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this paper aims at an examination of Alireza Rowshan's poems based on the Conceptual Blending Theory put forth by Fauconnier and Turner (2002), investigating their semantics structure by drawing on the conceptual means the theory provides, and thus classifying his poems into a couple of stylistic categories. This is conducted through a qualitative research method, in a descriptive and analytic manner, so that, first, four select typical poems are explored throughout using the conceptual means provided by the Blending Theory, such as integration networks, blends, vital relations and so on, and, then, the resultant outcomes get extrapolated statistically into the rest of the poems contained within two of his most famous collections. In the process, according to the application of the foregoing conceptual means, Rowshan's poems turn out to be clearly and systematically classified into four major groups in terms of their semantic structure, while the details of each of these semantic structures are formulated through the conceptual means of the foresaid theory. What comes about through this analysis reveals that, by applying the newly emerging linguistic theories to the analysis of literary works, it is possible to enhance the conducted analyses in precision and order, thus advancing literary criticism one step further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 20th century, Lucien Goldman proposed one of the most effective theories in the field of sociological criticism, namely the theory of developmental constructionism. Among Goldman's central concepts to explain this theory are the two concepts of ‘meaningful structure’ and ‘worldview’. The meaningful structure shows the interrelationship of the components of a literary work and the worldview of a meaningful whole of norms and values. One of the works that the application of the theory of developmental constructionism is useful in its better understanding is Mehr va Mah poem, due to having a coherent structural pattern. This poem is one of the outstanding works of the 10th -century poet Jamali Dehlavi. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question of how the meaningful structure and worldview of Mehr va Mah is in line with the inclusive social platforms of the work. Examining this poem in the framework of the theory of developmental constructivism shows that the main social bases of the poet's era in the conceptual system, spatial elements, the systematic pattern of character relationships and the aesthetic field of the system are the creators of its meaningful structure. They have appeared as artistic creations - not a mirror reflection of social events. These elements in a dialectic relationship with each other show the worldview governing the work. Introduction The current research seeks to answer the question of how the meaningful structure and worldview of the Mehr va Mah poem have been created, in accordance with the social foundations of this work. Based on the hypothesis of this research, despite the fact that this poem tells the story of the love between the prince of Badakhshan and the daughter of the king of Mulk Mina, and the poet did not directly reflect the social situation in this story, but the poet's imagination has created a coherent structure that is compatible with the social contexts of the time of creation. During the creation of the poem, the spiritual, social, and economic bases of Muslims compared to believers in other popular religions in India, especially Hindus, were considered superior. And this issue has caused the formation of a bipolar system of values in the society of the poet. In this poem, many contrasts were created in the conceptual system, spatial elements, the pattern of character relationships and the aesthetic field of the work, which structurally shows the worldview that governs the work. Also, the spread of mysticism and the mutual relationship between the government and mystics during the compilation of this poem played a significant role in the formation of the components that make up the meaningful structure and worldview of the work. Materials and Methods The general method of this research is based on theoretical and library studies. Moreover, the works of Lucien Goldman and articles and books related to his theory are the bases of this study. Research Findings In Mehr va Mah poem, despite the fact that the romantic theme and mystical references of the work are the basis for the combination of opposite categories, due to the adaptation of the conceptual system of the work to the social ideological structure, there is no room for mixing and intermingling of categories. The structure of the spatial relations of the story has been manifested in the form of heaven-like and hell-like places. In other words, all the places in this poem have been compared to the final position of the Sharia-compliant or infidels in Islamic ideology. The expansion of the influence of the sheikhs and mystical dynasties among the general public and the ruling class has been one of the characteristics of the society in the given time frame. The structure of human relationships that arose after these relationships has caused the formation of a systematic network of relationships between the characters in this poem. This network of communication is established between the king and the mystic along with other human relationships. In this poem, social contradictions, religious conflicts and ideologies are manifested not in their direct expression during the theme and content of the story, but in the description of nature, characters, and various phenomena. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Mehr va Mah poem, like literary works that have unity and richness, has a coherent structural pattern emerging from the social foundations of the work. According to Goldman's point of view, in this narrative system, the ruling worldview has been formed through the coherent structure of the conceptual system, spatial elements, the systematic pattern of character relationships and the aesthetic field of the work. With respect to the meaningful structure of the conceptual system, the system of dual oppositions of concepts in Mehr va Mah poem forms a part of the meaningful structure of this work, because the basic concepts of this work are all opposed to each other in a bipolar axis. Emphasizing that the protagonist is a Muslim, the poet has implicitly placed all his events and bitter encounters with existence in the other pole, i.e. disbelief, through descriptions and similes. Moreover, the contrasting structure of spatial elements in this poem has formed a coherent whole in accordance with the ideological structure of the inclusive social platform, on the basis of which the places are divided into the Islamic utopia, heaven, and the infidels' punishment place, hell. In this work, the pattern of character relationships is formed based on the model of human relations between the institution of power and the institution of Sufism in the society of the poet's time. When the poet has tied his emotions and feelings to the element of fantasy, he has established a dialectical relationship between the aesthetic structure of the work and the two pervasive social contexts of his time. the rhetorical aspects of the poem are actually a coherent expression of religious contrasts and the prevalence of mysticism in the society of the poet's work when describing the lover, nature, elements, and different situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

most important The way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries has been one of the problems for lexicographers and paremiographers. Therefore in this study, based on cognitive semantic approach, the way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries was considered. The purpose of the current study is to organize proverbs in dictionaries in a new, non-linear and non-alphabetical way and according to a scientific and theory-based study, the following research question was approach. To achieve the purpose of the proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which proverbs are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its mechanisms, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from The great two-volume Dictionary of Persian Proverbs (Zolfaghari, 2009), The famous Proverbs of Iran (Soheili, 2005) and internet resources. The results indicated that according to semantic motivation and the concepts of target domains of the proverbs, a non-linear and non-alphabetical way can be proposed for arranging proverbs and their equivalents in order to reflect the conceptual structures of mind and language and to help language learners to learn and remember them easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]