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Background & Aims: Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women. Methods: We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention. We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group. We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart disease is a multifactorial disease with genetic background and environmental factors involved. And new studies believe that markers such as apolipoprotein AI are a better criterion for diagnosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of regular aerobic exercise on apolipoprotein AI gene expression and lipid profile indices in obese women. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 healthy obese women aged 35-30 years were randomly selected and divided into control (n =15) and experimental (n =15) groups. The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise at 60-75% of the heart rate reserve three sessions per week for 60 minutes each session. Apolipoprotein AI mRNA expression was measured by Semi-quantitative-RT-PCR method and lipid profiles were measured in both pre-test and post-test. Results: The apolipoprotein AI gene expression was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, TG (P = 0.003), TG LDL in the experimental group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group and HDL level in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.001) Conclusion: The regular aerobic exercise has an important role in reducing cardiovascular diseases through increasing apolipoprotein AI gene expression and improving lipid [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and the consumption of kefir dough on anthropometric indices, plasma lipid profile and blood pressure in overweight non-athletic women. Methods & Materials This quasi-experimental study was performed on 32 non-athletic women with overweight in Arak, Iran (mean age= 33.94±8.58 years, mean height= 1.59±0.05 cm, mean weight= 70.15±6.88 kg, and body mass index= 27.35±1.50 kg/m2) who were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into four groups of 8 (control, exercise, exercise + supplement, and supplement). The control group had a normal diet without exercise; the supplement group received 100 ml kefir dough three meals a day for 8 weeks; the exercise group performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 50 minutes. The exercise + supplement group received both aerobic exercise and kefir dough. Blood and anthropometric variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Paired t-test was used to examine the within-group variations and one-way ANOVA to examine the between-group variations. All statistical tests were performed at the significant level of P<0.05. Ethical Considerations This study has obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Qom University (Code: IR.QOM.REC.1398.01). Results The combination of kefir dough supplementation and aerobic exercise significantly reduced the mean blood pressure (P=0.003) and BMI (P=0.03) but had no significant effect on total cholesterol (P=0.27), triglycerides (P=0.61), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.16), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.30) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.24). Conclusion Overweight women can benefit from the aerobic exercise combined with kefir dough supplementation to reduce their blood pressure and BMI. Further studies are recommended to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and kefir supplementation on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and waist-to-hip ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a type of accumulation of fat in the liver cells. Moreover, portulaca oleracea has hypolipidemic properties. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of a combination of training and portulaca oleracea supplementation on plasma lipid profile and liver ultrasound in obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Methods & Materials The study population consisted of 40 to 60-year-old obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In total, 40 obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. The study groups included training (n=10), training + supplementation (n=10), placebo (n=10) and supplementation (n=10). Before and after the intervention, sonography of the liver and blood tests were performed. The Paired Samples t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the obtained data. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran (code: IR. IAU.RASHT.REC. 1397. 034). Moreover, it was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (code: IRCT201903090429871). Results The obtained data suggested that 12 weeks of portulaca oleracea supplementation and combination training significantly decreased the plasma concentrations of cholesterol (P=0.001), triglyceride (P=0.00), LDL (P=0.00), and significantly increased serum HDL levels (P=0.00) in the exercise + supplement, supplement, and exercise groups (P<0.05). Liver ultrasound data also improved in the exercise + supplement (P=0.02), and exercise (P=0.00) groups. Conclusion Portulaca oleracea supplementation with combination exercises could be effective in reducing plasma lipids and improving liver ultrasound in obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cardio-vascular diseases have an inflammatory background and systemic inflammation has the key role in the development of atherosclerosis and this factor may specially increase cardiovascular problems in overweight and obese people. The aim of this study was compares the effects of ten weeks High Intensity Interval (HIIT) training and moderate intensity aerobic training (MIAT) on some cardiovascular risk factors in overweight inactive men. Methods: Nineteen overweight men (with an average age of 24.12 ± 1.42 and body mass index 27.27 ± 0.94 kg / m2) voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided to 2 Groups: Group A (HIIT) and Group B (MIAT). Subjects performed training programs for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The levels of C-reactive protein and lipid profile were measured before and after 10 weeks of training programs. For statistical data analysis, independent and paired t tests were used and considered significant at a p≤0.05. Results: After 12 weeks of High Intensity Interval training, levels of cholesterol (P=0.001), LDL (P=0.002) and CRP (P=0.001) were significantly reduced and HDL level increased significantly (P=0.001), In MIAT training group, only a significant reduction in cholesterol was found (P=0.006). Conclusion: The ten weeks HIIT training can cause favorable changes in body fat percentage, lipid profile and CRP level in overweight students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In traditional medicine, Dill has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorder and also for its hypoglycemic and lipid lowering effects. So, the aim of this study was to determining effect of long-term dill extract supplementation alone and along with regular aerobic training on lipid profile in serum of men hyperlipidemic patients. Methods: 60 male patients with hyperlipidemia after completing consent forms were randomized divided into four homogeneous groups; control, aerobic training, dill extract, and aerobic training along with dill extract. Furthermore, consumption of oral dill essential oil (2 mg.kg-1.day) along with aerobic exercise training protocol for 8-weeks performed (sessions were conducted 3 times a week, each lasting 45 minutes running on the treadmill). Blood samples were taken at two phases (48 hours before and after the last training session protocol) were collected. Results: The levels of the total cholesterol and triglyceride in the experimental groups significantly decreased in compared the pre-intervention period (P<0=032). In addition, -22.75% decreasing in LDL-cholesterol and +49.76% increasing in HDL-cholesterol levels just in the aerobic exercise training along with dill extract was significant in comparison with the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: The combination effects of regular aerobic training and dill supplementation, due to having additive effects in compared to treatment with dill supplementation and aerobic activity alone, more effective treatment methods to improve the lipid profile factors in associated with hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Regarding the controversy about the effects of atorvastatin on blood glucose control and diabetes, we evaluated the effects of atorvastatin on blood glucose and insulin resistance in the present study. Materials and Methods: 88 type two diabetic patients (T2DP), were treated with anti-diabetes oral agents were enrolled in a double blind randomized clinical trial, placebo control. Then they were randomly classified into two 44 cases groups. The intervention group took atorvastatin 40 mg daily and control group took placebo for three months and fasting blood glucose (FBS), insulin resistance, HbA1c and lipid profile were measured and compared at the beginning and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using student t-test and paired t-test. Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.90.108.10 has been approved by research ethics committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences. Findings: After three months, insulin, insulin resistance and HbA1c decreased significantly in the intervention group than control group, while FBS nonsignificantly decreased. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (Low density Lipoprotein) were also decreased. Conclusion: It seems atorvastatin is effective to decrease FBS and insulin resistance in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Several studies have showed that high levels of CRP and homocysteine increase the risk of coronary artery diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of combined exercises on homocysteine, CRP and lipid profile in middle-aged inactive men. Materials and Methods: In this semi-empirical study, 24 subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. The cases were randomly assigned into two groups [experimental (n=12) and control (n=12)]. The aerobic training method included: 3 times a week, 20 minutes per session, with intensity of 60-70 percent of heart rate reserve. Also the resistance training program conducted by intensity of 70% one repetition maximum. Results: The levels of serum homocysteine and CRP after combined exercises were decreased significantly (P=0.001 and P=0.003, respectively). Although, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C levels between both groups did not differed significantly. As well as, maximum oxygen consumption has increased significantly (P=0.008). Conclusion: It seems that combined exercise (aerobic and resistance) with reduction of homocysteine and CRP levels can used as a non-pharmacological methods to prevent the development of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]