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Reservoir dams have had problems despite all the benefits for humans. one of the most important issues is exposing a large amount of water in contact with the air causing a large amount of water to evaporate. Using chemical methods including heavy alcohols is one of the evaporation suppression methods. In this study, three emulsions of octadecanol, hexadecanol, and a combination of octadecanol, and hexadecanol along with Brij-35 and two physical methods of the canopy and floating balls were used to evaluate the performance of different emulsions. A one-way analysis of variance was applied to compare the mean of evaporation in different chemical and physical methods and a two-way analysis of variance was performed to investigate the main and interaction effects of different meteorological parameters on the value of evaporation. The mean comparison of the evaporation in different methods showed that the two physical methods of the canopy and floating balls had better performance than the chemical methods, and the octadecanol was more efficient than the two other chemical methods. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that among the chemical methods, the octadecanol had no significant difference with floating balls at a 99% probability level (P <0.01). Twoway ANOVA indicated that air temperature and relative humidity had the greatest effect on evaporation. Examination of the effect of different levels of meteorological parameters on the performance of evaporation reduction methods showed that at low temperatures, octadecanol had poor performance than the two physical methods but with increasing temperature, its performance improved. In addition, this monolayer had a suitable performance at low wind speeds compared to physical methods. By increasing wind speed, its performance is severely affected and its efficiency decreases. So, at temperatures above 37° C, an increase in wind speed from 3.5 m/s to above 8.7 m/s has increased evaporation by more than 50%. The effects of monolayers and other evaporation suppression methods on the quality characteristics of the water including dissolved oxygen are significant and should be investigated in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Balochistan province of Pakistan is mostly affected by severe drought events due to little amount of precipitation. “Several Large Scale Climate Drivers (LSCDs) are known for their effects on precipitation worldwide but studies in the region are missing; a wide variety of LSCDs and lagged associative information”.The current study aimed to identify the significant LSCDs in the Balochistan province of Pakistan and improve the prediction skill of monthly precipitation by employing the Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Bayesian Regularization Neural Network (BRNN), and Multiple Regression (MR) Analysis using the 12 months lagged LSCDs such as Nino-1+2, Nino-3, Nino-3.4, Nino-4, QBO at 30 and 50hpa (QBOI and QBOII), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 2m air temperature (T2M), 500hpa and 850hpa geopotential heights (H500 and H850), 500hpa zonal velocity (U500), 500hpa and 850hpa meridional velocity (V500 and V850), Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes Over Land (LHFOL and SHFOL), and Surface Specific Humidity (SSH). To collect the data, Global Land Data Assimilation System, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, MERRA-2, NOAA, Freie University Berlin, and HadISST datasets were used. The results of the study showed that significant LSCDs with a 99% confidence level were SSH, SST, LHFOL, SHFOL, T2M, U500, Nino-3.4, and Nino-4. During the test period, compared with MR models of 0.15 to 0.49 and principal components of -0.16 to 0.43, the ANN and BRNN models had better predictive skills with correlation coefficients of 0.40 to 0.74 and 0.34 to 0.70, respectively. It can be concluded that the ANN and BRNN models enable us to predict monthly precipitation in the Balochistan region with lagged LSCDs. Extended Abstract Introduction Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable countries due to climate change. According to the Global Climate Risk Index (GCRI) report, with the passage of time, its vulnerability is increasing. The main threats consist of a rise in temperature, irregular patterns of rainfall, a rise in the sea level, and extreme events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. Precipitation plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan as an agricultural country that has experienced variations, particularly in a recent couple of decades when a sharp jump in global atmospheric temperatures was noticed. The southern part of Pakistan which comprises the Sindh and Balochistan provinces has an arid climate and is mostly affected by severe drought events due to less amount of rainfall throughout the year as compared to other parts of the country. This study’s main focus is Balochistan province which has a long history of severe droughts and is an important province in terms of agriculture. Less than 250mm is the annual average rainfall received by the region. It is predicted that throughout the 21st century if adaptation measures are not taken, there will be a continuous increase in droughts and scarcity of water which will adversely affect the lives of people and the economy. Globally, precipitation and droughts are strongly linked with the large-scale climate drivers through atmospheric associations but there are no detailed studies in Balochistan province that consider a wide variety of large-scale climate drivers and their lagged association with precipitation. The main objective of the present study is to identify the significant large-scale climate drivers in the Balochistan province of Pakistan and improve the prediction skill of monthly precipitation by applying the principal component analysis, artificial neural network, Bayesian regularization neural network, and multiple regression analysis considering the lagged association of climate drivers. Methodology In the present study, first, large-scale climate drivers from NOAA HadISST, MERRA-2, and Freie University Berlin in NetCDF files were processed using the ArcGIS model builder along with the precipitation data from GLDAS and TRMM. The data were first normalized in the range of 0 and 1 using the min-max normalization formula. For showing the 12 months’ lagged association between the large-scale climate drivers and precipitation, a cross-correlation method was employed and the heatmaps were created in Origin 2021b software to show significant lagged correlations. Principal component analysis was applied and the variances and Eigenvalues for each of the components were calculated. Multi-layer feed-forward neural network with a back propagation algorithm was used for the prediction of monthly precipitation with the first two PCs in most cases, three and one in some cases as the predictors. Bayesian Regularization Neural Network (BRNN) was applied which is a version of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and is a more powerful method as compared to conventional ANN. MATLAB R2015a environment was used for this purpose. Then, Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was carried out and was used as a benchmark for comparing ANN and BRNN models using significantly lagged climate indices in one case and in another case the selected PCs. To validate the performance of all developed models, the TRMM dataset was used. Finally, time series graphs and Radar charts were prepared for comparison. Discussions The findings of cross-correlations between monthly precipitation and large-scale climate drivers in Balochistan province showed the most dominant climate drivers as surface specific humidity, sea surface temperature, latent and sensible heat fluxes over land, 500hpa zonal velocity, 2m air temperature, Nino-3.4 and Nino-4, and the highest correlations were noticed for surface specific humidity, sea surface temperature, latent and sensible heat fluxes over land, 500hpa zonal velocity, 2m air temperature. It is noteworthy that in each district, the lagged correlation of maximum climate indices with precipitation was distinct at distinct lags. The multiple regression best models were selected on the basis of no violation of the limits of statistical significance and lower errors. The MLR model’s performance was low in the region where some of the districts had low correlations. The results from ANN and BRNN models showed that the BRNN models were on a lower side than the ANN models with higher values of correlation coefficient showing their capability of finding the pattern and trend of the GLDAS precipitation. The results of the evaluation of the generalization capability of all models on the TRMM dataset showed that both ANN and BRNN models relatively performed well as correlation and error values were closer to each other. Conclusions The results of this study showed that, first, significant LSCDs with 99% confidence level were surface specific humidity (SSH), sea surface temperature (SST), latent and sensible heat fluxes over land (LHFOL and SHFOL), 2m air temperature (T2M), 500hpa zonal velocity (U500), Nino-3.4, and Nino-4. Second, to predict the monthly precipitation using lagged LSCDs and principal components, MR models were developed. MR models’ performance was low. The highest Pearson correlation in MR models during the training set was observed for Musakhel district as 0.65 and during the test as 0.49 for Musakhel and Zhob. In MR-PC models, the highest correlation was recorded for Awaran (0.50) during the training and for Quetta (0.43) during the test. Third, ANN and BRNN models were developed using the selected PC components and gave higher correlations as compared to regression models indicating their capability of finding the pattern and trend of the observations. They generally manifested lower errors and are more reliable for the purpose of prediction in the region. Maximum correlations during training were 0.77 and 0.73 in both ANN and BRNN models, respectively, for the Lasbela district. In the test case, they were 0.74 and 0.70 for Awaran. Their generalization ability was tested on the TRMM dataset. In conclusion, this study divulged the possibility of monthly precipitation prediction using ANN and BRNN and lagged LSCDs for the study region. It is explicit that the response of precipitation to climatic factors is delayed. Comparing the results of the ANN, BRNN, and MLR, it can be concluded that the artificial intelligence approaches such as ANN and BRNN are reliable nonlinear statistical options that can generate similar and in some cases better forecasts and could be useful for the agriculture and water management in the Balochistan region as it is a very important part of Pakistan in terms of agriculture. In the future, this research will be extended by developing the prediction models by including more LSCDs and can be improved by the approaches of genetic algorithm for the best input selection and the use of observed station-based precipitation data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important aspects of food drying technology is studying the moisture and temperature changes during the dryingprocess. The temperature changes of the sample are often evaluated by instruments such as thermocouples and thermometers. In this research, infrared thermography was implemented for evaluating the temperature changes during drying process. Experiments were performed for drying air temperature of 60 and 80 oC and temperature changes were measured with T-type thermocouples and infrared thermography. Also, moisture content of apple slice was measured during dying process. The result shows infrared thermography is a good instrument for recording the temperature changes without contact or destroying sample. evaluation drying curves shows, with increasing drying air temperature, heat and mass transfer process increase and drying times decreased consequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of ultrasound pretreatment, air velocity and temperature on cornelian cherry shrinkage during hot air drying process were investigated. Ultrasound pretreatment at two time levels (10 and 30 minutes) was applied and then the samples were dried at 40, 50 and 60°C and 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s air velocity. Afterwards, shrinkage data were fitted to three experimental models. The results showed that with decreasing moisture content during drying, the thickness of the samples reduced from 0.0138 to 0.0078 m. The application of ultrasound pretreatment led to a significant (P<0.05) decrease in thickness. Moreover, one of the models was selected as the best suitable model in predicting thickness changes of cornelian cherry (R2=0.99) under the experimental conditions. Through multiple regression analysis, the relations between the coefficients of the models with the variables used were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between man and nature and its importance in the urban environment is one of the issues considered by theorists and planners in the field of urban space for a long time. However, human beings as the basis for this relationship have jeopardizing this vital interaction by making changes in cities for some time now. One of the significanr in human communication and the redidence in cities is his satisfaction by climate conditions. The outdoor thermal comfort is affected by the built environment, land cover, plant evapotranspiration, and other factors present at the site. In this study, among the ways of promoting thermal comfort in urban space, the use of plants is focused on. In this article, the effects of plants on temperature and relative humidity were firstly analyzed in a case study. Then, using Envi-met software, an existing urban block was simulated by placing hypothetical trees and another hypothetical block was simulated as well. According to the results, the air temperature in the places, which were very close to the nearly 50-cm plants, was obtained to be almost 0.5◦C lower than other places. In addition, the relative humidity within the studied limits was higher. Therefore, the effects of these two factors on improving the thermal comfort of urban microclimates, especially in hot seasons, could be well evidenced. The assessment of different types of plants also showed that the temperature adjustment could be achieved regardless of plant type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]