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Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the selected factors of related skill and health physical fitness with the classic risk factors of cardiovascular disease of employees of the police command in North Khorasan. Methods and Materials: This research was conducted by correlation method with applied nature. The statistical population included 50 employees of the North Khorasan Police Force who were chosen randomly. Cooper's test was used to evaluate cardiovascular endurance, the sit-up test was used for muscular endurance, the Wells test was used for flexibility, and the 100-meter running test was used to measure speed. To evaluate the serum levels of Triglyceride (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and Total Cholesterol (TC), blood was drawn from the subjects, 48 hours after the performing physical fitness test, in 12 hours fasting condition. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) methods were used for data collection. Moreover, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to confirm the normality the data distribution and spearman correlation coefficient to determine the correlation between the research variables. Data analysis has been performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: The results of the research showed that there was inverse and significant relationship between cardiovascular endurance and TC (p= 0/024, r= -0/319); however, there was not any significant relationship between cardiovascular endurance and HDL, LDL and TG. Regarding the values of muscular endurance, the results of the test showed that the mentioned index has inverse and significant relationship with TC (p= 0/033, r= -0/302); however, there was not any significant relationship between muscular endurance and HDL, LDL and TG. There was not any significant relationship between flexibility and HDL, LDL, TC and TG. Finally, there was a direct and significant relationship between speed and TC and TG values (p= 0/018, r= 0/332), (p= 0/037, r= 0/296). However, there was not any significant relationship between speed and HDL and LDL. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that people who have higher cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance have a lower and more favorable TC level than people who have lower cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance. Furthermore, the lower the speed record in people, the lower their TC and TG will be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Since vitamin D has been shown to have an important function in the regulation of metabolic pathways, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of vitamin D with a number of metabolic indicators in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 122 patients with NAFLD referred to Sheikh Alreis Clinic in Tabriz, who were categorized into "vitamin D sufficient" (n=46) and "vitamin D deficient" (n=76) based on their serum vitamin D concentrations. NAFLD was diagnosed by upper abdomen ultrasonography, and the fasting serum concentrations of glucose (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) as well as Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured as metabolic markers. Serum concentration of liver transaminase enzymes and liver steatosis severity were assessed as liver function criteria. Results: Serum concentrations of insulin (p=0.024), LDL-c (p<0.001), and HOMA-IR (p=0.011) were significantly higher in the NAFLD patients with vitamin D deficiency compared to the patients with sufficient vitamin D. Moreover, vitamin D deficient patients had higher NAFLD histologic severity (p=0.042) and serum concentrations of alanine aminoteransferase (ALT) compared to the NAFLD patients with vitamin D sufficiency (p=0.005). Vitamin D-deficient patients were at higher odds for having hypercholesterolemia (p=0.009) and high LDL-c (p=0.011) than ones with sufficient vitamin D status even when adjusted for confounders. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in the patients with NAFLD was found to be associated with higher odds of an unfavorable lipid profile and NAFLD histologic severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are one of the appropriate delivery systems which are attracted enormous interest for encapsulating bioactive componds in recent years. One of the important physicochemical properties of SLNs is particle size that is influenced by formulation and production process parameters. Inappropriate conditions of the nanaocarrier production process in the pre and main emulsion steps cause unsuitable paricle size as well as unstable emulsion and gel formation. Therefore, in this research production process of SLN was investigated and optimized by hot homogenization method and with two lipids of Compritol and Precirol separately. Hence, homogenization time in preparation of pre emulsion and amplitude and time of ultrasonication in final emulsion production was studied to obtained the smallest particle size. In pre emulsion step, the smallest particle size for Compritol SLN (619±4 nm) and Precirol SLN (373±3 nm) obtained in 180 second mixing by ultra-turax in 16000 (rpm). In final emulsion, 40% amplitude and 3 minutes caused to attained smallest particle size in Compritol SLN (397±5 nm) and Precirol SLN (259±2 nm). Then polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and visual observation of nanocarriers with optimized particle size were examined. The results showed that Precirol SLN had higher zata potential (-12.3±0.6 mV) than Compritol SLN (-8.97±0.17mV) but PDI of two nanocarriers was not significantly different. Visual observation of both nanocarriers at the storage time showed no instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Received: 09/07/22 Sent for Revision: 14/08/22 Received Revised Manuscript: 18/09/22 Accepted: 20/09/22 Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders with adverse effects on the liver. It is important to study the factors that improve the liver function in diabetes. The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of apple-vinegar on the liver indices of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200g were divided into 4 groups including control, diabetic, and diabetic groups receiving 0.5% or 5% apple-vinegar. Solutions with a volume of 4 ml/kg were administered orally for six weeks. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg streptozotocin. Apple-vinegar was prepared by traditional method from Malus-domestica and used fresh. At the end of treatment, serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein, albumin and aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin were measured. Liver tissue was studied by Hematoxylin-Eosin method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-test. Results: In the diabetic rats compared to the healthy rats, the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin serum, and fibrosis, cirrhosis, degeneration and inflammation of the liver tissue significantly increased (p<0.05), and the body weight, serum HDL, total protein, and albumin significantly decreased (p<0.05). Five or 0.5% apple-vinegar modulated these indices, and in most cases, stablished a significant difference with the diabetic group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Apple-vinegar modulated liver complications due to diabetes by regulating blood glucose and lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of lipids in food is one of the most important factors in food degradation during processing, storage and distribution through adverse effects on aroma, color, nutritional value and also the production of toxic compounds. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effects of free grape pomace extract and nanoliposomes containing it on some oxidation parameters of soybean oil. In this study, 5 concentrations of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace extract (50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm), one level (200 ppm) of synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and one concentration (500 ppm) of free grape pomace extract were used and tests such as Acidity, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid index, conjugate diene, oxidative stability and refractive index of oils were stored in a laboratory oven at 63 ° C for 7 days. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of nanoliposomes containing antioxidants of grape pomace extract up to 500 ppm, the increase in acidity, thiobarbituric acid index, peroxide, conjugated diene and refractive index was less intense, but at higher concentrations of nanoliposomes used in this oil, Increased more. On the other hand, it was found that with increasing storage time, the amount of acidity, thiobarbituric acid, conjugated diene increased, but the amount of peroxide and refractive index of oils increased until the fifth day and then decreased. The results also showed that the highest oxidative stability of oils (7.6 h) was related to the sample containing 500 ppm nanoliposomes containing antioxidant extract of grape pomace. Finally, it can be said that the use of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace antioxidant extract is a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women. Methods: We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention. We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group. We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Recently, a myokine called irisin has been discovered that affects glucose, obesity, metabolism and glucose homeostasis by browning white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of ginger supplementation on irisin, insulin resistance index and lipid profile of obese women following acentocentric and concentric activity. Materials and Methods: Forty girls with body mass index above 30 kg / m2, age 24.86 2 2.87 years, height 159.66 4 4.20 cm and weight 87.42 61 4.61 kg participated in the study. After measuring the maximum oxygen consumption of the subjects Were randomly divided into five groups of supplements and medications. The training protocol consisted of two sessions of acute eccentric and concentric activity. The supplement group consumed 2 g of ginger powder daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after each activity. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Ethical considerations: This study was registered with IRCT201104246178N1 code in Iran Clinical Trial System and all participants received written consent to participate in the study. findings: According to the results of the statistical test on irisin, it was found that the amount of irisin, insulin of this hormone between two types of eccentric and concentric activities of all groups increased significantly and the amount of glucose decreased significantly (P<0.05).It was also found that changes in insulin resistance index between the two types of exercise in all groups had a slight and non-significant increase (P> 0.05). TG and LDL levels decreased significantly (P <0.05) and the results also showed that changes in Tcol levels between the two types of exercise groups decreased significantly (P> 0.05) and complementary groups had a significant decrease (P <0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it is suggested that long-term consumption of ginger along with regular exercise can be an effective treatment for lowering glucose and favorable changes in irisin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Doxorubicin leads to lipid profile disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the lipid profile of male rats after receiving doxorubicin. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 63 adult male rats were divided into 7 groups of 9: control group, sham group: received distilled water. Experimental group 1 received 20 mg / kg/ bw doxorubicin intraperitoneally, experimental groups 2 and 3 received 300 mg / kg/ bw and 600 mg / kg/ bw of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger orally for 2 months, respectively. Experimental groups 5 and 4 received doxorubicin and hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (20 mg / kg/ bw + 300 mg / kg/ bw) and (20 mg / kg/ bw + 600 mg / kg/ bw), respectively for 2 months. After the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected and serum levels of lipid profiles were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19 and the groups were compared by ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: Serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were significantly increased in the doxorubicin group compared to the control group. Serum HDL cholesterol levels in the doxorubicin group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in the groups (20 mg / kg/ bw + 300 mg / kg/ bw) and (20 mg / kg/ bw + 600 mg / kg/ bw) showed a significant decrease compared to the doxorubicin group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Ginger hydroalcoholic extract probably improved its lipid profile after receiving doxorubicin due to its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa, has been well known for its functional properties. In this study, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were used to encapsulate curcumin, overcoming its limitations in food application, such as instability, poor bioavailability and poor aqueous solubility. Nanocarriers were produced by a combination of high shear homogenization and ultrasonication methods. Effect of lipids ratio, type of nanocarriers and curcumin loading on some physicochemical properties of the nanocarriers were studied. Considering both bulky structure of curcumin and increase dviscosity of dispersed phase in the presence of the active ingredient, incorporatingthe curcumin into the nanocarriers led to a significant increase in particle size and PDI. Statistical analysis showed that lipid ratio, nano-carrier type (SLN and NLC) and curcumin loading had a significant effect on particle size (p <0.05). Based on DSC results, curcumin was well encapsulated by nanocarriers without interactions with other ingredients. Generally, the concentration of 0.05%glycerol distarate and 0.25%curcumin were optimal conditions for NLC nanocarrier production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]