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Background Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders that can affect a person’s mood and change his/her perception of the self and environment. Melilotus officinalis L. plant contains effective substances and antioxidant compounds. Objective The present study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L. in male rats. Methods In this experimental research, 42 male rats were divided into six groups of 7 including control (normal saline), negative control (reserpine), positive control (reserpine+fluoxetine) and three reserpine groups treated by intraperitoneal injection of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L. Behavioral tests including forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to evaluate depression, and the antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde level were also measured. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using one-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Results The 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of alcoholic extract significantly reduced the duration of immobility in the FST compared to the negative control. In the TST, the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg showed a significant increase compared to the negative control. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of the brain compared to the negative control. The doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the antioxidant capacity of the brain compared to the negative control. Conclusion The alcoholic extract of Melilotus officinalis L has antidepressant effects similar to fluoxetine probably due to its antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Herb shops are important for preparing medicinal plants. Improper packaging can lead to contamination of these plants by various types of microorganisms, fungi and yeasts. Objective This study aims to investigate the prevalence of microbial and fungal contamination in four plants from the Lamiaceae family in herb shops in Rasht, Iran. Methods In this study, 15 samples from mint, rosemary, and wild mint plants, and 16 samples from lemon balm were collected. The samples were diluted and incubated for one hour, then transferred onto Tryptic soy agar culture medium for bacterial enumeration. The sabouraud dextrose agar culture medium was used to count total mold and yeast, while McConkey Broth culture medium was used for specific identification of Escherichia coli. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16. For comparing the bacterial and fungal contamination levels in the plant samples with the Pharmacopeial quality standard values, the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. Results Out of 61 plant samples, 59 (73.7%) were contaminated with bacteria, and 60 samples (86.6%) were contaminated with fungi. The number of samples contaminated with Escherichia coli was 27 (44.2%). The mean counts of bacteria and fungi in the plant samples were 3.39×105 and 6.3×105, respectively. Conclusion The microbial contamination in most of the plant samples examined in this study is significantly higher than the permissible limit. It is necessary for health authorities to implement stricter policies for monitoring the quality of natural products in herb shops of Rasht, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Nasal septal abscess, which is the collection of purulent materials between the cartilaginous or bony septum and the mucoperichondrium or mucoperiosteum, often occurs after septal hematoma caused by trauma. Other common factors include surgery, foreign bodies, and sinusitis. In addition to the risk of nasal deformity, septal abscess can cause life-threatening complications such as osteomyelitis, orbital or intracerebral abscess. Objective This study aims to investigate the frequency of nasal septal abscess and its related factors in patients in north of Iran. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study on the patients referred to a hospital in north of Iran in 2022. Their demographic and disease-related information were recorded and the risk factors were finally identified. Results In this study, 37 patients had septal abscess. The most common risk factor identified was a history of septoplasty or septorhinoplasty (35.1%), followed by diabetes mellitus (21.6%). Surprisingly, one of the factors in these patients was cauterization for epistaxis treatment (n=6). All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical drainage. In five patients, abscess resulted in saddle nose deformity. Positive culture results were reported in five samples. Conclusion Early identification of nasal septal abscess and its risk factors can help control the disease and prevent its serious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is necessary to provide safe care for patients with acute and life-threatening conditions by nurses working in the emergency departments (EDs). These nurses need higher levels of independent performance. Therefore, the competency to provide safe care and having professional nursing autonomy in novice nurses working in the EDs are very important. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care in newly graduated nurses working in the EDs. Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population consists of all newly graduated nurses working in EDs of hospitals in Guilan, Iran. They all were included in the study using a census sampling method. The tools for collecting information were a demographic form, the assessment of safe nursing care questionnaire, and the professional nursing autonomy scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Spearman or Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the collected data. Results There was a significant relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care; for every one unit increase in professional autonomy, the chance of providing safe nursing care increases by 0.133 (P=0.009). Conclusion The significant relationship of professional nursing autonomy with safe nursing care among the EDS nurses shows that if nurses have a greater control over their performance, decision-making ability, and autonomy to act based on patient safety, they can provide better quality care to patients. Therefore, empowering nurses by providing conditions to perform based on professional autonomy, can ultimately lead to better results for the patients and cause overall safety in the EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions that cause dysfunction in the jaw joint, masticatory muscle pain and mouth opening limitations, and affects patients’ ability to eat, practice oral health, and perform other activities of daily living. The etiology of TMDs is not well-known. These disorders have a higher prevalence in women and younger people. Although the benefits of lowlevel laser therapy (LLLT) in treating TMD have been reported, the results vary from study to study. Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of LLLT in the treatment of TMDs Methods In this narrative review study, a search was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases for randomized clinical trials, case-control studies, and systematic reviews published from 1976 to 2023 using the keywords (Mesh terms) temporomandibular disorder, low-level laser therapy, LLLT, and myofascial pain. Results Of 271 found articles, only 8 were included in the study, of which 6 confirmed that the LLLT was effective in the treatment of TMDs. One article concluded that superluminous devices are more effective than LLLT and one article concluded that LLLT is not effective in treating TMDs. Conclusion The LLLT is effective in the treatment of TMDs and its related disorders, such as masticatory muscle disorder, temporal joint pain, and difficulty in jaw opening. The nuber of studies are limited and definite conclusions cannot be drawn. Therefore, further studies are needed in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. Since microarray is a new method in cancer diagnosis, in the current study, the microarray library of MCF-7 breast cancer cells after irradiation was examined to predict the gene expression pattern and metabolic pathways related to it. Materials and Methods: Microarray data extracted from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) related to MCF-7 cells were analyzed by GEO2R and R software. Then the genes that had increased and decreased expression were extracted and gene ontology analysis was performed using DAVID and Enrichr databases. Results: In this study, after 48 hours of irradiation, 234 genes with Log2FC>1 increased expression and 146 genes with Log2FC<-1 decreased expression (Adjusted p value <0.05). KEGG analysis on genes with increased expression showed that these genes are related to type 1 diabetes (P=2.43E-04). The genes extracted in this pathway included HLA-DRB5, HLA-DRB4, CPE, TNF, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DM (Adjusted p value <0.05). Also, the findings show that the genes involved in type 1 diabetes in the islets of Langerhans include CPE, MHC-II, and TNF-α. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the increase in irradiation time in breast cancer cells probably leads to the activation of pathways related to type 1 diabetes through CPE, MHC-II and TNF-α genes in the islets of Langerhans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Female-headed households, due to continuous and chronic exposure to various pressures, often face psychological challenges. Resilience is a crucial variable influencing the mental health of women in such circumstances. This study aims to assess the impact of implementing the Peplau Interpersonal Theory on the resilience of female-headed household members. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. The target population consisted of female-headed households covered by the Welfare Office of Khorramabad. Using convenience sampling, 60 female household heads were selected from those covered by the Welfare Office, and they were randomly assigned into two groups: control and intervention. The intervention for the experimental group included face-to-face and individual training sessions based on the Peplau theory. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaires and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale before and one month after the intervention. The gathered data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests with SPSS software version 22. Results: Both intervention and control groups did not have statistically significant differences in terms of demographic variables and the level of resilience before the intervention (P>0.05). Comparison of the average resilience score showed a significant increase in the participants of the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that education based on Peplau interpersonal theory increases the level of resilience in female-headed households. Therefore, counselors and welfare professionals, as well as other executive bodies, should pay special attention to improving the resilience of female-headed household members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging cosmetic surgeries. The nature of surgery itself and hemodynamic instability in patients causes bleeding during surgery, which affects the quality of the surgical field of view, complications during and after surgery, and the outcome of surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the effect of tranexamic acid drug on hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty surgery. Materials & Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 51 patients aged 18 to 44 years with anesthesia class І, II who were candidates for septorhinoplasty surgery. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of tranexamic acid and control. Hemodynamic parameters at times; before induction, after induction, 1 minute after induction, 5 minutes after induction, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes during the operation, entry into recovery and exit from recovery were measured. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests. Results: The average trend of systolic and diastolic blood pressure from the time before induction to outside of recovery in the control and tranramic acid groups showed a significant difference (P<0.001). In the times before and after induction, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, a significant difference in the average heart rate between the two groups was observed (P<0.05). In the control group and the tranamic acid group, the mean trend of O2SAT from the time before induction to the time outside of recovery showed a significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the use of a dose of 250 mg of tranexamic acid had a decreasing trend in the average hemodynamic changes over time, and during these times, the decreasing changes in heart rate were significant. Therefore, it seems that tranexamic acid can be used in septorhinoplasty surgery to maintain hemodynamic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Empathy is one of the most effective indicators of nursing performance, therefore understanding the concept of empathy in the ICU seems necessary to provide better care in this challenging environment. However, empathy faces barriers in this area. This study was conducted using the content analysis approach with the aim of explaining the factors that inhibit among in intensive care nurses. Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with an average duration of 30- 45 minutes with ICU nurses selected by purposive sampling during the period 2021-2022. The interviewees' statements were analysed after being recorded and converted into text using MAXQDATA 11 software and conventional content analysis methods. Results: The coding process was carried out after removing duplicate codes and merging similar codes as a continuous comparative analysis. Eleven subcategories and three main themes were identified, including "organisational barriers", "individual barriers" and "barriers related to environmental and cultural factors". Finally, the general theme (the main theme) was obtained under the title 'Barriers to empathy in nurses'. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that intensive care nurses face significant barriers to empathy. Given that knowledge of the barriers to empathy and their removal will contribute greatly to improving patient care, it is necessary to identify and remove the existing barriers known to managers and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Developing a vision without understanding the organizational culture is a failed attempt. The purpose of this research is to understand organizational culture for understanding expectations in order to prioritize issues and compare work groups by managers for greater productivity Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization between 2020 and 2022. The statistical population for this research was the employees of the central headquarters and the general administrations of blood centers, and 384 of them were included in the study using stratified random sampling. To collect the required data, a 60-question organizational culture questionnaire based on Denison's model was used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (independent t, analysis of variance, Tukey and Pearson's coefficient) according to demographic variables, SPSS22 and Excel 2013 software were used. Results The findings show that Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization has a medium/strong organizational culture with a score of 179.31 and the highest impact after mission with a score of 46.60. Also, the indicators of "customer orientation and development of capabilities" need to be improved. Conclusions According to the findings, most employees have understood the vision, strategic intentions and mission of the organization, but their capabilities are not well seen. According to the score of customer orientation, the skills and abilities of the employees should be developed by using retraining courses, while motivating the personnel, respecting the clients, and the provinces should take advantage of the experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Uncontrolled post-operative bleeding can lead to several problems and tissue repair disorder indentistry. This study has been conducted to compare the effect of Chitohem and natural silk on the onset of clot formations. Materials and Methods This laboratory study was carried out with a dependent parallel design. Three drops of blood were taken from each of 32 participants in the study. Fifty milligram Chitohem and natural silk powder were poured on two blood drops, respectively. The clot formation time was measured for all three groups simultaneously. Duration between pouring powder and starting of clot formation was recorded. Data analysis was performed using paired t-test and repeated measure ANOVA methods using SPSS 17 software. Results Participants composed of 20 (62.5%) women and 12 (37.5%) men. The average age of the participants was 43.33 ± 4.08 years. The average time periods of the onset of blood clot formation in Chitohem group, natural silk and control group were 90.97 ± 29.99, 141.97 ± 49.10, and 195.44 ± 58.70 second, respectively. Paired t-test showed the mean time of clot formation was significantly different among groups (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Based on the obtained results, it seems that although effect of “organic natural silk” on coagulation time was less than “Chitohem”, but silk has an acceptable hemostatic effect. The simultaneous use of natural silk and Chitohem can have a synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Chelation therapy is essential for beta-thalassemia major. This study aims to determine the complications clinical and laboratory symptoms of monotherapy and combined treatment of iron chelators in beta-thalassemia major patients in Yasuj. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional-descriptive-analytical study, 103 patients with beta-thalassemia major in Yasuj city were evaluated during 2021-2022. After collecting the demographic, clinical and laboratory information of the patients, the results were reported as mean ± standard deviation and percentage. The degree of statistical differences between ratios was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The average age of our patients was reported to be 24.74 ± 8.34 years. 54.4% (n = 56) of the study patients were men and 45.6% (n = 47) were women. The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in mean ferritin among different study groups (p = 0.028). Patients treated with deferoxamine showed the highest mean serum ferritin (5925.5 ± 3397ng%) and patients who took deferoxamine together with deferiprone or deferasirox had a lower mean ferritin compared to deferoxamine alone (3348 ± 2560, 4269 ± 3322 ng%), respectively. Also, the present study showed that after taking iron removers, 47.6% of patients (n = 49) had no clinical complications and 52.4% (n = 54) had at least one complication. Conclusions Our results showed that Deferoxamine can have a great effect in reducing iron deposition and serum ferritin levels in combination with oral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Regular blood donors may experience iron deficiency due to repeated blood donation. Genetic differences might have an impact on iron deficiency in regular blood donors. Some of these genes include those involved in activities related to iron absorption and transfer in blood. In this study, the association of the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism in TMPRSS6 gene with iron levels in male regular blood donors was investigated. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 130 male regular blood donors participated. CBC tests, serum iron, ferritin, and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) were performed on their blood samples. The genotypes of the target polymorphisms were determined using the allele-specific PCR method. All collected data were analyzed using R software for statistical analysis. Results The average age of the regular male blood donors was 45 years with a standard deviation of 10.5. Among the 130 regular blood donors, 28 individuals (21.54%) were homozygous for the T/T allele, 29 individuals (22.31%) were homozygous for the C/C allele, and 73 individuals were heterozygous for the C/T allele. No significant association was observed between the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism and iron assessment indicators. Conclusions Single nucleotide polymorphism of TMPRSS6 gene (rs855791 v736A) was not associated with iron level and related quantities in regular blood donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Various mutations can occur in the HBV genome during chronic HBV infection due to errorprone viral replication and stress on the host immune system. This study aimed to determine the mutations in the BCP and preC regions of the hepatitis B virus genome in asymptomatic carriers and its role in the persistence of hepatitis B infection. Materials and Methods In this descriptive study conducted by easy non-probability sampling method in 2017, 40 asymptomatic blood donors positive in terms of HBsAg and confirmatory tests and negative in terms of anti-HCV and anti-HIV tests were included in the study. Anti-HBc, HBe Ag and antiHBe (Total) tests and ALT and AST tests were performed. Nested-PCR reaction was performed on the extracted DNA and the sequences were determined. Data analysis was done using online software https://hbv.geno2pheno.org. Results Out of the 40 examined samples (94.8%), 38 were men and 2 (5.2%) women with an average age of 38.6 ± 8.6. Mutations in (G1764A) and BCP (A1762T) were observed in 10 (50%) and 8 (40%) cases, respectively, and G54T17 mutation was observed in 3 (15%) samples out of 20 HBV positive and HBeAg negative samples. The mutation in the preC region and the nucleotide position A1896 G was found in 12 cases (60%). Conclusions The highest frequency of mutations was observed in G1764A and BCP which can be considered as one of the effective factors in not clearing and removing the virus by the host's immune system and causing chronic hepatitis B infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parasitic infections in children are one of the most important health and health problems worldwide, especially in developing countries. Diarrheal diseases such as those caused by Entamoeba histolytica are among the causes of death in children, so the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iranian children. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by examining the Scientific Information Database (SID), Medline (PubMed), Scopus and Google Scholar until March 2023. Results: In a review of 12 studies with a sample size of 10,982 Iranian children, the prevalence of Entamoeba Histolytica in Iranian children was reported to be 1% (95% CI 0.6-1.7%). The meta-regression results showed that in examining the factors influencing the heterogeneity of studies and examining the effect of sample size on this heterogeneity, it was reported that with increasing sample size, the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iranian children decreased (P<0.05) and also with the increase in the year of conducting studies, the prevalence decreases in Iranian children (P=0.289). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Iranian children is not at a very high level, but to continue preventive measures and reach lower levels, it still requires the attention of health policymakers in this area to carry out extensive information and screening to prevent the effects of this parasitic disease on children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Celiac National Institute has recently devised a diagnostic algorithm for celiac, which has been adopted from the most recent guidelines and articles worldwide. All Iranian provinces are requested to set all diagnoses based on the newest national protocol devised by the National Institute of Celiac Disease; however, some incompatibilities are observed. Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate these incompatibilities. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, we enrolled 250 cases of celiac disease referred to the province registry system and revised the diagnosis based on the national protocol for celiac disease diagnosis. All data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26. Results: Among the 250 patients diagnosed with celiac disease, 88 (35.2%) had incompatibility. The mean age of the patients was 37.19 years. 28 people (31.8 %) were men. Results indicated that in 40.9% of incompatibility cases, only pathology tests were performed, and in 52.3% of incompatibility cases, only serological tests were performed. In 6.8% of cases, both tests were performed, but the diagnosis was indefinite. Pathological results indicated that 0.5% of patients were in Marsh 1, 19% in Marsh 2, 35.7% in 3a, 23.8% in 3b, and 19% in Marsh 3c phases. Conclusion: There are cases of diagnostic incompatibilities between the most recent national protocol for celiac disease and physicians' practice. Therefore, it is vital that practitioners are trained with the national protocol for celiac disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is important because it can cause stigma and psychological, family, and social problems in affected people. Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of schema therapy on adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive-emotion regulation in people with HIV. Methods This is an interventional study with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty people with HIV were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. Garnefski et al.’s cognitive-emotion regulation questionnaire - short form (CERQ-SF) was used to collect data. The intervention group received 10 two-hour sessions of group treatment based on Young’s schema therapy model. The data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The results ANCOVA showed that group schema therapy affected the use of adaptive strategies (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting into perspective) and maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophizing), (P<0.001). However, it had no significant effect on other-blame (P=0.033) and rumination (P=0.102). Conclusion Schema therapy can increase the use of adaptive strategies and reduce the use of maladaptive strategies (self-blame and catastrophizing) of cognitive-emotion regulation in people with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Research theses can have a significant impact on the development of applied sciences, especially when their results are published. Objective This study aims to determine publication rate of papers extracted from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) during 2008-2018. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of GUMS from 2008 to 2018. Then, they were searched in international and national databases according to the title, keywords, and names of supervisors, advisors, and students. Results Of 774 theses, 449 (58 %) papers had been extracted and published in journals indexed by ISI/ PubMed (41.2%), Scopus (11.8%), BIOSIS, Chemical Abstract, and Embase (0.44%) and others (46.56%). Most of them (98.66%) were original research. Moreover, in 383(85.3%) of the theses, there was no statistician or data advisor. The median time from defending theses to the publication of a paper from them was two years. Conclusion The publication of papers extracted from the theses of GUMS has increased, and more than 50% of them have been published in journals indexed by ISI, PubMed, and Scopus. However, the factors associated with the publication of papers need to be surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital anomalies in the head and neck region, which are affected by environmental and genetic factors. These anomalies can cause serious problems such as physical deformity, nutritional problems, respiratory problems, and problems in social interactions for affected people. Objective The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of lip and palate clefts and the related factors in infants born from 2014 to 2019 in Karaj, Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on the data of 91,563 babes born from 2014 to 2019 in Kamali, Imam Ali, Maryam, and Ghaem hospitals in Karaj, Iran. The data were collected and analyzed in SPSS software, version 24. Results Of 91,563 cases, 46 were identified with various types of clefts. The overall prevalence was 0.5 per 1000 live births; 26.08 had cleft lip, 52.17% had cleft palate, and 21.73% had cleft lip and palate (P=0.024). Also, 56.52% of babies were male (P=0.37), 76.08% had mothers aged 20-30 years with a mean age of 24.4 years, 58.69% had first-time pregnancy mothers, 13.03% had parents with cousin marriage (P<0.001), and 37% had mothers with blood type A (P=0.11). Conclusion The prevalence of lip and palate clefts in babies born in Karaj is lower than the global prevalence and the prevalence in other cities of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Constant control of electrical panels is effective in ensuring the safety of users. This study was conducted during the years 2022-2023 to evaluate their structure in blood transfusion centers by ETBA method. Materials and Methods In this descriptive-analytical study with the ETBA method, the performance and quality of the grounding system, capacitor bank, connections, the location of the panels, the arrangement structure of the components, and their cleanliness and safety in the centers of Kermanshah, Hamadan, Ilam, Sanandaj, Arak, Karaj, Semnan, Bandar Abbas, Sari and Yazd were investigated. The obtained information was analyzed statistically with SPSS 25 software. Results The results showed 74.3% electrical panels with unprincipled volume and distribution of connections, 72.4% due to the selection of inappropriate location and distance from tools and devices, deployment in users' traffic area without provision of fence and safety devices, 70.5% not equipped with warning devices, 43.3% non-standard arrangement, 51.4% insufficient cleaning, 66.3% not having an active earth connection, and 60.3% not having a capacitor bank did not have reliable electrical safety. Conclusions Based on these results, the regular and continuous establishment and implementation of the medical equipment maintenance management system can be a fundamental and effective factor in identifying risks and the pertinent degree of risks and damages in the process of activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Despite the success of CAR-T cells in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, the use of allogeneic sources of T lymphocytes to produce these cells is associated with risk of GvHD. Cytokine induced killer (CIK) cells are a population with a lower risk of GvHD. Therefore, CAR-CIK cells can be evaluated as a potential alternative for CAR-T cells. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, after isolation and culture of mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of two healthy donors, T and CIK cells are transduced with CD19 gene containing lentiviral vector. On the 16th day of culture, to compare the cytotoxicity of CAR-T and CAR-CIK cells, these cells were co-cultured with CD19+ K562 target cells, and the death rate among the target cells was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase release assay kit. Student T-test, Anova and post-hoc Tukey were used for statistical analysis using Graph Pad prism software 8. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In both CAR-CIK and CAR-T cell, CAR receptor caused a significant increase in cytotoxicity. So that no significant difference was observed between the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells (67.8% ± 1.7) and CAR-CIK (65.1% ± 1.8). Conclusions CAR-CIK cells show a suitable in vitro cytotoxicity, so they can be considered as a potential alternative for CAR-T cells. However, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to compare other effective dimensions in the function of these two cell types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood transfusion is a major challenge in treating trauma patients. This study investigated blood transfusion rates and related factors in trauma patients. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 849 trauma patients admitted to a trauma center in Shiraz, Iran during 2019-2021. Blood components usage and its relation to demographics, clinical status, lab values, and ABC score were assessed. The frequency of massive blood transfusion and the average number of blood units and blood components consumed in these patients were surveyed. Data were analyzed by T-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression with SPSS-23. Results The mean age was 38.6 ± 19.40 years and 80.9% were male. The mean blood units, platelets, and plasma used were 5.74 ± 4.57, 1.21 ± 4.87, 2.73 ± 4.32, respectively. 62.01% received massive transfusion with mean blood, platelets, and plasma units used being 8.17 ± 5.21, 3.92 ± 4.88 and 1.85 ± 6.01, respectively. Blood use correlated with systolic/diastolic pressures, blood sugar, lymphocyte count, pH, bicarbonate, base deficit, and hematocrit. 13.3% had positive ABC score and received more blood products (p < 0.001). Conclusions Blood transfusion in trauma patients depends on various clinical and lab factors. Identifying high-risk patients requiring urgent blood transfusion and rapid preparation of blood products is vital for optimizing trauma patient management and outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Nowadays, it is necessary to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV viruses all around the world due to the importance of preventing infections transmitted through transfusion of blood products. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of these two viruses that cause viral hepatitis among blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Materials and Methods This retrospective study is conducted on blood donors in Sistan and Baluchestan province in order to evaluate the prevalence rate and trend of Hepatitis B and C during the years 2011- 2022. The data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test, chi-square (χ2), and SPSS 22. Results The prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C infections among blood donors were 0.329% and 0.05%, in Sistan and Baluchestan province respectively. During the years 2011 to 2022, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection decreased from 818 cases per hundred thousand people in 2011 to 109 cases in 2022. Similarly, the prevalence of hepatitis C decreased from 102 cases in 2011 to 27 cases in 2022 Conclusions The results of the present study indicated a decrease in the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections over a decade, which can show the effective trend of health indicators and prevention programs of HBV and HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Despite the significant impact of immunosuppressive drugs on controlling and treating certain diseases, their continued use can predispose patients to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, leading to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study aims to determine the levels of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms in patients treated with immunosuppressive drug during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 individuals treated with immunosuppressive drug such as those with autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant recipients in Firoozgar and Rasoul-e-Akram hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from July to December 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic/disease related questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation test) statistics. Results In this study, the mean age of participants was 51.35±12.95 years, and 148 (44.8%) were female. The majority of the patients had normal levels of anxiety and depression (91.2% and 92.1%, respectively). The mean total IES-R score was 27.71 out of 88. The anxiety and depression scores did not have a significant relationship with any demographic, disease-related, and COVID-related characteristics of the study participants, but a significant correlation between income level and total score of IES-R was observed (P=0.043). Conclusion The individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs in this study, despite being susceptible to COVID-19, had normal levels of anxiety and depression and obtained lower than average score in the IES-R. This finding can reduce the concerns about the mental health of these patients. Further studies using other questionnaires or a qualitative study on the experiences of these patients during the COVID-19 pandemic are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Evidence has shown that the inability to regulate and understand emotions causes various behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to investigate the effect of an emotion labeling (EL)-based training on the behavioral disorders of children with ASD. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental single-subject study ABA method. Five boys with high functioning autism were purposefully included in the study after one week of sampling in 2022. For each child, the Let’s Face It software was used individually to recognize basic emotion expressions (6 types) in three sessions followed by teaching EL at 8 sessions for 4 weeks, two sessions per week. The data collection tool was a demographic form and the test of behavioral disorders of children with ASD. The collected data at five phases were analyzed in SPSS software, using descriptive statistics, and Friedman’s test. Results According to the result of Friedman test, there was a significant difference between the first and third phases (P=0.037) and the third and fourth phases (P=0.019) of behavioral disorders measurement. The EL training significantly reduced the behavioral disorders of patients (P=0.030). Conclusion It seems that the EL-based training can reduce the behavioral disorders of children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination is necessary for pregnant or lactating women which can prevent them from infection to severe case of disease. The present study aims to determine the factors related to the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant or lactating women in Zahedan, Iran using the health belief model (HBM). Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were 260 pregnant or lactating women referred to comprehensive health service centers in Zahedan city in 2022. Sampling method was done as a convenience sampling method. Data collection was done using a demographic form and a HBM-based questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.7. Moreover, the content validity index value was 0.81 and the content validity ratio was 0.77. The data were analyzed using non-parametric Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation test, and regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22. Results The results of the regression analysis showed that the demographic variables explained 12.6% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior, where only the effect of age and educational level was significant, (P<0.05). The BM constructs along with age and educational level predicted 26.3% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior, where only age, self-efficacy and perceived benefits had a significant effect (P<0.05). Overall, the mentioned variables predicted 38.9% of the variance in vaccine acceptance behavior. Conclusion The factors of young age, high educational level, and the HBM constructs of self-efficacy and perceived benefits can predict the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance behavior of pregnant or lactating women in the South East of Iran. These findings can help policymakers and health care providers to use this model in designing program for improving vaccination acceptance of these high-risk groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Due to the effects of COVID-9, health care workers, including nurses, faced many psychological challenges, including death anxiety. This study aims to determine the death anxiety level of nurses working in the intensive care units (ICUs) for COVID-19 patients in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted on 179 nurses working in the ICUs for COVID-19 patients in two hospitals located in Tehran and Qom cities. Continuous sampling method was used for their selection. Data collection was done using a demographic form and Templer's 15-item death anxiety scale. Results The mean death anxiety score of nurses was 8.74±2.007 out of 15, which is higher than the median score (i.e., 7.5). The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the death anxiety score was significantly different between nurses only in terms of age (P=0.000). Tukey's post hoc test showed that the mean DAS score in nurses aged 30-39 was lower than in nurses aged ≥40 years and <30 years. There was no statistically significant difference in death anxiety between nurses in terms of other demographic factors (P>0.05). Conclusion The nurses working in ICUs experienced a high level of death anxiety during the COVID-19 in Iran. It is necessary that the policy makers and educational, medical or hospital managers develop educational and interventional programs including online in-service programs or educational booklets to help nurses overcome the COVID-19-related conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. Respiratory support treatments are among the methods for the recovery of these patients. The present study aims to assess the effect of breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy on the fatigue of patients with COPD. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study on 45 patients COPD who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups of breathing exercises (n=15) and chest physiotherapy (n=15) and one control group (n=15). Before and 6 weeks after the intervention, Krupp’s Fatigue Severity Scale was completed by the patient. Data analysis was done using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and chi-square in SPSS software, version 26. Results The mean scores of fatigue severity were significantly different in all groups between pretest and post-test phases (P<0.001). The fatigue severity in the intervention groups was reduced, while it increased in the control group, after intervention. There was no significant difference in fatigue severity among the three groups at baseline, but the difference was significant after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion Considering the reduction in fatigue severity after two supportive treatments, it is recommended that breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy should be used along with drug treatments for patients with COPD to improve their respiratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Suicide and suicidal thoughts among adolescents have become a worrying psychosocial problem. This study aims to evaluate suicidal ideation among adolescents from the west of Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 256 boys and girls were selected from second-grade high schools in the west of Tehran by a convenience sampling method in 2022. The data collection tools were a sociodemographic form and the Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI), which were completed using a self-report method. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, analysis of variance). Results The mean age of the participants was 17.33±0.67 years. The mean score of BSSI was 3.19±5.66 out of 5. Among the sociodemographic factors, suicidal ideation had a statistically significant relationship only with the grade point average (P=0.004). Conclusion It is recommended to design and implement programs to educate and provide psychiatric services to high school students in Iran to reduce their suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background As congenital gastrointestinal diseases are pretty common and can lead to fatal consequences when combined with congenital heart diseases, we conducted a study in Iran to explore the relationship and prevalence of these two conditions. Our objective was to identify the types and frequency of congenital heart diseases in children who also have gastrointestinal anomalies. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. The research population was the patients referred to the Gastrointestinal Clinic of Hazrat Masoumeh Children's Subspecialty Hospital during the 2011-2017. In this study, the echocardiography in the patients’ files performed by a pediatric heart specialist was examined, and in the next step, the patients were divided into two groups with and without heart disorders. Gastrointestinal abnormalities were also recorded in the relevant checklist. Finally, the recorded information was entered into SPSS software version 22, and Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the qualitative findings. The significant level for all tests was considered to be 0.05. Results: The average age of the children in this study was 7.93±7.74 months. 105 boys (54.7%) and 87 girls (45.3%) were examined. 167 children (87%) had cardiovascular abnormalities and 25 children (13%) had no abnormalities. The most common types of cardiovascular abnormalities were 69 (35.9%) septal defects, 36 (18.8%) atrial septal defects, and 22 (11.5%) pulmonary valve stenosis. The least frequent abnormalities were cardiomyopathy in three (1.6%) and ventricular inter-atrial septal defects along with atrial septal defects in one (0.5%) patient There was not a significant correlation between congenital heart diseases and frequency of closed anus, rectovaginal fistula, Hirschsprung, anal stenosis, rectal prolapse, perianal fistula, esophageal atresia, pyloric hypertrophy, intestinal obstruction, annular pancreas, biliary atresia, diaphragmatic hernia, Meckel's diverticulum.(P>0.05). A significant relationship was found only between omphalocele and pyloric hypertrophy with the presence of cardiovascular disorders (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that congenital heart diseases have a high prevalence in infants with gastrointestinal anomalies, so cardiac examination is mandatory in all infants with gastrointestinal anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In the treatment process of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, one of the threatening complications is pulmonary complications such as barotrauma. Objective This study aims to investigate the prevalence of barotrauma in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) of two hospitals in Rasht, Iran. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICUs of Razi and Poursina hospitals in Rasht in 2020. Their files were studied, and their demographic/clinical data and pulmonary complications were extracted using a checklist by an anesthesia resident. Results Out of 140 patients, 81(57.9%) received non-invasive mechanical ventilation and 59(42.1%) had invasive ventilation. Barotrauma was observed in 9 cases (6.4%), 8(88.9%) in the form of pneumothorax and one (11.1%) in the form of both pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema. The results showed that the incidence of barotrauma was significantly higher among patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation (P=0.003). No significant difference was observed among patients received noninvasive ventilation (P>0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of barotrauma among COVID-19 patients in the study hospitals is low, which indicates the proper performance of the attending physicians and compliance with the standard guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in daily life and disrupted hospital performance and the provision of medical services, especially in the organ transplant departments. Objective This study aims to compare the frequency of organ donation and transplantation before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in the transplant centers of northern Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 donors with brain death from 2018 to 2021 in Rasht. Demographic data, underlying diseases, history of smoking and drug use, causes of brain death, type of donated organ, number of donated organs per patient, type of transplanted organ, and the location of transplantation (in or out of the province) were recorded. Then, these factors were compared between two time periods: Before the pandemic (from July 2018 to February 2020) and during the pandemic (from February 2020 to August 2021). The recorded data was analyzed in SPSS software, version 21. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of donors during the pandemic was significantly higher than that of patients before the pandemic (P<0.001). The most common cause of brain death in donors before the pandemic was trauma; after the pandemic, cerebrovascular causes were more common (P=0.01). The frequency of organ donation and the mean number of donated organs per donor during the pandemic were significantly lower than before the pandemic (P<0.001). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has significant impact on the process of organ donation and transplantation in northern Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background One of the applications of honey is in wound healing. A stapler normally connects the skin graft to the underlying bed. Due to its high cost and lack of production in Iran, and causing physical damage to the tissue, an alternative method is needed. Objective This study aims to compare the effects of using medical honey and staplers for skin graft fixation in patients with burn wounds in the north of Iran. Methods In this clinical trial, 80 patients with deep second-degree and third-degree burns less than 40% of total body surface area were included and were randomly divided into two groups of honey (n=40) and stapler (n=40). Demographic information and the percentage of burns were extracted from patients’ medical files. The graft rejection, number of hospitalization days, grafted skin displacement, graft contracture, pain severity, existence of edema or hematoma, itching severity, and infection after grafting were investigated and recorded. Results Of 80 patients, 34 were male (42.5%) and 46 were female (57.5%). The mean age of the patients was 39.29±15.42 years. A significant difference was observed in the mean number of hospitalization days after grafting (P<0.001), incidence of infection, hematoma, edema, and severity of pain and itching (P<0.001), which were lower in the honey group. The graft contracture rate was lower in the stapler group (P<0.001). Graft rejection was not observed in any groups. Conclusion The use of medical honey for skin graft fixation reduces the duration of hospitalization and adverse effects such as pain, itching, edema, hematoma, and infection compared to staplers. This method is as efficient as the routine treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Today, the consumption of nutritional supplements is increasing dramatically in the world. Objective This study aims to survey the knowledge and attitudes of people in Rasht, Iran, towards nutritional supplements and determine their consumption rate. Methods This descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted over 6 months on 1220 people referred to pharmacies in Rasht city. They completed a self-report questionnaire surveying demographic data, knowledge, and attitude towards nutritional supplements. Results The majority of people had poor knowledge (mean score: 5.14±2.36 out of 9). The knowledge scores were significantly different in terms of educational level, occupation, use/non-use of supplements, number of used supplements, and the reason for taking drug supplements, such that people with a master’s degree or higher, healthcare providers, and supplement users had higher scores. The attitude score was 16.14±4.64 (out of 40), and 76.33% had a negative attitude towards nutritional supplements. The knowledge score had a significant negative relationship with the attitude score. Conclusion Given the poor knowledge of people in Rasht city and their negative attitude towards nutritional supplements, it is recommended to develop public education programs to improve their knowledge of nutritional supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Infertility is a major crisis for couples, causing anxiety in them. Infertile couples experience more psychological, marital, family, and social problems. Objective This study aims to compare psychological well-being, moral foundations, and sense of humor between fertile and infertile couples in Rasht, Iran. Methods In this causal-comparative study, 212 couples (106 infertile and 106 fertile) referred to AlZahra Hospital in Rasht in 2022 participated. Ryff’s psychological well-being scale, moral foundations questionnaire, and multidimensional sense of humor scale were used to collect data. For data analysis, the analysis of covariance was used in SPSS software, version 28. Results There was a significant difference between infertile and fertile couples regarding self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, and personal growth dimensions of psychological well-being and its total score, and also in the sanctity/purity dimension of moral foundations and the humor creativity and uses of humor for social purposes dimension of sense of humor. Conclusion Fertile couples in Rasht have significantly higher scores in some dimensions of psychological well-being, moral foundations, and sense of humor than infertile couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental illnesses. The results obtained from previous studies conducted in this field show that inflammatory processes increase in MDD patients. However, few studies have addressed the issue of inflammatory markers in the brains of MDD patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of regulatory axis related to cytokine signaling including IL6, TNF, NRG1 and BDNF in prefrontal cortex tissue samples. Materials and Methods: In the present study, using a bioinformatics approach based on microarray data analysis, the expression of a regulatory axis related to cytokine signaling, including four genes (IL6, TNF, NRG1, and BDNF), in prefrontal cortex tissue (PFC) samples was investigated. Background correction, gene filtering and data normalization were done using different packages in R. Data quality was also evaluated using AgiMicroRna package and PCA plot.The limma package in R was used in order to identify the genes with expression changes. In addition, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed in R to check the correlation between the selected genes. Results: The obtained results showed that the expression of BDNF and NRG1 genes in the PFC tissue of MDD patients was associated with a significant decrease (P= 0.037), and on the other hand, the expression of IL6 and TNF genes was significantly increased (P< 0.001). Also, a strong negative correlation between the IL6 and BDNF (P < 0.001) genes was obtained. Conclusion: In this study, the results show that there is a complex relationship between MDD disease progression and cytokine signaling. This research provides evidence for a better understanding of the mechanisms of MDD pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Systemic triazole fungicides such as Penconazole have negative effects on different body tissues. In the Present study, the Protective effects of vitamin D3 on tissue changes and Pituitarytesticular axis in adult rats treated with Penconazole were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this exPerimental study, male Wistar rats were divided into 6 grouPs of 6 including: control, sham (1 ml of distilled water), exPerimental 1 (Penconazole 100 mg/kg), exPerimental 2 (vitamin IU/kg 1000 D3), exPerimental 3 (100 mg/kg Penconazole + 500 IU/kg vitamin D3) and exPerimental 4 (100 mg/kg Penconazole + 1000 IU/kg vitamin D3). At the end of day 28, serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone hormones were measured by ELISA method and the testicular tissue was removed for histoPathological examination. Results: The serum levels of LH and FSH in exPerimental grouP 1 showed a significant increase comPared to the control and sham grouPs (P< 0.05), but the testosterone serum level decreased (P<0.05). The serum levels of LH and FSH in exPerimental grouPs 3 and 4 showed a significant decrease comPared to exPerimental grouP 1 (P< 0.05), but testosterone serum levels increased (P<0.05). HistoPathological examination showed that in exPerimental grouP 1, the testicular tissue was destroyed; however, in exPerimental grouPs 3 and 4, the testicular tissue was recovered. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, vitamin D3 can imProve testicular damage caused by Penconazole in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The high prevalence and consequences of hypertension in teachers has doubled the importance of identifying factors affecting blood pressure disease, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the diagnostic role of health-oriented strategies, self-management and incompatible strategies on hypertension: A discriminant analysis in Khorram Abad city. Materials and Methods: The current research method was cross-sectional in year1402. The statistical population was made up of teachers in Khorramabad city, the sample size of the study was equal to 324 people, of which 175 teachers without hypertension and 149 teachers with hypertension were selected by available sampling method. In this study, the standard questionnaire of psychological factors affecting blood pressure was used to collect data, and these data were analyzed with the help of spss24 software and by variance analysis and discriminant analysis. Results: The results of the discriminant analysis showed that the discriminant function has a very high clean power to distinguish and diagnose teachers with and without hypertension (p<0.05), such that 81.7% of the position of the discriminant function is based on the components of health-oriented strategies, self-management and inconsistent strategies. Also, the diagnostic power related to the subscale of awareness of the disease has been higher(p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that psychological factors play an important role in diagnosing and predicting teacher’s hypertension, and for this purpose, psychologists, counselors and education professionals should pay attention to these factors to prevent and treat teacher’s hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Checking the quality of meat products is very important. The purpose of this research is to investigate the presence of unauthorized tissues in this product to improve its quality and safety level and promote the health of society. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, sausages with meat percentages of 40, 55 and 70 were randomly purchased from three factories (10 pieces each) and divided into three pieces and then three slides from each piece with hematoxylin-eosin method was prepared (270 slides in total). Finally, 10 microscopic fields were examined from each slide. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software. At the level of less than 5%, the difference between the groups was considered significant and the results were shown as Mean ± SD. Furthermore, the frequency percentage of tissues in each of the sausages was calculated. Results: Cartilage tissue, bone, skin, kidney, salivary gland, blood vessel, abdominal viscera and plant tissues were observed in all meat products. However, central nervous system and spleen tissues were not seen in any of the samples. In sausage 40%, the highest frequency percentage of tissue was related to skin, in sausage 55%, skin and kidney, and in sausage 70%, kidney. In addition, the amount of illegal tissues was different in 40%, 55% and 70% sausages and this difference was significant in many tissues. Conclusion: By using histological methods, it is possible to detect illegal tissues in meat products and obligate factories to comply with the national standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Exercise may play a role in regulating hematopoietic function as an activator and stimulator of hematopoietic stem cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one week of regular aerobic exercise on the mobilization of CD34+ stem cells and the amount of new platelet production and the duration of hospitalization in leukemia patients. Materials and Methods In this clinical trial study, 39 patients with an average age of 46.93 ± 14.76 including 22 men (56%) and 17 women (44%) who were candidates for stem cell transplantation were randomly divided into two experimental (18 patients) and control groups (21 patients). Both groups received G-CSF. Patients in the experimental group did one week of treadmill training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Blood samples were taken from patients immediately after training, during hospitalization and at discharge. In order to analyze the data, t-tests and SPSS 22 were used Results CD34+ cells increased after training in two groups (p< 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The average amounts of platelets at the time of discharge in the experimental and control groups were 88687 ± 75077 and 42714.29 ± 32023 per microliter of blood, respectively, and it showed a significant difference between the two groups (p= 0.01). Conclusions Combination of G-CSF treatment and one week aerobic exercise have a positive effect on the amount of blood platelets in patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood transfusion in thalassemia patients has side effects such as endocrine iron overload. It is necessary to use iron chelators. The aim is to investigate the prevalence of hypothyroidism and its relationship with the level of iron overload and the results of the heart and liver MRI as a new method for diagnosing iron deposition, and iron removal treatment. Determining the factors affecting this complication can help prevent or improve it. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 beta-thalassemia major and intermedia patients of Tehran adult thalassemia clinic in the year 1400 who were selected by convenient sampling method. The comparison of the level of thyroid hormones and ferritin was done with Chi-squared, independent t, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests by SPSS 26. Results The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with an average age of 40.79 ± 9.02 year was 27.6% There was no significant relationship between hypothyroidism with ferritin levels or heart and liver iron deposition. TSH level was significantly (p= 0.01) higher in men than women. Most of patients used combined iron chelators, but the type of drug was not significantly different. Conclusions It seems that iron overload may be effective in hypothyroidism, but it does not necessarily lead to it. Despite the treatment of iron deficiency, this complication is still one of the main problems. It is suggested to consider the amount of iron load and iron removal treatment before and after the onset of hypothyroidism in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Sickle Cell Disease is the second most common hemoglobinopathy after thalassemia and is characterized by vascular occlusion and hemolytic anemia. Blood transfusion is considered as a supportive treatment for patients with sickle cell disease. The alloimmunization of red blood cells is a major challenge in these patients. Accordingly, supplying the appropriate antigennegative blood units is a major problem in blood transfusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alloimmunization rates among individuals with Sickle Cell Disease in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 184 patients with sickle cell anemia and sickle-thalassemia were referred to the Shahid Beqaei hospital in Ahvaz. 5-10 mL of peripheral blood containing the anticoagulant EDTA was collected by non-random sampling procedure. The prevalence of phenotypes and the rate of alloimmunization were determined by the hemagglutination technique. Results The prevalence of alloimmunization in this population was 13.0%. In 24 patients, twelve types of alloantibodies were detected. The most common alloantibodies were Anti-E (33.3%, n = 8), Anti-c (20.8%, n = 5), Anti-D (16.6%, n = 4), and Anti- Kell (16.6%, n = 4). Conclusions Antibody against Rh blood group system and anti-Kell were the most prevalent alloantibodies among sickle cell anemia patients in the province of Khuzestan. Therefore, it is highly recommended to transfuse these individuals with blood units compatible with the Rh (D, C, c, and E) and Kell antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Blood indices have variation in Covid-19 that could affect diagnosis. Blood index changes in Covid-19 inpatiens were evaluated. Materials and Methods In a descriptive/cross-sectional study, 167 Covid-19 inpatients in Besat Hospital in Hamedan were selected and in terms of changes on the first and seventh days of the blood indices were investigated. Data analysis was done with SPSS software version 26. In order to compare the blood indices on the first and seventh days of hospitalization, Wilcoxon and Monte Carlo tests were used. Results The average blood indices on the first and seventh day were 4.64 ± 0.59 and 4.39 ± 0.62 million in microliter (p< 0.001) for RBCs, 6.20 ± 3.84 and 7.55± 4.13 thousand in microliter (p< 0.001) for white blood cells, 179.54 ± 90.14 and 269.76 ± 109.03 thousand in microliter (p< 0.001) for platelets, 13.20 ± 1.71 and 12.27 ± 1.77 g/dL (p< 0.001) for hemoglobin, 40.45 ± 4.67 and 38.16 ± 5.02 % (p< 0.001) for hematocrit, 12.5 ± 0.55 and 13.1 ± 0.66 % (p< 0.001) for RDW, 87.18 ± 5.43 and 87.15 ± 5.62 femtoliters for MCV, 28.47 ± 2.16 and 28.18 ± 2.03 picograms (p= 0.002) for MCH and 32.56 ± 1.63 and 32.35 ± 1.64 g/dL for MCHC. Conclusions Blood indices in Covid-19 inpatients undergo changes from the time of admission to the seventh day. White blood cell, platelet and RDW were increased and red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased compared to the first day of hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Many of hip fracture patients need transfusion. We examined the frequency of blood transfusion, the relative factors, and the threshold of hemoglobin in hip fracture patients receiving blood transfusion before and during pelvic surgeries. Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with proximal femur fractures who underwent hip surgery at Shahid Chamran Hospital in Shiraz in 2020. The frequency of blood transfusion, hemoglobin threshold, and the related factors was investigated. Results Out of 218 patients, 65 (29.8%) had received blood out of whom 23 patients (35.4%) had received blood before surgery. The hemoglobin threshold before transfusion was 10.99. The average hemoglobin in patients who received blood was less than the patients who did not receive blood (p< 0.001) 10.55 ± 1.61 versus 12.45 ± 1.61. The average number of units used in patients who received blood was 2.30 ± 0.72 (1 to 4 blood units). The frequency of blood transfusion was related to hemoglobin before surgery, gender, type of anesthesia, type of surgery, history of anemia, duration of surgery, and surgeon. The amount of blood consumption did not depend on the patient age . Conclusions The average hemoglobin before transfusion was higher than previous studies. It seems that the blood transfusion threshold was higher than in previous studies. Considering the risks and costs of blood transfusion, it seems that physicians' education and emphasis on the use of restrictive transfusion strategy can lead to reduction of blood consumption, reduction of complications, and better blood management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Patients suffering from End-stage renal disease (ESRD), which means complete dysfunction of kidneys can experience medical disorders due to important rules of kidneys in Hemostasis and electrolyte balance. In ESRD patients, treated with conventional hemodialysis, cardiac involvement is a serious consequence and is the most important cause of death among ESRD patients. The most common cardiac involvement in these patients is heart failure 'Pericarditis and cardiomyopathy (1). Echocardiography is a powerful tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of these disorders. Structural and functional changes can be detected by Echocardiography. Left ventricular mass, Size of chambers, and size of valves are structural parameters. Left ventricular ejection fraction, Global longitudinal strain are functional parameters. In a study performed by Liu YW, et al, they observed no significant difference in gender, age, and LVEF among groups. Compared with controls, global peak systolic longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain, and strain rate were decreased in the CKD group. Along with the decline of renal function, GLS deteriorated (2).Ventricular systolic function is determined by echocardiographic findings including Ejection fraction and anatomical findings like LV mass. GLS is an echocardiographic parameter that can determine Subclinical heart failure before EF is reduced. In a study done by Krishnasamy et al, it is found that GLS is a superior predictor of heart failure and can be used instead of LVEF. This study aims to determine the effect of Different factors such as Time of hemodialysis, Diabetes, Smoking, Etiology of ESRD, and duration of CKD before ESRD on the severity of heart disease among ESRD patients at first. And we want to find if there is a significant association between LV mass and GLS. Methods: In a cross-sectional study 55 adult patients were enrolled among all of ESRD patients who underwent hemodialysis in Hazrat-e Rasool Hospital of Tehran since September 2021 until August 2022. Complete 2-D, 3-D, M-mode, Doppler and color Doppler study were performed by a single operator for each patient and the abnormalities were recorded. Echocardiographic parameters like LV mass, LVEF, E/e, GLS were calculated. Inclusion criteria are: all the ESRD patients over 18 years old who were referred to echocardiography department for cardiac evaluation as a part of pre operation check-up. Exclusion criteria include: Low quality of Echocardiography images, obvious Arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, pericardial effusion, Infective endocarditis, and serious pulmonary or hepatic disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension (secondary to lung disease). In the beginning, 64 patients were referred but 9 patients were excluded due to having exclusion criteria. And finally, 55peoples were chosen. The procedure was explained to patients, General information like Age, Gender, weight, and height was collected by checklist, and Ethical code no IR.IUMS.REC.1402.106 was registered in Iran university of medical sciences committee of ethics. Echocardiography was performed by Philips IE33 device and X5-1 probe in 2D and 3D echocardiographic images from different views for evaluating size and function of left ventricle and the size and function of valves. Full volume image was performed in an Apical 4 chamber in 7 Beat-Breath hold cycle at first 24 hours after hemodialysis. Volumes and LVEF were calculated by Q-lab image arena software. Apical 4,2,3 chamber views were calculated for detecting left ventricular GLS by cardiac motion quantification (CMQ) method. and data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statics version 26 by 95% meaningfulness. Results: Considering the probable effect of the Time of hemodialysis on the cardiac findings in Echocardiography we evaluate correction between the Time of hemodialysis with LV mass, GLS, and LVEF. In pearson correlate, in SPSS we found a significant relationship between time on hemodialysis and increasing LV mass/BSA (P value<0.01) and decreasing GLS and LVEF. We hypothesized that the duration of CKD before initiating Hemodialysis may be a probable factor that can affect cardiac function. Hence, we use the Pearson correlation again for evaluating the relation between the time of CKD before starting hemodialysis and LV mass, GLS, LVEF, E/e'. Strangely we found there is not a significant relationship between CKD and these parameters (P value=0.07 for LVEF, 0.197 for LV mass/BSA, 0.541 for E/e', 0.059 for GLS). An increase in LV mass in ESRD patients can be related to several different causes like: increasing Afterload, Volume overload, and other factors. We hypothesize increase on LV mass can affect ventricular systolic dysfunction and GLS. So, we check their relation using the pearson correlation. We exclude the effect of confounding variants like smoking, Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia. And We found there is a significant relation between LV mass with GLS. In other word: an increase in mass can be a cause of decreasing GLS. Conclusion: According to the statistical studies, it seems that End-stage renal disease, which means requirement of regular dialysis, can lead to cardiac complications in terms of subclinical heart failure, increased LV mass, and decreased ventricular ejection fraction. In the next phase of investigations, increase in the duration of the disease and the progression of ESRD can be significantly related to the increase in LV mass and the decrease in GLS. We found that increase in ventricular mass can be independent of the influence of other cofounder factors. Reduce the amount of GLS. In fact, left ventricular hypertrophy can be a determining factor for patients to progress to subclinical heart failure. Therefore, based on the available findings, it can be concluded that in the early stages of hemodialysis, it is necessary to perform cardiovascular evaluations and echocardiography of patients dependent on hemodialysis and to measure criteria such as GLS and LV mass, before causing obvious ventricular failure. With the least decrease in GLS or increase in LV mass, kidney transplant should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The general goal of the current research was to design a disciplinary management model to deal with vandalism in Iranian sports with a structural equation modeling approach. The behavior of sports fans is broad and represents one of the most universal leisure activities of the society. These behaviors include buying tickets or merchandise, tweeting about a team's performance, or signing up for special sports packages. Therefore, the relationship between a fan and his favorite team causes various behaviors. However, the intensity and extent of team -related behaviors varies widely among sports fans, as the emotions and passion associated with a sports team lead to strong attachments for some and casual relationships for others. Even in one fan, depending on a number of variables, including team expectations, team results, and moods, fan behaviors can vary. Nowadays, the presence of teenagers and young people in sports venues has become one of the concerns of families, because on the one hand, the safety of sports facilities and on the other hand, the moral deviations, anxiety and violence and harassment that occur in sports venues, can affect the physical and mental health of teenagers and young people, and even to threaten adults . Common behavioral abnormalities in sports fields include violence and aggression in the stadium, insulting and obscene slogans towards the players, clubs and fans of rival clubs, throwing objects and explosives on the playing field and disrupting the process of holding the match and finally fighting. And the conflict with the spectators of the rival club and the destruction and damage to the property and facilities of the stadium. As the sport in our country moves forward, the incidence of violence, abnormality and problems among the fans increases, which has become a fundamental problem in the sports community .Sports events are often associated with aggressive behavior from spectators. Hence, fan aggression is a social problem that affects many sports clubs around the world. Violence during sports events shows a wide phenomenon, it causes various negative consequences including damage to spectators and security personnel, reduction of public trust and loss of equipment and places .Therefore, one of the most important events in today's fan communities is vandalism. Fandom as an important part of the football phenomenon in today's society is also interpreted as a double coin with an ugly and beautiful reality, and its positive aspects are mixed with extremely valuable functions along with its negative approach and harmful side effects, and it is natural that One of the negative side effects is the phenomenon of hooliganism and vandalism among the spectators. Vandalism is one of the perversions of the new society, which is caused by rapid social changes, the growth of anomie and the ever -increasing desires of man and his failure to achieve these desires, and the feeling of alienation, injustice, anger and hatred that they have towards the community and their surroundings, which It is an expression of weakness and normative disorder in the cultural and social structure of the society. Vandalism is one of the crimes that have less legal and criminal penalties. Norm -breaking, while causing public damage, indicates important and bigger problems for the future society . So that the researchers believe that "if destruction and other destructive methods become a positive value among the people of a society; It means to be considered smart; Because it is internalized and institutionalized, it is very difficult to change or destroy it. According to them, showing destructive and aggressive films in third world countries fuels this culture; So that these elements are transferred to the next generations and propagated among them.". In general, a behavior can be called vandalism that, while having the aspects of violence and destruction, has the following characteristics: "a) damage to things that belong to others and not the vandalizing person; b) damage to the public property of the people; c) In general, any damage that the other party must compensate for and the responsibility for the damage is on him. This may be due to the fact that the mentioned properties do not seem to have an owner, or belong to a person, or at least it is difficult to determine their ownership. Methods: The current research was a descriptive correlational research, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered part of applied research. The statistical community of this research in the qualitative part was made up of experts in sports sociology, managers and deputy guards of Azadi Stadium, Foulad Arena Stadium, Naqsh Jahan Stadium in Isfahan, Yadgar Imam Stadium in Tabriz, Pas Stadium security, which includes about 7 people. The snowball sampling method continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative part, the statistical community of the research was made up of the security officers of the selected stadiums, and 162 questionnaires were distributed. In the qualitative part, after the interview, selective coding, central and open codes were extracted and then the qualitative paradigm of the research was presented. In the quantitative section, mean, frequency, standard deviation, percentage were used to analyze the data at a descriptive level. Also, structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used to test the model. Also, in this research, Smart pls version 3 software was used for data analysis. Results: In the qualitative part of law enforcement management in dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports, 85 codes and 4 categories (management and planning, security strategies, security infrastructures and extra -organizational interactions), 9 secondary concepts and 85 primary concepts were formed, and the qualitative research paradigm was presented. became. The results showed that all four components of disciplinary management (management and planning, extra -organizational interactions, security strategies, security infrastructure) have a significant positive effect on dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports. Conclusion: Management and planning include three core codes. Security organization, integrated security approach and training and training of security forces. This means that in order to deal with vandalism, police managers in stadiums should use the principles of management, or in other words, one of the main pillars of management, which is organization in the security affairs of stadiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Psychiatric disorders and its causes have always been taken into consideration by psychologists and psychiatrists. Adolescence can be the beginning period of many psychiatric disorders. Most versions of Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders (DSM) of American Psychiatric Association do not indicate that adolescents may develop borderline personality disorder. But the grounds for this disorder have their roots in childhood and adolescence. The DSM-5 defines this disorder as "a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships and self-image and a distinctly impulsive mood that begins in early adulthood and it appears in different environments and situations." Today, psychological stress has become an integral part of human life and is important to determining the health or illness of individuals. People seem to use different coping methods in stressful situations. People with borderline personality disorder have a special need for adaptive coping strategies. These strategies reduce vulnerability in stressful situations. A review of previous research shows that there is a relationship between anxiety and coping disorders, emotion regulation and borderline personality disorder. Clinical signs of borderline personality disorder include: "insane" actions to avoid real or imagined abandonment; An unstable and stressful pattern of personal relationships characterized by fluctuations between the two poles of idealization and devaluation; Identical and persistent self-reported identity disorder and instability; Impulsive behavior in at least two areas where there is a potential for personal harm (eg, extravagance, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, overeating periods; threats, gestures or repeated suicidal behaviors, or self-injurious behavior); Emotional instability due to the reactive nature of the mood (eg, severe boredom, irritability, or anxiety) that usually lasts for hours and rarely days; Chronic feeling of emptiness; Severe and disproportionate anger or difficulty controlling anger (such as recurring mood swings, persistent anger, or recurring quarrels) and temporary paranoid thinking associated with stress or severe breakdown symptoms (2). The word anxiety comes from the Latin word Anxius, which means a feeling of tightness in the chest. Anxiety refers to fear without a definite origin; That is, one does not know why one is afraid or that one's fear of danger seems disproportionate. Anxious often expresses a feeling of shortness of breath in the chest: I just feel anxious. Our brain is affected by many movements at any given moment, some of which are conscious or voluntary and many of which are unconscious and involuntary. These movements come from three different areas: the external environment, the body and the brain. Anxiety, then, is a vague and undesirable emotional state accompanied by external manifestations, panic, and turmoil that occurs as a result of a threat and a lack of proper response to it. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship of borderline personality disorder with self-esteem and emotion regulation by mediating role of anxiety and coping strategies in adolescents. Methods : The method of this research is a correlational survey. The statistical population was all first and second high school students in Tuyserkan in the academic year 1393-94. 331 students were selected by stratified random sampling. Before conducting the research, participants were given explanations on how to answer the questionnaires and the confidentiality of their information. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Lisrel software using descriptive methods (mean and standard deviation), heuristic factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Rosenberg self-esteem (1965), Grass and John's emotion regulation (2003), Andler & Parker coping strategies (1990), emotional disorders related to anxiety (2000), and borderline personality disorder (1991) questionnaires were completed. The validity and reliability of all these tools have been confirmed in previous research. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated for the desired and reliable questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive, factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Lisrel. Results: The Descriptive findings of this study showed that the highest mean is related to coping strategies (128.66) and the lowest mean is related to self-esteem (7.36). The obtained correlation coefficient between each of the variables is statistically significant at the error level less than 0.01 (P < 0.01). Shows the structural relationships between self-esteem, borderline personality, coping strategies, anxiety, and borderline personality. Among the estimated pathways, the highest coefficient is related to the relationship between coping strategies and borderline personality (0.78) and the lowest is related to emotion regulation with anxiety (0.57). Analysis of direct, indirect, and total effects between the studied variables showed that the highest effect was obtained between coping strategies with borderline personality and the lowest effect was obtained between emotion regulation and anxiety. The results showed that the borderline personality of adolescents is related to self-esteem and their emotional regulation with mediation of anxiety and coping strategies (P < 0.001). Helping goodness of fit indexes, the estimated model was desirable in the structural equation model (NFI = 0.97, GFI 0.88, CFI 0.92, and RMSEA = 0.021). Conclusion: The Psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety disorders and personality disorders, severely affect people's performance. These disorders affect family relationships; one falls short in education; His job and social performance are impaired and he generally feels inefficient and dissatisfied. On the one hand, lack of self-esteem and on the other hand, lack of effective coping skills in the individual and also difficulty in regulating emotions are issues and problems that cause both anxiety and borderline personality disorder and the range of difficulties of anxious patients. And expands boundaries and makes decision-making difficult to solve problems caused by the disorder and treatment. Various health models always pay attention to prevention. Like physical health, in the field of mental health, prevention requires knowledge of the contexts and causes of disorders and diseases. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate some areas of borderline personality development. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variables such as self-esteem, emotional regulation, anxiety and coping strategies affect the appearance of borderline personality in adolescent. Explaining the findings of this study, it can be said that borderline personality can be related with psychological contextual variables such as self-esteem, emotion regulation and coping. This means that the less self-esteem a person has, the more likely he or she is to develop such disorders; because people with low self-esteem usually have more limited relationships, their audacity is low, it causes instability in the behavior and feelings of the person and the person can not achieve unity. In this regard, the regulation of emotion as a variable that is necessary to maintain balance and psychological stability in the individual, has a decisive role (13). This means that people with high emotion regulation are less likely to develop personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorders. One of the most important symptoms of borderline personality disorder is emotional instability. When a person is not able to regulate their emotions well, they are more likely to have problems. Also, the way a person copes with problems and issues has an effect on the occurrence or non-occurrence of psychiatric disorders. Problem-oriented coping is often associated with mental health, but emotional coping is not; One who has an ineffective confrontation fails; Has trouble communicating with others; His academic and professional performance declines; He is emotionally disturbed and cognitively disturbed, and in general, someone who has little ability to deal effectively with problems is at greater risk of developing psychiatric disorders. One of the limitations of this study is the self-report of the collected data with the questionnaires used in it. Also, due to the limited statistical population (students), caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of this study. Researchers interested in research in the field of psychiatric disorders are advised to examine the relationship of variables such as attachment, resilience, empathy, and efficiency with these disorders in addition to self-esteem, emotion regulation, and coping strategies. Also, the study of other statistical communities can be considered for similar studies in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the possible mechanisms for resistance to insulin and type 2 diabetes is dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial density and function are associated with cardiovascular disease, sarcopenia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, the aging process, and aerobic capacity. Today, a complete understanding of mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with an understanding of various cellular pathological conditions. Mitochondria play a role in increasing mitochondrial function. Quality, mitochondria represent an improvement in mitochondrial biogenesis. In tissues with high oxidative capacity, such as skeletal muscle, activated by gamma receptor joint proliferator, an alpha activated by peroxisome proliferator (AMPK) is considered to be the most important regulator of biogenesis and mitochondrial function. (cytochrome C and AMPK) is a transcription and replication agent for mitochondrial DNA and plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis processes. A study by Madrasa (2018) showed that decreased expression of this group of genes is associated with decreased capacity, whole body aerobics in patients with type 2 diabetes and decreased expression of PGC-1α and nuclear genes encoding mitochondria in individuals. Insulin resistance can mean that these people have low levels of aerobic exercise. Exercise can play an important role in accelerating mitochondrial biogenesis, possibly leading to a reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs during the aging process, metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, and conditions of muscle inactivity resisting fatigue and increasing the quality of life . The method of training is in the form the although metabolic control is available in type2 diabetes effect of aerobic exercise and the chemical drug atrostatin on the expression of genes affecting the mitochondrial biogenesis of cardio myositis in samples with type 2 diabetes has not been studied and because of its importance in controlling mitochondrial function following diabetes. Type 2 is impaired, it is necessary to study it, so the aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of continuous and intermittent exercise with atrostatin on some markers of mitochondrial biogenesis signaling myositis (cytochrome C and AMPK) in diabetic elderly rats. Methods: Thirty-five male rats (20 weeks old) weighing between 300 and 350 g were randomly divided into 7 groups. Diabetes was induced in 6 groups. To make diabetic mice, streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg per kg body weight (26). Atorvastatin was taken orally after a meal at a dose of 2 mg per kg body weight . The first week of continuous training program at a speed of 15 meters per minute for five minutes, the rats started running on the treadmill. Then, every week, increasing the speed by 1 to 2 meters per minute for 1 to 2 minutes increases the running time. The number of continuous training sessions was five times a week. The interval training program consisted of 25-25 minutes of treadmill running on a treadmill at a speed of 15 meters per minute for the first week, with one meter per minute added each week to 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. The duration of the first session was 25 minutes, with one minute added to each session, reaching 64 minutes in the eighth week. 48 hours after the last training session with 10 to 12 hours of night fasting, intraperitoneal injection of a combination of ketamine and xylazine was performed in anesthetized mice and tissue samples were taken. Their heart tissue was isolated and stored at -80 ° C and then transferred to a laboratory for genetic testing. To investigate the significant changes in each of the research changes between different groups, one-way analysis of variance was used and if a statistically significant difference was observed to determine the location of ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test was used. Significance level P <0.05 was considered for all calculations. Results: In the present study, the effect of continuous and intermittent exercise combined with atorvastatin administration (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats was investigated. The first finding of the present study showed that the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene in cardiac myocytes of rats with type 2 diabetes was significantly reduced compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean (cytochrome C and AMPK) to Significantly decreased compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, the mean (cytochrome C and AMPK) increased in the exercise and atorvastatin groups, but in the combined intervention group, this increase was significantly greater. It seems that taking atorvastatin with 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent physical activity has been able to make changes beyond taking atorvastatin alone or continuous and intermittent exercise. In this regard, Baghdam et al. (2019) by examining the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on the expression of PGC-lα gene in heart tissue in diabetic rats, concluded that aerobic exercise significantly increases the concentration of PGC-lα in heart tissue ( 29). However, in contrast to the findings of Chavanel et al. (2017) showed that exercise has no significant effect on the level of PGC-1α mRNA or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators such as (cytochrome C and AMPK) (30). One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be the age, sex and race of the subjects as well as the type of training protocol. (cytochrome C and AMPK) is one of the most important transcriptional coordinator coagulators that positively regulates the expression of genes associated with metabolic and mitochondrial adaptations, thus influencing cardiac substrate selection, mitochondrial function, ATP production capacity, and species production. Reacts to oxygen (ROS). Physical activity is one of the factors that trigger these messaging pathways. In other words, mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell is induced by environmental stimuli such as physical activity . Another result of the present study was the decrease in (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene expression in cardiac myocytes of elderly diabetic rats compared to the healthy control group, while after 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene expression was observed in atorvastatin and combination groups compared to the patient group. This increase was greater in the combination of diabetic + atorvastatin + periodic exercise. It seems that when the volume of training is the same, the intensity of training can be an effective factor in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK); Therefore, this study showed that with a constant volume of periodic training is more effective than continuous training in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) gene. The present study showed that intermittent and continuous exercise with atorvastatin increased (cytochrome C and AMPK) in the heart cells of elderly diabetic rats, which decreased due to diabetes and aging. Consistent with the results of the present study, Popo et al. Examined the effect of two months of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle TFAM in human diabetic specimens and reported a significant increase. Therefore, the effect of the training period is enhanced at higher intensities. Exercise frequency is also one of the effective factors in increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Chavanel et al. (2017) have shown that exercise has no significant effect on the level of mRNAPGC-1α or other mitochondrial biogenesis regulators including TFAM and cytochrome C and AMPK. One of the most important reasons for inconsistency in Chavanel research with the results of the present study may be in the condition of the subject and the type of muscle fiber as well as the type of training protocol. TFAM is a high-mobility transcription factor group responsible for replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA. Impairment of the (cytochrome C and AMPK) target specifically in cardiac tissue leads to a significant reduction in electron transport capacity, spontaneous cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. In contrast, increased TFAM expression in cardiac tissue protects against heart failure due to myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Another finding of the present study was the positive and significant effect of atorvastatin on the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) genes in mice with type 2 diabetes. Studies show that atorvastatin improves mitochondrial function and prevents apoptosis in myocardial hypertrophy. In the present study, Chen et al. (2018) inhibited the decrease in the expression of (cytochrome C and AMPK) in mice with myocardial insufficiency by treatment with atorvastatin . According to the results obtained in the present study, the effects of atorvastatin may be fundamentally different in different patients and with different races, and also its effects may vary depending on the dose or duration of use and the type of statin used. However, the effect of co-administration of atorvastatin and exercise with (cytochrome C and AMPK) on cardiac tissue has not been investigated. Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of metabolic syndrome diseases such as diabetes and therefore improves these diseases by inhibiting mitochondrial damage .The combined use of both has more effective therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes. The results of this study on improving heart function have been confirmed by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The term transsexualism or transsexualism became common from the gender change of an individual named George Jangensen to Christian Jangensen in 1952. Then the term transgender was replaced by gender identity disorder. People suffering from gender identity disorder are those who have a disorder in recognizing their gender identity. In their minds and psyches, they see themselves as the other sex and believe that they were wrongly born as a man or a woman because they are infatuated with their hidden identity. People suffering from sexual boredom imagine themselves with the soul and spirits of the opposite sex. They are not transgender in adulthood. Conversely, many people who become transgender adults did not experience gender non -conformity as children. Most adults with gender identity disorder state that they felt different from other children of the same sex as children, although many of these patients cannot find the origin of this difference in retrospect. Many of them say that they have widely identified with the opposite sex from the very early years of life, and this identification has become more obvious in adolescence and adulthood. The genetic causes of gender dissatisfaction are under study, but no possible genes have been identified in this field, and chromosomal changes are uncommon in the population of transgender people, case reports of identical twins have shown that in some twins there is synchronicity regarding gender issues, and in others, this Synchronization not seen. A variety of approaches are underway to understand gender dissatisfaction. These approaches include information from imaging studies that show changes in white matter pathways, cerebral blood flow, and cortical activation patterns in patients with gender dissatisfaction, but the results of these studies have not been replicated. In adults who receive a diagnosis of gender dissatisfaction, the rate of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, self-harm behaviors, and drug abuse is higher. The rate of suicidal thoughts during the lifetime of transgender people is about 40%. The minority stress model predicts the increase of mental illness in groups that are stigmatized, discriminated against, and abused to a greater extent than others. DSM -5 reports suggest that individuals with late -onset gender dissatisfaction may have more distress and doubt about gender reassignment surgery and less satisfaction after the procedure. Treatment for adults who identify as transgender can include psychotherapy to address gender issues, hormone therapy, and surgical treatment. Surgical and hormonal interventions may reduce depression and improve the quality of life for the treatment of these people. While patients suffering from sexual boredom are completely healthy physically, they face a lot of problems mentally. The definitive treatment for this disorder is sex reassignment surgery, which is a very expensive and difficult operation, and at the same time, since it is not possible to create internal sex organs and gonads, only the appearance of the genitals is changed. This article intends to take steps to improve the mental condition of these people by teaching psychological treatment approaches, for this purpose, it compares the effectiveness of reality therapy and schema therapy on the communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and group schema therapy on the interpersonal communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. Methods: This study was conducted as a semi -experimental design with a pre -test -post -test design and follow -up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020 -2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of reaching all of them in a targeted manner, there were 30 out of 195 people. People were selected by available sampling method and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was trained in reality therapy and schema therapy for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the communication skills questionnaire was administered after reality therapy and schema therapy training, and it was repeated in the 3 -month follow -up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component of the control group with the intervention group of reality therapy and schema therapy at a significance level of 0/01. Therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective . Conclusion: The results showed that reality therapy can help these people to pay attention to themselves as the origin of their actions and deeds, and by emphasizing the inner motivation and sense of responsibility to perform the behavior, they can increase the feeling of self-worth and reduce the feeling of loneliness. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho -social functioning of a person. Studies show that both those suffering from male -to - female sexual boredom and those suffering from female -to -male sexual boredom describe themselves as individuals who are isolated from society and their basic emotional needs are faced with problems. This situation may be caused by their self-restraint, which has been imposed on them for years due to social deprivation and not understanding their need to be accepted as a member of the other sex. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. They believe that they can choose behaviors that bring them closer to their desires and goals. The goal of reality therapy is to cultivate acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. The individual identifies the behavior that he is trying to correct, his whole being. He focuses on it and does not make excuses for rejecting his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make a person know the short -term and long -term goals of his life, define them clearly and evaluate the ways to reach his goals. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. Since transgender people are often on the margins of social activities, many of their abilities have room for growth. Efforts to empower them in social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their capacities. Themselves and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors, develop their social skills in front of people. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Considering the impact of this research on gender identity individuals, it can be applied to other statistical groups and societies. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non -randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one location, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Tracheostomy is often performed for people hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs), but it can cause larynx damage and discomfort in the patient. Given that the final outcome and possible complications of tracheostomy are directly related to the quality of nursing care, this study aims to evaluate the effect of tracheostomy care training on the performance of nurses working in the ICUs of selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 64 nurses working in the ICUs of Rasul Akram and Firouzgar hospitals in 2021. The data collection tools were a demographic form and the tracheostomy patient care evaluation questionnaire of Atashzadeh et al. (2015). data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t-test, and analysis of variance). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of nurses was 31.49±6.02 years. Most of them were female (70.3%) with a bachelor's degree (90.6%). Their mean overall work experience was 6.74±5.13 years, and their average work experience in the ICU was 4.92±4.66 years. Most of the nurses (43.8%) had permanent employment. Most of the nurses had rotating shift (89.1%), and had not completed the course of tracheostomy care (93.8%). The results of the paired t-test showed a statistically significant difference in the mean performance score of nurses before training (45.85±8.87) and after training (93.3±42.33) (P<0.001). Conclusion Considering that the performance of nurses in caring for patients with tracheostomy in the ICUs of selected hospitals is not satisfactory, educating nurses and providing sufficient facilities based on guidelines and opinions of experts are recommended to improve the quality of services to these patients by nurses in the hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]