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Background and Aims: Idiopathic osteosclerosis is an asymptomatic local growth of cortical bone and is discovered incidentally on panoramic radiographs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency of idiopathic osteosclerosis and its radiographic features in panoramic images of patients referred to the Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences (Iran) in 2022-2023. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 460 panoramic images from the radiology department of Arak Faculty of Dentistry were randomly selected and analyzed. The demographic information of patients, frequency of idiopathic osteosclerosis, location, and also its relationship with adjacent teeth in terms of proximity to lamina dura and periodontal ligament and radiographic features in terms of size and morphology were evaluated. The data were analyzed using the SPSS24 software. Results: Panoramic images of 460 patients (266 men and 194 women) with an average age of 38.12 (11.75) years were evaluated. The frequency of idiopathic osteosclerosis was 6.1% (28 images). 92.9% of the lesions were in the lower jaw and 46.4% of them were near the premolar teeth. In 39.3% of the cases, the lesion was adjacent to the periodontal ligament and laminadora of the tooth. In 3.6% of the cases, it was associated with a small displacement of the adjacent tooth, and 17.9% was associated with tooth root resorption. According to the results, there was no correlation between the incidence of this lesion with age and gender (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the frequency of idiopathic osteosclerosis in the patients referred to Arak dental school was reported as 6.1%. Most of these lesions were observed in the back of the lower jaw and thus, it is important to be able to distinguish this lesion from the radiopaque lesions of the jaw which need treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods. This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Conclusion. The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. Practical Implications. The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is one of the most important public health issues, and the evaluation and improvement of COVID-19 health literacy and self-care can be effective in preventing its spread. This study was conducted to investigate the health literacy of COVID-19 and its relationship with self-care among the health ambassadors of Urmia in 2021. Methods. In this descriptive-analytical study, 400 health ambassadors of Urmia were selected using the cluster random sampling method. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire, including questions about self-care, COVID-19 health literacy, and demographic information. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 using analysis of variance and regression tests. Results. COVID-19-related health literacy was reported to be at a good level (63.5%) in most health ambassadors. In addition, it had a statistically significant relationship with the level of education and economic status. Similarly, there was a significant relationship between self-care and demographic characteristics such as age, gender, level of education, occupation, and economic status (P>0.05). On the other hand, according to data analysis results, with an increase in health literacy related to COVID-19, regression modeling could predict 22% of self-care behaviors in the participants of the present study. Conclusion. Overall, there is a need for interventions by healthcare professionals for training to increase health literacy related to COVID-19 that results in self-care and adoption of health behaviors in health ambassadors, given the significance of COVID)19-related health literacy and its effects on self-care in these ambassadors. Practical Implications. The findings of this study can be presented to the Deputy of Health and healthcare providers so that actions can be taken to promote health literacy and self-care and prevent similar epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Anxiety is independently associated with severe quality of life impairment and severe postmenopausal symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of early postmenopausal symptoms, sexual function, and serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) with anxiety scores. Methods. In this cross-sectional descriptive correlational study, 117 eligible postmenopausal women aged 50-60 years with mild to moderate anxiety were selected using convenience sampling method. The Beck Anxiety Inventory, Green's Menopause Symptoms Scale, and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) were completed. Data were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman tests and linear regression model. Results. By adjusting the confounding variables, the total score of FSFI and its sub)domains had no statistically significant relationship with Beck Anxiety Inventory score (P>0.05). The total score of Greene Climacteric Scale (r=0.535; P<0.001) and sub-domains of anxiety (r=0.448; P<0.001), depression (r=0.344; P<0.001), and physical symptoms (r=0.509; P<0.001), as well as the serum level of DHEA (r=-0.754; P<0.001) had statistically significant relationship with Beck Anxiety Inventory score. The total score of Greene Climacteric Scale and its sub-domains, except for the sexual dimension, and DHEA level could predict anxiety score. Conclusion. The score of menopausal symptoms and its subdomains, except for the sexual domain and DHEA level, could predict the anxiety score. The findings of this study show the importance of the relationship between early menopause symptoms and serum level of dihydroepiandrosterone with anxiety score in postmenopausal women. Practical Implications. It is suggested to conduct a more comprehensive study considering a wider sample size and socio-cultural factors and barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder. Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent disease affecting these individuals from middle age onwards and leading to numerous problems for individuals, their families, and their caregivers. To develop Alzheimer's prevention strategies for Down syndrome, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors that contribute to its development, such as psychological foundations. The present study aimed to analyze personality and lifestyle in slow-paced adults with Down syndrome with and without Alzheimer's disease. Material & Methods: This qualitative research was conducted based on a descriptive phenomenological design. The research population consisted of adults with Down syndrome (60 cases without Alzheimer's and 10 subjects with Alzheimer's), their parents, and caregivers in Kermanshah province in 2023. In this regard, data collection was carried out through access to medical records of individuals in the Welfare Organization and also semi-structured interviews with these individuals who were purposefully selected until reaching the stage of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was performed using the Clausi method, and the main and sub-themes were identified. For final validation, the criteria of validity and reliability were used. Results:The findings from the data analysis resulted in the extraction of 3 main themes (social-psychotic-coping skills), 14 sub-themes in personality dimension, and 9 main themes (sleep-physical activity-occupation-physical health-weight control and nutrition-personal hygiene-smoking and alcohol consumption-leisure time-doing things independently) and 21 sub-themes in the lifestyle dimension. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study highlighted the role and importance of a healthy lifestyle and adaptive personality characteristics in preventing Alzheimer's disease in slow-paced adults with Down syndrome. Therefore, it is suggested that preventive and awareness-raising programs in these two dimensions be developed and implemented by experts and official centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nurses with intelligence and moral reasoning can perform well and be effective in their relationships with colleagues, patients, and companions. The clinical competence of nurses is the primary concern of healthcare systems. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between moral intelligence, moral reasoning, and clinical competence of nurses. Material & Methods: This descriptive-analytical correlational study was conducted on 110 nurses who were selected via convenience sampling in the teaching hospitals of Ilam in 2022. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics form, Link and Keel's moral intelligence, the Nursing Clinical Competence Questionnaire by Liu et al., and the Nursing Dilemma Test by Chrisham. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The level of statistical significance was 0.05. Results: The majority of subjects were women (54.5%) with a bachelor's degree in nursing (87.3%), official employment (61.8%), with a work experience of 1-5 years (50%), and mean age of 30.98±5.83 years. The mean scores of moral intelligence, moral reasoning, and clinical competence were reported as 157.59±26.60, 36.51±16.17, and 136.65±46.08, respectively. There was a direct and significant correlation between moral intelligence and clinical competence (r=0.517; P=0.001), moral intelligence and moral reasoning (r=0.444; P=0.001), as well as moral reasoning and clinical competence (r=0.802; P=0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the direct and significant relationship between the variables, it is recommended that nurses' awareness of moral intelligence, moral reasoning, and clinical competency be raised through clinical training courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endometriosis (EMS) is a female reproductive system disease in which uterine-like cells grow in other areas of the body and outside the uterus. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a major role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The present study is the first to investigate the possible association of MMP-2 (rs7201) and MMP-9 (rs17576) genetic variants with susceptibility to EMS in Iran. Material & Methods: This case-control study was performed on 100 healthy control women and 100 patients with EMS. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 genotypes were determined using the Tetra amplification-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) Technique. Data were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of MMP-9 AG (OR: 4.11, 95% CI: 2.13-7.91, P<0.001) and GG (OR: 11.33, 95% CI: 4.23-30.3; P <0.001) genotypes between the control and patient groups. The MMP-9 G allele was associated with an increased risk of endometriosis (P<0.001). Moreover, a significant association was detected between MMP-2 rs7201 polymorphism and EMS. MMP-2 AC genotype had a protective effect on endometriosis (OR: 0.27. 95% CI: 0.15-49%; P<0.001), and the MMP-2 A allele was associated with decreased risk of endometriosis (P<0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, MMP-9 rs17576 and MMP-2 rs7201 polymorphisms were associated with EMS in the studied population in Iran. Further studies with larger samples of different ethnicities need to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Evaluating the attitudes and beliefs of different classes of society is very important in attracting donors. This study aimed to evaluate the attitude of students of Alborz University of Medical Sciences regarding blood donation and investigate the obstacles in this field. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 students of different fields of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2023. A questionnaire containing demographic questions and main research questions (12 questions to evaluate the causes of blood donation-7 questions to evaluate the reasons for not donating again in donors - 20 questions to evaluate the factors preventing blood donation in non-donors-12 questions about the general attitude to blood donation in donors and non-donors) were used to collect data. Data analysis was done with SPSS21 software and descriptive statistics. Results The average age was 22.85 ± 0.26 years and only 11.5% had history of donating blood. The most important motivating factors include altruistic causes (100%), feeling of responsibility (96.9%), moral and personal commitment (87.5%), participation in social activities (75%) and helping patients (71.9%). The most important reasons preventing blood donation are fear of dizziness and weakness (77.2% and 64.1%, respectively), lack of proper information (67%), fear of hand burning and hematoma (42.4%) and fear of anemia (47.8%). Conclusions Despite the low donation rate, most students had a positive attitude towards blood donation. In order to encourage students to donate blood, the necessary information should be provided through holding appropriate educational programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Human lymphotropic virus type I mainly infects lymphocytes. For the detection of this virus, mainly nucleated cells are evaluated. Due to the short longevity of cells, sample collection is a challenge. The purpose of the study was to investigate the presence of HTLV-1 virus in genomic DNA released from cells in plasma and to determine its viral load in Western blotpositive blood donors Materials and Methods In this descriptive study, 30 HTLV-1 positive Western blot donors were evaluated. Using an extraction kit, genomic DNA was extracted from plasma and isolated PBMC using Ficol. A nested PCR test was used to confirm the presence of HTLV-1 virus. A real-time PCR quantitative test by Sybergreen method was used to determine the amount of virus load Results The average age of subjects was 42.9 ± 13.5 years; 93.3% of them were male and 6.6% female. LTR gene region was detected by nested PCR method in 80% of plasma and 100% of PBMC samples. The median viral loads in plasma and PBMC were 1.90 Copies/µL and 20 copies/106 PBMC, respectively. Conclusions To detect the HTLV-1 virus by molecular method, the HTLV-1 provirus DNA released from cells, in the plasma can be used when peripheral blood mononuclear cells are unavailable. It has also been observed that the virus load in the plasma of asymptomatic carriers is approximately 10 times lower than in PBMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives This study looked at the frequency of HLA alleles and their genetic diversity in specific Iranian ethnic groups. This is important for the successful transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. Materials and Methods In this descriptive study, HLA-DRB1 alleles were determined in low resolution level for donors using the PCR-SSP method. By using the HLA lab data and the stem cell donors' information in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization, the ethnic and HLA information from the Gilak (n = 510, 24.70%), Lur (n = 465, 22.53%), Kurd (n = 719, 34.84%), and Arab (n = 370, 17.93%) ethnicities were collected and analyzed. The relationship between alleles and ethnicity was examined, and a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between the frequency of alleles in the studied ethnic groups was evaluated using the chi-square test. Results The low frequency allelic groups related to HLA-DRB1 were HLA-DRB1*09 (0.6%), HLADRB1*12 (0.8%), and HLA-DRB1*08 (1.6%). Allelic groups with higher frequency included HLA-DRB1*11 (22.7%), HLA-DRB1*03 (11.8%), HLA-DRB1*15 (11.7%), and HLADRB1*04 (11.1%). Among the allelic groups of HLA-DRB1, the frequency of 9 HLA-DRB1 allelic groups showed significant differences in the studied populations. Conclusions The frequency of several allelic groups showed significant differences among Iranian ethnicities. Identifying similarities and differences in the frequency of HLA alleles among Iranian ethnicities can help not only expand the pool of donors in registries but also assist in planning for providing of hematopoietic stem cell donors for patients from different Iranian ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Patient blood management reduces unnecessary transfusions to improve patients' health. Familiarity of physicians with this program is necessary to improve the outcomes of patients health. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of education on the level of knowledge of residents in medical centers in Yazd, 2022-2023. Materials and Methods The study was a before and after quasi-experimental intervention. 57 medical residents participated. A 20 question questionnaire measured the residents' knowledge level in patient blood management before and after the education. The validity of the questionnaire was measured by a survey of experienced physicians in the management of patient's blood. Reliability with Cronbach's alpha test was 0.8. The data were analyzed using t and Paired-t tests in SPSS 20 software. Results 35 participants (61.4%) were women and 22 (38.6%) were men. Their mean age was 30.58 ± 5.45 years.The average knowledge scores were 9.38 ± 3.77 and 14.01 ± 3.50 before and after education, respectively (p < 0.001). The lowest response rate before instructions pertained to evaluation of patients' anemia before surgery and knowledge of autologous blood usage. The knowledge score had no significant relationship with age, sex, blood prescription history, and medical practice duration. Conclusions Education effectively increased the knowledge of residents. It is suggested to include hold targeted educational programs with emphasis on the areas of anemia management and the use of autologous blood, publish educational guides, and include transfusion medicine and the patient's blood management program in medical education curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori is one of the common diseases in humans, which is transmitted through eating and drinking. This bacterium has the ability to settle in the stomach of some animal species, including dogs and cats. In some cases, the carrier animals are the source of infection for humans. The present study aimed to assess the amount of Helicobacter pylori infection in people having contact with pets, and the pets themselves in Isfahan. Material & Methods: To dis end, 115 fecal samples were taken from the owners of domestic dogs and cats and microbial culture and polymerase chain reaction tests were performed to identify Helicobacter pylori. Results: The results indicated that 36% of domestic dog owners, 80% of domestic cat owners, and 8% of dogs themselves were infected. In addition, no positive cases of infection were observed in cats. In the chi square test (Pearson's test), the infection of domestic dogs and cats showed a significant relationship with the infection of their owners (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: The relatively significant infection of dogs to Helicobacter pylori and the possibility of its transmission to humans makes the observation of health care more important more than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 crisis exerts a marked impact on the quality of life of individuals experiencing grief. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life quality improvement treatment and emotion-focused therapy on the cognitive flexibility and vitality of individuals affected by grief due to COVID-19. Material & Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with two experimental groups and one control group. In 2021, 30 individuals affected by grief were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to three groups: life quality improvement treatment, emotion-focused therapy, and the control group. Data were collected using the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The first experimental group received emotion-focused therapy (Leslie Greenberg, 2012), while the second experimental group received life quality improvement treatment (Fresch, 2006). Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 27) using analysis of covariance. Results: The results demonstrated that both emotion-focused therapy and therapy based on improving quality of life had a positive effect on behavioral flexibility and social vitality, and the effectiveness of therapy based on improving quality of life on the vitality of bereaved people was more than emotion-focused therapy. Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of both treatments on the flexibility of action and the effectiveness of the treatment to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with grief, psychotherapists can benefit from both two treatments to improve the quality of life and vitality of people with the experience of grief to take. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida yeasts in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to assess antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida species to ketoconazole and nystatin by broth microdilution. Material & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 377 clinical isolates of Candida species were collected from different regions of Iran. The species were identified using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of Candida species to ketoconazole and nystatin was performed using broth microdilution according to standard protocol CLSI (M27-A3 and M27-S4). The standard strain of Candida parapsilosis was used as the quality of control. The minimum inhibitory of concentrations was determined after 24h at 37 ºC. Results: Based on molecular identification, Candida albicans 266 (70.7%), C. krusei 64 (17%), C. parapsilosis 40 (10.7%), and C. tropicalis 6 (1.6%) were identified. The MIC90 and MIC50 values of ketoconazole and nystatin for all isolates were 0.063 µg/ml, 0.031 µg/ml, 2 µg/ml, and 4 µg/ml, respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: As evidenced by the results of this study, antifungal susceptibility testing along with the identification of fungi at the species level would certainly be very useful in selecting primary antifungal agents for treatment, especially in invasive fungal infections. According to our findings, ketoconazole was much more effective on Candida spp. than nystatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Red-light violations (RLV) cause thousands of injuries and fatalities annually. All red lights are when all the traffic lights are red and require the evacuation of the intersection. In Iran, drivers disregard their approach’s signals, leading to serious front-to-side collisions. This study examined the violation relationship with traffic parameters and presented strategies for preventing front-toside crashes at signalized intersections. Methods. Field data from 11 signalized intersections in Tabriz with a total of 27 approaches and various traffic and geometric characteristics were used for this study in order to determine factors influencing all RLVs. Results. The findings indicated that the risk of all RLVs increased with the red-light time variable in each approach. In addition, the risk of all RLVs was greater when the width of the approach and the number of vehicles in the first queue were lower. The variable of the left-turn type was also significant in the model and demonstrated that if the left-turn type is permitted, the risk of all RLVs would be higher. Conclusion. The results of this study can be used to prioritize the installation of cameras for crossing the stop line during red lights at intersections. Practical Implications. The location of adjacent traffic lights and pedestrian signal lights should be designed in such a way that they are not in the direct view of drivers and that they do not follow the changes in the adjacent approach traffic lights and start moving when the approach light turns green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The present study aimed at determining the effect of emotional schema therapy on the irrational beliefs and body image of women with body deformity disorders. Methods. This was semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all women with body deformity disorders who were referred to the psychiatric centers of the 5th district of Tehran in 2021. Using the available sampling method, 30 people were selected from those who were referred to the mentioned centers. The research tools included the Ahvaz Irrational Belief and the Self-Body Multidimensional Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-24. Results. Emotional schema therapy was effective on the irrational beliefs (the total score) and body image of women with body deformity disorders. In addition, emotional schema therapy could affect irrational beliefs in the components of expecting approval from others, avoiding problems, and showing emotional irresponsibility, but it had no significant effect on the component of being helpless against change. Conclusion. According to the findings, emotional schema therapy can be an effective method for correcting the irrational beliefs and body image of women with body deformity disorders. Practical Implications. Based on the results, therapists can use emotional schema therapy as one of the most efficient methods for treating negative beliefs and stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Sexual assertiveness is defined as a psychosocial feeling about an individual’s interpretation of how to express her/her feelings in marital relationships. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of sexual assertiveness training on marital satisfaction and happiness of women referring to Tabriz health centers in 2021. Methods. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 66 women of reproductive age, referring to the health centers in Tabriz, Iran. The participants who obtained a Hulbert sexual assertiveness score of less than 33 were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. The data were collected using an eligibility checklist (inclusion/exclusion criteria), a demographic characteristics questionnaire, the Halbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness (HISA), the Larson Sexual Satisfaction (LSS) scale, and the Marital Happiness Scale (MHS). The educational intervention of HISA was held in three sessions lasting 60-90 minutes. Eventually, the participants completed HISA, LSS, and MHS questionnaires before and after the intervention. Results. The findings of the present study indicated a significant difference between the mean scores of HISA, LSS, and MHS in the post-intervention stage between the two groups (P=0.001). Conclusion. Given the positive effect of sexual assertiveness training on women’s sexual satisfaction and marital happiness, it is recommended that these simple and lowcost educational interventions be considered to improve the mental and sexual status of women. Practical Implications. Sexual assertiveness education program improved sexual satisfaction and marital happiness. It is recommended to apply these simple and low-cost educational interventions to improve the mental and sexual status of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Child abuse is considered a major public health issue worldwide. The knowledge and attitudes of parents and health service providers are of great importance in the prevention and control of child abuse. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of healthcare providers (HCPs) and healthcare clients (HCCs) regarding child abuse in Tabriz. Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed among 445 HCPs and 390 HCCs in Tabriz in 2021. The samples were selected via random sampling methods, and the information was gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire. In this study, knowledge, attitudes, and performance were considered dependent variables, and demographic variables were regarded as independent variables. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the association between dependent and independent variables. The data were analyzed using Stata statistical software (version 17). Results. The mean score of the knowledge, attitudes, and performance of HCPs was 73.2, 87.89, and 85.12, respectively. The mean score of knowledge, attitudes, and performance of HCCs was 58.81, 64.3, and 48.18, respectively. The knowledge and performance of HCPs had a significant relationship with passing a training course in the field of child abuse, jobs, and education, so that passing the training course increased the knowledge score by 3.33 units. In addition, the knowledge and attitude of HCCs were significantly associated with gender, education, and marital status, so that the knowledge score of people with postgraduate education was 8.03 units higher than that of those having a diploma. Conclusion. Overall, the knowledge, attitude, and performance of HCPs toward child abuse were favorable. Therefore, they may have a high potential for detecting child abuse and developing preventive initiatives. Additionally, considering the medium level of knowledge and performance of HCCs toward child abuse, it seems necessary to design family education programs for future parents and launch community-based support services in health centers to prevent child abuse. Practical Implications. The findings of this study can be presented to the policymakers of the Ministry of Health to provide an opportunity to improve the knowledge, attitude, and performance of HCPs and HCCs by developing national guidelines for dealing with child abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Given the fact that there is contradictory evidence regarding the effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation interventions, the present study intended to compare the potential effects of non-computer and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation interventions on the memory of stroke patients in Tabriz. Methods. To this end, we conducted a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study included individuals who were admitted to a hospital in Tabriz, Iran, for the treatment of stroke. After identifying patients who met the inclusion criteria on the base of purposive sampling,, 45 stroke patients were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental groups (15 in the computer-based group and 15 in the non-computer group) and one control group (15 in the waiting list). To measure the dependent variables of the research, Wechsler’s Digit Span subscale and Folstein’s MMSE were used. The cognitive rehabilitation therapy was performed three times a week for 7 weeks for the non-computer experimental group. The computer-based rehabilitation intervention using Captain’s Log software was delivered during the same period. Results. The results show that both computer-based and non-computer cognitive rehabilitation interventions are equally effective in improving working memory (visual and auditory) of stroke patients. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the unsubstantiated orientation towards the quality and quantity of using new computer-based interventions is not desirable and that the potential of both computer and non-computer interventions should be used to improve the memory of stroke patients. Practical Implications. Based on the findings, specialists can use the potential of both non-computer and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation interventions in improving auditory/visual working memory function of patients with stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: To be successful in root canal therapy, the dentists must be aware of the possible variation in the root canal and should know not only the natural anatomy of the pulp, but also a variety of possible morphologies. Frst of all, the dentists should be familiar with the possible anatomy of the root canal and then with the extraction of organic tissue from pulp chamber and root canal, increasing the chances of treatment success. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the internal anatomy of root canals in the maxillary permanent molar teeth in Khoy city. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 100 extracted human molars in Khoy city in West Azerbaijan province were collected. In all teeth, the access cavities were prepared, then they were decalcified and colored with India ink and evaluated by clearing technique. Data were collected based on Vertucci's classification which entered into SPSS23 software. The descriptive statistics in the form of numbers and percentages in tables and graphs were used to analyze the data. Results: The most common type observed in the mesiobuccal root of the first molars was type IV by 44%, in distobuccal root was type I by 92%, and in palatal root was type I by 94%. Also, in the mesiobuccal root of the second molars, the most common type was type I by 70%, in distobuccal root was type I by 94%, and in palatal root was type I by 96%. Conclusion: The mesiobuccal root of the first molar had the most variation in the internal anatomy. Also, the most common type of Vertucci in the mesiobuccal root of first molar was type IV and in the other roots of the first and second molar teeth was type I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The family's emotional climate and resilience are among the protective factors against drug use by teenagers. Aim: The present study aimed to predict addiction susceptibility in male adolescents based on the family's emotional climate with the mediation of resilience. Methods: The research method was of the descriptive correlation type and the study's statistical population included all male students of public schools in Tehran in the first and second semesters of 2017-2018, from which 267 people were selected by multi-stage random sampling. The research tools included the Affective Family Climate Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire-Adolescents Version. The data of the present research were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and Imus software. Results: The present study's results showed that the family's emotional climate (β=-0.468, P=0.001) and resilience (β=-0.246, P=0.001) predict addiction susceptibility in male adolescents negatively and meaningfully. The family's emotional climate predicts addiction susceptibility in male adolescents through the mediation of resilience (β=0.083, P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study emphasize the importance of the role of the family, both in terms of creating a favorable emotional climate and in terms of playing a role, as a suitable model in the emergence of behavior. It is suggested that parents also protect their children from the influence of peers and the use of tobacco and drugs by providing a suitable emotional climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inefficiency in the process of emotion regulation prevents the emergence of efficient behaviors and appropriate coping responses to the situation in marital relationships by the individual, which seems to be influenced by relational beliefs. Aim: The present study aimed to formulate a structural model of marital satisfaction based on relational beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women. Methods: The current research was descriptive-correlation based on the method of structural equations and the statistical population of the present study consisted of all married women between the ages of 30 and 50 who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the first six months of 2022, among them 371 women were selected using the random clusters sampling method. The research tools included ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, Relationship Belief Inventory, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation method and structural equations were used with SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 24 software. Results: The results of the present study showed there is an indirect and significant relationship between relational beliefs and marital satisfaction with the mediation of positive emotional cognitive regulation (P=0.003, Z=-2.11). There is an indirect and significant relationship between relational beliefs and marital satisfaction with the mediation of negative emotional cognitive regulation (P=0.009, Z=-1.78). Conclusion: The results showed that marital satisfaction is predicted based on communication beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women. It is suggested that couple therapists and family therapists pay attention to relational beliefs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies derived from them in counseling and couple therapy to increase marital satisfaction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identifying related and influencing factors on marital satisfaction is of particular necessity and importance. It seems that attachment styles and loneliness are among the factors affecting marital satisfaction. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and marital satisfaction with the mediation of loneliness. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women and men who were referred to family counseling centers in Ilam City in 2019 with complaints of marital problems of which 320 people were selected by convenience sampling method. To collect data Adult Attachment Questionnaire by Simpson (1990), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (1993) and The University of California Loneliness Scale (1996) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS .24 and Amos. 24. Results: In the present study, the results showed that loneliness and marital satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship (β=-.258, P=.001). Avoidant attachment (β=-.189, P=.001) and anxious attachment (β=-.138, P=.001) and marital satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship. Loneliness in the relationship between secure attachment (β=.149, P=.001), anxiety (β=-.043, P=.048) and avoidance (β=-.140, P=.001) and marital satisfaction had a mediating role. Conclusion: The results showed that loneliness mediates the relationship between secure, anxious and avoidant attachment and marital satisfaction. Therefore, it is suggested that couples and family therapists, in counseling and couple therapy, to increase marital satisfaction, should also pay attention to people's attachment styles manifestations and feelings of loneliness caused by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Marriage satisfaction is one of the main determinants of the quality of life of each person, and marital satisfaction can predict the stability and instability of a relationship. Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of developing a model of marital satisfaction based on marital expectations, emotional maturity and aspects of love by mediating marital conflicts in married women. Methods: The descriptive data collection method was correlational. The current study's statistical population was comprised of all married women who referred to the community centers of Tehran in 1401, and 550 by the available sampling method people were selected from among them. In this research, Enrich's (1998) marital satisfaction tools, Miller and Tedder's (2011) expectations from married life, Singh and Bhargava's (1991) emotional maturity, Barati, and Sanai Zaker's (1375) marital conflicts, and Sternberg's love triangle (1989) were used. Structural equation modeling method and SPSS and PLS software were used for data analysis. Results: The findings of the research showed that marital expectations and emotional maturity and dimensions of love had a significant effect on marital satisfaction directly and indirectly due to marital conflicts (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the research findings, marital satisfaction is influenced by marital expectations, emotional maturity, and aspects of lovemaking. It is suggested to researchers and therapists to examine marital expectations, emotional maturity and the dimensions of love and subsequent marital conflicts in preventing and planning treatment for couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Oral health literacy plays an important role in reducing oral health disparities. Evaluation of oral health literacy can be done at individual and population levels. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating oral health literacy among students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive, applied and cross-sectional. The research population included the students of different academic levels of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, except the final semester students. The sample size was calculated based on the total number of students studying at different levels at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the second half of the academic year in 2023 using an appropriate statistical formula. Sampling was done in a stratified-random manner according to faculty, field, and level of education. The oral health literacy of the participants based on education level, age, and gender was measured by the oral health literacy adult questionnaire (OHL Adults Questionnaire: OHL-AQ). Data analysis was done using SPSS 27 software and descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage), independent ttest, Kruskal-Wallis, and Tukey test. Results: The findings indicated that the average oral health literacy score of students was 14.75±1.37. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between the average oral health literacy score of students and the parameters of education level, gender, and age of students (P-value < 0.05). This indictaed that the oral health literacy of students increased in the doctoral level and also with increasing age. In addition, the female students had higher oral health literacy. Conclusion: Based on the results, the oral health literacy among Shiraz medical students was high. People with higher education level and age had higher level of oral and dental health literacy than people with lower education level and age. Oral and dental health literacy level was higher in girls than boys. It can be suggested that a 1) suitable platform be provided in order to improve the level of education of the society, leading to the improvement of the oral health literacy of the people; 2) regular dental examinations in order to increase the oral health literacy of the society is encouraged and promoted, especially in lower year students; and 3) research in effective training in the field of oral health literacy to increase the oral health literacy of people in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The ability of cockroaches to transmit pathogenic agents to food makes them a threat to the country's food security in terms of use in war and biological terror. In this research, the identification of cockroaches (Blattodea), their geographic distribution, and establishment potential in date warehouses of six important date-growing provinces of Iran, including Kerman, Fars, Khuzestan, Sistan and Baluchistan, Bushehr, and Hormozgan, were carried out to their risk predict. Methods: The statistical method of factor analysis was used to investigate the variance between several dependent variables based on their description in terms of a few latent variables (factors) effective on the type of population distribution. The cluster analysis was performed using a hierarchical method and its accuracy was evaluated using linear detection techniques and a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminator. Results: Three species of cockroaches, including the American cockroach Periplaneta americana, the eastern cockroach Blatta orientalis, and the German cockroach Blattella germanica, are active in Iran's date-producing areas. The highest distribution of these cockroaches was in (Kerman, Fars, and Bushehr), (Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan), (Khuzestan and Sistan and Baluchistan), (Khuzestan and Sistan and Baluchistan), Bushehr and Fars, respectively. The highest relative establishment rate was found in the provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan, and Khuzestan. The largest unexploited habitat niche was in Hormozgan province, related to the German cockroach. The unanticipated outbreak chance of cockroaches in the warehouses of that province increases with the index of the unexploited habitat niche in that province. Conclusion: Early detection to prevent the spread of the biological agent is a passive defense against the biological threat. The results of this research are essential in analyzing the risk of cockroaches and determining the hazards caused by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Nowadays, the requirement of any policy-making at the national and regional level is to know the level of knowledge of people about oral health and ways to prevent dental caries. This study examined the habits, actions and economic level of elementary school students in Qazvin city in 2017-2018. Also, the effects of peer group social network on behaviors related to oral health and obesity was investigated in order to find the way for interventions making it more effective in this social group. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 145 students participated. They were in the 3nd and 6th grades of elementary school in the academic year of 2017-2018. The questionnaire used in this study had 20 questions and 4 main sections. The main parts of this questionnaire included demographic characteristics, behavior and habits related to oral health, oral health knowledge of students and families, and socio-economic status. Data were collected through clinical examinations and through valid questionnaires and evaluated using SPSS and Excel software. Results: According to the results of Pearson's correlation analysis, a significant correlation was observed between the health knowledge scores of individuals and their friends between both groups of casual and close friends (P<0.01). The correlation between the knowledge of individuals and close friends was significantly stronger (P<0.01). Also, there was a significant relationship between socio- economic status and behaviors related to oral health (P<0.05). There was also a significant positive relationship between the number of times close friends brushing their teeth in a social network (P<0.001). This connection was not observed in the friends’ network. Conclusion: This study determined that close friends can be effective in determining the oral hygiene behaviors of elementary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most sensitive periods of a person's life, which has a great impact on his future health, is the fetal period, while the risk of infection in children of mothers who are positive in terms of HBsAg serum level is very high. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by examining Scientific Information Database (SID), Medline (PubMed), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar until February 2024. Results: In a review of 45 studies with a sample size of 77,641 pregnant women, based on meta-analysis, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women was reported to be 1.1% (95% CI: 0.9-1.4 %), meta-regression results showed that with increasing The sample size, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women decreased (P<0.05) and also with the increase in the years of conducting studies, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women decreased (P<0.05) and also with the increasing age of women. pregnant, the prevalence of hepatitis B infection increases in Iranian pregnant women (P=0.133). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the prevalence of hepatitis B infection in Iranian pregnant women is not at a high level, but according to the meta-regression analysis, which shows the effect of age at the same time as the increase of this infection in women, it is necessary to continue preventive measures and reach The lower levels of attention of health policy makers in this area should be directed to carry out extensive information and screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Herb shops are important for preparing medicinal plants. Improper packaging can lead to contamination of these plants by various types of microorganisms, fungi and yeasts. Objective This study aims to investigate the prevalence of microbial and fungal contamination in four plants from the Lamiaceae family in herb shops in Rasht, Iran. Methods In this study, 15 samples from mint, rosemary, and wild mint plants, and 16 samples from lemon balm were collected. The samples were diluted and incubated for one hour, then transferred onto Tryptic soy agar culture medium for bacterial enumeration. The sabouraud dextrose agar culture medium was used to count total mold and yeast, while McConkey Broth culture medium was used for specific identification of Escherichia coli. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16. For comparing the bacterial and fungal contamination levels in the plant samples with the Pharmacopeial quality standard values, the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. Results Out of 61 plant samples, 59 (73.7%) were contaminated with bacteria, and 60 samples (86.6%) were contaminated with fungi. The number of samples contaminated with Escherichia coli was 27 (44.2%). The mean counts of bacteria and fungi in the plant samples were 3.39×105 and 6.3×105, respectively. Conclusion The microbial contamination in most of the plant samples examined in this study is significantly higher than the permissible limit. It is necessary for health authorities to implement stricter policies for monitoring the quality of natural products in herb shops of Rasht, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Nasal septal abscess, which is the collection of purulent materials between the cartilaginous or bony septum and the mucoperichondrium or mucoperiosteum, often occurs after septal hematoma caused by trauma. Other common factors include surgery, foreign bodies, and sinusitis. In addition to the risk of nasal deformity, septal abscess can cause life-threatening complications such as osteomyelitis, orbital or intracerebral abscess. Objective This study aims to investigate the frequency of nasal septal abscess and its related factors in patients in north of Iran. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study on the patients referred to a hospital in north of Iran in 2022. Their demographic and disease-related information were recorded and the risk factors were finally identified. Results In this study, 37 patients had septal abscess. The most common risk factor identified was a history of septoplasty or septorhinoplasty (35.1%), followed by diabetes mellitus (21.6%). Surprisingly, one of the factors in these patients was cauterization for epistaxis treatment (n=6). All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical drainage. In five patients, abscess resulted in saddle nose deformity. Positive culture results were reported in five samples. Conclusion Early identification of nasal septal abscess and its risk factors can help control the disease and prevent its serious complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It is necessary to provide safe care for patients with acute and life-threatening conditions by nurses working in the emergency departments (EDs). These nurses need higher levels of independent performance. Therefore, the competency to provide safe care and having professional nursing autonomy in novice nurses working in the EDs are very important. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care in newly graduated nurses working in the EDs. Methods In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population consists of all newly graduated nurses working in EDs of hospitals in Guilan, Iran. They all were included in the study using a census sampling method. The tools for collecting information were a demographic form, the assessment of safe nursing care questionnaire, and the professional nursing autonomy scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, Spearman or Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis) were used to analyze the collected data. Results There was a significant relationship between professional nursing autonomy and safe nursing care; for every one unit increase in professional autonomy, the chance of providing safe nursing care increases by 0.133 (P=0.009). Conclusion The significant relationship of professional nursing autonomy with safe nursing care among the EDS nurses shows that if nurses have a greater control over their performance, decision-making ability, and autonomy to act based on patient safety, they can provide better quality care to patients. Therefore, empowering nurses by providing conditions to perform based on professional autonomy, can ultimately lead to better results for the patients and cause overall safety in the EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Early diagnosis and referral of patients with oral cancer can help reduce mortality, and given that dentists are usually the first group to see oral lesions, it is therefore in an ideal position for early cancer screening. the aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and attitude of clinical students of Yazd Dental School about oral cancer in the academic year 1300-1499. Methods and material: This descriptive _ croos sectional study was performed By census method on 160 students of 7 to 12 academic semester of Yazd dental school. The questionnaire included demographic information including age, sex, academic semester and average, and questions about knowledge and attitudes about oral cancer. Data were entered into SPSS23 and analyzed using ANOVA, T-TEST. Result: The mean score of knowledge and attitude was 4.85 ± 2.88 out of 10 points and 39.53 ± 4.19 out of 50 points. Knowledge had a significant relationship with age and academic year (p=0.034, P=0.05) but had no significant relationship with gender, and average 0.05 and attitude had no significant relationship with any of the variables. Conclusion: Students' knowledge and attitude about oral cancer is insufficient and there is a greater need for education in this field, so a review of the curriculum and more practical experience to improve education and approaches to change attitudes should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Oral infections caused by Candida species are increasing worldwide. One of the common topical treatments related to oral candidiasis is nystatin, which has anti-fungal and antimicrobial activity. Common anti-fungal treatments have many side effects and cause drug resistance and repeated recurrence of Candida infection. The use of plant extracts can be a suitable alternative to synthetic drugs such as nystatin. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-fungal effect of Nigella Sativa with nystatin on Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted by referring to the Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Iran and the standard strain of Candida albicans with PTCC5027 was provided. Ethanol soaking method was used to obtain the Nigella sativa ethanolic extract. Fungal suspension with 0.5 McFarland concentration was cultured in a broth medium. To investigate the anti-candida properties of the Nigella sativa Linn ethanolic extract, Disk diffusion technique was done in a Potato dextrose agar by uniformly inoculating the fungal suspension on the culture medium of potato dextrose agar then using a 100 μl micropipette, the Nigella sativa Linn extract with a concentration of 100 mg/ml and Nystatin in a dose of 0.06 mg was poured on a sterile blank disk and put in the plates and, subsequently the growth inhibition zone of the extract was measured. By diluting the extract and nystatin to 0.09, 0.19, 0.39, 0.78, 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25.50 the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were obtained using both Microdilution broth and Macrodilution broth. Each experiment was repeated 3 times and the obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver:25 software and t-test exam. Results: The length of the inhibition zone measured from the Nigella sativa Linn extract was 19.5mm respectively and the length of the inhibition zone obtained by Nystatin was 24.5 mm respectively. Studying the results of the dilution test in both techniques concluded from the Nigella sativa Linn extract showed that the Nigella sativa Linn ethanolic extract at a concentration of 1.56 mg /ml has the least Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and at a concentration of 3.12 mg/ml it has the lowest Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC). Statistical analysis (T-test) showed that the difference in length of the Nigella sativa Linn inhibition zone with Nystatin (P <0.05) was significant. Conclusion: According to our findings, it seems that the Nigella sativa Linn ethanolic extract is quite effective on the growth of Candida albicans and has an antifungal effect. However, the antifungal effect of Nystatin is significantly higher than the Nigella sativa Linn ethanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Pigmented lesions appear with different manifestations in focal, multifocal and diffuse forms and can also be a symptom of a systemic disease. These lesions have a significant prevalence in the head and neck area. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pigmented lesions in the head and neck region in patients referred to Razi Hospital in Tehran. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 3000 archived files in Razi Hospital in Tehran in 2018 and 2019. All pigmented lesions in patients under 18 years of age were isolated and analyzed in terms of age, gender, location and histopathological diagnosis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and Chi-square and T-test statistical tests. The significance level of statistical tests was considered less than 0.05. Result: A total of 138 patients under 18 years of age were found with pigmented lesions 56 patients were male (40.6%) and 82 patients were female (59.4%). The average age of the patients was reported to be 11.1 ± 4.6 years. Meanwhile, compound nevus and intradermal nevus lesions were the most prevalent. The most involved sites were cheek (29.7%), nose (16.7%) and head (15.9%). A total of 6 cases of malignant pigmented lesions were found (4.3%). Conclusion: Nevi types are the most common pigmented lesions in this age group and more frequent in check area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: maxillofacial structures are usually affected in motorcycle crashes .So the aim of this study was to evaluate helmet using on the frequency and patterns of maxillofacial fractures. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study,records of 181 patients hospitalized for maxillofacial fractures in Shiraz Shahid Rajae Hospital during 2016-2020were evaluated. Demographic and clinical variables included age, gender, type of fractures based on single or multiple and the location of the fractures in the mandible and the middle area of the face were recorded for each patient. The data were analyzed by chi-square test(P <0.05). Result: Out of 181 patients,%77.2 of patients were male and %22.8 were female. Significant difference between helmet using and gender and age groups were observed. P= 0.012 In motorcyclists with helmet in comparison to without helmet, fracture in middle face area was lower than mandible. Frequency of single and multiple fractures were %39.3 and %60.7 respectively. The highest frequency of middle face area and mandibular fractures were in lefort II and body of mandible respectively. The lowest frequency of middle face area and mandibular fractures were in nasal bone and ramus respectively .Against mandible, there was a significant relationship between helmet using and middle face area fractures. (P=0.011) Conclusion: helmet using can reduce maxillo facial fractures especially in middle face area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: With increasing concerns over the stochastic effects of x-ray radiation in dental radiography, effective education of dental students in this field is important. According to studies, educational softwares enhance learning, therefore the aim of this study was to develop an educational software for dental radiation protection and to compare its effectiveness against classic lectures in Islamic Azad University, Tehran Dental branch. Material and Methods: The study was exploratory in the first stage and a clinical trial in the second. Software was developed based on ADA guideline, using ScreenRecorder and MultimediaBuilder. 46 dental students who have never received any education on dental radiation protection were divided into control (N=22) and test (N=24) groups which have been matched based on the GPA and VARK test results. The test group used the software, while the control group attended a lecture. Students’ learning rates were evaluated by using 2 identical 10-question multichoice tests taken immediately and after two weeks. The results were analyzed in SPSS25 using the Mann-U-Whitney test, independent samples t-test, and Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: Educational software was developed successfully. In both exams, the mean score in the test group was higher than that in the control group by a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The mean scores of test group and control group were 8.91±1.31 and 6.13±1.67 in the first exam and 6.79±1.69 and 4.90±2.09 in the second one respectively. Conclusion: Multimedia educational software can improve learning of principles and methods of dental radiation protection in dental students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: This research examines the effect of two antioxidants, pomegranate peel extract, and green tea, on the shear bond strength of microhybrid composite on bleached enamel using sixth-generation bonding. Materials and Methods: 44 premolar teeth were used in this study. The samples were divided into 4 groups, Group A: composite restoration without previous bleaching treatment. Group B: Restoration of teeth immediately after bleaching treatment. Group C: Bleaching treatment, then using 5% green tea extract as an antioxidant on the tooth surface, followed by tooth restoration. Group D: Bleaching treatment, then using 5% pomegranate peel extract as an antioxidant on the tooth surface, followed by tooth restoration. For the restoration, the 6th generation Bond SE (Kuraray Dental, Japan) and micro-hybrid composite (3M ESPE, USA) Filtek Z250 were used. To measure the strength of the shear band, the Zwick universal testing machine (Berlin, Germany) was used, and at the end, the types of failure were examined using a stereomicroscope. Calculations were done using PASS II and SPSS 25 software, OneWay ANOVA, Tukey, and homogeneity of variance tests. Results: No significant difference was observed between groups A, C, and D (P>0.99), but between these groups and group B, the amount of shear band strength was significantly different (P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of 5% pomegranate peel extract and green tea increases the shear bond strength of composite to bleached teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Up to 60% of breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy is confronted with cognitive problems, which can have a significant impact on daily activities and quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to “determine the cognitive function of breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the research population was cancer patients referred to the oncology department of Taw Heed Hospital in Sanandaj. All patients were included in the study by census method. The data collection tool in this study was the form of demographic characteristics and cognitive function assessment of cancer patients FACT-cog. To analyze the research data, version 14 of STATA software and descriptive statistics and analytical statistics including independent chi-square t test were used. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. Results: In this study, 101 breast cancer patients of Taw Heed Hospital, all of whom were women, were included in the study. Their average age was 44.06 ± 15.15 years. The average duration of disease of the participants was 18.7±23.61 months. The results of the study showed that the average cognitive performance score was (68.32±24.15), which is lower than the average score and in the average range. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that in people with breast cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy, the cognitive function is at an average level, and the necessary training should be done to improve the cognitive function of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Childhood cancer is a prevalent and debilitating disease that serves as a major cause of mortality among children. Awareness of a child's cancer diagnosis generates substantial psychological distress in parents, impairing their quality of life (QoL) across physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains. Consequently, parents require adequate resilience and coping skills to navigate this challenging situation. This study aimed to determine the level of resilience and its association with QoL in parents of children with cancer in Urmia, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2022 with a convenience sample of 345 parents of children with cancer in Urmia. Data were collected using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the SF-12 QoL questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive and analytical statistics at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The mean resilience score of the parents was 65.84, with fathers exhibiting higher resilience than mothers. A significant positive correlation was observed between resilience and QoL (P < 0.001). Additionally, significant associations were found between parental resilience and characteristics such as age and duration of the child's illness, parental age, family economic status, occupation, and educational level (P < 0.005). Conclusion: Parents of children with cancer can improve their QoL by strengthening their resilience. In this regard, utilizing religious, social, educational, and psychological resources can be highly effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: One crucial step in implementing the child-friendly protocol in hospitals is to monitor the current situation regarding skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby and initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the level of skinto-skin contact and breastfeeding within the initial hour postnatal and its associated factors Materials & Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which was done in the winter of 2022 in Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital of Zanjan city. The sample size included 385 mothers who gave birth admitted to the Postpartum care unit of the Hospital, who were selected by simple random method. The data were collected by using the registering form of the demographic characteristics of the mother, the characteristics of the baby, the mother's pregnancy and delivery, and data related to the state of skin contact between the mother and the baby and the start of feeding in the first hour after the childbirth, through interviews with the mother, and with using SPSS software version 21 and descriptive statistics indicators, chi-square test and conditional logistic regression model were analyzed with a confidence level of 95%. Results: The study's findings revealed that approximately 53% of infants experienced skin-to-skin contact with their mothers. Within the initial hour post-delivery, 89% of infants were breastfed. According to the results of the logistic regression model, the variable of delivery method had a significant relationship with the state of mother-baby skin contact and the variable of residence with breastfeeding in the first hour after childbirth. So that in mothers living in the city, the chance of breastfeeding in the first hour after birth was 2.5 times higher (p=0.016) and the chance of skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby in cesarean section was 8% lower than natural delivery (p=0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the skin contact between mother and baby was relatively good and breastfeeding was good. Considering the relationship between skin contact between mother and baby and delivery method, it is suggested to plan suitable interventions to increase skin contact coverage and breastfeeding in the first hour after childbirth, especially in cesarean deliveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: University professors are responsible for educating students academically and developing and enhancing their ethical values. Therefore, they must have a high level of ethical sensitivity. The present study aimed to determine the ethical sensitivity of the faculty members at Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2020-2021 at Alborz University of Medical Sciences. The research population consisted of all faculty members (N=230) included in the study through a census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire assessing ethical sensitivity. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 27 and descriptive and inferential statistics at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The mean ethical sensitivity of participating faculty members in this study was 4.36 ± 0.39, which was higher than the average. The examination of the mean dimensions of ethical sensitivity also showed that all dimensions of ethical sensitivity had a higher-than-average mean. The highest mean was for the dimension of "attention and respect for others" with a mean of 4.60 ± 0.44, and the lowest mean was for the dimension of "self-awareness" with a value of 4.06 ± 0.56. A significant relationship was observed between ethical sensitivity and work experience. Conclusion: The self-assessment score of ethical sensitivity of the participating faculty members in this study was high. Further studies are needed to determine why, despite the high rating of University professors in terms of ethical sensitivity, educational environments, and learners still face ethical challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Due to the increase in anxiety caused by corona in students, especially nursing students who deal with patients, it seems necessary to identify ways to deal with it. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between religious beliefs and anxiety of Corona among nursing students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive research, 159 nursing students who met the criteria for entering the study in 2019 were included in the study by stratified random sampling. The data was collected through the questionnaire of demographic information, corona anxiety and religious beliefs of George. Data analysis were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Fisher, Chi-Square) at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results showed that the majority (79.2%) of weak corona anxiety research units had strong religious beliefs (73.6%), and Spearman's test showed that there is no significant relationship between corona anxiety and religious orientation (P<0.05). Conclusion: Acting on religious beliefs can reduce people's anxiety in difficult and critical situations, and in this study, because the majority of the research units had strong religious beliefs, they reported low corona anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Medication adherence is one of the important health issues and key aspects of the desired quality of care in patients with diabetes, and one of the important factors affecting it is their health literacy. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between the level of health literacy and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes patients who referred to comprehensive health centers in Gorgan city during 2023. Materials & methods: This study was conducted cross-sectional on 400 patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to comprehensive health centers in Gorgan city in 2023. The data was collected by stratified sampling method according to the volume and in each stratum of the convenience type. Moriski medication adherence questionnaires (MMAS-8) and short version health literacy questionnaire (HELIA-SH) were used. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using independent t-test, chi-square, analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. Results: The average score of medication adherence and the total score of health literacy were 4.06 ± 1.46 and 36.47 ± 3.53, respectively. Among the participants in the study, only 8.20% of patients had high compliance and 16.80% had moderate compliance, and the rest (75%) had poor drug compliance. Patients' medication adherence had a direct and significant relationship with basic health literacy skills (P=0.004, r=0.14) and decision-making skills (P=0.003, r=0.15). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the majority of patients had poor medication adherence and the level of health literacy was related to the dimensions of medication regimen adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Since prenatal care may have been affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to compare the content of prenatal care during the COVID19 pandemic with one year before the pandemic in Qazvin, Iran. Methods. This cross-sectional-analytical study included 722 pregnant mothers (361 before and 361 during the COVID-19 pandemic) referring to Qazvin health centers in 2018 and 2019. The "Evaluation of Care during Pregnancy" checklist was used to collect information. The information was extracted from the Integrated Health System (known as SIB), reporting offices of health centers. SPSS version 25 software was used to analyze the data. Results. The results showed a decrease in the number of prenatal care in all care times during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (P<0.001). The rate of preterm pregnancies increased during the pandemic period (P<0.001). Performing the first round of screening, the first and second rounds of ultrasound and the second round of laboratory tests, respectively decreased by 23.8%, 11.1%, 13.3% (P<0.001), and 7% (P=0.004) in the pandemic period (P<0.001). The follow-up rate of referrals also decreased during the pandemic period (P<0.001). Conclusion. The results showed a decrease in the number and content of prenatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical Implications. The number and content of prenatal care during the COVID-19 crisis decreased in this study. Therefore, effective measures should be planned for this reduction. There is also a need to provide necessary training and preparations to the providers of prenatal care in critical times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Kawasaki disease is an acute and rare febrile disease that affects children and is characterized by conjunctivitis, redness of the lips and mouth, diffuse skin lesions, edema and redness of the hands and feet, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Kawasaki disease has become much more prevalent and has more diverse manifestations. Methods. This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with Kawasaki symptoms between January and October 2021 at the Tabriz Children's Education and Therapeutic Center. The diagnosis was made using the guidelines of the American Heart Association (2017) and the American College of Rheumatology. Results. All referred patients had fever, and additional symptoms may include skin involvement (93%), mucosal involvement (87%), end changes in the peripheral exterimities in the form of erythema and scaling (75%), gastrointestinal manifestations (51%), cardiac manifestations (42%), followed by respiratory (27%), and finally cervical lymphadenopathy (18%). Conclusion. Manifestations of Kawasaki disease during the COVID-19 pandemic can be much more diverse and severe. Knowing the variety of clinical symptoms and uncommon findings of Kawasaki disease in these patients can help to early distinguishing between Kawasaki and Kawasaki like disease and prevent the progression of the disease. Practical Implications. It was noteworthy that patients with complete Kawasaki manifestations were less than five years old. The age range of the patients was between 11 months and 13 years, and the average age range was between 5 and 6 years (65±37 months). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as at least two consecutive clinical pregnancy losses before 20th week of gestation. In this study, we investigated microRNA-1 and microRNA-1229 in recurrent miscarriage patients before and after lymphocyte therapy in comparison to control group. Methods. First, a written and informed consent will be obtained from the target population of this study, who are people with RPL referring to Waliasr International Hospital. According to the standard protocol, the number of 2×107 is injected subcutaneously to patients. Real-time PCR technique will be used to check the expression level of microRNA-1 and microRNA-1229. Results. The gene expression level of micro-RNA 1 in RPL women before of lymphocyte therapy was 2.030±1.445 and the gene expression level of the same microRNA after the lymphocyte therapy of the mother was 1.101±0.4780. Also, the expression level of micro-RNA 1229 in these women was reported to be 2.100±0.6296 before treatment and 1.247±0.9631 after treatment with lymphocytes. This level of gene expression in control group, for micro-RNA 1 and micro-RNA 1229 genes is 1.000±0.08334 and 1.000±0.08091, respectively. Conclusion. The results of our study showed a noticeable decrease in the gene expression of microRNAs under study, both microRNAs 1 and 1229, in women with a history of three consecutive injections of the father's subcutaneous lymphocytes. Practical Implications. This study can show the therapeutic effect of lymphocyte for patients with recurrent miscarriage so that this treatment can be used along with other treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Chelation therapy is essential for beta-thalassemia major. This study aims to determine the complications clinical and laboratory symptoms of monotherapy and combined treatment of iron chelators in beta-thalassemia major patients in Yasuj. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional-descriptive-analytical study, 103 patients with beta-thalassemia major in Yasuj city were evaluated during 2021-2022. After collecting the demographic, clinical and laboratory information of the patients, the results were reported as mean ± standard deviation and percentage. The degree of statistical differences between ratios was calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The average age of our patients was reported to be 24.74 ± 8.34 years. 54.4% (n = 56) of the study patients were men and 45.6% (n = 47) were women. The results of the present study showed that there was a statistically significant difference in mean ferritin among different study groups (p = 0.028). Patients treated with deferoxamine showed the highest mean serum ferritin (5925.5 ± 3397ng%) and patients who took deferoxamine together with deferiprone or deferasirox had a lower mean ferritin compared to deferoxamine alone (3348 ± 2560, 4269 ± 3322 ng%), respectively. Also, the present study showed that after taking iron removers, 47.6% of patients (n = 49) had no clinical complications and 52.4% (n = 54) had at least one complication. Conclusions Our results showed that Deferoxamine can have a great effect in reducing iron deposition and serum ferritin levels in combination with oral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Developing a vision without understanding the organizational culture is a failed attempt. The purpose of this research is to understand organizational culture for understanding expectations in order to prioritize issues and compare work groups by managers for greater productivity Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization between 2020 and 2022. The statistical population for this research was the employees of the central headquarters and the general administrations of blood centers, and 384 of them were included in the study using stratified random sampling. To collect the required data, a 60-question organizational culture questionnaire based on Denison's model was used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (independent t, analysis of variance, Tukey and Pearson's coefficient) according to demographic variables, SPSS22 and Excel 2013 software were used. Results The findings show that Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization has a medium/strong organizational culture with a score of 179.31 and the highest impact after mission with a score of 46.60. Also, the indicators of "customer orientation and development of capabilities" need to be improved. Conclusions According to the findings, most employees have understood the vision, strategic intentions and mission of the organization, but their capabilities are not well seen. According to the score of customer orientation, the skills and abilities of the employees should be developed by using retraining courses, while motivating the personnel, respecting the clients, and the provinces should take advantage of the experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Regular blood donors may experience iron deficiency due to repeated blood donation. Genetic differences might have an impact on iron deficiency in regular blood donors. Some of these genes include those involved in activities related to iron absorption and transfer in blood. In this study, the association of the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism in TMPRSS6 gene with iron levels in male regular blood donors was investigated. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 130 male regular blood donors participated. CBC tests, serum iron, ferritin, and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) were performed on their blood samples. The genotypes of the target polymorphisms were determined using the allele-specific PCR method. All collected data were analyzed using R software for statistical analysis. Results The average age of the regular male blood donors was 45 years with a standard deviation of 10.5. Among the 130 regular blood donors, 28 individuals (21.54%) were homozygous for the T/T allele, 29 individuals (22.31%) were homozygous for the C/C allele, and 73 individuals were heterozygous for the C/T allele. No significant association was observed between the rs855791 single nucleotide polymorphism and iron assessment indicators. Conclusions Single nucleotide polymorphism of TMPRSS6 gene (rs855791 v736A) was not associated with iron level and related quantities in regular blood donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Empathy is one of the most effective indicators of nursing performance, therefore understanding the concept of empathy in the ICU seems necessary to provide better care in this challenging environment. However, empathy faces barriers in this area. This study was conducted using the content analysis approach with the aim of explaining the factors that inhibit among in intensive care nurses. Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with an average duration of 30- 45 minutes with ICU nurses selected by purposive sampling during the period 2021-2022. The interviewees' statements were analysed after being recorded and converted into text using MAXQDATA 11 software and conventional content analysis methods. Results: The coding process was carried out after removing duplicate codes and merging similar codes as a continuous comparative analysis. Eleven subcategories and three main themes were identified, including "organisational barriers", "individual barriers" and "barriers related to environmental and cultural factors". Finally, the general theme (the main theme) was obtained under the title 'Barriers to empathy in nurses'. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that intensive care nurses face significant barriers to empathy. Given that knowledge of the barriers to empathy and their removal will contribute greatly to improving patient care, it is necessary to identify and remove the existing barriers known to managers and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]