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Looking at the history of architectural theories, and with reference to the opinions of thinkers, one can see architecture and rhetoric as mutually related throughout history. It seems that reflecting on this relationship can open up new horizons for architectural thought. But the changing meaning of rhetoric has resulted in a variety of relationship levels, resulting in different gifts for architecture. This paper starts with an exploration three different levels of relationships, resulting from three corresponding understandings of rhetoric. The first defines rhetoric as communication, the second as the art of speaking. But the third emanates from the thoughts of those design scholars who, whilst contemplating rhetorical relations and design matters, do not see use rhetoric as speech, communication or the art of speaking, but as an art of composition. From this point of view, rhetoric and architecture are both knowledges of composition. This paper argues that the latter has opened the door to the deepest understandings of rhetorical knowledge and the most fruitful link between rhetoric and architecture. In response to the haphazard literature associated with this view, the paper expands on rhetoric as 'the art of composition', and then moves on to identify three levels of rhetoric composition, namely, composing people's horizons (conviction), knowledges and insights. The important issue of architecture today, the paper argues, is the lack of shared horizons between architects and their audiences, as well as the lack of coherence between the various architectural knowledges and insights. By understanding rhetoric as the art of composition and linking architecture and rhetoric in the light of this understanding, one can look at architecture from a different perspective and restore the missing coherence in architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptocurrencies are on the rise and so is money laundering. Some cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have played a major role in the proliferation of online money laundering as it possesses characteristics that criminals are fond of.Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are decentralized and anonymous. They provide the means to skirt the Anti-Money laundering safeguards that have been put in place. The purpose of this paper is introducing and investigation of the legal features of virtual money and combatting the ensuing money laundering, which has caused crimes such as fraud and organized crimes-originated internet money laundering, the main use of which is in virtual networks and communities. The aim of this paper is analyzing legal challenges of combatting cryptocurrencies-originated money laundering, investigating its influence on preventing money laundering in domestic and international level. It is finally concluded that it is better to spot the proper technologies and monitor the way they are used by complying with the current legal plans and amending them in line with state of the art methods rather than adding up to the rules and anticipating new generations of complicated technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislative initiation, in the sense of presenting a proposal for a new law or amending existing laws, is considered the first stage in the legislative process in any legal system. Based on the theory of separation of powers, the exercise of legislation power belongs to the legislative branch. However, nowadays it is accepted in parliamentary and semi-parliamentary systems that the executive branch can also play a role in initiating legislation. The legal systems of Iraq and Egypt are among the systems that have recognized the joint competence of the legislative and executive powers in the process of initiating legislation. In this context, Article 74 of the Iranian Constitution is worthy of attention as it is devoted to the issue of legislative initiative and the joint role of the legislative and executive powers in presenting draft laws. Using a descriptiveanalytical method, this paper has tried to evaluate the evolution of the constitutional laws of Iraq and Egypt on this issue. The Paper aims to draw lessons from the Iraqi and Egyptian systems in terms of reforming the process of legislative initiative in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right to counsel for the accused is recognized in the national criminal justice systems. International obligations also indicate the recognition of this right in various sources of international law including international instruments and international jurisprudence. Among international instruments, the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963) emphasizes the right to counsel for the alien accused in the form of the right to consular assistance. The judgment of the International Court of Justice in the La Grand Case (2001) is one of the most important international judgments on the right to consular assistance for the alien accused. The present article papers answers the principal question of how the right to consular assistance for the alien accused is reflected in the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the La Grand Case (2001). The findings of the present article paper indicate that the right to counsel for the alien accused in La Grand Case is according to the Vienna Convention recognized in the form of the right to consular assistance and the Court considers the right to consular assistance for the accused to be an individual right which its main beneficiary is the accused, not his state [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to article 570 of the Islamic Penal Code, the actions of officials and officials affiliated with government agencies that lead to the deprivation of personal liberty of individuals and violations of constitutional rights can be the basis for guaranteeing criminal executions such as dismissal and imprisonment. This paper, while analyzing the above-mentioned article, explicitly raises the important question that, assuming that government officials and officials take illegal actions based on a provision contrary to the law, can judges of the courts invoke the authority provided for in article 170? Should the Constitution apply the performance guarantee specified in article 570 of the Penal Code? In the present paper, by studying cases of judicial procedure of courts and using a descriptive-analytical method, it has been concluded that the authority obtained from article 170 of the Constitution has no necessity other than nonimplementation of illegal provisions by judges and in such cases the inherent jurisdiction of the Administrative Court of Justice in articles 170 and 173 of the Constitution and by using capacities such as issuing warrants for reviewing the legal aspect of the protested regulation is referred to the Administrative Court of Justice and based on the Court's decision in the above regulation, a decision is made in the criminal case [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary Persian novelists have made considerable attempts to adapt various recent western genres of fiction and integrate it into their work. The Gothic is an example of such efforts. While several Iranian novelists have practiced the Gothic, rarely have they been able to produce a full-fledged Gothic novel. In The Story of Javid, Esmail Fassih has created a Persian Gothic novel. This paper examines the elements of Gothic in this novel including the setting, thematic functions, and characterization to see the way Fassih has experimented the genre. In so doing, the current research highlights the significance of Fassih’s adoption of the techniques and strategies of the Gothic in his work. Moreover, this paper clarifies the extent to which Fassih has been able to give a Persian touch to a Western genre in The Story of Javid. The ultimate focus of this study is to examine Fassih’s novel in the way it connects with its social background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gulzar script is one of the many types of decorative scripts in the history of Persian calligraphy. Most of the works that created in this way belong to the late Qajar era. However, the formal and visual bases of this type of calligraphy go back to the pre-Qajar centuries; this research aims to identify, introduce and determine the origin of its formation based on the available evidences. Therefore, the main question is: When has the Gulzar script been formed? The sampling method of the 23 architectural arrays is Convenience Sampling that based on library and field studies. The samples are in the historical monuments of Samarkand, Mashhad, Farumad, Taybad, Soltanieh, Qom, Tabriz, Yazd, Isfahan and Oshtorjan. The date of construction of these monuments includes from the Seljuk period (429-590 AH/1037-1194 AD) to the end of the Safavid period (906-1135 AH/1501-1736 AD). The results indicate that the early examples of Gulzar can be seen in the form of an architectural decoration so called "Kalouk-band" in the Seljuq and Ilkhanid periods. Its use extends to at least the beginning of the 12th century AD. In addition, this method of decoration is used in the Square Kufic Inscriptions and include the geometrical, herbal and written motifs. The result shows that the use of Gulzar style in calligraphy pieces on paper has been influenced by architectural decorations, because the oldest examples of this type are several centuries after the squared Kufic inscriptions in Jame Mosque of Isfahan, Pir Bakran's tomb, Chalabioglu's tomb etc. The decoration of the inner surface of Squared Kufic inscriptions started from the end of the Seljuk era and continued until the 17th century AD. One of the changes made in the design of decorating the surface of the inscriptions is the use of written motifs in the form of "Kalouk-band" decorated with words (in Oshtorjan and Qom). Another change was the forming of a kind of nested square Kufic which has appeared in the Jame Mosque of Isfahan and Amir Chakhmaq Mosque in Yazd. This method has been continued later in Isfahan's Hakim Mosque (17th century AD) and Nimavard School in Isfahan (18th century AD). In the Safavid era, an example of square Kufic in the western entrance hall of Imam Mosque in Isfahan was decorated with Arabesque motifs, which shows the first use of this kind of ornaments in inscriptions. About 80 years before the formation of this inscription, Zain al-Din Mahmoud Mozahheb created a piece that inspite of having many distinctive features some similarities can be seen in them. The latter work is the oldest known piece that carried out the tradition of ornament on the calligraphic surface on paper. Despite the major difference in the structure of these two works, both of these works are decorated with herbal motifs (Arabesque and Khatai). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some historical stories, especially because of their religious themes, appeal to the ordinary people in some societies and have been retold in different ways during the time. One of these stories is the story of Prophet Yusuf, which has been frequently considered not only in the history of the Qur'an interpretational tradition by commentators and authors in the field of ethics but also in the history of Iranian poetry, art, and literature. The two important scenes of this story are Yusuf escaping from Zulaykha and also Zulaykha's party which are considered the two tempting climaxes of Yusuf's story as well. These two scenes refer to moral aspects, on the one hand, and to sexuality on the other. These dramatic and figural scenes have been repeatedly represented in the history of Iranian painting, especially in the Safavid and Qajar eras. There are many paintings in the Qajar era also seemingly referring to and evoking this scene for audience. As a social fantasy, discussed in this paper, the Naranjborii Majlis or Zulaykha's party somehow discards moral aspects for the sake of sexuality. This scene, not mentioned in the Torah at all and briefly mentioned in the Qur'an, is highly taken into consideration by commentators, poets, writers, painters, and the ordinary people in post-Qur'anic literature in all historical periods, especially in Iran. Therefore, one can question this importance and look for its historical and cultural roots; the visual functions of it can be questioned as well. This essay, with a descriptive and synthetic analytical method, tries to gene-analyze this scene in a social and psychoanalytical approach regarding the collective unconscious of Iranian people. Gene-analysis in this paper provides a theoretical and conceptual framework alongside a methodological and targeted combination of myth-analysis, psycho-analysis, and discourse analysis, with the help of which one can find the mythological origin of this scene and comparatively analyse them in terms of discourse, and expectedly, in terms of psychoanalysis, to know about the conscious and unconscious psychological investment of the collective subject. The results justified that the Creation Myth scene in Bondahish, one of the holy books in Zoroastrianism in the late Sassanian era, is the figural model of Zulaykha's party, also Nerse and Jahi are the archetypal characters of Yusuf and Zulaykha with the same roles and characteristics. The paintings of Zulaykha's party can present dense and multiple and at the same time contradictory scenarios and can also be a suitable scene for the collective subject's projection and fantasy; consequently, it causes the multifaceted circulation of desires and anxiety in an unconscious way. What is considered to be the most significant point of this study is that Yusuf is deemed an attractive prototype for kings, beautiful men and women; like Fath Ali Shah, due to the correlation of power (holiness) and beauty (connected with sexuality). Finally, what can be inferred from this paper is that, this scene due to some indigenous reasons, rooted in Iranian culture and history, has been repeatedly represented in the history of Iranian painting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper trys to explain, based on the framework of the dynamic phase theory, how to eliminate the internal object of the verb in Persian. At first, in order to determine whether deleted internal argument in Persian verb phrase is the result of argument ellipsis (AE) or verb stranding verb phrase ellipsis (VSVPE), we apply some common diagnostic criteria in the previous studies such as verb movement out of verb phrase, verbal identity, deletion of prepositional phases as intrnal arguements, coordination structure, order of adverbs of state and objects and scrambling. Because of incapability of the mentioned diagnostic criteria in the previous literature, we resort to the dynamic approach of phase theory (Bošković: 2005, 2013, 2014). Based on this approach, we conclude that what is deleted in the verb phrase is either a phase or the complement of a phase. Accordingly, this approach can provide the readers up with a more comprehensive and economical explanation of the mentioned structure in Persian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of prototypical transitivity components presented by Hopper and Thompson (1980) on object omission construction in Persian. Object omission is a valency-reduction process in which a verb which is transitive in nature, appears without its object but the construction makes sense for the hearer. As this construction reduces the valency of the verb, it can be considered as a transitivity reduction phenomenon as well. Accordingly, the existence of more transitivity components with low degree in the aforementioned construction is expected. To examine this hypothesis, a data set including 435 cases of object omission was discovered and examined. The analysis revealed that unexpectedly, there are some transitivity increasing components such as kinesis (action) and mode (irrealis) in this construction. On the other hand, although some of the components have no impact on object omission, some of them including participants, aspect, punctuality and affectedness of the object, seem to be the most important factors which facilitates object omission. The impact of ten prototypical transitivity components on object omission and the reasons behind that, is what has been investigated and justified in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]