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Introduction: This study aimed to compare the microleakage of an adhesive fissure sealant (AFS), a flowable composite resin (FC), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) in permanent teeth. Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 45 extracted posterior teeth with sound fissures. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15). The occlusal fissures were sealed with Beautisealant AFS without etching and bonding in group 1, with Beautifil FC after 37% phosphoric acid etching in group 2, and with Fuji II LC RMGI in group 3. The teeth underwent 500 thermal cycles (5-55°C), and their apices were sealed with wax. They were then immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 hours. Next, the teeth were sectioned buccolingually and inspected under a stereomicroscope to measure the dye penetration depth as an indicator of microleakage. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Chi-square test, and Scheffe test (alpha=0.05). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.728). Results: The microleakage score of RMGI was significantly higher than that of AFS and FC (P<0.05), while the microleakage scores of FC and AFS were not significantly different (P=0.330). Conclusions: The AFS showed a sealing ability comparable to that of FC, and can be used as an alternative to FC due to its fewer application steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Caring for a patient undergoing hemodialysis is a stressful experience that causes a heavy care burden. With the outbreak of COVID-19, family caregivers of these patients had increased worry about the risk of infection in the dialysis centers. This fear can make their care burden heavier. This study aims to investigate the impact of coping skills training on the care burden experienced by family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2020 on 60 family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Comprehensive Treatment Center for Special Diseases in Birjand, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received coping skills training in six sessions. All participants completed the Zarit burden interview before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSSsoftware, version 19. Results The two groups were homogeneous regarding demographic information (P>0.05). Both groups had a moderate to severe care burden before the intervention. A significant difference was reported in the care burden score of the intervention group after training (P<0.001). Conclusion Coping skills training can reduce the care burden of the family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, coping skills training can be used by nursing managers to reduce the care burden of family caregivers of patients with hemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In orthodontic treatment a proper bond is essential between the enamel and the bracket. Evaluation of the efficacy of different adhesives for bonding orthodontic brackets to enamel has yielded different results. This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of metal brackets bonded by Transbond XT, Ortho-Force and Resilience composites. Materials & Methods: Sixty extracted intact upper maxillary first premolars were selected for the purpose of this in vitro study. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). The teeth were bonded with were bonded with Transbond XT, Resilience and Ortho-Force composites in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After 24 hours, shear bond strength test was conducted at a crosshead speed of 0.05 mm/min. ARI scores were evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The results of shear bond strength test were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey tests. ARI results were analyzed with chi-squared test (α = 0.05). Results: Shear bond strengths were significantly different between the three groups (p value < 0.001). Transbond XT composite exhibited the highest bond strength (15.26 MP) and Ortho-Force composite had the lowest bond strength (11.96 MP). There were no statistically significant differences in ARI between the three groups p value = 0.561). Conclusion: Although the mean shear bond strength of Ortho-Force composite was less than the two other composites, it is still clinically acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periapical diseases are the end result of untreated pulpitis or failure of root canal therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of different periapical lesions in terms of demographic variables in patients referring to the Department of Oral Pathology of Isfahan Dental School in three different time periods from 1988 to 2015. Materials & Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, biopsy samples available in the archives of Oral Pathology Department of Isfahan Dental School from1988 to 2015 were studied. Periapical (PA) lesions were evaluated and compared in terms of age, sex, type, etiology and location. Data were analyzed with SPSS. After data collection, data were analyzed with chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: Of 10686 oral biopsies, 582 (5.44%) were PA lesions. Of 582 PA lesions, 71.1% were dental granulomas and 15.3% were radicular cysts and the other cases were other lesions with lower prevalence rates; 41.4% of the lesions belonged to males and 58.1% to females. The most common frequency was detected in the 21‒30-year age group. The most common site of involvement was the mandibular molars with 48.3%, maxillary incisors with 32.5% and maxillary molars with 21.4%, respectively. Distribution frequencies of PA lesions were 11%, 23.9% and 65.1% in the first, second and third periods, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the prevalence of PA lesions has increased significantly in recent years. Increased incidence of periapical lesions secondary to root canal therapy (RCT) in the second and third periods in comparison with the first period is an indication of inadequate RCT treatment in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral health literacy (OHL) is one of the most important determinants of oral health. Given the importance of the subject in program planning for promotion of the oral health of the community, this study evaluated OHL among citizens in Isfahan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 758 adults living in Isfahan, who were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were collected with the use of a questionnaire which consisted of 17 questions on OHL in 4 sections of reading comprehension, perception of numbers, listening and decision making. There were 3 questions on oral health behaviors; a question on potential sources for oral health information, the self-assessment of oral health of participants as well as age, sex and education. The citizens were categorized into three groups with inadequate OHL (0‒9), borderline (10‒11) and adequate OHL (12‒17). Ttest, ANOVA, LSD tests, chi-squared, Spearman’s coefficient and multivariate linear regression were applied for statistical analyses verbal consents were achieved. Results: Of participants, 53% had adequate OHL. The mean (SD) of OHL was 11.1 (4.3) of a total of 17. Woman, older adults and those with higher education scored higher for OHL (p value < 0.05). The score of OHL was higher among those who reported favorable oral health behaviors (p value = 0.006). In addition, participants who believed they had a poor oral health status had low OHL scores compared to the other two groups. Dentists, radio and television, and the internet were the main sources of oral health information of citizens in Isfahan. Conclusion: The study showed insufficient OHL among Isfahan citizens. Health policy maker should have prepare oral health programs to promote OHL in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Till now multiple devices have been introduced in order to predict the "patients"' disability, function, muscle force and mortality in the acute phase of stroke. Objective: Determination the relationship between electroencephalography (EEG) findings and change of disability, functional status, functional independency, muscle force and mortality of the patients with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was performed on 47 patients in the range of 50-90 years old involved by ischemic stroke in the territory of middle cerebral artery, referred to Poursina Hospital in Guilan-Rasht in the north of Iran. At first, for all the patients a brain CT and after 48 hours a brain MRI or CT scan were done routinely to confirm the diagnosis. EEG accomplished during 48-72 hours after stroke, and the "patients" were grouped in 3, according to EEG abnormality: normal EEG, moderate and severe abnormal EEG. The patients disability, functional independency, functional status, and muscle force, respectively were assessed by Modified Rankin Disability, FIM, Bethel index and Medical Research Council scale(MRC) and their mortality in the first 48 hours, one week and three weeks afterstroke. The data were processed by software SPSS 20 using Chi square, independent T, Post Hoc Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis, Anova, Repeated Measure Anova and Sphericity. Results: A total of 47 patients (48.6% men, 53.2% women) with mean age of 73.09±9.01 years old participated in this study. Left middle cerebral artery involvement was evident in 46.8% of the patients and the others had right side involvement. First and second groups included 15 patients and third group17 patients and there wasn't any statistically significant difference between groups in age and sex. (P>0.05) No significant difference was found, either between groups in means and change of means of Rankin score, FIM, Barthel Index and MRC during the study period. (P>0.05) Conclusion: EEG findings can't determine prognostic value for functional outcome and mortality of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]