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Background & Aims: Innovation, which is the result of the joint work of university and industry, is an initiative that improves the efficiency of innovation. This type of cooperation, i.e. collaborative innovation between university and industry, is called collaborative innovation. Collaborative innovation brings dynamism and vitality to companies and causes economic growth and expansion. (1). In fact, one of the important factors in innovation, and one of the important factors in economic growth and development, is the transfer of knowledge that takes place between universities and industry because this cooperation makes commercialization in companies easier (2). On the other hand, one of the things that has always been very important in knowledgebased companies is the commercialization process. This process has three separate phases, the ideation phase, the technology/product development phase, and the commercialization phase. First, an idea that has a demand in the market is created and cultivated. In the development stage, this idea becomes a product or technology, and commercialization is technological knowledge that has entered the market (9). In our beloved country of Iran, knowledge-based companies active in the field of medical products have succeeded in reaching self-sufficiency in the field of medical products to almost 40% in the past few years, but they have been very unsuccessful in the discussion of commercializing medical products for export to other countries. . Now, according to the capacity of our country, we can earn up to two billion dollars a year from the commercialization of these types of goods, which has a positive impact on the national economy. Therefore, the researcher seeks to solve these problems by presenting a model for commercialization. Therefore, the main research question is, what is the commercialization model of medical products for knowledge-based companies? Methods: The current research is of an exploratory and expansion type, which was conducted using a qualitative method. The statistical population of this research is experts with practical experience in the field of commercialization of products of knowledgebased companies in the science and technology park of Mazandaran province, and professors of the University of Medical Sciences and management professors of management faculties of universities of Mazandaran province, who are aware of the subject of the research. 12 people were selected as samples from among them by snowball method until full saturation. Then a semi-structured interview was conducted to collect data from them. Interviews were held one by one with each expert. After conducting the interviews (audio recording), the texts of the interviews recorded from the experts, on the same day of the interview, were transcribed word by word on paper and typed as research data., was used. The research data are analyzed on two levels, the textual level and the conceptual level The textual level includes the coding of the data, the conceptual level emphasizes the construction of the research model including establishing a relationship between the codes based on the Strauss and Corbin model. Also, in order to ensure the validity of the model, the strategy of analysis and review by knowledgeable people (multi-view) has been used. Results: To design the model using the foundation data method in the first step; Initial coding was done using the text of the interviews. In this step, one hundred and nine primary codes were extracted. In the second step; Axial coding was done. In this step, thirty-two axial codings were obtained from a total of one hundred and nine initial codes. In the third step; Selective coding Selective coding was done based on the results of open coding and axial coding in this step, which is the main step of theorizing. Thirteen codes were obtained. Also, the validity of the research model was done by using the analysis and review method by knowledgeable people, in this method, to check the validity of the research model, all the data and primary extracted codes were sent to other experts who are familiar with the issue of commercialization of medical products in knowledge-based companies. They were informed and experts were given and they were asked to modify and approve the designed codes, and all the codes were approved, thus the validity of this research was proved. Also, the reliability of the research was checked with Kreppendorf's alpha method, and the agreement of five experts on the codes was equal to 89%. Considering that this amount is more than 60%, the reliability of the codings of this research is confirmed. Conclusion: In this research, the causal conditions for the commercialization of medical products, four factors of human capital, technology, digital transformability of the company and environmental factors have been stated. (Shirvani, Tulai and Delavi, 2019 limited the causal conditions to digital technology. Considering these factors by the companies residing in the science and technology park, they can take into account all the effective factors in creating a successful business for their products and Don't just focus on technology. The strategies of this research have been identified in three dimensions; Financial strategies, market orientation and attracting cooperation of the University of Medical Sciences. Every business unit needs capital in order to set up and start its activity, and in order to develop and continue its activity, it needs new investment, which must be provided through financial resources (24). Access to financial resources is one of the important factors in the success of companies and one of the important concerns of companies at different stages of their life (25). Market orientation can be defined as a stage of organizational growth or as a level that reflects organizational maturity (26). Kotler has looked at market orientation as the final stage of the development of a business organization and believes that the market orientation is created along the development of different business orientations. Market orientation is based on marketing thinking and marketing thinking forms its philosophical foundation. (26). However, marketing thinking as a foundation and philosophical foundation is not enough. Because market orientation focuses not only on customers, but also on competitors, different organizational issues and many external factors that affect the needs and preferences of customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endometriosis (EMS) is a female reproductive system disease in which uterine-like cells grow in other areas of the body and outside the uterus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a major role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The present study is the first to investigate the possible association of MMP-2 (rs7201) and MMP-9 (rs17576) genetic variants with susceptibility to EMS in Iran. Material & Methods: This case-control study was performed on 100 healthy control women and 100 patients with EMS. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 genotypes were determined using the Tetra amplification-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) Technique. Data were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of MMP-9 AG (OR: 4.11, 95% CI: 2.13-7.91, P<0.001) and GG (OR: 11.33, 95% CI: 4.23-30.3; P <0.001) genotypes between the control and patient groups. The MMP-9 G allele was associated with an increased risk of endometriosis (P<0.001). Moreover, a significant association was detected between MMP-2 rs7201 polymorphism and EMS. MMP-2 AC genotype had a protective effect on endometriosis (OR: 0.27. 95% CI: 0.15-49%; P<0.001), and the MMP-2 A allele was associated with decreased risk of endometriosis (P<0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, MMP-9 rs17576 and MMP-2 rs7201 polymorphisms were associated with EMS in the studied population in Iran. Further studies with larger samples of different ethnicities need to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Transparency has long been a basic principle for the management of public organizations and is usually considered a powerful tool to achieve desirable social goals, including strengthening accountability and reducing corruption. Objective The current research aims to develop a model for institutionalization of transparency culture in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences (LUMS) and assess the relationships between its components. Methods This is a mixed-method (exploratory sequential) study. In the qualitative phase using the content analysis method, the participants included university faculty members and senior managers of LUMS. A researcher-made questionnaire tool was used to collect information, and the interpretive structural modelling method was used to analyze and rank the components. Results Based on the results, 18 factors were identified as the main factors of the model for institutionalization of transparency culture in LUMS, which were organizational agility, change management, the rule of law, trust and confidence, clear accountability, cultural infrastructure, knowledge management, effectiveness and efficiency of processes, regulatory quality, participatory management, justice orientation, cognitive skills, adaptation and tolerance, reduced administrative corruption, improved community satisfaction, transformation and improvement of the administrative system, meritocracy, and employee satisfaction. Among these factors, the reduced administrative corruption and employee satisfaction had the greatest effect on institutionalizing the culture of transparency in LUMS. Conclusion The most important factors for institutionalizing the culture of transparency in LUMS are the reduction of administrative corruption and the satisfaction of human resources. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to these factors in institutionalizing the culture of transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is necessary to provide safe care for patients with acute and life-threatening conditions by nurses working in the emergency departments (EDs). These nurses need higher levels of independent performance. Therefore, the competency to provide safe care and having professional nursing autonomy in novice nurses working in the EDs are very important. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care in newly graduated nurses working in the EDs. Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population consists of all newly graduated nurses working in EDs of hospitals in Guilan, Iran. They all were included in the study using a census sampling method. The tools for collecting information were a demographic form, the assessment of safe nursing care questionnaire, and the professional nursing autonomy scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Spearman or Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the collected data. Results There was a significant relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care; for every one unit increase in professional autonomy, the chance of providing safe nursing care increases by 0.133 (P=0.009). Conclusion The significant relationship of professional nursing autonomy with safe nursing care among the EDS nurses shows that if nurses have a greater control over their performance, decision-making ability, and autonomy to act based on patient safety, they can provide better quality care to patients. Therefore, empowering nurses by providing conditions to perform based on professional autonomy, can ultimately lead to better results for the patients and cause overall safety in the EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining feedback from the results and achievements of the science, technology, and innovation systems, especially at the national level, is a requirement for any policy system's long-term success. The Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT), the most vital player in Iran's science, technology, and innovation system, needs to have such a feedback mechanism based on its priority functions of the science, technology, and innovation system, obtaining the best performance. For this purpose, in this research, using the methodology of framework synthesis, an integrated and comprehensive framework for evaluating the performance of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology based on the selection of 40 key indicators has been presented and validated using the expert panel method. The results of applying the proposed evaluation framework should be adapted to the goals and policies of national STI system. Based on the latest statistics and information available (from September to March 2022), the performance of the MSRT in the evaluation quadrants is lower than average. Also, we offered some policy recommendations focused on improving key indicators' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Given the significance of universities, their rankings, research outputs, and the impact of leading researchers in the field, the research aims to address the following questions: 1. What factors do top researchers adhere to in order to achieve success in their endeavors? 2. What factors will the university follow, based on the experiences of top researchers, to ensure success in their research activities? 3. How can students be effective in their research activities based on the experiences of top researchers? Methodology: The current research is of an applied nature and utilizes the qualitative content analysis method. The research community included all the working and retired faculty members of Isfahan University. A total of 40 individuals (5 women and 35 men) were selected using purposeful and snowball sampling. Based on data from the SciVal database, the top 10 researchers at the university were identified in terms of the number of international outputs (ranging from 243 to 87) and citations (ranging from 3690 to 1037). These researchers come from various fields. Additionally, using the Research Specialists database, other top researchers at the university were identified through interviews conducted using the snowball method. These researchers were selected based on their quality research, social impact, effective scientific communication, fundraising abilities, collaboration with other institutions and organizations, engagement with the industry, mentorship of selected students, and effective management and entrepreneurship in the field of research. The interview was terminated when the data reached saturation and repetition, and no new points were extracted from the content of the subsequent interviews. A semi-structured face-to-face interview was conducted to gather the opinions of the participants in the research. The findings were analyzed in three stages: open coding (extraction of sub-components), central coding (formation of components), and selective coding (selection of concepts) using MAXQDA 2020 qualitative data analysis software. Findings: The items mentioned by the participants in the interviews as factors influencing success in research activities can be categorized into three concepts based on their frequency and importance: factors related to faculty members (265 codes), university-related factors (244 codes), and factors related to students (12 codes). Each concept includes various components. The factors related to faculty members include students, individual characteristics and motivation, scientific communication, research orientation and purpose, research area, industry and society relationships, skills, research outputs, adherence to professional ethics, and thesis. The components related to the university factor include communication with industry and society, research policies, promotion regulations and policies, policies and programs, students, facilities and infrastructure, skill development, support and respect for faculty members, internationalization, financial issues, management, recruitment, research groups, administrative issues, and mission orientation. Skills and determination are also considered essential components of a student. Conclusion: In order to promote research activities at both the individual and organizational levels, it is necessary to address them from various dimensions and provide comprehensive conditions. On the other hand, the university is considered a fundamental institution for this purpose, due to the expertise and knowledge of its faculty members and students. On the other hand, the activities of faculty members and students depend on the university platform. Despite the influence of the context and environmental conditions of each university in the planning process, the individual and organizational factors mentioned can be generalized to other individuals and universities facing similar conditions. These factors can also be adjusted to fit the specific context of each university. On the other hand, there are upstream factors that are policy-based and implemented at the macro level, which can be utilized and adapted to various academic institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psychological well-being is of paramount imporance for cancer patients and is affected by various factors, such as personality traits. The present study aimed to predict psychological well-being based on resilience and personality type D in cancer patients. Material & Methods: The current research was conducted based ona descriptivecorrelatioal design. The statistical population of this research was made up of all cancer patients who were members of Maxa in Isfahan in 2021. The research sample included 220 cancer patients who were selected via aailable sampling. The data collection tools were demographic characteristics questionaire, psychological well-being questionnaire by Riff (1995), personality type D by Denault (2005), and resilience by Connor and Davidson (2003). The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24). Descriptive statistics included mean, standard deviation, and percentage, while inferential statistics including Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The significance level was considered to be 0.05. Results: The correlation matrix illustrated that psychological well-being had a significant positive correlation with the total score of resilience (r= 0.701; P=0.001) and a significant negative correlation with personality type D (r= -0.517; P=0.001). Moreover, according to the results of multiple regression analysis, 38% of the variance of psychological well-being can be predicted based on resilience and personality type D variables (P=0.001). Resilience with beta 0.38 (P=0/001; T=0.639) positively and significantly and personality type D with beta -0.25 (P=0/001; T=-1.607) can negatively and significantly predict the psychological well-being of cancer patients. Discussion & Conclusion: Resilience and personality type D can predict the psychological well-being of cancer patients; Therefore, the psychological well-being of cancer patients can be affected by carrying out interventions related to resilience and D personality type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Feeling alone and enduring distress are risk factors for suicidal thoughts, while parental bonds are protective factors. However, the complex mechanisms behind these factors have not been identified among people with a history of suicide attempts. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict suicide attempts through distress tolerance, feeling alone, and parental bonds in people with a history of suicide attempts. Material & Methods: The current research is a descriptive-correlational study, and the statistical population included all people with a history of suicide attempts in Isfahan, Iran, from among whom 120 people were selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included parental bond questionnaires by Parker et al. (1979), distress tolerance by Simmons and Gaher (2005), feelings of loneliness by Russell et al. (1980), and attempted suicide was made by the researcher. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive methods, including Mean and Standard deviation and inferential statistics (e.g., Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis) using the SPSS software (version 27) and PLS3 statistical software. Results: The results showed that among the predictor variables, feeling alone had the highest predictive power (64.7%), and in the second step, with the addition of parental bond with the mother, it increased to 0.701%, and in the third step, with the addition of Parenting bond with father reached 0.729%, and in fourth step with the addition of distress tolerance, it reached 0.743%, all of which are statistically significant. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, we can point out the influential role of feeling alone in predicting suicide attempts, and the need for families and policy-makers to pay attention to this prominent factor can play a major role in reducing suicide rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital anomalies in the head and neck region, which are affected by environmental and genetic factors. These anomalies can cause serious problems such as physical deformity, nutritional problems, respiratory problems, and problems in social interactions for affected people. Objective The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of lip and palate clefts and the related factors in infants born from 2014 to 2019 in Karaj, Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the data of 91,563 babes born from 2014 to 2019 in Kamali, Imam Ali, Maryam, and Ghaem hospitals in Karaj, Iran. The data were collected and analyzed in SPSS software, version 24. Results Of 91,563 cases, 46 were identified with various types of clefts. The overall prevalence was 0.5 per 1000 live births; 26.08 had cleft lip, 52.17% had cleft palate, and 21.73% had cleft lip and palate (P=0.024). Also, 56.52% of babies were male (P=0.37), 76.08% had mothers aged 20-30 years with a mean age of 24.4 years, 58.69% had first-time pregnancy mothers, 13.03% had parents with cousin marriage (P<0.001), and 37% had mothers with blood type A (P=0.11). Conclusion The prevalence of lip and palate clefts in babies born in Karaj is lower than the global prevalence and the prevalence in other cities of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Constant control of electrical panels is effective in ensuring the safety of users. This study was conducted during the years 2022-2023 to evaluate their structure in blood transfusion centers by ETBA method. Materials and Methods In this descriptive-analytical study with the ETBA method, the performance and quality of the grounding system, capacitor bank, connections, the location of the panels, the arrangement structure of the components, and their cleanliness and safety in the centers of Kermanshah, Hamadan, Ilam, Sanandaj, Arak, Karaj, Semnan, Bandar Abbas, Sari and Yazd were investigated. The obtained information was analyzed statistically with SPSS 25 software. Results The results showed 74.3% electrical panels with unprincipled volume and distribution of connections, 72.4% due to the selection of inappropriate location and distance from tools and devices, deployment in users' traffic area without provision of fence and safety devices, 70.5% not equipped with warning devices, 43.3% non-standard arrangement, 51.4% insufficient cleaning, 66.3% not having an active earth connection, and 60.3% not having a capacitor bank did not have reliable electrical safety. Conclusions Based on these results, the regular and continuous establishment and implementation of the medical equipment maintenance management system can be a fundamental and effective factor in identifying risks and the pertinent degree of risks and damages in the process of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Today, the consumption of nutritional supplements is increasing dramatically in the world. Objective This study aims to survey the knowledge and attitudes of people in Rasht, Iran, towards nutritional supplements and determine their consumption rate. Methods This descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted over 6 months on 1220 people referred to pharmacies in Rasht city. They completed a self-report questionnaire surveying demographic data, knowledge, and attitude towards nutritional supplements. Results The majority of people had poor knowledge (mean score: 5.14±2.36 out of 9). The knowledge scores were significantly different in terms of educational level, occupation, use/non-use of supplements, number of used supplements, and the reason for taking drug supplements, such that people with a master’s degree or higher, healthcare providers, and supplement users had higher scores. The attitude score was 16.14±4.64 (out of 40), and 76.33% had a negative attitude towards nutritional supplements. The knowledge score had a significant negative relationship with the attitude score. Conclusion Given the poor knowledge of people in Rasht city and their negative attitude towards nutritional supplements, it is recommended to develop public education programs to improve their knowledge of nutritional supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The impact of research is any type of output of research activities that has a positive return for the scientific community, health systems, patients, and peoples. The impact of research can include various aspects, including impact on health, economy, and policy making in society. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the policy impact of research in the field of health management and policy making of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2014-2019. Methods: This applied research was carried out by means of a survey and citation analysis of records published in 2014 to 2019. At first, the return on investment questionnaire was completed by the first or corresponding authors. The findings of the questionnaire were analyzed by citation analysis and checking the number of citations in studies. The data analysis was done using SPSS software version 22. Results: Overall, 459 research in health management and policy-making of Iran University of Medical Sciences were identified. These studies have been used in 768 systematic reviews, seven educational content productions, 129 upstream documents, policy briefs, and instructions; three clinical guidelines, six health technology assessments, and six non-health decision-making. Conclusion: The policy impact of research in the field of health management and policy-making was mostly through systematic reviews, upstream documents, policy briefs, and instructions. Therefore, it needs to provide further application of these studies in decision-making outside the health field, clinical decision-making, training contents, on-demand research, health technology assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which the facts surrounding a person are interpreted as abnormal. The treatment aims to reduce symptoms and the possibility of disease recurrence. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone on schizophrenia symptoms. Method: In this double-blind analytical and clinical study, 44 patients were randomly divided into two groups. The study was carried out in Quds Hospital and centers for psychiatric patients in Sanandaj city in 2019 and 2020. The number of patients decreased to 32 due to drug side effects and unwillingness to continue treatment. The instrument used was the scale test of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Datum were analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA with repeated measurements and independent t-tests by SPSS-23 software. Results: The results showed that out of 44 patients studied, 37 (84.1%) were men and 7 (15.9%) were women. The imbalance was due to the small sample size. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex distribution, literacy level, marital status, employment history, and background medication use (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of reducing negative symptoms (P=0.666), positive symptoms (P=0.748) and general symptoms (P=0.342). Conclusion: According to the finding, spironolactone has no significant effect on reducing negative, positive, and general symptoms. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out more studies using this drug (by removing the limitations of this study) and other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the major problems presented to the mental health of substance users is the presence of suicidal thoughts and beliefs. Paying attention to metacognitive beliefs and schemas predict suicidal thoughts can be considered very important in counseling and psychotherapy. The present study aimed to predict suicidal thoughts based on metacognitive beliefs and emotional schemas in male substance users in Ilam, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study investigated the relationship of suicidal thoughts with metacognitive beliefs and emotional schemas in male substance abusers in Ilam, in 2021-2022. A total of 170 male substance users were selected via the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire form, the Beck Suicidal Thought Questionnaire (BSSI), the Wells Metacognitive Belief Questionnaire (MCQ30), and the Leahy Emotional Schema Questionnaire (ESS-P). The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21) using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regressions. Findings:The results pointed to a significant negative relationship between positive schema and tendency to suicidal thoughts (P=0.001; r=-0.430). Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between negative schema and a tendency to suicidal thoughts (P=0.001; r=0.621). Furthermore, a tendency to suicidal thoughts showed a significant positive relationship with anxiety (r=0.334), negative belief (r=0.432), low cognition (r=0.376), negative metacognition(r=0.329), and low selfawareness (r=0.334) (P=0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: Metacognitive beliefs and emotional schemas can be useful predictors of suicidal thoughts in substance users. Paying attention to these factors can be effective in reducing and preventing suicidal thoughts and creating a model for improving the educational system and preventing suicide in male substance users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Social networks are now being created as an admission to search, discuss and share information interactive and immediate with others. The purpose of this study was to model the role of emotional resilience and self-resilience in the tendency of addiction to social networks mediated by psychological well-being. The use of social networks has become a modern natural behavior, but the harmful forms of their use have also received much attention in the last two decades. Social networks have now emerged as a platform for searching, discussing and sharing information interactively and instantly with others. Their popularity, especially among young people, has led to a significant increase in research into the analysis of the consequences of their use. Has been in the psychosocial development of users. Social networks have provided various facilities for users, but their uncontrolled, uninformed and excessive use of them creates dangers for users in families. Social networks are a source of attention in personal, academic and professional work. In the context of academia, they can lead to academic procrastination and undermine students' academic performance. One of the psychological characteristics of students that is affected by the use of social networks is emotional resilience. Previous studies have shown that psychological characteristics such as resilience may predict cell phone addiction and social networking. Resilience, as a complex, dynamic and multidimensional phenomenon, can be thought of as a process, capacity or consequence of positive adaptation and continuous professional commitment and growth in the face of challenging conditions. Emotional resilience should be considered as a person's ability to cope with adversity and overcome failure. Emotional resilience requires a high degree of self-awareness, strong self-regulation, and a host of other characteristics. Factors such as stress, burnout, lack of social support and negative thinking are the enemies of emotional resilience. Another variable that can be associated with social media addiction is self-concealment. In the literature on psychology and counseling, selfconcealment is often defined as the tendency to intentionally conceal personal information that one finds disturbing or negative. Self-concealmentis a behavioral tendency in which individuals hide personal information about distress, embarrassment, and negativity from others. One of the most important structures that play a mediating variable in social network addiction is psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is one of the structures studied in positivist psychology. Today, a new perspective is being formed and expanded in healthrelated sciences in general and in psychology in particular, with the aim of focusing on health. It is drawn from individual life to social interactions. In general, according to the above research records, the dispersion and contradiction of research in the field of social media addiction and the lack of studies in Iran, highlights the need for further implementation and research in this field. In addition, the mobile phones of this technological tool, which are especially popular among the younger generation, have led to lifestyle changes, differentiation of social interaction styles, as well as preparing them to limit their lives in the technological world. This in itself highlights the need for such research. Therefore, the present study aim to model the role of emotional resilience and self-concealment in the tendency of addiction to social networks mediated by psychological well-being. Methods: The method of the present study is descriptive and correlational and the method of analysis is structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study was all students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Since the PLS method is not sensitive to the sample size, the required sample size was determined using Barclayo et al.'s (1995) theory for the present study (32). However, in order to achieve more generalizable results and less statistical error in the sample size in the present study, considering the probability of sample loss, 200 people were considered. After removing the distorted data, 120 questionnaires were included in the statistical analysis. Sampling method used Sampling was also available. The questionnaires were designed online and its links were provided to the subjects on social networks (Telegram groups and channels, WhatsApp groups and Instagram pages) so that students who wished to participate in the research could answer the questions. Inclusion criteria were willingness to participate in research and being a student and exit criteria were unwillingness to participate in research. The data collected in this study were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation and structural equation modeling using SPSS.25 software and 3.smart pls software. Results: A total of 120 students with a mean age of 28.75 and a standard deviation of 8.71 participated in this study.The results showed that emotional resilience and self-deprecation had a direct and significant effect on social networking addiction, as well as the indirect effect of emotional resilience and self-deprecation with the mediation of psychological well-being (t > 1.96). Conclusion: The results of structural equations showed that emotional resilience has a direct and significant relationship with addiction to social networks. Explaining these results, it can be said that resilience can be generally defined as the ability to adapt to adverse situations in a positive way. Adolescents with lower resilience are more likely to become addicted to social media and in challenging situations instead the use of positive coping strategies tends to lead to negative behaviors such as social media addiction. The results of structural equations showed that self-concealment has a direct and significant relationship with addiction to social networks. Explaining these findings, it can be said that adolescents who have high self-conceit may become addicted to social networks to escape the negative feelings related to selfconcealment. The results of structural equations showed that psychological well-being has a direct and significant relationship with addiction to social networks. Explaining these findings, it can be said that according to the negative consequences of addiction to social networks, psychological well-being can prevent adolescents' addiction to social networks. Described over time.The results of structural equations showed that emotional resilience on social media addiction has an indirect and significant relationship with the mediation of psychological wellbeing. In explaining these findings, it can be said that, as stated earlier, resilience refers to the factors and processes that protect physical development and psychological well-being from the risk of engaging in problematic behaviors and psychological damage. The results of structural equations showed that self-denial on social media addiction is indirectly and significantly related to psychological well-being. Many people who have selfdeprecation turn to the Internet to manage and get rid of unwanted self-deprecating feelings such as stress, loneliness, depression and anxiety. They see the Internet as the easiest way out of these feelings, which is the starting point for Internet addiction. Emotional resilience and self-deprecation can show different functions of social networking in students. Therefore, examining the role of psychological well-being mediates provides more accurate information on the impact of these variables for various social network addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Corona is caused by a viral infection called acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 which spreads rapidly, causing irreparable damage and death. In order to predict and develop treatment algorithms, the study of biomarkers is important in determining the severity of the disease. Therefore, we investigated the correlation of Interleukin 6 IL-6, Lactate dehydrogenase LDH, C reactive protein CRP and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Materials and Methods In this descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, the information of 365 coronavirus hospitalized patients randomly selected in Sina Hamadan hospital during 2019 was entered into SPSS 26. The severity of the disease was also measured according to the defined reference and clinical symptoms and classified into two levels. The data were analyzed with gamma correlation instability test, Somers' D at significance level of p value <0.05. Results It was found that IL-6 with a correlation coefficient of 0.506, LDH with a correlation coefficient of 0.291 and CRP with a correlation coefficient of 0.23, all at the level of 0.01 (p value = 0.01), have a positive effect on the severity of Corona disease and the amount of this positive effect is based on Somers' effect coefficient d 0.839, 0.458 and 0.358, respectively. Conclusions Patients with severe COVID-19 have significantly higher serum levels of CRP, LDH and IL-6. Baseline levels of IL-6, CRP, and LDH were closely related to the severity of COVID-19 disease. These laboratory markers can be used as clinical indicators of disease exacerbation and prognosis of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim It is suggested that hearing impaired children with hearing aids and cochlear implant, showed poor pragmatic abilities. Pragmatic is the most related language component to social interaction. Further, it has effect on personality development and self-esteem. The main aim of the present study is investigating the relationship between pragmatic abilities and self-esteem in hearing impaired children. Methods & Materialssixty hearing impaired children with hearing aids or cochlear implant were included into this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then parents or other caregivers were asked to fulfill children’s communication checklist (CCC) and self-esteem questionnaire. The participants were divided into three groups based on hearing impairment severity, including: severe, moderate and mild. The relationship between pragmatic ability and self-esteem was examined in three groups and without considering categorization, by Pearson correlation coefficient, significant level was 0.05. Ethical Considerations This project was approved by the Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.150). Results The results illustrated that there is significant relationship between pragmatic abilities and selfesteem in all hearing impairment children without considering categorization (P<0.05). By considering categorization, significant relationship was showed in self-esteem and pragmatic abilities in moderate and mild groups (P<0.05). Conclusion According to our analysis, pragmatic abilities and self-esteem are related. This relationship is more obvious in low severity impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non-adherence to medication in HIV-positive patients leads to the occurrence of HIV-related diseases and ultimately reduces the quality of life and immune system function of these patients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify and explain the factors that influence medication nonadherence in HIV-positive Iranian patients. Material & Methods: The present applied study was conducted in 2020-2021 using the descriptive method. First, by reviewing the research literature and interviewing experts in the field of HIV treatment, the main factors influencing medication nonadherence in HIV-positive patients were identified, based on which the research questionnaire was designed. Data were collected from 590 HIV-positive patients and analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and SPSS23 and LISREL software. Findings: Four factors, namely organizational factors (16 items), individual factors (19 items), educational factors (7 items), and communication factors (7 items) were identified as effective factors for medication non-adherence in HIV-infected patients. Communication factors, individual factors, educational factors, and organizational factors with factor loadings of 0.76, 0.74, 0.73, and 0.71, respectively, had an impact on medication non-adherence in HIV-positive patients. Discussion & Conclusion: To improve medication adherence among HIV patients, behavioral disease counseling experts and therapists should pay more attention to communication factors (improving patients social support from family and friends) and individual factors (not coping with the disease state and the effects of stigma and disclosing the disease). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Patients who undergo major orthopedic surgery are at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) due to blood loss, electrolyte disorders, infection, and other co-morbidities. In this study, we aim to investigate the frequency of AKI and its risk factors in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery in Rasht, Iran. Objective This is an analytical cross-sectional study on 180 patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. Those with a history of chronic kidney disease and dialysis were excluded. Methods The data including patients’ age, gender, drug history, history of underlying diseases, duration of surgery, mean arterial pressure during and after surgery, and use of inotrope during and after surgery, and creatinine level before and after the surgery. Results The mean age of patients was 47.3±22.8 years. The incidence of AKI was 11.11%. The use of some drugs, duration of surgery, MAP, and inotrope use had no significant relationship. The occurrence of AKI had a significant relationship with the history of heart disease, diabetes, and kidney disease. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed that with the increase of one unit in preoperative creatinine level, the postoperative creatinine level increased by 0.3. Conclusion The incidence of AKI after major orthopedic surgery in Rasht city is relatively high. Careful monitoring of kidney function before, during, and after major orthopedic surgery is important; it can prevent the occurrence of postoperative AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused job burnout in nurses, followed by a decrease in the quality of life and the quality of care services provided to the patients. Regarding the prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the researcher's experience, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between job burnout and the quality of life of nurses in intensive care units during the COVID19 pandemic. Material & Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 140 nurses working in the intensive care units (including ICU and CCU) of public hospitals in Ilam province from February 10 to March 10, 2021 (the sixth peak of COVID-19). The participants were selected using the total population sampling method. The required data were collected through demographic characteristics form, Maslach Burnout Inventory (1985), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (2004). The collected data were then analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) through Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression at the significance level of P<0.05. Findings: In this study, the mean±SD values of job burnout and quality of life were obtained at 76.1±11.4 and 72.9±5.9, respectively. There was a significant inverse correlation between job burnout and quality of life (r=-0.296, P<0.001). Furthermore, the linear regression test of the components of personality distortion and individual performance did not show a significant effect on the quality of life of nurses. The component of emotional exhaustion (P=0.001) had a significant negative effect on the quality of life of nurses working at intensive care units. Discussion & Conclusion: Managers must adopt support, encouragement, and educational programs to prevent adverse effects on nurses during the outbreak of health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Keeping pets can expose their owners to various infections, including zoonotic parasites. This study was conducted for the first time in Iran to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to parasitic diseases among pet owners in Hamadan and Kermanshah, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the participation of 200 pet owners in Hamadan and Kermanshah, western Iran. The data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire containing 62 questions, the reliability and validity of which were evaluated and confirmed. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) through descriptive statistics (mean±SD) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney test). Findings: Most of the participants were female, had university degrees, and kept dogs. There was a statistically significant difference among the participants of both cities in terms of knowledge about parasitic diseases (it was more in Kermanshah, P<0.01); however, no statistical difference was observed in terms of attitude. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed that in Hamadan and Kermanshah, there is a direct and significant relationship between the knowledge score and performance (Hamadan: r=0.489 and P<0.001; Kermanshah: r=0.655 and P<0.001). In general, the level of knowledge and performance of pet owners is at an unfavorable level, and their attitude is at a favorable level. Discussion & Conclusion: This study, which was conducted for the first time in Iran, suggests that pet owners need necessary training to increase their level of knowledge about parasites and parasitic diseases of their animals, which will lead to improving their attitude and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Various research studies have investigated the relationship between anxiety and worry. The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation and mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and worry. Methods & Materials The present study follows a correlational design study. The research sample included 248 students of Kashan universities in Iran studying in the 2017-2018 academic year. The study data were collected using the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Pennsylvania state worry questionnaire (PSWQ), the Persian short form of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ-P-short form), and five-factor mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ). Then, the obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS v. 22 and AMOS v. 22 software. Ethical Considerations The Ethics Committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences approved the study (Code: IR.KAUMS.REC.1396.36). Results The results showed a significant relationship between generalized anxiety and worry, worry and cognitive emotion regulation, worry and mindfulness, generalized anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation, and anxiety and mindfulness. The results of the structural equation modeling confirmed the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between anxiety and worry. Also, the path coefficient of mindfulness and anxiety was removed from the model because it was not significant. Conclusion Generally, cognitive emotion regulation plays a mediating role in the relationship between anxiety and worry. These findings seem applicable in the individual, family, educational, therapeutic, and interpersonal mental health fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to explain the causal model of marital boredom based on emotional and social maturity among married people in Shiraz, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted on 362 married people (270 women and 92 men) married for 10 years and were selected by convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Paynes' Marital Boredom Self-Report Scale (1996), Yashvir and Bhargava's Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) (1991), and Rao's Social Maturity Scale (RSMS) (1973). In addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix), inferential statistics (structural equation model) were used to analyze the data of the aforementioned scales collected from the sample population by AMOS software. (Ethic Code: ETHICS-2107-1014) Findings: The results showed that emotional maturity predicts marital boredom negatively and significantly (P<0.01, β= -0.69); however, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom (P<0.01, β= -0.09). After calculating the model by considering the output correction indicators of AMOS software, this model was modified and fitted with eight indicators. In general, the results of this analysis confirmed a good model fit. Discussion & Conclusion: The causal model showed that emotional maturity is able to predict marital boredom negatively and significantly. However, social maturity is not a significant predictor of marital boredom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world today that in addition to causing physical problems causes psychological problems for patients. One of these problems is pain catastrophizing. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological resilience and mindfulness in predicting pain catastrophizing through mediating role of positive emotions in patients with cancer. Method: This study was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population included all Adult cancer patients (over 18 years old) in Kerman in summer and autumn of 2021, that a total of 141 patients were selected as the sample using purposive sampling. For data collection, Standard Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PANAS Positive Affect Schedule, short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire and Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire, were used. For data analysis, path analysis and Pearson correlation methods were applied by using AMOS software version 24 and SPSS version 23. Results: Results showed that the direct path of resilience (-0.27) and positive emotions (-0.32) to pain catastrophizing and direct path of resilience (0.24) and mindfulness (0.16) to positive emotions were significant. Also, the results of path analysis showed that the final model of the research had the goodness of fit (CMIN=0.373, NFI=0.99). Conclusion: The results showed that positive emotions mediate the prediction of pain catastrophizing based on psychological resilience and mindfulness. It is suggested that therapists and cancer-related institutions include treatment programs related to these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The role of E-cadherin and CD44 has been proven in the development and progression of cancerous and precancerous lesions. It seems that these two markers have a high ability to evaluate the premalignancy of lichen planus lesions and oral leukoplakia. This study aimed to investigate and compare the expression of CD44 and E-cadherin markers in oral leukoplakia, lichen planus, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Material & Methods: This analytical-descriptive study was conducted on 60 blocks of lichen planus, leukoplakia, and squamous cell carcinoma. The blocks were stained by CD44 and E-cadherin antibodies. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22), and a P-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Findings: Only 30% of the SCC samples expressed the CD44 marker, while 40% and 50% of leukoplakia and lichen planus samples expressed the CD44 marker, respectively. The expression of the E-cadherin marker in SCC samples was 40% in the range of staining, while it was 50% and 60% in leukoplakia and lichen planus, respectively. There was not a significant difference between the staining intensity of CD44 and E-cadherin (P<0.16). However, in SCC, 70% of the cases showed mild to moderate expression intensity that was statistically significant, compared to lichen planus and leukoplakia (P<0.004). Discussion & Conclusion: It seems that the severity of CD44 and E-cadherin incidence can indicate the changes in dysplasia and premalignancy of oral lichen planus and leukoplakia, compared to oral carcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. There is an urgent need to discover antiviral drugs for better performance against new strains of coronaviruses (CoVs) due to the rapid spread of the disease despite scientific advances in vaccine development. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of quercetin and its analogues on the COVID-19 Mpro enzyme. Material & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the threedimensional structures of quercetin analogues (20 compounds), standard drugs (ritonavir and lopinavir), and the COVID-19 Mpro enzyme were obtained from PubChem and PDB databases for bioinformatics study, respectively. Molecular docking studies of the compounds on the Mpro were performed using MOE-2014 software. Afterward, the physicochemical properties and biological activity of the compounds were predicted using Swiss ADME, PASS, and Swiss Target Prediction software. (Ethic code: IR.SKUMS.REC.1399.117) Findings: The findings of the present study showed that the most important bonds involved in drug-receptor binding are hydrogen, hydrophobic, and π-π interaction bonds. The best docking results were obtained for Baicalein, Genistein, Naringenin, and Quercetin compounds with strong binding energy (-12.83 to -13.54 kcal/mol), compared to ritonavir and lopinavir. These compounds have a greater tendency to bind to the catalytic amino acids His41 and Cys145 and other key amino acids of the active site of the COVID-19 Mpro enzyme. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the results of bioinformatics studies, quercetin analogues had more effective inhibition than standard chemical drugs due to their suitable placement in the active site of the main protease enzyme of COVID-19 and can be good candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is important to pay attention to the self-injury behaviors in adolescence as one of the highrisk behaviors with adverse consequences for the individual and society. Objective This study aims to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between emotional abuse in childhood and self-injury behaviors in female adolescents. Methods This is an analytical cross-sectional study. Participants were 200 female high school students in Rasht, Iran in the academic year 2020-2021 who were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included the self-harm inventory (SHI), childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), and emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ). The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and path analysis in SPSS Software v. 23 and Amos v. 26. Results There was a significant relationship between emotional abuse and self-injury behaviors (P<0.001). The reappraisal domain had a significant negative relationship with emotional abuse and self-injury behaviors, and the suppression domain had a significant positive relationship with emotional abuse and self-injury behaviors. Emotion regulation strategies had partial mediating role in the relationship between emotional abuse and self-injury behaviors (P<0.001). Conclusion Considering the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies, more attention to the use of these strategies should be paid to reduce the occurrence of self-injury behaviors in female adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Writing the lay summary is one of the methods for the popularization of science and has been developed for more than two decades for making the general public aware of the results of academic inquiries and scientific research. However, the number of these summaries is not yet large, and it is not yet clear why researchers are reluctant to write these summaries and what drives could encourage them in writing these summaries. Therefore, this research seeks to identify the key drivers and barriers for writing lay summaries. Methodology: The research questions are addressed through a systematic review method. After retrieving nearly 2900 records from Iranian and global databases (such as SID, Ganj, Magiran, Web of Science, Scopus, etc.), 56 studies were identified and analyzed in order to extract the main drivers and barriers. All full-texts of selected publications were studied and drivers and barriers for writing lay summaries were identified. Findings: The findings showed that 19 drivers and 17 barriers have an important role in writing lay summaries. The key drivers are moral duty, increasing reputation, employers' request, practical application of the findings, increasing public awareness, institutional support, government support, receiving an award, attracting participation, getting feedback, competing with colleagues, attracting financial resources, increasing social security, increasing social development, making a change, requests from the general public, increasing research partners and building a scientific network, increase the quality of research, and recruiting students. Furthermore, the barriers include researchers' living in their own world, fear of misunderstanding, fear of misuse of scientific findings, degradation of science, the inefficiency of promotion tools, familiarity with the concept and method of writing lay summaries, lack of time, low readership, unattractive research, lack of required technical infrastructure, lack of sufficient reward, the uncertainty of scientific findings, probability of negative consequences, negative reputation among colleagues, lack of culture to science popularization, and lack of space for publication. "Increasing public awareness" is the key driver for researchers to write lay summaries, and "lack of time" is the most frequent barrier that can be mentioned in this regard. Conclusion: Some drivers and barriers are related to the research itself and others to the researcher, institutions, and society. Probably, the results of this study can help higher education policymakers and funders of research to design solutions to encourage the writing of lay summaries in order to help the general public to take advantage of research findings and scientific results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The field of Knowledge and Information science needs systematic studies about the future in order to adapt and keep pace with the current developments and to effectively deal with them and maintain their position and survival in the current competitive conditions. In this regard, the present study intends to guide future researchers to develop research in this field by reviewing studies related to the future of information science and science in Iran and the world. Methodology: The present study was conducted using the systematic review method. In the present study, in order to ensure the systematic review process, the guide provided by Okoli & Schabram (2010) has been used. For this purpose, related researches were searched in international and domestic databases without considering the time limit. In total, 114 researches were analyzed. Findings: A review of studies showed that 14 dissertations, 25 conference articles, 65 journal articles and 10 website notes addressed the issue of the future of information science and epistemology. These researches have studied the future of this field in four axes: 1. Libraries and information centers in the future; 2. Librarians and information science professionals in the future; 3. The future of education in information science and science; And 4. The future of research in this field. A significant part of this research has been done with the aim of studying the goals, functions, features, services and resources of libraries in the future. Conclusion: Libraries and information centers will continue to function as an important social institution in the future, but in order to be able to compete with competitors such as the Internet, super search engines, social networks, databases, virtual reality, augmented and hybrid technologies, To maintain and improve their position of audio-visual media and other new tools, it is necessary to change their services in accordance with the needs of the day and new technologies. In the future, the development of media and information carriers will not replace the role of librarians and information science professionals, but the importance of their position will be felt. In fact, among the various technologies and media, only librarians have the ability to overcome the challenges ahead such as the increasing volume of information, the growth of Internet resources, greater diversity of user needs, facing the problems of organizing information resources in cyberspace and optimal retrieval. Information from the masses of information is inappropriate. Given the current and future developments, the need for change in the situation of education and research in this field is felt more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The parents of children with autism spectrum disorder have special challenges and problems with their children’s disorder, so they have more stress in parenting than other parents, also having psychological disorders is very common in these parents. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of psychological disorders and parental stress on children with autism spectrum disorder and digestive problems. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical one with a correlation method. Based on the purpose of the study, the statistical population was all parents with children with autism spectrum disorder who were referred to special need schools in Isfahan. 30 participants were chosen using the available sampling method. In this study, SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data. Results : The results showed that parental stress had no significant effect on gastrointestinal disorders in children with autism and the results showed a positive and significant effect of parental psychological disorders on the severity of gastrointestinal disorders in children with autism. The results showed the effect of psychological disorders of parents that need to be considered as an effective factor in the treatment process of this disease. Conclusion: Factors may contribute to gastrointestinal problems in autistic children, including a variety of gastrointestinal bacteria and gene expression patterns, as well as inadequate dietary fiber, which acts as a natural anti-constipation agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Anxiety and stress are important risk factors for psycho-somatic disorders like gastrointestinal disorders. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between anxiety and stress with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical one with a correlation method. In this study, 82 patients with FGID who were referred to Noor Hospital of Isfahan in 2019 were selected and evaluated with anxiety and stress scale (HASS) and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms scale. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multivariate regression. Results: The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between anxiety and stress with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in these patients, and anxiety could predict changes in the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms very well. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study on the correlation between anxiety and stress with the severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with functional disorders, in the treatment of these patients should pay attention to the areas of anxiety and stress and minimize these aggravating factors with psychological measures.es. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Academic research is usually done in groups, teams collaboratively. Researchers in this process have different identities, positions, abilities, personality types, desires and aspirations. Hence, power relations and inequalities in this process are its inherent characteristics. Since the students in terms of power, mainly with respect to other actors such as professors and administrators are less powerful, it is important to understand their experiences than other actors. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to identify evidence of the exercise of power in the research process, based on the views of students and graduates. Materials and Methods: Since the exploration and description of the experiences of students and graduates from the exercise of power in the research process has been the purpose of the research, the research plan is qualitative using the descriptive phenomenological method. In this research, graduate students have formed the study population. The sampling method of the present study is non-targeted and criterionbased. Based on this, students and graduates participated in this research to have the criterion of team research experience, availability and agreement to conduct the interview. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 19 students and graduates of the University of Tehran. In order to analyze the data, the Stokes-Colaizzi-Kane analysis method was used. Discussion and Conclusion: Students and graduates of the University of Tehran understood Exercising Power in the Research Process through collusion, misbehavior, discrimination and injustice, bullying, abuse of position, breach, inadequate/inappropriate supervision, and immoral authorship. According to the research findings, the selection of a supervisor through department lobbying, zigzag authorship, factionalism in accepting articles in research journals, are the most important subthemes of the collusion; maximum student participation and maximum benefit of the professor from the research privilege and exploitation of the student by the professor are the most important sub-themes describing bullying in the research process; abusing the student by the professor because of his or her ability to write articles, abusing the student's respect for him or her to determine the order of the authors by the professor, abusing the student's need for research by the professor, the referee's biased interference in student references, immoral acquisition of authorship credibility by the professor and default presence of the head of department in all theses or dissertations are the most important sub-themes of position abuse; inadequate guidance of the supervisor, lack of study of the dissertation by the referee and lack of the supervisor mastery on the subject of research are the most important sub-themes of inadequate/inappropriate supervision; the professor discrimination between students based on his or her feeling indebted to a student and injustice in the dissertation score are two sub-themes of discrimination and injustice; the nominal authorship of the professor by the student, the salvation articles and their fictitious names, the nominal role of the supervisor, adding the ghost author by the supervisor, and removing authors of the research are the most important sub-themes describing immoral authorship. Since students {and graduates} are one of the most important actors in the research process, their understanding of the exercise of power in this process should be considered; Because not paying attention to how they feel and understand about such events may lead to changes or deviations from research policies. Thus, the need to pay attention to open policy-making in higher education and to listen to the voices of all academic actors, including students and graduates, and to involve them in the higher education policy-making process doubles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]