political risks which were surrounding Byzantium and threatening it, found the same political and economic goals and interests with Ilkhanids. In spite of this, even though Byzantium government did some practical actions in order to integrate with Ilkhanids, it not only couldn`t have a stable coalition and continuous integration with Ilkhanids but also because of its strategic situation, often performed the policy of equilibrium dealing with all governments especially competitors of Ilkhanids. The present study while revealing the position of Byzantium in the foreign policy of Ilkhanids, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies, tries to investigate the quality and influential factors in the procedures adopted by the government of Byzantium.

هدف این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر ترکیب سرمایه انسانی بر همگرایی فناوری کشورهای منتخب در قالب دو گروه کشورهای در حال توسعه و توسعه­یافته می­باشد. این مطالعه با بکارگیری الگوی پنل دیتا (Panel data) و روش گشتاورهای تعمیم یافته (GMM) طی دوره زمانی 1995- 2010 انجام شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد در گروه کشورهای در حال توسعه شاخص آموزش ابتدایی و متوسطه اثر مثبت و معنادار و شاخص­ آموزش عالی اثر منفی و معنادار بر رشد و همگرایی فناوری دارد، در حالی که در گروه کشورهای توسعه یافته شاخص آموزش‌های ابتدایی و متوسطه اثر منفی و معنادار و شاخص­ آموزش عالی اثر مثبت و معنادار بر رشد و همگرایی فناوری دارد. همچنین بر اساس نتایج درجه باز بودن اقتصاد و جریان ورودی سرمایه­گذاری مستقیم خارجی اثر مثبت و معنادار بر رشد فناوری در هر دو گروه کشورهای مورد مطالعه دارد. در حالی که نرخ تورم بر رشد فناوری در کشورهای توسعه یافته اثر مثبت و معنادار و بر رشد فناوری کشورهای در حال توسعه مورد مطالعه اثر منفی و بی­معنا دارد.

Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to design a new device assisting dental students to measure the tapering of the prepared teeth for fixed crown prosthesis in which the desired tapering for better clinical prognosis could be obtained.Materials and Methods: The designed device in this study had two arms that were placed on two opposite walls of the prepared teeth. To evaluate the validity and reliability of this device, 3 dies with different degrees (13, 29 and 45°) were used and 20 teeth were prepared by dental students with undefined tapering degrees. The measurements of tapering were performed by six last year-dental students in two different time periods. Comparison of errors in measurements on standard dies between observers and between time intervals were analyzed by (Wilcoxon) Paired t-test with a significance level of α=0.05.Results: For the three dies used in this study, we compared the differences for each measurement taken by observers with the standard taper of the dies. Maximum difference of measurements with true standard die tapering was 1 degree. A number of 6 measurements were under the true standard tapers and 2 measurements were above it. Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) of the first and second measurements on prepared teeth were 97.4 and 97.5, respectively. There were no significant differences between different observers or two measurements of the same observer in different time intervals (P>0.05).Conclusion: The results indicated that this device can be valid and reliable for measuring the angle of convergence of the prepared teeth and can be used as an educational device in dental schools as a replacement for previous tapering measurement methods.

In recent years, various attempts have been made by media managers to achieve a framework to move from conventional newsrooms to convergent newsrooms.So it seems that the recognition of obstacles and barriers faced by newsrooms attaches of great importance. This research is a complete series of these challenges in four categories, including: technological, organizational, cultural and institutional factors.In order to identify these challenges and obstacles with the aid of conceptual content analysis and survey method, of newsroom and various guidline theories related topic of convergence have been analysied and then to identifying challenges and obstacles we do survey in hamshahri print and online newsrooms. The analysis of research results reveals that the most important obstacles of convergence in newsrooms include: The lack of participation culture among newsroom personnel, lack of constructive interaction among print and online newsrooms, the long process of training multi-task and flexible personnel and lack of necessary investments in using new media technologies.

Contemporary developments in recent decades have led researchers and research institutes to focus on collaborativeand interdisciplinarystudies. Due to holistic necessary in understanding the problems and the complexityand multi-dimensionality nature of the issues which the researchers are faced, the ideathat the effort of scientificresearchersto solvea range ofissuesbased ontheirexpertise without the collaboration of expertsfrom otherdisciplines and even when the solutions provided; particularly in research related to social issues - may instead of providing solutions for all aspects of the problem, causing multiple solutions without effectiveness. In order to reduce this matter the social researches may assistresearchers from other fieldsof science in their studies and a convergence between different fields of studies is needed. The main aim of present research is providing solutions to convergence the field of humanities,naturaland engineering. In order to achieve the research objective the documentary method was employed.

This paper deals with the analysis of plate bending by the finite element method. Since vast findings have been achieved so far, advancing research in this area is very difficult. Nevertheless, three triangular elements for analyzing plate bending will be formulated. The patch test for one and some elements for the suggested elements will be preformed. Moreover, a variety of problems will be solved by the authors' program. In addition to these, the responses of the suggested three elements with the other investigators' results, and also accurate answers will be compared. The findings of this article reveal that the new elements have the ability to reach the precise solution. It should be added that one of three proposed elements has the best convergence rate.

In its simplest form, convergence thesis predicts that per capitaincome and productivity of work force is going to be convergedamong different countries. However, it does not come true in realityas the world's economy is getting multi – polarized rather thanconverging. Therefore, the Simple convergence thesis has modified toconditional convergence thesis and changed to a kind of economicgrowth theory. This paper suggests all the countries meet with twoconvergences: convergences of developed (Rich) countries anddeveloping (Poor) countries. Iran's economy seems to be converged todeveloping (poor) countries. Although, the gap between per capitaincomes got increased through ١٩٧٥ – ٢٠٠٢, but through last decadeof ٢٧ years of study, it got to decrease. To converge to developed(rich) countries, Iran should improve its social technologicalpotentials.

Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to design a new device assisting dental students to measure the tapering of the prepared teeth for fixed crown prosthesis in which the desired tapering for better clinical prognosis could be obtained. Materials and Methods: The designed device in this study had two arms that were placed on two opposite walls of the prepared teeth. To evaluate the validity and reliability of this device, 3 dies with different degrees (13, 29 and 45°) were used and 20 teeth were prepared by dental students with undefined tapering degrees. The measurements of tapering were performed by six last year-dental students in two different time periods. Comparison of errors in measurements on standard dies between observers and between time intervals were analyzed by (Wilcoxon) Paired t-test with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: For the three dies used in this study, we compared the differences for each measurement taken by observers with the standard taper of the dies. Maximum difference of measurements with true standard die tapering was 1 degree. A number of 6 measurements were under the true standard tapers and 2 measurements were above it. Interclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) of the first and second measurements on prepared teeth were 97.4 and 97.5, respectively. There were no significant differences between different observers or two measurements of the same observer in different time intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that this device can be valid and reliable for measuring the angle of convergence of the prepared teeth and can be used as an educational device in dental schools as a replacement for previous tapering measurement methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]