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Background & Aims: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Globally, 30% of deaths (approximately 17 million deaths per year) are attributable to cardiovascular diseases. In 2006 alone, the estimated total direct and indirect costs associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases exceeded 400 billion dollars. Currently, in Iran, insurance organizations only bear a limited part of cardiac rehabilitation costs, while taking into account the impact of these programs in secondary prevention and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and as a result reducing the treatment costs imposed on this Organizations will focus on covering cardiac rehabilitation programs both for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the insurance organizations. According to the mentioned studies and many other studies and the high and increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Iran, and on the other hand, the clinical advantages of cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery transplant patients, including secondary prevention and preventing disease recurrence and improving the quality of life, are necessary and The importance of this research is clear. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death all over the world, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation on the functional indices of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients 55 Coronary artery transplant surgery up to 70 years old. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research consisted of 120 male coronary artery transplant patients aged 55 to 70 years who referred to the Sari Heart Center. The statistical sample included 40 people who lived in Sari city and underwent coronary artery transplant surgery for at least 2 months and at most 4 months. Then they were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of 20 people, control and therapeutic intervention of cardio sports rehabilitation. In this research, in order to measure the resting heart rate HR H before the test of two control and cardio exercise rehabilitation groups, therefore the best time to determine the heart rate in the morning after waking up is one hour after breakfast and without intense physical activity in a state of rest. For 20 minutes, the subjects of the two groups sat on a chair and were measured. All the subjects were advised to sleep early the night before and avoid any kind of stress. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the two groups were measured before the test using a dial sphygmomanometer. The time of assessment was two hours after breakfast, and the subjects were advised to refrain from smoking, vigorous physical activity, and drinking for one hour before any use of cigarettes. Avoid coffee and caffeinated drinks and sit quietly for 20 minutes and wear comfortable clothes. 12 hours before the test, blood lipid profile was taken from the subjects of both the control and cardiac rehabilitation groups fasting. The sample required for the test was 10 cc from the brachial vein immediately without delay for the actual values after lying on the bed. 24 hours. Before the test, in consultation with a cardiologist, reduce the dose of heart and blood pressure medications such as Inderal and Atenolol. Also, asthmatic patients should carry a special spray and wear comfortable clothes and shoes for the test, and avoid caffeinated drinks and cigarettes 24 hours before. Cardio sports rehabilitation program consisted of 24 sessions 3 days a week for 2 months, which included 15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of treadmill and 20 minutes of stationary bike, and 20 minutes of stationary bike and 15 minutes of cooling down. To investigate and compare pre-test and post-test variables between two groups, independent parametric t-test was used. Data analysis was done using spss software. The significance level was p<0.5. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has an effect on the improvement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), improvement of heart rate and improvement of vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients aged 55 to 70 undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusion: The findings of the current research have shown the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation course on the improvement of hemodynamic indicators and functional capacity, considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the country, and on the other hand, the high per capita consumption of drugs and their high costs, and the high importance of cardiac sports rehabilitation in improving The quality of life of heart patients, including coronary artery transplantation, is necessary and necessary to pay more attention to the category of cardiac rehabilitation and to build clinics and centers for it. The findings showed that cardio sports rehabilitation reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis by improving heart rate and as a result of heart attack and ischemic diseases. In order to control the risk factors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), it is suggested to periodically use cardiac rehabilitation programs for their treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Bullying at school has attracted the attention of parents and school staff who are concerned about the safety and mental health of students. Bullying is a disturbing behavior that a person or a group of people intentionally does repeatedly over some time and involves an imbalance of power. The power imbalance can be physical, where the bully is physically stronger than the victim. On the other hand, in adolescents with disorders and maladaptive behaviors in different environments, there are slight defects in the activity of neurotransmitters that started in the early stages of life and made them more vulnerable to the unfavorable environmental and family conditions they have. In this regard, neuropsychological function, which is considered one of the most effective processes of cognitive function, plays an effective role in curbing conduct disorder and aggressive behaviors along with adolescent bullying. Poor neurological performance is a precursor to future learning disabilities and behavioral disorders, which can manifest in parent-child conflicts or with peers in school environments. New findings support the use of neurological tests to distinguish between bullies and healthy people. Although there are contradictory findings in studies about the difference between bullies and healthy people. Psychological capital is one of the psychological indicators of positivism with characteristics such as a person's belief in his abilities to achieve success, persistence in pursuing goals, creating positive documents about himself, and tolerance. Making problems is defined. Having psychological capital enables people to cope better with stressful situations, to be less stressed, to be more resilient in the face of problems, to have a clear view of themselves, and less they are affected by daily events, so such people have higher psychological health. The tendency to bully has been investigated mostly from the perspective of environmental and educational factors. Factors such as the complexity of these disorders, their coexistence with other neurological disorders, increasing statistics in the field of bullying tendencies in students, loss of academic motivation, and also mental injuries, double the necessity of examining psychological variables related to it. And also, although various research has been conducted on the prevention of bullying and its effect on reducing physical and mental health, the tendency to bully remains one of the important problems in schools. Therefore, all those involved in education and training should make confronting bullying behaviors an important goal in education and training. Considering that bullying in school is a serious threat to the mental health of students and all those who are somehow involved in this issue, it is essential to conduct effective and serious research to prevent it. Given the above, the present study aims to answer the question, is the structural model of bullying tendency based on neurological function with the mediation of psychological capital in male students of the first secondary level of district 5 of Tehran suitable? Methods: The current research method is correlational and structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of the research was made up of all 560 male students of the first secondary school in the ninth grade in 28 non-profit schools in District 5 of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2019. 240 people were selected as the sample size by the two-stage cluster method. The data collection tool was the Illinois Bullying Questionnaire (2001), Nejati Neurological Performance Questionnaire (2013), and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007). This research used SPSS22 and Amos 23 software to analyze the information obtained from structural regression equation modeling. Results: The results of the research showed that the path coefficient of neurocognitive function (β = -0.41, p = 0.001), and psychological capital (β = -0.39, p = 0.001) Bullying tendency is significant. Also, the indirect relationship between neurocognitive performance and bullying tendency through psychological capital is meaningful with β=- 0.37 at a significance level of p≥0.01. Conclusion: Therefore, by identifying and improving neuropsychological processes in students in line with parenting management training and providing a rich environment for students, it is possible to take an effective step in preventing bullying. In the above explanation, it can be stated that boys with a tendency to bully show poor performance in the mental processing of communication information and have defects in the quantity and quality of problem-solving strategies, and positive solutions are needed to solve social problems. They use less, which leads to the creation of interpersonal conflicts, generally confirming the Neuro-psychological theory centered on cognition and social behavior. A student with a tendency to bully shows poor performance in decoding and processing information, so the lack of this self-control ability leads to a biased cognitive style and in turn spreads misbehavior and conflicts. creates in different environments, in this way, these students are not able to name negative behaviors, they respond to hostile signs and symptoms more than neutral signs, and in choosing symptoms, they have a biased behavior they do, therefore, relatively, their efforts in curbing behavioral problems do not end in a helpful result. Also, in explaining the above findings, it can be stated that studies based on neuroimaging have suggested the involvement of subcortical and Thalamocortical processes in frontal networks. Under the influence of these findings, the relationship between the neurological pattern related to violence and bullying has been confirmed by neuropsychologists in the last few decades. Cognitive deficits and specific damage in attention and executive functions are the main hypotheses proposed in the field of this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Breastfeeding is the safest and the best way to provide growth and development of newborn and protect against many diseases. breast feeding is known to be beneficial for many benefits such as reduction of neonatal death syndrome) Sudden Infant death syndromeSIDS) childhood and postpartum depression are a major public health strategy. these benefits may be particularly important for families who are grappling with drug use. while the use of addictive substances is a global health problem and dependence on drugs causes a certain concern. because this affects maternal, fetal and newborn health. during the past decade, drug use has grown dramatically and now become a major public health problem. drug abuse during pregnancy has led to an increase in the birth rate of a number of children with the syndrome of substance (neonatal abstinence syndrome-NAS) . the cost of health care has skyrocketed. sudden cessation of drugs in newborns from mothers of drug users on the following days of birth leads to baby deprivation syndrome with symptoms such as tachycardia, tremor, agitation, increased tone, convulsions, nutrition and poor nutrition, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, fever and nausea. in addition, the time of hospitalization of newborns with NAS in hospital was 16.4 days compared to other children who were 3.3 days. there are also 46 - 76 % of the probability that these babies undergo drug therapy, such as the treatment cost, whereas drug addicts have low economic status. recent studies have shown that non - pharmacological agents should be used as the first line of treatment to reduce symptoms of NAS. among the non - pharmacological methods, breastfeeding may result in reduced severity and severity of symptoms. in addition, studies show a direct relationship between breastfeeding and decrease in length of admission, decrease of symptoms and necessity of drug interventions in NAS. the American academy of pediatrics and the world health organization, have a strong emphasis on breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of breastfeeding in mother's dependent on the use of narcotic drugs (opioids) on infant deprivation syndrome. Methods: The present article is a review study that researchers in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pub Med, Medline, SID, Magi ran, using keywords Breastfeeding [mesh]", "opioids[mesh]", "neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) [mesh]” and “mothers [mesh]” “Drug Abuse/Parenteral [mesh]” and searched for 10 years between 2010-2020. inclusion criteria in this study were qualitative and quantitative studies on the effect of breast feeding on deprivation syndrome, in domestic and domestic practical journals, focusing on benefits and usefulness, descriptive and investigative and review, access to full text and English and Persian language articles were considered. and unrelated, repetitive, language having different language and weak relation with the goal of study, and without proper executive methods, were excluded. in the search phase of the texts, some studies were carried out based on inclusion criteria. then, the remaining studies were evaluated and analyzed in terms of content. the initial search result of 876 studies, which 48 studies, due to having a different language, 775 studies, after reviewing title and purpose, respectively 16 after reviewing the summary, 15 studies were deleted after reviewing the text and two studies were added as a result of manual search. in the end, 24 studies were included. after the evaluation of these studies, the data were analyzed through comparison, summing up and determining the validity. it should be noted that regarding the wide distribution of mothers ' breastfeeding in this article, it is necessary to review the effect of breast feeding on pain syndrome of newborn. Results: According to studies, mothers who struggle with addiction are one of the most vulnerable groups among mothers. the amount of breastfeeding in these cases is very low. according to the results of the study, the socioeconomic status, age, education, social influence, knowledge and knowledge of breastfeeding, the health and mental health status of the mothers of the opioid - dependent mothers, support and pre - natal education influence the decision to breastfeed. in a study conducted (Wachman et al )colleagues on the extent of breastfeeding among the dependent mothers, the results indicated that only a small number of mothers of breast - feeding infants fed their infants. more than half of those, after a week of breast feeding, stopped feeding their baby and did not feed their baby at all. the results of the present study were shown by Volstrand et al. Breastfeeding rates were high in mothers treated with opioids (methadone and buprenorphine), but early cessation of breastfeeding is common among them. however, the effect of opioids on opioids is not considered safe, since opioids are considered to be immune to opioids as a result of opioids consumption in the mother, its secretion in milk is low and there is no risk for baby. according to the results of the study, breastfeeding can help to create an emotional bond between mother and baby, especially in addicted mothers with opioids, breastfeeding increases the release of oxytocin hormone, which has calm effects on mother. perhaps one of its benefits is the help of mother 's adaptation with agitation from NAS in the infant and reduce the likelihood of getting the baby by these mothers. also, breast feeding leads to decrease in severity of symptoms such as severity of symptoms, duration of stay in hospital, need for drug delivery and decrease of care costs. in addition, breastfeeding in these mothers reduced incidence and duration of neonatal signs symptoms in newborns. breastfeeding also has a positive effect on the prevention of sudden infant mortality (SID). therefore, it is recommended to be conducted on children at risk such as newborns with opioids in the uterus of breast feeding. the results of this study showed that the need for drug for treatment of deprivation syndrome in neonates fed by breastfeeding mothers was higher than newborns who had not been fed with breast milk. most of these neonates had normal weight and had better weight gain. also, according to the research, exclusive breast feeding was more effective in reducing the symptoms of breast feeding with breast milk, compared to breast feeding, or a combination of breast milk and formula. previous studies in 2012 - 2016 showed that compared to breastfed infants in 2012 - 2016, breastfeeding in mother's dependent to opioids leads to shortening the length of stay of newborns with NAS in hospital. although the study showed that breastfeeding reduced the duration of hospitalization and decreased the need for treatment of NAS, but in a research it was stated that the need for treatment for newborns with NAS and the other group that were fed with milk had been fed. there was no significant difference in this study suggesting that breast - feeding practice is more important than milk pharmaceutical content and more research should be done in this regard. therefore, it is suggested that opioids are dependent on opioids use to help their children if NAS occur, unless the hazards are greater than the benefits. according to the studies, clinicians have played a very important role in understanding, supporting, consulting and defending mothers ' rights that they wish to feed their children with the syndrome of food deprivation, and to inform them of the complications of drug use on their babies before the full cessation of breastfeeding. they also need to be encouraged to not consume alcohol, cigarettes or other illegal drugs throughout the lactation and receive mental support and medication from health centers and health care providers. Conclusion: The World Health Organization recommends methadone and buprenorphine in substance use treatment for all individuals, especially in women during pregnancy and lactation, along with psychotherapy. in the case of reducing the rate of symptoms in the infant, mothers who were treated with methadone (74 %) or buprenorphine (78 %) had no difference after delivery to their infants. in the study of johnson et al., the amount of methadone released in breast milk is -21- 462 ng / ml, and it is unlikely to have a trace amount of methadone that is transmitted through the breast milk. therefore, the infants of methadone and Buprenorphine mothers can be fed by mother 's milk and can be used as a beneficial benefit. in addition, mothers can also use a good mother 's sense of breastfeeding as an opportunity to change their course of life. although some mothers of breast - feeding are challenging to their newborn, because the vibration, weak muscle tone, bound movements and poor swallowing will cause problems in breast and breast feeding. on the other hand, the approach and the frustrations of health care givers were not effective in breast feeding. therefore, understanding the benefits of breastfeeding depends on the use of opioids in reducing infant Deprivation to treatment staff to recommend breast feeding to these high - risk mothers. in addition, successful breastfeeding in these mothers requires nurses " education, understanding psychological problems, creating a secure environment, observing privacy and physical and mental protection by health care providers and eliminate the barriers to breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Addiction is a common scourge that neglects it and brings harmful consequences such as the destruction of socio-economic resources and a threat to social security. From 2006 to 2015, 23% was added to the number of drug users in the world. This is while the estimated global prevalence rate was around 9.4% in 2006 and reached 39.5% in 2015. Deaths due to drug use in 2015 compared to 2014 increased by 6.8%. More than 3 thousand 190 addicts have died due to abuse. In addition to the consequences and changes that it has directly on the consumer, they also have secondary social costs such as disruption in the family, in education, work life, and the occurrence of various types of violence and risky sexual behaviors. Numerous studies have shown that one of the most important and common psychological disorders and injuries that may affect drug addicts is a lack of anger control. Some research findings have illustrated the relationship between aggressive behavior and substance use, a relationship that is deep, costly, and undeniable. But any discussion on the relationship between drugs and aggression and violence must begin with a definition of this concept. Aggression is a behavior whose purpose is to harm oneself or others, that is, a traumatic behavior is considered aggression if it is done intentionally to harm another person or oneself. Aggressive behaviors may manifest in different ways. During their research, Bass and Perry concluded that human aggression has three dimensions (instrumental, emotional, and cognitive). The instrumental or movement dimension represents verbal or physical aggression and its purpose is to harm others. The emotional and emotional dimension refers to the internal conditions of the organism as well as the readiness for physiological and emotional arousal and is manifested in the form of anger. This dimension is responsible for the preparation of aggressive behavior. The cognitive dimension, which is called hostility, causes feelings of selfishness and malice towards others. These dimensions can provide the basis for the occurrence of all kinds of physical and psychological injuries. Motivational counseling is a client-centered method, a guide to strengthening the internal motivation for change, through discovering, identifying, and solving doubts and ambivalence. The use of motivational interviewing is developing rapidly in the world so, in three years, the number of publications in this field has approximately doubled. Studies show that the motivational interview method is superior to traditional training and treatment recommendations for a wide range of psychological problems, including addiction. Another promising therapeutic approach in recent years is the matrix model. Matrix treatment is a non-pharmacological, outpatient treatment method for drug addiction. Matrix therapeutic approach is based on the cognitive approach. Considering that the effectiveness of two treatment models on aggression was shown in different researches and separately, and in addition, the review of previous research showed that no study compared the effectiveness of these two treatments at the same time. For this reason, the current study tries to investigate the effectiveness of these treatments on the aggression of marijuana addicts. Considering the importance of marijuana addiction treatment and the age range of users, the variable effect of depression, and the effectiveness of intervention approaches, the researcher was looking for an answer to the question of whether the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and matrix treatment is different from the cognitive-behavioral approach on aggression? Methods: The current research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with three groups (two experimental groups, one motivational interview treatment group, one matrix treatment group with a cognitive-behavioral approach, and one control group). Men addicted to marijuana were in Shiraz city in the second quarter of 2019. The statistical sample was selected by a targeted sampling method from people addicted to marijuana who were hospitalized and under treatment, referring to Maharhari Hospital in Shiraz. People were randomly assigned to three groups (15 people in each group). The aggression questionnaire by Bass and Perry (1992) was used to collect information. To analyze the data, univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance was used. Results: The results showed that matrix therapy and motivational interviewing had a positive and significant effect on improving aggression (0.001), but matrix therapy and motivational interviewing did not have different effectiveness. Also, the results of the covariance analysis with the adjustment of the pre-test effect showed that there is a significant difference between the three groups. Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of motivational interviewing and matrix therapy with a cognitive-behavioral approach on the aggression of marijuana users. The results showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and matrix with a cognitive-behavioral approach on aggression in marijuana users. The results showed that these treatments had a positive effect on improving aggression. Also, the results showed that matrix therapy and motivational interviewing had significant differences from the control group, but matrix therapy and motivational interviewing did not have different effectiveness. According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that both treatments can be used as complementary treatments for marijuana addicts. One of the limitations of this research is that the results can only be generalized to marijuana addicts in Shiraz, so the generalization of the results to other cities should be done with caution. Another limitation was the impossibility of a longitudinal study, because due to the high cost, the difficulty of work, high dropout of abusers' samples, and their lack of commitment to participate in the study, the study was conducted cross-sectionally, therefore, if the study is conducted longitudinally, more accurate and important results will be obtained. Each family with its problems is influential in the treatment process; at the beginning of family therapy, based on the main problem (codependence, extreme control, limited vision of illness, uncertainty, and need for family therapy), treatment planning should be done. Wider and more scientific use of psychologists and psychiatrists in tandem to solve the problem in the form of simultaneous psychotherapy and drug therapy in camps and centers for deaddiction and emphasizing the follow-up of treatment should be given serious attention in these centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (Covid-19), as a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world was considered The sudden outbreak of covid-19 faced many challenges in the education systems of the world and affected the field of education. In 120 countries, face-to-face learning stopped and the education of one billion students was ordered to close schools and higher education as an emergency measure to prevent the spread of infection. In the face of the Covid-19 epidemic, health protocols emphasized social distancing, and in many countries, including our country, the education of students is not interrupted during the period of social distancing and the curriculum continues according to the predetermined schedule. Different solutions were presented. In fact, with the beginning of the closure of schools to help eliminate this virus, the concern of developing and implementing educational programs to continue education at home and in the conditions of home quarantine is one of the biggest challenges of educational systems, including education. And breeding became. In such a way that international institutions and organizations, such as the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, were forced to work hard to develop curricula, guidelines, and educational guides for these conditions. Although Covid-19 could have negative effects on educational activities, social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. The electronic learning system has created educational environments that are not dependent on any specific location or time and allows teachers to teach a course simultaneously or asynchronously or use a combination of these two modes. In this way, electronic education or education through virtual space was chosen as one of the important and serious programs in education. Electronic education and learning are one of the achievements that have transformed our world. So, in the field of health, virtual education can be used to increase the level of awareness and perform physical activity. Paying attention to motor and cognitive function during life and investigating effective factors for preventing the decline of body functions have always been of interest to researchers, therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of a course of physical activity through virtual training on indicators of aggression and self-control in women in The critical situation of Corona was in 2019. Methods: The statistical population studied in this research included all the women in the sports hall of one district of Tehran in 2019. In this survey, an available sampling method was used, in the first stage, 3 districts were randomly selected from the ten districts of one district of Tehran city, which included districts 5, 6, and 9, each district had two clubs. One from each area was randomly selected. Then, after each morning and evening shift of classes held in the hall, one group from the morning shift and one group from the evening shift were randomly selected. In the next step, research questionnaires were administered to all women as a group. Then 30 women who had a significantly low score in the self-control questionnaire and a significantly high score in the aggression questionnaire were identified. Then these 30 people were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The aerobic exercise program was performed for 24 sessions and three sessions of 60 minutes each week with an intensity equal to 65-80 maximum heart rate. Before the beginning of the sessions and at the end of the last session, the aggression and self-control questionnaire was completed. To analyze the research data, descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, mean and standard deviation, as well as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to check the normality of the data and at the level of inferential statistics while respecting the assumptions, at the level of the total score of the questionnaires, from the t analysis correlated to The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: The results of the correlation t analysis show that in the physical activity group, aggression improved with a significant level of 0.011, and self-control improved with a significant level of 0.042. Conclusion: The results showed that aggression and self-control improved in the physical activity group. The results of the present study are a confirmation of previous studies regarding the role of physical activity in improving psychological, cognitive, and mood states. It is suggested that in line with the tendency of citizens to exercise more and more and increase their physical activity, on the one hand, to improve the changeable conditions of people's living environment, such as making it easier to access recreational-sports spaces, including the development of walking paths leading to these places, providing more services public transportation from different parts of the city and increasing the personal security of people on the street, and on the other hand, to strengthen the psychological-social factors through holding sports competitions in different age groups at the level of each neighborhood, equipping and attracting sports facilities in accordance with the interests of use - Participants in the direction of establishing and increasing the level of self-control and reducing aggression of people, providing sports fields for family use such as walking festivals with the aim of increasing role modeling, social support of the family and informing about the benefits of physical activity through social media and city advertisements to increase The level of awareness and social norms of different people, their family and relatives, should be given more attention. It should be kept in mind that this research was on women referring to clubs in one area of Tehran, so one should be careful in generalizing the results to other people, which was one of the limitations of the present research. The researcher couldn't control all the influencing variables (such as the motivation to participate in training sessions) on the subjects, which was one of the limitations of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: From the beginning of the Covid-19 epidemic, a number of recommendations were made by health organizations, such as maintaining social distance, using masks, and hand hygiene. Hand washing with soap or alcohol-based disinfectants and high hygiene as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of this emerging virus is widely promoted, and almost all people follow these recommendations. Although hand washing and hygiene are more serious than ever before, and is certainly helpful in preventing the spread of Covid-19, but there is the question of how this can affect different people who have not previously had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also peoples with mild and sub-threshold symptoms (1,6). The Covid-19 epidemic in the late winter of 2019 / spring 2020 became a global crisis and spread widely and rapidly across borders and continues to this day (3). Covid19 disease may have different effects on people with different socioeconomic status, as shown in several studies (11,9,8,20,21,22). Very little is known about the impact of the emerging Covid-19 disease on the prevalence or development of mental disorders, and little research has been done in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of obsessivecompulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 six months after discharge from the hospital, evaluate the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder, socioeconomic status and demographic variables such as gender, age, level of education and marital status. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 479 patients with a history of definitive diagnosis of Covid-19 and subsequent hospitalization were studied. The participation of all sample members in this study was completely voluntary and the present study has been approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The sample members were selected using random number generation software and through a completely random selection from the list of hospitalized patients. After selecting the sample, they were invited to participate in the study by telephone. After initial satisfaction, research questionnaires were provided to the sample members face to face. In this study, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive inventory (MOCI), Ghodrat Nama et al. Socio-Economic Status Questionnaire (GHSESQ) were used. The validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been studied in Iran and both of them are valid and reliable. Also, after completing the questionnaires, each member of the sample was examined through a short face-to-face supplementary interview (maximum 10 minutes) for the presence of DSM5 diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder and the results were recorded. After data collection, the overall point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder was calculated. Also, the point prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder were obtained based on each of the classes of demographic variables in the study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used in this study. SPSS 21 statistical software was used for data analysis. Results: After reviewing and analyzing the completed questionnaires and the results of the supplementary interview, 92 members of the sample were diagnosed with obsessivecompulsive disorder. The overall prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in all samples was 19.20%. According to the results of statistical analysis, there was a significant relationship between gender and obsessive-compulsive disorder and this disorder was more common in women than men (χ2 = 5.3793; P-value = 0.020378; p≤0.05). There was a significant relationship between age variable and obsessive-compulsive disorder and the prevalence of this disorder was more common in other age groups of 38-58 and 18-38, respectively (χ2 = 10.3501; P-value = 0.015813 ; p≤0.05). There was no significant relationship between education and disorder (χ2 = 2.9693; P-value = 0.562976; p≤0.05). Finally, in the case of marital status, there was no significant relationship between marital status and obsessivecompulsive disorder (χ2 = 4.4587; P-value = 0.107601; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessivecompulsive disorder was 12.16% in very low socio-economic status, 15.16% in low socioeconomic status, 18.12% in medium socio-economic status, 35.84% in high socio-economic status and 40.00% in very high socio-economic status. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 (χ2 = 20.7756; P-value = 0.000351; p≤0.05). The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder has increased with increasing in level of socioeconomic status. The highest prevalence of disorders was in very high and high socio-economic status. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was performed to compare the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses and the value of F was 4.67467, Which shows that there is a significant difference in the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder between socio-economic statuses. The results of Tukey test on the mean scores of obsessive-compulsive disorder in different socioeconomic statuses showed that the differences between very low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00597), very low and very high socioeconomic status (p = 0.00179), low and high socioeconomic status (p = 0.03153) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Evidence from research to date suggests that anxiety and fear of being infected by a person or family member, as well as fear of death and threat to life at the time of infection, especially in hospitalized cases, can lead to or the trigger for mental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hospitalized people who have experienced a severe illness and whose life and health are seriously threatened can be one of the groups with the highest rates of mental disorders caused by this epidemic. It is suggested that institutions and organizations related to the maintenance and promotion of mental health in the community take the necessary plans and measures to prevent the occurrence or exacerbation of mental disorders and reduce the psychological consequences of this epidemic in the general population and especially highrisk populations, like people who have experienced the intense and critical state of Covid-19. Considering that the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered hospitalized patients with Covid-19 is much higher than the prevalence of this disorder in the general population, it can be concluded that covid-19 infection and subsequent hospitalization can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. prevalence of Covid-19 exacerbates obsessive-compulsive behaviors and thoughts related to cleanliness and avoidance of the virus. In addition to threatening people's physical health, Covid-19 also threatens their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The link between corruption and sport has a long history. Corruption in sports (in all its forms and degrees) is a global phenomenon that continues to threaten the integrity of the sports industry, and is a major challenge for sports managers, clubs, organizations and all elements of the sports community (1). The increasing complexity and nature of corruption has been discussed in many sports. So far, however, little research has examined the state of corruption in sport. In this regard, Szwajdler (2016) in a study examined selected measures against corruption in sports and researchers' opinions about them. It was found that corruption in sports clearly has a negative impact on the health of sports and society (3). The results of Hwang (2016) study also showed that there is a positive correlation between people's perceptions of corruption and the magnitude of national corruption; There is a negative correlation between individuals' perceptions of corruption and corruption in sport; And there was a difference between people's perceptions of corruption at the individual level (e.g., individual recovery), sports corruption, and team level (e.g., team doping), corruption in sport (4). Due to the prevalence of corruption in sports, so far little research has examined corruption in soccer (9-11). In this regard, prioritizing the factors affecting corruption in soccer from the perspective of experts in this field has been determined that organizational characteristics are in the first priority and economic factors, cultural factors, personal characteristics of employees and rules and regulations, respectively, have caused corruption in soccer (9). On the other hand, so far, no research has examined the factors affecting the incidence and spread of corruption in age-old soccer. Soccer has a special place in discharging the emotions of children, and also in cultivating national heroes and motivating national pride, there are various life lessons in it. In this conscious and purposeful physical activity in the world of noisy environment, it is not only a great field of friendship, competition and struggle, but also a manifestation of high human values in which there are scenes of effort, forgiveness, cooperation, honesty, patience, courage and beauty. Students of this sport are taught the lessons of effort, sacrifice, cooperation, endurance and courage and it is one of the educational tools in the transformation and health of society. Now, if corruption is not eradicated in its most fundamental part, ie at the grassroots level, children will grow up in unhealthy conditions, so it is necessary for corruption in this sport to be given special attention in the grassroots sector. Given the above and paying attention to the fact that there is corruption in all elements of sports, this issue also attracts a lot of attention in soccer. Especially in grassroots soccer, which is not like adult leagues where all the media and people follow the small and big events. The present study has been compiled with the aim of the identification the factors influencing the incidence and spread of ethical corruption and its control methods. Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection in the field. The statistical population of this research is 150 sports experts aware of soccer issues, consisting of experts in the field of media and soccer, experts in the field of economics and soccer marketing, experts in the field of culture and soccer and experts in the field of refereeing and professional coaching of basic soccer which were selected by cluster sampling method. They form. In order to collect data, field method and a questionnaire identifying the effective factors in the incidence of moral corruption have been used. Confirmatory factor analysis (structural equation model), Friedman test, Amos version 24 and SPSS software version 25 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the cause of managerial corruption (β=0.831), the cause of family corruption (β=0.807), cultural corruption (β=0.788), social corruption (β=0.760) and media corruption (β=0.760) have an effect on the incidence of corruption in grassroots soccer. Factors affecting the incidence of moral corruption in grassroots soccer in terms of research samples in order of priority were media corruption, managerial corruption, cultural corruption, social corruption, family corruption. Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that the factors of managerial corruption, family corruption, cultural corruption, social corruption and media corruption have a significant impact on the incidence of moral corruption in grassroots football. These results are consistent with the findings of Najafikolori et al. (2012), Ghorbani et al. (2019) and Zare et al. (2016) (7, 10, 11). Sport must be accompanied by moral values, principles of chivalry, forgiveness and self-sacrifice, and the observance of moral principles and standards is obligatory on all athletes, spectators, coaches and sports managers. However, this is not the case in practice, and behavioral abnormalities, aggression, cheating, collusion, and lawlessness are increasing day by day in sports settings, and are also evident in the younger age groups, namely infants, adolescents, and young adults. In recent years, researchers have shown that playing football has many benefits in maintaining the vitality and health of children and adolescents (14). Therefore, moral corruption in this group can be a serious threat to the vitality and health of children and adolescents. Shaking the moral values of society, destroying the legitimacy of the government and the rule of law, destroying transparency and accountability, reducing healthy opportunities for progress for individuals, increasing the cost of healthy living are other harmful effects of corruption that are a major obstacle to achieving goals. And are considered social responsibilities (15-18). Determining the extent of corruption in sport is somewhat difficult because, first, the extent of corruption in sport depends largely on the definition of corruption in sport. Secondly, it is very difficult to investigate corruption in sports. On the other hand, the various dimensions of corruption in sports are very diverse. Lack of adherence of society to the observance of moral standards, the existence of lawlessness in the culture of society and the degree of patriarchy in society are the most important cultural factors affecting the tendency to corruption (19). Regardless of which factor plays a greater role in corruption, two basic conditions are necessary for a violation to occur in all circumstances: willingness and opportunity. If there is a desire and opportunity for corruption, corruption will be born and will grow if other conditions are met. Proper knowledge of the history, traditions, values, space and specific conditions of society and prevailing policies in the field of work, appropriate combination of supervision and punishment, participation of community members at the local level in the functioning of units, efficient rules and regulations, free, independent and committed media It can play an important role in controlling corruption (22-25). Also, according to the findings of the present study, the factors affecting the incidence of moral corruption in grassroots football in terms of research samples were in order of priority: media corruption, managerial corruption, cultural corruption, social corruption, family corruption. The present study, like other researches, has faced limitations. This research is spatially limited to a specific part of Iran and this issue limits the spatial generalization of research. Cluster sampling method instead of whole number sampling can be considered as an internal interfering variable. In general, identifying the occurrence of moral corruption and the reasons for its spread can help clubs, organizations and sports institutions to take measures to reduce the rate of corruption in sports, especially the younger age groups. According to the results of the present study, it seems that providing appropriate solutions to help the factors identified in this study can reduce corruption in sports of age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Incompatibility is opposite to compatibility, and when compatibility between couples decreases, incompatibility gradually takes its place. It can almost be said that all couples experience this type of incompatibility more or less; But sometimes the amount and intensity of incompatibility reaches such a point that couples cannot tolerate each other and this incompatibility may lead to violence, divorce and separation (3). Considering the importance of the topic, it will be very beneficial to identify effective intervention and educational approaches in order to increase marital compatibility in order to improve couples' relationships. In motivational interviewing, the goal is to guide the client to discover the discrepancy between his expectations from different aspects of his life and his current behaviors. As a result, evaluating and resolving ambivalence and inconsistency is one of the main goals of motivational interviewing (4). Considering the above contents and the effect of compatibility in married life on the one hand and the effect of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interview on the other hand on different aspects of married life and since by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, a research on the topic in question not found. The researchers are trying to answer these questions, whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of motivational interviewing and meta-diagnostic therapy on the marital adjustment of couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord city. Which method is more effective? Methods: To conduct the current semi-experimental research, which was pre-test-post-testfollow-up and control group. Out of all the couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord city in 2014-2016, 1250 couples based on the criteria for entering the research and based on this to determine the sample size based on the sources related to the research methodology (10), 20 couples were assigned to the experimental group of motivational interviewing. 20 couples were assigned to the extradiagnostic treatment test group and 20 couples to the control group. Then the subjects completed the Locke-Wallace compatibility test in 1959 in the pre-test. In the following, the intervention test groups received one 90- minute session per week for two months at the counseling center of Nasim Aramesh in Shahrekord. In order to implement the training package of motivational interviewing, it is extracted from the motivational group book based on the curriculum and it is performed on the group in eight sessions, one session per week and each session lasts 90 minutes. Also, metadiagnostic therapy is also implemented in eight 90-minute training sessions, one session a week and during two months in the form of groups with twenty couples (Tables 1 and 2) (9,10). Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and statistical tests of analysis of variance with repeated measurements, multivariate analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc analysis were used using SPSS version 25 software to analyze the research data. Results: The results showed that in the marital adjustment variable, the average difference between the research groups (motivational interview group, meta-diagnostic treatment and control group) in the pre-test stage is not significant (Table 3). Another finding showed that the average scores of the variable of marital adjustment of couples, apart from the effect of grouping, were affected by a significant change during the post-test and follow-up stages, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Throughout human history, there have been structured games among all cultures. Playing can be enjoyable, fun, and relaxing and can be used as a way to escape from everyday life (1). In addition to being a fun pastime, gaming is a social activity in which people with common interests interact with each other. With the popularity of computers, tablets, and smartphones and the use of the Internet in recent years, playing online and offline games has become a common activity, especially for young people, and increasingly, as an important part of recreational activities (3). Numerous studies show that in parallel with the spread of the Internet, overuse of it can lead to problems such as addiction and dependence, so that even Internet addiction is defined as a 21st-century epidemic (4, 5).Online games are a type of Internet games that have become widespread due to increasing people's familiarity with the Internet, especially the youth, increasing the speed of the Internet, as well as the existence of highspeed and wireless connections (6). Addiction to online games is considered obsessive, extreme, uncontrollable, and physically and mentally destructive. Therefore, addiction to these games can be defined as: Extreme and impulsive use of online games, in a way that leads to social and emotional problems, and despite these problems, a person can not control his extreme use of the game Slowly Internet addiction is an impulse control disorder characterized by overuse of the Internet, which is associated with significant functional impairment, anxiety, depression, and other symptoms of psychiatric pathology (7). Internet addiction is sometimes associated with suicide, even after modulating potentially disturbing variables such as depression. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental neurological disorder that has three main characteristics: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Hyperactivity Disorder, and Impulsivity. People with ADHD have abnormalities in parts of themselves (9). Some psychologists report about the related between depression, anxiety and symptoms of ADHD with Addiction to online games (10). Also relation is between internet addiction with d reducing of academic hope and sleep quality (20, 21). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: This follows a pattern of health, not illness, and assumes that human psychological problems are related to unhappiness and emotional disorders caused by language, thus helping human beings cope with Cognitive and emotional problems mainly work on language (26). The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on sleep quality, academic hope and anxiety in students with internet game disorder, with and without comorbidity of ADHD in Khorramabad in 2020 became necessary. Methods: The statistical population was students with internet game disorder in Khorramabad city. The sample size was 42 people (14 people for each of the experimental and control groups) so that each group consisted of an equal number of students with internet game disorder with and without comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therapeutic intervention sessions were performed in 9 sessions of two hours and one session per week. To measure the research variables, questionnaires of Internet Gambling Disorder -20 test, mental health assessment of children and adolescents aged 6 to 14 years (CSI-4), Petersburg quality of sleep (PSQI), academic hope scale (date and waist), and Beck anxiety (1988) and an acceptance and commitment-based treatment package were used. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance in SPSS22 and Smart PLS. Results: The results show that the univariate test is significant for each of the dependent variables in both post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.01). Also, the univariate test is significant only for dependent variables of academic achievement (P <0.05). And is not significant for other variables (P <0.05). Conclusion: The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on sleep quality, academic hope and anxiety of students with internet gambling disorder has an effect and this effect persists over time. In explaining the present study, it can be said that the results of this study are consistent with the mentioned studies, meaning that the ACT treatment approach has an effect on the dependent variables and this effectiveness has continued and shows that the treatment is based It is an effective treatment approach for acceptance and commitment for different types of behavioral, psychological, mental, mood disorders, etc. Obviously, it is moderated by the individual's relationship to these experiences. Therefore, these people are taught that to the extent that they can accept and tolerate their experiences, they can act independently of the experiences. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that acceptance and commitment-based therapeutic education can reduce the symptoms of Internet gambling disorder and reduce the severity of dependence and thus the desire for treatment in a positive way., Be effective. Therefore, by teaching these ACT skills, an effective step can be taken to treat students with internet game disorder with and without co-occurrence with ADHD. Acceptance and commitment therapy affect the quality of sleep and this effect persists over time. In the explanation of the present study, it should be said that according to Table 4-12, the treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the quality of sleep of students with internet game disorder is effective and this effectiveness has continued in a one-month follow-up period. Explaining the results of the present study, it should be said that the therapeutic approach based on acceptance and commitment of ACT is effective on students' academic achievement with internet gambling disorder and this effectiveness has continued in a one-month follow-up period. Acceptance and commitment therapy has an effect on anxiety and this effect has persisted over time. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that therapeutic training based on acceptance and commitment can be effective in reducing the symptoms of internet gaming disorder and reducing the severity of mental disorders. Therefore, by teaching these treatment skills based on acceptance and commitment, an effective step can be taken in the direction of treating students with internet gaming disorder with and without comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Neurodevelopmental disorders are disorders that begin during the developmental period, often before the child enters school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that impair personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorder is a term used to describe neurological and mental disorders starting in childhood. Neurodevelopmental disorder includes specific learning and language disorders, motor coordination disorders, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders and defiant-obstinacy disorder. Among the neuro-developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder is considered a complex neuro-developmental disorder that usually has problems in communication and social interaction, limited interests and repetitive behaviors. Most of these children are also impaired in theory of mind, symbolic play, and imitation skills. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, its prevalence has quadrupled in the last decade. Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong condition that is generally stable and includes persistent impairments in language, deficits in social skills, and inability to perform daily activities. Social, behavioral, communication and language problems. Therefore, it is challenging for children with autism spectrum disorder to communicate socially with their parents and manage their behavior. Methods: The present research method was a semi-experimental research with a pretest and post-test design and a control group. The independent variable in this research was parenting education based on executive functions and the dependent variable was parenting stress and its subscales. The statistical population of the study included all parents (mothers) of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Tehran, who were present in the medical clinics of Tehran and received specialized services. The sample of this research includes mothers of 15 children with autism spectrum disorder as the experimental group and mothers of 15 children with autism spectrum disorder as the control group were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The criteria for entering the study are: the presence of neuro-developmental disorders in children such as autism spectrum disorder, the age of children between 7 and 11 years, the absence of physical and mental illness of mothers, full consent of mothers to participate in the research and participation in all sessions by the researcher in considered The exclusion criteria were non-cooperation and non-participation of parents in more than two sessions. Results: For another assumption of univariate covariance analysis, Levine's test of homogeneity of variances was used to check the assumption of homogeneity of variances. In this research, the use of this test showed that the assumption of homogeneity of variances has been fulfilled for all variables because the variables of childhood and parent's territory have F-statistics equal to 3.48 and 2.43, respectively, with degrees of freedom of 28 and 1 at the significance level. Equal to 0.07 and 0.13, they have homogeneity of variances in groups. Whenever the value obtained for this test is greater than 0.05, the assumption based on the homogeneity of Levin's variances is confirmed. After confirming the presuppositions of univariate covariance analysis, the research hypotheses were checked. The data were analyzed by independent t-test. Data analysis showed that the experimental group compared to the control group, after participating in the training course, there was a statistically significant difference in test results. The results showed that parenting training based on executive functions had a positive effect on reducing the realm of childhood and the realm of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of parenting education based on executive functions on reducing parental stress of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder. The results of the research indicated that parenting training based on executive functions was effective in reducing parental stress. In this research, the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on two subscales of parental stress, such as the domain of childhood and parents, has been investigated. Research on the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on other psychological variables of parents with children with special needs and normal has not been done. For researchers interested in parenting training based on executive functions in students with autism spectrum disorder, it is suggested to implement this training on fathers of students with autism spectrum disorder and compare it with the results of this research on mothers. Also, implement the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on other groups of neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, the results of this research should be followed up in the long term. In addition to these suggestions, the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on the anxiety and stress of mothers with children with neurodevelopmental disorders should be investigated in future researches. Also, as practical suggestions, it can be acknowledged that brochures in the field of parenting skills based on executive functions are prepared and made available to parents, especially mothers, so that in the long term, the positive effect of this training on the psychological problems of parents, especially mothers, can be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the most important social institutions is the institution of education. An institution whose importance has caused planners and policymakers to pay special attention to it in their decisions and consider it as the basis for the development of societies. Favorable academic performance increases self-confidence and improves quality, and on the other hand, unfavorable academic performance causes feelings of inadequacy and loss of self-confidence. With the onset of Corona and the emphasis on social distancing in this regard, face-to-face education in schools and universities was closed in many countries. In addition to online education, the preparation of e-learning also affects the academic performance of students. If the learners are not prepared for this learning, they will have problems entering such learning and their performance will be affected. One of the important factors in the preparation of e-learning and the prerequisite for the implementation of virtual education is access to technology. Technology in virtual education includes the internet, smartphone, and necessary software. Without the necessary and appropriate equipment, the implementation of e-learning will have problems. Another important factor in preparing for electronic learning is having the necessary and continuous skills in using educational software, so learners must have the necessary ability to interact and communicate with technology to learn educational topics. One of the other factors affecting the academic performance of students in the conditions of the corona outbreak is the quality of teachers' teaching. The new situation caused by the spread of Corona has imposed unprecedented conditions on the education system of the countries, while before that, teachers were present in their classrooms most of the time and using traditional methods In particular, they used the lecture method to teach, but now they have faced a new situation where they have to teach online and change their teaching methods according to the conditions. Examining the quality of teachers' teaching is one of the most important issues that provides appropriate feedback in making basic decisions and analyzing educational issues. The quality of teaching is defined as the degree of conformity and consistency of each of the main indicators and characteristics of teaching quality with the standards and desirable and superior characteristics that are mentioned in various theories. The importance of the present research should be stated, considering that the results of some research pointed out the negative effect and undesirable uses of social media on the performance of students, and on the other hand, researchers also pointed to the positive effect of social media on learning and improvement. The communication skills of students and the development of these capacities have been pointed out, this existing educational gap justifies the need for investigation in this case and it is necessary to investigate more about the effect of virtual education on academic performance. In the research conducted on e-learning in Iran, most of the research refers to the preparation for e-learning at the university level, and the quality and preparation of learning in e-learning at the secondary level are not mentioned. Therefore, in this research, the preparation for e-learning was investigated as a mediating variable on virtual education at the high school level, to determine whether the change in the statistical population still confirms the results of the previous research or not. On the other hand, the studies carried out after the spread of the Coronavirus have mostly focused on the positive and negative consequences of virtual education from the teachers' point of view, and less research has focused on the role of teachers' teaching quality in virtual space and its final effect on academic performance, to fill the void. Mentioned research, in this research, the role of teachers' teaching quality on academic performance was investigated with the mediating role of e-learning preparation and virtual education. Because the rate of academic progress and failure is one of the efficiency criteria of the educational system, therefore, the discovery and investigation of variables affecting academic performance lead to a better understanding and prediction of effective variables in the school. As a result, the findings of this research can be a good help for the quality of education in the virtual space, and also the findings of the research can be made available to managers and teachers to use to improve the quality of teachers' teaching and teach teachers about the effectiveness of teaching. Make them aware of the academic progress of students. Methods: The statistical population of the research was all female secondary school students of the second period of Sabzevar city in the academic year of 1399-1400. Using the cluster sampling method, 335 people were selected as samples from this statistical population. The research was descriptive and correlational. To collect information, questionnaires on teachers' professional quality, e-learning readiness, and virtual education were used. Modeling of structural equations was performed by smart pls software. Results: The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of teachers' teaching quality, learning readiness, and virtual education with the variable of academic performance. The results showed that the path coefficient of teachers' teaching quality to e-learning readiness was 0.41, e-learning readiness to virtual education quality was 0.70, and virtual education quality to academic performance was 0.71. The model had good validity and reliability and all the fit indices of the model were in the desired range. Conclusion: The results indicate that the quality of teachers' teaching had an indirect effect on the academic performance of students due to the effect on the preparation of electronic learning and the quality of virtual education. According to the results of the present research, planning should be done in a happy atmosphere in such a way that the academic performance of students increases. For this purpose, it is better to provide preparation courses for students to use virtual space and for teachers, necessary courses for optimal teaching in virtual space. All researches face limitations. One of the limitations of the current research is related to the generalization of the research findings, considering that the study was conducted on high school students; therefore, generalizing the results to other stages should be done with caution. Another limitation is related to the unisex nature of the statistical population of the research, and its generalization to the statistical population of boys is not confirmed. It is suggested that other research on the effect of teachers' teaching quality on academic performance be carried out by changing and replacing the variables present in elementary school. In other research, it is possible to examine the research model in both sex groups to check what changes the gender factor causes in the research results. It is also suggested that teachers inform students about the way of activity and how to evaluate themselves in virtual education and teach them how to use virtual space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Recent research shows that grief over the death of a loved one from COVID-19 is actually more severe than that caused by other forms of loss, such as death from natural causes (1). As the effects of the death of a family member has a high psychological burden on the family (2). COVID-19 death statistics show that many people in families experience the loss and grief of loved ones; However, due to the epidemic nature of the virus and due to the observance of health protocols, it is not even possible for the survivors to mourn, and this makes the experience of the death of loved ones more painful and reduces the possibility of facing this loss ( 2). When mourning, the meaning of life changes; Because closeness to death can make people vulnerable to mortality; In other words, finding the meaning of life in times of mourning and injury faces challenges (3). Another variable examined in this study is spiritual health. According to Frankel's model, seeking meaning and coming out of oneself contributes a lot to the manifestation of human spiritual nature, which predicts an increase in spiritual paths and the meaning of life (11). In fact, spiritual health can act as a resilient factor when people deal with a traumatic factor such as grief (14). In the absence of flexibility, people do not find the original answer to their existential experience and face the crisis of achieving the meaning of life, which is called the syndrome of low mood, which is one of the manifestations of existential annoyance and at the same time indicates lack of cohesion and integrity. Is known (16). In general, researchers around the world are currently looking for programs to deal with this storm of untimely and unpredictable coronavirus in order to find a way to the deadly blows of this virus and the psychological damage caused by it. Because the corona pandemic has led to many psychological traumas in COVID-19 mourners (2). As the bereaved people at this time have suffered a lot from the physical and psychological effects of the virus, and this reminds us of the need for more research to find a solution to this damage. COVID-19 may be perceived as an ever-present fact of life that has left its mark on behavior and psychological dimensions, an effect that even individuals may not be consciously aware of. Recent findings suggest that fear of death in bereaved individuals predicts anxiety about the virus, which in turn leads to greater psychological distress (20). The researcher, therefore, seeks to answer the question of whether the meaning of life can be predicted on the basis of death anxiety, spiritual health, and demoralization in the mourners of Covid-19. Methods: For the present applied research, which was conducted by correlation method, among the citizens of Tehran between the ages of 25 and 70 in the spring of 1400, who lost at least one first-degree member of their family due to COVID-19, 215 Internet were selected as a sample. The method was as follows: After identifying people with experience of grief, provided they meet the criteria for entering the study, including consent to participate in the study, minimum literacy, loss of a loved one due to coronary heart disease in the last 6 months, Death Anxiety Inventory (DAS) (Templer, 1970), Meaning of Life (MLQ) (Steger, 2010), Spiritual Health (SWBS) (Pultzin and Ellison, 1982) and Depression Syndrome (DS) (Kisan et al., 2004) They completed the questionnaires via the Internet (WhatsApp and Telegram Virtual Networks). Also, after justifying the participants in the research regarding the steps of conducting the research, in order to maintain the anonymity of the participants, a code was assigned to each participant. Also, asking and obtaining personal information that was outside the research process was refused. Finally, in order to analyze the data, SPSS statistical software, version 25 and Pearson correlation and multiple regression statistical methods were used simultaneously. Results: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between spiritual health and meaning of life. And the relationship between spiritual health with death anxiety is inverse and with demoralization syndrome is positive. Finally, the relationship between demoralization syndrome and spiritual health is not significant (Table 1). Regarding predicting the meaning of life based on death anxiety and demoralization symptoms, the results showed that the research variables simultaneously predict 36% of the variance in the meaning of life. Beta coefficients also showed that death anxiety and demoralization syndrome can significantly predict the meaning of life (Tables 2 and 3). Conclusion: The aim of this study was to predict the meaning of life based on death anxiety, spiritual health and mood syndrome in mourners of Covid-19. Many of the emotional and behavioral reactions of people to the coronavirus can be explained in the context of panic management theory, which states that many human behaviors are caused by death anxiety and its reminiscences. Death anxiety not only predicts Covid 19 anxiety, but also plays a causal role in mental health (30). The results of this study also show that there is a positive relationship between spiritual health and the meaning of life. Explaining these findings, high levels of hope / optimism on the spirituality scale were also associated with coronavirus anxiety in the community of health care professionals (32). The philosophy of the meaning of life begins with the basic view that life has meaning in itself, and in other words, life has meaning even in the worst of circumstances. People with higher spiritual health evaluate life more optimistically and with a more positive outlook, and therefore can be expected to evaluate life more meaningfully. To suffer less damage when faced with stresses and traumatic situations (15). The results also show that there is an inverse relationship between depressive symptoms and meaning of life. The correlation between mood swings and the meaning of life in reverse can be a solution in the specific context of the COVID-19 pandemic to use such theoretical models in psychotherapy and interventions to seek the help of the patient's mood infrastructure. Also, following the context of feelings and perceptions to which the patient attributes negatively in order to reconstruct and strengthen the meaning of life again to alleviate suffering (17). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cervical cancer develops in female cervix. 99% of cervical cancer cases are linked to infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV). Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. Effective primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary prevention approaches can prevent most cervical cancer cases. The treatment of cervical cancer varies worldwide. Radiation may be used in all stages where surgical options do not exist. In addition, chemotherapy can be used to treat cervical cancer, and has been found to be more effective than radiation alone. However, prevention methods are very important to be considered to overcome the soaring incidence of cervical cancers (1,2). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a group of medicines that relieve pain and fever and reduce inflammation. They work by blocking a specific group of enzymes called cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (COX enzymes) leading to reducing of prostaglandins production. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is an NSAID used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation. Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk. Aspirin decomposes rapidly in some chemical solutions including ammonium acetate or the acetates. Aspirin's ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase enzyme required for prostaglandin synthesis. Aspirin also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in certain tissues mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. There is evidence that has shown that aspirin as a chemoprotective agent may reduce overall cancer incidence and mortality in colorectal, esophageal and gastric cancers with smaller effects on prostate, breast and lung cancer. Research has shown that NSAIDs such as aspirin play a role in preventing cancer development in a variety of organs including colon, pancreas, stomach, uterus and esophagus (3,4). In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that NSAIDs have significant inhibitory effects on a variety of tumors, including gastrointestinal tumors and tumors of the reproductive system. Recent research suggest that NSAIDs have inhibitory effects on ovarian, breast, and cervical cancer cells in vivo and in vitro (5-10). Aspirin has been reported to have antitumor effects on reproductive cancer cells (11). However, contrary to research findings that confirm the anti-tumor effects of aspirin on cancer cells of the reproductive system, some research has shown that aspirin has no significant effects on cancer development. Some research results have not shown a significant association between aspirin and reduced endometrial and ovarian cancers (12, 13). Although many studies demonstrate the anti-cancer effects of aspirin, the inhibitory effect of aspirin on cancer cells are still challenging. The present study investigated the cytotoxic effects of aspirin on cervical cancer (Hela) cells in vitro and the effects of cytotoxic concentration of aspirin on expression level of apoptotic BAX, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and iNOS in cervical cancer cells. Methods: In this experimental-laboratory study, cervical cancer cell line was purchased from Pasteur Institute and divided into aspirin-treated groups with 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01,0.1, 1 and 10 mg /ml, and control (untreated) group. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2–5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine cell viability through determination of mitochondrial function of cells by measuring activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, during which, MTT is reduced to a purple formazan by NADH. The product was quantified by light absorbance at 570 nm. The expression levels of BAX, Bcl-2, iNOS genes were evaluated by Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. Total RNAs were extracted with the high purity RNA extraction kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions and reversetranscribed into cDNAs. Then, real-time quantitative PCR was conducted to analyze Bax, Bcl-2, iNOS and GAPDH expression levels. The expression of genes was calculated based on 2-ΔΔCT method and was normalized to the loading control, GAPDH. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The results of the present study showed that cervical cancer (Hela) cell viability did not change significantly when exposed to 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 of aspirin compared to control group. However, exposure of cervical cancer cells to 1 and 10 mg / ml of aspirin significantly reduced cell viability (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). BAX, Bcl-2 and iNOS expression levels significantly increased in cervical cancer cells exposed to1 mg/ml of aspirin. The BAX / Bcl-2 ratio was 3.18 showing the higher level of apoptotic BAX than anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression level. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that lower concentrations of aspirin did not have cytotoxic effects on cervical cancer cells, but higher concentrations could induce BAX-dependent apoptosis by increasing the ratio of BAX to Bcl-2 expression level, and increasing the relative expression of Nitric oxide synthase gene. After binding to its receptor and triggering a chain of reactions, aspirin is thought to trigger the expression of apoptotic genes by acting on DNA and transcription. In this way, BAX in the mitochondrial membrane, after homodimerization and oligomerization, causes the opening of anion channels, and consequently the potential difference of the mitochondrial membrane changes. These channels release proteins and apoptotic factors such as cytochrome C into the cellular cytosol, and following this release, apoptosis occurs with the activation of caspase cascade. In this study, the cytotoxic concentration of aspirin, in addition to significantly increasing the expression of BAX apoptotic gene, unexpectedly increased Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic gene, but due to the very high ratio of BAX to Bcl-2, increased gene expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was not able to counteract the high level of BAX expression and thus the process of induction of apoptosis has occurred in cervical cancer cells. The results of this study showed that aspirin increases the expression level of iNOS gene, which in turn plays a role in apoptosis induction in cervical cancer cells. Conclusively, lower concentrations of aspirin (and physio-pharmacological doses) do not have significant anticancer effects on cervical cancer cells. However, further experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies are required to determine the exact anticancer effects of aspirin on the cervical cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Sometimes referred to as mental methods of measuring quality of life, life satisfaction is a multilevel structure that relates to the overall assessment of life areas such as health, capital, occupation, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships [2]. Leisure and the way it is spent one of the recent concepts that after the industrialization of societies, the growth of capitalism and the expansion of cities found its true meaning [6]. In order to examine the benefits of leisure, various studies have placed great emphasis on individuals' mental assessments of their leisure time in the literature. This emphasis was more on the concept of perceived freedom in leisure, which was used to measure the performance of tasks (tasks) of people during leisure. Perceived freedom has been one of the most important aspects of understanding leisure behaviors. Self-esteem was another structure that was examined in this study, based on its close relationship with the perception of leisure freedom and life satisfaction [9]. Self-esteem is related to a positive or negative attitude towards oneself and reflects one's feelings of self-worth. This factor seems to be important for a successful and satisfying life, as one of the main characteristics of being good (being healthy) [2]. Also, another variable that has been studied in accordance with the variables of this research is psychological well-being. Reef sees psychological well-being as the pursuit of perfection in the realization of one's true potential. Psychological well-being refers to the quality of life experienced and reflects desirable psychological performance and experience [11]. Exercise and physical activity are extremely valuable tools as one of the ways to spend leisure time, which today is the largest part of the leisure time of millions of people around the world. Rati and Lee (2020) state that psychological well-being has an effect on life satisfaction [18]. Liang et al. (2020) believe that selfesteem has an effect on life satisfaction [19]. But Agiar (2014) in a study examined perceived freedom and leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among Turkish women and showed that perceived freedom in leisure time did not affect life satisfaction, although psychological, social subscales, Physiologically and aesthetically, leisure satisfaction was significantly associated with participants' life satisfaction [23]. In expressing the necessity of research, it can be said that considering the importance of self-esteem, perceived leisure freedom, psychological well-being in the lives of people, including students, and the effects that these factors can have on people's life satisfaction, the result of this research is It can pave the way for discovering some factors affecting students' life satisfaction and provide a more logical justification for promoting attention to the mentioned factors and indicators among students and in society in general, Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the communication model of perceived freedom in sports leisure, self-esteem, psychological well-being and life satisfaction among students. Methods: The research was Quantitative method and descriptive in terms of implementation path, survey type based on structural equations. The statistical population of the present study is all physical education and non-physical education students of Azad University located in Tehran in research sciences units; Medical Sciences Branch, Central Tehran Branch, North Tehran Branch, East Tehran Branch, West Tehran Branch and South Tehran Branch, which consisted of 373 people according to Morgan table and unlimited population size based on cluster random sampling method Sample titles were selected from each unit. Reef (1989) Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, Ellis, Peter & Witt (1984), Rosenberg (1965) and Denise (1985) Life Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient test and structural equations were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS software. Results: According to the results of Pearson correlation test, there is a significant positive relationship between the variables of perceived freedom in sports leisure, psychological well-being, self-esteem and life satisfaction. Also, based on fitness indicators (GFI, CFI, RMSEA) and other fitness indicators (CFI, NFI, IFI), the communication model of perceived freedom in sports leisure, self-esteem, psychological well-being and life satisfaction has had a favorable fit. The results showed that perceived freedom in sports leisure on psychological well-being and life satisfaction; Self-esteem has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and life satisfaction and psychological well-being on life satisfaction of physical education students. Conclusion: According to the research findings, there is a significant positive relationship between perceived freedom in sports leisure and psychological well-being and life satisfaction. The results of the model also showed that perceived freedom in sports leisure has a significant positive effect on psychological well-being and life satisfaction of physical education students. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research [2, 17, 18, 23, 28]. It could be argued that students who perceived higher levels of freedom identified themselves as more deserving individuals and were able to control what happened before, during, and after participation in their spare time. In contrast, those who perceived lower levels of leisure freedom (with less perception of leisure freedom) were subjected to a learned misery and helplessness that led to a different end of the chain (hierarchy) in White's perception of leisure freedom. Thus, lower levels of perceived freedom were likely to lead to lower levels of leisure participation. This ultimately leads to the loss of a variety of benefits from leisure participation such as positive mental and physical health and greater physiological (mental) health, self-esteem, psychological well-being, happiness and higher social interaction, especially in the case of university students, which are the main objectives of this study. Having a strong will and self-esteem, decision-making power and initiative, creativity and innovation, mental health and mental health has a direct relationship with the amount and manner of self-esteem and self-esteem, which causes a person to have higher life satisfaction and psychological well-being. Based on studies on intrinsic motivation, they propose an autonomous model of well-being. This model assumes that there are three universal psychological needs: independence, competence, and dependence; Satisfaction of these needs is a predictive tool for wellbeing [31]. It can be said that according to the welfare autonomy model, the effect of selfacceptance, collective feeling and dependence is positively related to self-fulfillment and vitality and life satisfaction of individuals and at the same time, it is negatively related to behavioral problems. For example, students are happier during the day when they engage in activities based on innate beliefs. In addition, moving toward intrinsic goals is positively associated with increased life satisfaction among students. Explaining the results, it can be said that participation in entertainment, recreational and physical leisure activities can have positive effects on the life and psychological characteristics of physical education students such as life satisfaction, self-esteem and psychological well-being. According to the results, the need to increase the level of awareness and attitude and engage in leisure activities along with sports activities can increase life satisfaction and mental wellbeing of physical education students, which is done by holding training classes and evaluating leisure programs. It can be effective and useful. It is suggested that information about better life satisfaction, self-esteem and mental well-being of physical education students be made public through mass media such as radio, television, magazines, etc. to encourage the public to participate in sports. Provide. Supporting leisure sports activities should be one of the basic principles in a leisure program. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of standard tools in the field of perceived freedom in sports leisure and also little research on this variable in the country. On the other hand, the present study is limited to all physical education students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Therefore, generalization of results should be done with caution. It is suggested that information about the better life satisfaction, self-esteem and psychological well-being of physical education students be made public through mass media such as radio, television, magazines, etc. to encourage the public to participate in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cancer is considered the major health problem in the 21st century. The increasing growth of cancer in about last two decades and the detrimental effects it has had on the physical, mental, social and economic aspects of human life have, more than ever, caused concern among experts. Cancer is a "life-threatening disease" that kills more than 6.7 million people each year. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in which hereditary and environmental risk factors play a role, leading to the accumulation of masses and progressive genetic and epigenetic changes in breast cancer cells. In recent years, the Psychodrama approach has been used in the psychological improvement of cancer patients. In this type of treatment, screening is used to promote the mental health of patients. Researchers have examined the usefulness of Psychodrama in the emotional regulation of patients. People who have a high level of interaction with others, their emotions are dominant and use less logical thinking in the face of different situations. These people are in dire need of approval from important people in their lives and therefore are more disposed to psychological problems such as depression in the event of stress and interpersonal problems. Psychodrama can be effective in reducing their integration by developing the role of individuals and increasing their spontaneity and creativity. In fact, Psychodrama is a method of therapy that helps participants in a process to recreate their social and psychological issues in a real context, because this treatment provides an opportunity for them to be able to vent their emotions in the right direction. Psychodrama is one of the types of group therapies that help a person to review and discover the psychological dimensions of his problem by showing them and not just through dialogue. This approach, which uses mental imagery, imagination, physical actions, and group dynamics, is a combination of art, play, emotional sensitivity, and outspoken thinking that facilitates the release of trapped emotions to help individuals acquire new and more effective behaviors and to open up undiscovered ways of resolving conflict as well as recognizing one's own form. Psychodrama connects cognitive analysis with experimental and action dimensions. In practice, implementing interpersonal interaction in a problem, involving the body and mind that an event is taking place in the present, conveys ideas and feelings to a person's level of awareness that are not possible only in the case of talking about that issue. Nonverbal aspects not only affect the quantity and quality of the relationship, but are also clues to latent internal motivations and attitudes, such as behaviors with more anger or more obvious states of fear that raise awareness of emotions Which may be hidden in the person. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a combination of theories and techniques of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral and cognitive approaches both derive to some extent from the empirical tradition and its emphasis is on increasing cognitive skills and decreasing maladaptive cognitive activities, and it also uses behavioral tasks to change behavior and these methods are used for patients according to their progress in each session. In a research entitled “The effect of group training on cognitive-behavioral therapy based on improving quality of life on hope and happiness in people with breast cancer” Naqibi, Saeedi and Khazaei found that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of hope and happiness after adjusting the pre-test scores. A cancer diagnosis can affect the emotional health of patients, families, and caregivers. Common feelings during this life-changing experience include anxiety, distress, and depression. Roles at home, school, and work can be affected. It's important to recognize these changes and get help when needed. Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test with a control group with follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all women aged 30-50 years with breast cancer who referred to a specialist doctor's clinic for treatment and received a diagnosis of breast cancer. The sample of the current study consisted of 45 people (15 people for each group; ie 15 people in experimental group 1, ie 15 people in experimental group 2 and 15 people in control group). In this study, the available sampling method was used; Among the people who were introduced through surgical clinics or through other specialists. About 45 patients were selected and randomly assigned again in three groups and 15 experimental (two groups) and control in each group. Inclusion criteria were; 1- Not using psychotropic drugs, narcotics and psychological therapies during the study, 2- Being over 30 years old, 3- Not having acute or chronic mental disorders, and 4- Expressing satisfaction for the participation of the subjects and criteria for leaving The study included; 1- Not attending the experimental sessions and intervention for more than two sessions, 2- Not wanting to continue attending the experimental sessions and intervention and 3- Having a severe psychiatric disorder that needs immediate treatment. The Reef Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1989) was administered pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The therapeutic packages of psychodrama therapy and cognitive behavior therapy applied on experimental groups (ninety minutes each session) weekly and the control group did not receive any therapy. Results: Results showed that both of cognitive behavior therapy & psychodrama are affected the same on increasing to Mental well-being level of patients with breast cancer. Three- month follow-up confirmed these results. Conclusion: By use to cognitive behavior therapy & psychodrama (especially CBT) can to increase Mental well-being level in women with breast cancer. Then this component affective to raise the health of these patients. This research has been done sectional and it is necessary to control comorbidities. The available research sample may not be representative of all patients. The results of the present study can be generalized to breast cancer patients with demographic characteristics related to this study and if it needs to be generalized to other women, this should be done with caution and sufficient knowledge. The treatment protocols implemented in this study were not implemented as a specific program for breast cancer patients, but a group training program was used. Due to the time constraints, if the time and conditions for follow-up and follow-up are possible in a longer period of time, we can talk about the treatment results with more certainty and confidence. However, due to executive and financial problems and time limitations of the dissertation, this opportunity was not provided in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The most important factors for the development of any society are human resources. The intensive care units (ICUs) are the most important departments in the hospitals. Considering the importance of time management for patient care, lack of human resources in this profession, and the fact that nurses spend a lot of time on indirect and non-nursing works, this study aims to investigate the time and type of indirect patient care provided by nurses in the ICU of a hospital in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study that was conducted for 6 months. Participants were 42 nurses working in the ICU of Hafte Tir Hospital in Rey, Iran who were randomly selected from different shifts. Their activities were observed and their spent time was recorded by the researcher using the stopwatch mobile application. The data collection tool was the Persian version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) checklist with acceptable face and content validity according to opinions of a panel of experts (5 faculty members and 10 nurses). descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were used for data analysis by SPSS software, version 22. Results Most of nurses (60%) were in the age group of 30-39 years and 72% of them had a work experience of 11-20 years. Most of the nurses were female (85%) and married (80%). In each shift, nurses spent an average time of 247 minutes providing indirect care. The longest time in indirect care was related to writing nursing reports (34.9 ± 10.5 min per shift) and the shortest time were related to removing personal protective equipment (6.11±3.19 min per shift), consulting with a colleague, and wearing personal protective equipment (both with 7±3.55 min per shift). Conclusion Although patients need direct care and continuous presence of the nurse more during the COVID-19 pandemic and there are advanced equipment. To provide proper nursing care, it is important to increase the number of nurses and reduce their non-nursing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Resilience is defined as a person’s ability to maintain psychological balance and recover from challenging conditions. Due to the very important role of family caregivers in the treatment of older patients with COVID-19, attention to their health and well-being has been increased. This study aims to determine the resilience level of the family caregivers of older people during COVID-19 pandemic in Mashahd, Iran. Materials & Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 120 family caregivers of older people who referred to urban health centers in Mashhad, Iran. Sampling was done in using cluster random sampling method from April to June 2022. The instrument was a two-part questionnaire included demographic form (surveying age of the elderly and caregiver, gender of caregiver, educational level of caregiver, employment status of caregiver, marital status of caregiver, and the relation of caregiver with the elderly) and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale. Data analysis was done in SPSS v.23 software using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of family caregivers and elderly were 39.94±1.32 and 74.44±3.17 years, respectively. The age of caregivers ranged 20-74 years and the age of the elderly ranged 60-89 years. The mean resilience score of caregivers was 49.40±13.07, which is low. There was a significant relationship between resilience score and educational level (P<0.05), marital status (P<0.001) and employment status of family caregivers (P<0.05). The correlation between resilience and caregiver’s age (r=0.17) and elderly’s age (r=0.13) was positive, but weak. Conclusion Family caregivers of the elderly in Mashhad city have low resilience. Their educational level, employment status, and marital status are related to their resilience level. Attention to these factors can help health care providers to develop plans for increasing their resilience and improving the quality of life of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Considering the benefits that a welcoming environment can have for the patients and their families, and specifically for people with mental disorders, this study aims to launch a welcoming program in the Iran psychiatric Hospital and assess its effectiveness in improving the quality of and satisfaction with the services for patients with mental disorders. Materials & Methods The welcoming unit of the hospital was officially launched and began to operate since September 2017. In the welcoming program, the nurse first introduced herself to the patients and their families, and if needed, made them familiar with the hospital and its goals and environment, how to reach psychiatrists, and regulations during hospitalization. This program continued by acquainting patients with their rights, the hospital's rules, treatment team, welfare amenities, inpatient wards, electroconvulsive therapy unit, clinics, support center, and by handling complaints and criticisms. For internal evaluation, a survey form with 5 open-ended questions was designed without including demographic characteristics and distributed among the hospital departments. The responses were collected and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results The results of internal evaluation showed that 92% of the patients and their families were satisfied with the welcoming program and perceived it as very good and excellent. Half of the patients and their families (50%) believed that some nurses were caring and some were careless and did not take care of problems well. They perceived that psychiatrists and psychologists did not spend much time with the patient, and their visits were done very late. Conclusion Based on the perceptions of the patients and their families about the welcoming program, it seems that they are satisfied with the program in overall. The result can motivate other psychiatric and non-psychiatric centers in Iran for the implementation of a welcoming program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Although COVID-19 can affect people in different age groups, the conditions and severity of symptoms are worse in people with diabetes. This aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 in people with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 384 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes referred to Firozgar and Hazrat Rasool-e Akram hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2021 to June 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic form and the KAP questionnaire designed by Honarvar et al. (2020). Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of the participants was 40.11±15.20 years. It was reported that 94.8% had moderate and sufficient knowledge of COVID-19. The mean attitude score was 30.90±4.89 which is a moderateto-high level. Only 1.3% had poor practice regarding COVID-19. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the average knowledge of patients and their marital status (P=0.006), employment status, and duration of disease (P<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the attitude of patients and their educational level (P=0.015) and duration of disease (P=0.027). Their practice level had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.010), marital status (P=0.001), and type of diabetes (P<0.001). Conclusion The KAP of people with diabetes in Tehran regarding COVID-19 is at a favorable level. This indicates the success of the measures taken to educate this category of patients by health centers and media, and reveals the necessity of increasing the health literacy of people in pandemics. Background & Aims Although COVID-19 can affect people in different age groups, the conditions and severity of symptoms are worse in people with diabetes. This aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 in people with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 384 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes referred to Firozgar and Hazrat Rasool-e Akram hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2021 to June 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic form and the KAP questionnaire designed by Honarvar et al. (2020). Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of the participants was 40.11±15.20 years. It was reported that 94.8% had moderate and sufficient knowledge of COVID-19. The mean attitude score was 30.90±4.89 which is a moderateto-high level. Only 1.3% had poor practice regarding COVID-19. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the average knowledge of patients and their marital status (P=0.006), employment status, and duration of disease (P<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the attitude of patients and their educational level (P=0.015) and duration of disease (P=0.027). Their practice level had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.010), marital status (P=0.001), and type of diabetes (P<0.001). Conclusion The KAP of people with diabetes in Tehran regarding COVID-19 is at a favorable level. This indicates the success of the measures taken to educate this category of patients by health centers and media, and reveals the necessity of increasing the health literacy of people in pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Interpersonal cognitive distortion (ICD) is one of the psychological problems in old age that causes a person not to have a correct and logical understanding of relations. Its continuation can lead to anxiety and depression. This study aims to determine the ICDs among the community-dwelling elderly in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study, participants were 200 older people dwelling in the urban parks in Tehran, Iran who were selected using a cluster sampling method from December 2020 to October 2021. Data collection tools included a demographic form, abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), and interpersonal cognitive distortion scale (ICDS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 software using descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, No. (%)) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, analysis of variance). Results The mean total score of ICD was 52.53±8.29 out of 95, which indicates the moderate level of ICD among the elderly. In terms of the dimensions of ICDS, the unrealistic relationship expectations had the highest mean score (2.91±0.57), while the dimension of interpersonal rejection had the lowest score (2.64±0.52). There was a significant relationship between the age of the elderly and their ICD (P=0.03). Conclusion Considering the existence of a significant relationship between ageing and cognitive distortions, The nurses working in healthcare centers in Mashhad should take it into account in interventions for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Heart failure is one of the important cardiovascular diseases, affecting 1% of people in their 50s and 10% of people in their 80s. People with heart failure, in addition to physical pain, often experience stress, anxiety, depression, and poor quality of life (QoL). Considering the importance of illness-related worries and spiritual intelligence (SI) in these people, this study aims to determine the relationship between SI and illness-related worries in people with heart failure in Mazandaran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 247 patients with heart failure admitted to Fatemeh Al-Zahra Hospital affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. To measure the variables, a demographic form, the spiritual intelligence scale of King & Decicco (2009), and the illness-related worries questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (No.[%], Mean±SD) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test, independent t-test) were used to analyze the data in SPSS software, version 16. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean total scores of SI and illness-related worries were 61.20 ±16.10 and 86.70 ±19.97, respectively. Pearson correlation test results showed a negative significant relationship between illness-related worries and SI (r=-0.608, P=0.001). Cognitive independence domain of illness-related worries was strongly correlated with all SI domains, including critical existential thinking, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, and conscious state expansion. The SI had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.001), marital status (P=0.014), economic status (P=0.002), employment status (P=0.018), education status (P=0.001), insurance coverage (P=0.001). The illness-related worries had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.001), history of diabetes (P=0.04), marital status (P=0.001), educational level (P=0.044), and insurance coverage (P=0.01). Conclusion To reduce the illness-related worries of people with heart failure, their SI should be improved using related interventions such as SI training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Aging is associated with declined health. To maintain the health of the elderly, it is necessary to develop preventive health measures. Social well-being is an important dimension of health in the elderly. The present study aims to determine the effect of group reminiscence therapy on the social well-being of retired older men in Zahedan, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted in 2018. Participants were 90 retired older men aged 60-75 years in Zahedan, Iran who were selected by a convenience method and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Data collection tools were a demographic form and Keyes’ social well-being scale-short form. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software, version 16. Results The Mean±SD age was 68.02±3.46 in the intervention group and 68.64±4.60 years in the control group. The results of independent t-test showed that the mean score of social well-being after reminiscence intervention was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.002). Conclusion Group reminiscence therapy has a positive effect on the social well-being of retired older men. Since the elderly are interested in sharing memories and considering that reminiscence therapy is an attractive, simple and cost-effective intervention, it can be used to improve their social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Pregnancy is associated with physiological and psychological changes. Pregnancy in adolescence may affect the quality of life (QoL) of young women. This study aims to investigate the QoL of adolescent pregnant women in Arak, Iran. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 217 adolescent pregnant women referred to comprehensive health centers in urban areas of Arak city in 2020 who were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. A demographic form and the QoL gravidarum questionnaire (QoL-GRAV) were used to collect information. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data and independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test were used to examine the relationship between the study variables in SPSS software, version 22. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 17.86±1.42 years. Their mean total score of QoL was 1.83±0.56, which was higher than average. They had the highest score in the psychological health domain (Mean=2.01) and the lowest score in the social functioning domain (Mean=1.5). Mother's educational level, husband's educational level, economic status, and pregnancy status (unplanned/ planned) according to women and their husbands had a statistically significant relationship with the QoL. Conclusion The QoL of adolescent pregnant women in Arak is higher than the average. Those with higher educational level, those with husbands having higher educational level, those with better economic status, and those with planned pregnancy have better QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Error is considered as a part of reality and an integral part of human life. Error reporting is defined as a strategic indicator for error prevention. Nursing managers use management measures and strategies to create an climate in the workplace that nurses increase the rate of reporting errors. The purpose of this study was to determine of the components of nursing errors reporting in selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Materials & Methods This research is a descriptive study. The research population includes nurses working in selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The number of samples was determined using the cochran formula, 336 were determined. Samples were selected by relative stratified random sampling method in July 2020.The tools used in the present study include Made Questionnaire the components of nursing errors reporting. Content validity of both questionnaires was confirmed by content validity method based on the view of 10 faculty members in the field of nursing care and nursing management. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the components of nursing errors reporting questionnaire (0.78) were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer's v and Mann-Whitney U using SPSS software, version 16. Results According to the results,the mean scores of nursing errors were 80.3% and 32.64% of nurses revealed errors after observing them. Despite the positive nurses’ attitudes toward nursing errors reporting,"fear" and "Managerial barriers" is the most prominent barrier contributing to underreporting. There were significant relationships between nursing errors reporting and hospital ward type, education, nursing error experience, errors reporting method and job experience(P˂0.001). Conclusion Based on the results of the study, creating an anonymous, effective and efficient system for reporting and recording nursing errors, in order to prevent errors, is a necessity in nursing management. Managers have a systematic perspective to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of errors along with their positive reaction and supportive behaviors to the reported errors of nurses can create a culture of fearless learning at the department and organization level and overcome Barriers to reporting nursing errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused many psychological and social problems in people around the world, especially nurses. The present study aims to investigate and compare post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout, and psychological disorders in nurses with and without COVID-19. Materials & Methods This is a causal-comparative study. The study population includes all male and female nurses of non-government hospitals in Tehran from July to September 2021. Of these, 220 nurses (110 without COVID-19 infection and 110 with COVID-19) voluntarily participated in the study. The questionnaires were the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. Finally, data analysis was performed using multivariate and univariate analysis of variance in SPSS software, version 16. Results There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of PTSD, burnout, and psychological disorders (P<0.05). Nurses with COVID-19 had higher scores in PTSD (F=96.38, P<0.001), emotional exhaustion (P<0.001, F=12.45), depersonalization (F=15.49, P<0.001), depression (F=92.97, P<0.001), anxiety (F=37.94, P<0.001) and stress (F=47.6, P<0.001). The nurses with no COVID-19 had higher score in personal accomplishment. Conclusion Nurses who were infected with COVID-19 had lower psychological health compared to noninfected nurses. For this purpose, it is necessary to take measures to identify and provide psychological treatments to improve the mental health of vulnerable nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Bioavailability is a good alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods for removing toxic metals from groundwater and wastewater. Selenium is a non-metallic substance. Although large amounts of selenium are toxic, proper consumption is essential for specific cellular functions. In the seasons when there is a maximum spawning rate, due to the excretion of high levels of selenium through the eggs from the body, the balance of selenium in the body is disturbed and its amount is reduced to a minimum and the body becomes susceptible to virus attack. Laying birds are more common (1, 2). Reproduction of viruses, especially avian influenza, also requires selenium, which is higher due to the high proliferation of viruses, but the selenium required for a virus is very low, and if there is enough selenium in animals, the virus enters the body. In other words, the virus poisons itself with selenium, and this is a schematic example of the fight against toxins, as well as a way to fight and defend the type of prevention, not when the disease occurs. falls down. Numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae and higher fungi that are grown on a large scale can be used as a rich source of protein for humans and animals. Yeasts are among the organisms that are widely used to produce protozoan proteins, and the most important of them are Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Didium, etc. (5). Methods: In this research, phenotypic and genotypic study was carried out on the use of isolated yeast from industrial effluents with the aim of eliminating Selenium biological and the production of biomass as a feed for livestock and poultry. In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation by using the replication of the ITs region and their evolutional correlation with S1 strains (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a) selenium removal was performed. Sequencing: To confirm the sequences obtained by PCR, the sequencing reaction was performed according to Sanger method by Gene Fanavaran Company. In this sequencing, the Cycle Sequencing Kit Big Dye Terminatorv3.1 from Applied Biosystems and the ABI Sequence Analyzer 3130xl from the same company were used. The sequence of each DNA strand was analyzed using the corresponding chromatogram and Chromas (Technelysium) software. The questionable bases were examined by careful examination of the chromatogram and comparison with the chromatogram of the reverse string sequence. Chromas (Technelysium) software was used to analyze and compare all genetic changes. Results: The ability of these isolates to tolerate selenium was performed using PYT agar medium containing different concentrations of 4-15 mM of Se2 +. Selenium-capable strains of reddish colonies contained Selenite in PYD Agar medium. These strains were selected as superior strains. Enrichment and Determination of Selenium Resistance Pattern in Yeast Strains: After optimizing the reaction conditions of bilenium selenite removal reaction by single factor method and finding appropriate values of reaction parameters, the effect of heating time on removal efficiency was investigated. Based on the results obtained after 72 hours of heating, the resting yeast cells were able to remove more than 93% of the selenium in the conversion medium, indicating the potential potential of the microbial catalyst to remove toxic selenium from the reaction medium. Conclusion: The MFC test was conducted to select the best yeast strain for performing desulphurisation tests. The resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ions (tolerance greater than 22 g / l) was related to strain S1. The microbial protein produced in this study is widely used and can be used as an additive and probiotic in the diet of livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals. In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation, selenium removal was performed by replicating the ITs region and investigating their evolutionary relationship with strains S1 (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a). For this purpose, selenium-capable strains of red colonies in PYD agar medium contained selenite. These strains were selected as the top strains. Then, in order to select the best efficient yeast strain for selenite removal experiments, MFC test was performed. Resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ion (tolerance above 22 g / l) was related to S1 strain. These results are consistent with the study of Ashnagarov et al. Protozoan protein can be produced from various sources. Researchers have conducted various studies on the production of protozoan proteins from substrates such as agricultural wastes (molasses, rice, citrus), chemical by-products (methane and petroleum derivatives), and fishery wastes (such as shrimp skin). Each of the studies used different microbes or microbes and the conditions for preparing the growth medium of the microorganisms used were different. The results of studies by Scholes et al. Showed that the amount of crude protein in SCP produced from yeasts was between 39-68%, while this amount in bacterial SCP was about 82%. The amount of essential amino acids of yeast protein was between 6.4- 6.4% per gram of protein. However, the amount of total fat in protein with different microbial origins has been variable. The results of the present study also confirm the above results. The results of a study by Samuel et al. In 1992 showed that when using microbes, the average crude protein in fish and crab waste was 60.4% and 44.1%, respectively. Ferrer et al. Used shrimp shells to produce microbial protein and used marine yeast to achieve this goal. The results showed that the specific growth rate and crop production coefficient were 0.398 per hour and 447% kg dry cell weight, respectively. Recently, due to the lack of protein, efforts have been made to discover alternative sources of common food and feed. SCP is cheap for everyone and safe to eat. Genetically modified, high-yielding non)toxic microbes can also be used to increase SCP production. During a study, scientists coated medical lenses with selenium to prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying on the lenses (11). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Following a serious injury, microtrauma and as a result of microscopic damage in joint surfaces, pain disorders in the skeletal and muscular system develop over time. Pain in the musculoskeletal system, in addition to injury, causes secretion and fatigue in the pastoral structure, which leads to disruption of the neuromuscular system. Although the foot is the last part of the lower limb chain and resists the incoming forces, it is expected to cause movement pathology, pathokinesiology and increased stress and thus injury due to improper distribution of forces. It reaches the tissues and muscles of the leg, and as a result, the risk of joint pain increases. In futsal, which is one of the vulnerable sports, most of the injuries of the lower limbs are assigned to the wrist and knee, According to the report of the National Association of American Sports Science Colleges, ankle injuries compared to other body joints in disciplines such as; It has basketball, volleyball, futsal, etc. Ankle pain can be caused by aspirin, instability, arthritis, gout, tendonitis, fracture, nerve compression and infection in this joint. In this popular field, due to the fact that players have to withdraw from this sport due to pain and injury in their basic ages, and as a result, talents are not lost, attention was paid to movement sciences and rehabilitation. Familiarity with biomechanical principles in injury or disease is a very important part of air and treatment activity. If we can provide a targeted ability in ankle pain and evaluate and perform the tasks they do in static and dynamic conditions, it will allow athletes and even non-athletes to return to sports faster and more confidently. And they do everyday, was a witness The first step in this field is to know the rehabilitation method that optimally minimizes the frequency of pain and re-injury. As a result, biomechanical principles and evaluations become reliable in treatment and help to increase better performance. Research shows that mechanical proprioception movements with ultrasound supplements improve and increase neuromuscular function and balance of the plantar pressure center, as well as a significant reduction in pain, in the same direction, from existing changes and the degree of impact on foot posture or position. in which the patient is located, by using biomechanical evaluations in the initial or final stages of the rehabilitation period, it helps the treatment to increase the effectiveness of the methods used with higher validity and to use better methods with higher effectiveness. take. Take, Therapeutic strategies to prevent and increase the return to daily and sports activities include: external supporters, manual therapy, and deep sensory exercises, which generally divide rehabilitation into two types, mechanical and physical. Studies have shown that deep sensory exercises and orthoses and tapings reduce the amount of damage by 50%. In addition, the postural changes or the condition in which the patient or the injured person is located, recovery during the rehabilitation phase helps the specialists to take appropriate actions to have a better effect. In the meantime, examining the amount of electrical muscle activity and the pressures on the person in the biomechanical analysis of the person will give valuable information about treatment and rehabilitation strategies. According to the available documents, foot and ankle problems even cause pain in the upper limb areas such as the back due to its effects on the posture and the way the forces interact in walking over time. Considering the increasing trend of basic ages in futsal, in order to avoid re-injury or to prevent it, it is necessary to take preventive measures. In this approach, the use of proprioception exercises and the use of ultrasound waves on the injured area of the ankle have a significant effect on the walking process, the sense of the position of the ankle joint, and the function of the muscles around the joint. Failure to use proprioception exercises reduces performance and ankle sprains, which is the result of instability followed by chronic ankle pain. is looking for To get a better result, the use of ultrasound therapy modality by applying a length of heat in the ankle along with deep sensory exercises will be useful in controlling and improving the function of the device and foot posture. In rehabilitation planning, understanding the mechanism of applied forces will help professionals to provide the appropriate protocol to increase the function of the device and joints. Because a period of rehabilitation before and after the changes in the posture or the condition in which the patient or athlete is located, can have a great help in the therapeutic methods of care and treatment of its effectiveness in the treatment protocol. it shows. In most cases, in the field of rehabilitation, the therapist is unwilling and according to the conditions of the teams and the pressure of the coaches and sports managers upon the player's return, he trains and competes with the speed of action of the fields. But this athlete's return is mostly temporary and causes joint injuries and choices in the future. Therefore, in the evaluations and screenings at the beginning and end of the season, as in the field of football, in this field as well, the amount of injuries can be minimized by taking into account clinical evaluation tests. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effects of deep sensory training with ultrasound therapy on the chronic ankle pain of young players along with the evaluation of the center of pressure and the changes in the activities of the 2 specialized muscles, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus during walking, in response to changes in their activity can help people with ankle injuries. Methods: The statistical sample of this study included 24 people (12 people in the experimental group and 12 people in the control group). Pain intensity in both groups was assessed through the standard Visual analogue scale form, which is characterized by a pain scale of 1 to 10, and the selection criterion was a score of 7 (high pain intensity). Also, for analysis and evaluation of electrical muscle function by electromyography system of anterior tibialis and peroneus longus muscles, subjects of both groups were recorded using UK Biometrics system in stance phase in 14-meter path of both groups (pre-test). The experimental group then received a deep sensory training protocol with 3 MHz ultrasound for three weeks. The control group performed its normal activities during this period. After the treatment period, both groups re-tested and checked the pain and recorded the electrical activity of the muscles as a pre-test (post-test). For statistical analysis, correlated T-test was used for intra-group comparison and independent for inter-group comparison (p<0.05). Results: The results showed a significant difference only in the activity of Peroneus longus muscle in comparison with pre- and post-test of the experimental group. Also, a significant difference in the amount of pain in the experimental group before and after rehabilitation interventions was observed in the comparison within the group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be mentioned that the use of deep sensory exercises with ultrasound waves as an effective method in the rehabilitation of the musculoskeletal system in chronic pain can be used by physiotherapists and other sports rehabilitation specialists. Because its effectiveness was effective in reducing the amount of pain and normal function of selected muscles in static and dynamic positions (walking). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Self-concept is one of the most important factors for success in people's lives. If a person knows his abilities and talents and has a positive perception of his abilities and believes that he can achieve something with it, he has talent. This increases efficiency and effectiveness and achieves goals. The value of a person is the most definite factor in the process of mental development. If a person feels positive about himself, he is healthier and perceives life more positively as natural. Self-concept includes the real and ideal self. Research has shown that his weakness. Conception can play an important role in the development of emotional and psychological disorders. Emotional and behavioral disorders of children are closely related to psychological problems of parents, especially mothers. No matter how severe their mental problems are, the incidence of this type of disorders in their children increases or low mental health of mothers and their stress, anxiety and depression is a family factor. It affects the incidence of emotional and behavioral disorders in children. In fact, certain characteristics of family relationships, especially parental deviations and inconsistencies, strict and unpredictable disciplinary methods, and lack of emotional support from parents can increase the risk of children with these disorders.. In a study in 230 people in Tehran as a sample, it was found that there is a significant negative correlation between conduct disorder and self-concept. Self-concept as a human personality trait is a unique quality. According to Aristotle and Plato, thinkers and philosophers of other ages have commented on the idea of self. Self-concept is instructive, and it is of great importance to both the individual and those who are involved in his upbringing in childhood, and no One is not born with a self-concept, but a self-concept is gradually emerging and at the same time has a dynamic, structured process. Happiness increases with age, education, artistic activity, sports, religion, physical and mental health, and social, family, optimism about the future, and attitudes toward happiness. A study conducted on self-concept and family communication model showed that these two have a significant relationship with each other and self-concept is based on family communication model, dialogue and harmony in high school students. The child's self-concept has a great impact. In such families, approval, love, caressing, encouragement, trust, and a sense of security are seen, and children receive less social problems due to receiving love, security from their parents, and more empowerment, and this process creates a positive self-concept in the child. Becomes. Findings showed that there is a relationship between parents' relationship with children and emotional-behavioral problems and there is a relationship between self-concept and family communication pattern. The present study also seeks to answer these questions: Does family performance have a significant relationship with behavioral disorders? Do behavioral disorders have a significant relationship with self-concept in adolescents? The aim of this study was to predict and evaluate family through self)concept on behavioral disorders of adolescent girls and boys aged 12 to 15 years in Tehran. Methods: The research was a descriptive survey. The sampling method was cluster sampling and available. The statistical population of the study included all adolescent girls and boys aged 12 to 15 years in Tehran who were studying in the first year of high school. The questionnaire was completed by 629 people (309 boys and 320 girls) online. The research tools are: family assessment questionnaires, behavioral disorders, self-concept. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. Structural equation modeling of relationships between variables was analyzed using spss.26 and Amos.24 software. Results: The indirect effect of family assessment by self-concept, empathy and happiness on behavioral disorders was 0.08 and the total effect was 0.15. Among the dimensions of family functioning, there was no significant relationship between roles with attention problems, social aggression and anxiety-isolation (P <0.05). There was no significant relationship between emotional association with attention problems and social aggression (P < 0.05). However, positive and significant relationships were seen between other variables (P < 0.05) and the indirect effect of family functioning on behavioral disorders with mediating the role of self-concept is also significant (P < 0.05, IE = 0.03). Family performance can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing self-concept. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, family performance has a direct and significant effect on adolescent behavioral disorders. Because higher scores on family functioning mean a more unfavorable situation, behavioral disorders in adolescents appear to decrease as family performance improves, and vice versa. The indirect effect of family functioning on behavioral disorders is significant and family functioning can reduce behavioral disorders by increasing self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Measuring the learning environment is one of the necessities to improve the quality of students' learning. Therefore, in the curriculum planning based on competence, it is necessary to use the measurements to ensure the quality of education. Nowadays, international centers pay special attention to the issue of cultural competence, and since the beginning of the 1960s, they have investigated the theoretical foundations and definitions of the issue and have designed various models for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of cultural competence in world’s reputable medical sciences universities. Despite that the international scientific community has addressed this issue and in spite of the cultural diversity in Iran, it was only in the last few years that some review articles have emphasized the necessity of cultural competence in medical education and some studies have investigated and evaluated the learning environment using international tools. Also, reviewing the studies on new teaching approaches in Iran shows that although cultural competence is not considered in clinical education and they are not academically trained in the field of culturally competent care, the medical team fulfill the cultural needs of their patients based on their cultural intelligence and initiative. In this situation, only a small part of this culture would be officially transferred to students during the curriculum hours, and the acceptable values, beliefs and behaviors would be transferred through the covert curriculum. Accordingly, considering its importance and necessity, it is recommended that this issue should be taken into consideration in clinical education approaches, especially new approaches, and quantitative and qualitative studies should be used to measure and improve the education of this important notion. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the cultural competence status of medical graduates in Tehran in order to provide a model that is appropriate for the background and context of Iran’s universities. Methods: This research is descriptive and analytical. The data collection tool in this research was a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire included demographic information and the second part had 64 valid and reliable questions in 4 main subgroups as: cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills and transcendental motivation. This questionnaire was conducted on a statistical sample of 800 graduates of medical sciences, working in hospitals and medical centers in Tehran, using random sampling method. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS-24 and internal correlation, independent t-test and analysis of variance were analyzed. Results: Out of 800 questionnaires, 542 were returned, of which 507 questionnaires were thoroughly completed; which is an acceptable 67% return rate. Also, 82.6 percent of the respondents were women which indicates that women cooperate more in filling out the questionnaires as they participate more in the activities and were more in number. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole instrument (64 questions) was 0.96. The highest value for the domain of transcendental motivation was 0.89 and the other domains were 0.88. The results of the independent t-test show that although there is no significant difference between male and female medical students regarding the status of cultural competence, the average scores of men were higher than women in the domains of transcendental motivation, knowledge and cultural skill. But women had a higher score in the domain of cultural awareness. Also, the results of the independent t-test based on marital status show that there was a significant difference between the average scores in 4 domains (transcendental motivation, cultural awareness, knowledge and skills) in which the average scores of married people were higher than single respondents. The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis showed that there is no significant difference between cultural competencies based on the university, but there is a significant difference in accordance to age, field of study, degree, work experience and workplace. According to age, in all the 4 domains, the average score increases while aging. Also, based on the field of study, the average of 3 domains (cultural awareness, knowledge and skills), nursing students had a higher average, and in the domain of transcendental motivation, midwifery and then nursing students had a higher average than other fields. Finally, the average score increases with the increase in work experience. The final average of the questionnaire was calculated as 3.92+0.48 out of 5, in which the highest score was for the domain of transcendental motivation with a score of 4.15+0.48 out of 5, followed by awareness and skill; the knowledge domain had the lowest average with a score of 3.68±0.59 out of 5. According to the averages obtained in different domains, the general statue of cultural competence of medical students in Tehran is higher than average and is acceptable. In the field of the transcendental motive, respecting values and beliefs, giving priority to humanity and paying attention to God's consent had the highest average, and to enjoy serving different people had the lowest average. In the domain of cultural awareness, the awareness of one's own cultural beliefs and attitudes had the highest average, and familiarity with the differences in health behaviors of different cultures had the lowest average; in the domain of cultural knowledge, knowing spiritual and religious beliefs had the highest average, and knowing common methods of traditional treatments, knowing the history of traditions and knowing the nutritional beliefs of different cultures had the lowest average. In the domain of cultural skills, serving without bias and practicing communication skills had the highest average, and generating new knowledge had the lowest average. Conclusion: This study showed that the graduates' evaluation of the cultural competence of the educational environment is positive, therefore, it is recommended to emphasize using appropriate methods to enhance the factors that have positively affected the evaluation of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The rapid development of organizations is highly dependent on the development of knowledge, technology and information and one of the basic and important components for the development of any organization is the knowledge and science in the organization. In knowledge-based and leading organizations, human resources are the most important asset of the organization and the realization of assigned goals and missions and gaining superiority is closely related to the competence and capability of human resources. On the other hand, today behavioral issues play an important role in various human fields. Behaviors can have desirable functions in organizational areas and lead to improved organizational status in various fields, including knowledge. Structural factors are one of the factors that can analyze organizational phenomena and management and psychology in people based on them. Structural factors are paths, channels and vessels in which organizational processes and operations are ongoing and have been formed and almost fixed during organizational changes and include components such as organizational structure, methods improvement, mechanized information system, payment system, Selection and employment, job appointment and promotion and performance appraisal. In this regard, one of the important issues in today's environment is the development of knowledge-based human resources. Due to its relationship with community health, the University of Medical Sciences needs to share as much knowledge and use efficient methods in providing quality services, reduce health costs, and meet the needs of clients in a timely manner. New information management and establishment of human resource system is knowledge-based and ultimately knowledge management. Lack of establishment of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences, on the one hand can reduce the motivation and job satisfaction of employees and consequently reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the health system. On the other hand, the lack of a knowledge-based human resources system can prevent the formation of smart networks and knowledge sharing professions, the departure of experienced and specialized personnel from the university, weak creativity and organizational innovation, and weaken participation and team spirit. Lack of attention to behavioral and structural issues for the development of human resources, especially in the University of Medical Sciences, has caused a great deal of readiness to develop knowledge-based human resources in this university. These ambiguities have led to the lack of operational solutions for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to the role of behavioral and structural factors in the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of one country. Methods: The research method is descriptive correlation which was applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included all managers and experts of the University of Medical Sciences in one country (150 people) who were selected as sample. The method of data collection in the present study was field. The instruments of the present study included 3 questionnaires of knowledge-based human resource development, behavioral factors questionnaire and structural factors questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors and the construct validity was examined based on confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's coefficient of score is 0.82, respectively; 0.86 and 0.85 were obtained. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equations with partial least squares approach) with PLS and SPSS software have been used. Results: The results showed that the model of the effect of behavioral and structural factors on the development of knowledge-based human resources has the necessary and desirable fit. Also, according to the research findings, behavioral factors have an effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources by 0.601 and structural factors have an effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources by 0.304. Conclusion: The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research. Knowledge-based human resources can have the necessary efficiency in forming a competitive advantage in any environment and organization. Organizations are witnessing the arrival of new forces that have different demands and expectations from previous generations of workers. These people try to reach a logical solution to organizational problems and issues with their comprehensive knowledge of the issues around them. There was a fact in the past that knowledge-based people do not fit well with the context of Iranian organizations, and it was observed that the confrontation between the forces of students and other forces that are in the majority, in major organizations cause intellectual conflict and sometimes unpleasant psychological dimensions to knowledge. In most organizations, the effort to stabilize and maintain the status quo prevailed over the effort for dynamism and change, and leadership did not have a high position alongside coaching, which is a basic need of knowledge-based forces. Other issues in organizations were worn-out structures and bureaucracies in them, which combined with the low quality and quantity of information access tools posed many problems for knowledge-based forces. Today, attention to knowledge-based human resources is one of the important pillars of organizations. The results of the present study showed that behavioral factors have significant effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of one country. Improving behavioral factors can provide the basis for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences in one country. The results of the present study also showed that structural factors have a significant impact on the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of a country. So that the improvement of structural factors can provide the basis for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences. In today's turbulent world and complex competitive environment, the existence of knowledge and knowledge-based human resources as a valuable, strategic and assuring resource is a superior strength for organizations. The knowledge of employees about their country's market in terms of language, legal system, international market information and business operations is obvious. Today, organizations are trying to become knowledge-based. They are using their brains more than their hands and the need to use knowledge is increasing. The increasing importance of knowledge in modern organizations has necessitated the need to focus on knowledge management as an organizational asset. In the meantime, knowledge-based employees are of far greater importance; Because they are the bearers of tacit knowledge of organizations. The University of Medical Sciences, as one of the important centers of the country, must always have an experienced human resource in order to succeed. Knowledge-based human resources in this university can meet the needs of this university in the field of expert manpower as well as sufficient knowledge. It seems to Behavioral factors play a greater role than structural factors in the development of knowledge-based human resources in medical universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Educational organizations are one of the main pillars in human society and the development and survival of societies depends on the good performance of these organizations. Universities are among the social systems. In which real power arises from recognizing patterns of change, measuring and seizing opportunities. In this type of environment, human resources need many competencies for survival, because they operate in an atmosphere of confusion, uncertainty and instability due to the complexities of the environment. What is defined as situations of multiplicity and contradiction is pressure, anxiety, unhappiness, or responding to difficult situations and ultimately responding appropriately to difficult choices in order for the organization to grow and prosper. In these circumstances, identifying cognitive strategies leads to increased organizational performance. And while reducing the emotions caused by dealing with paradoxical phenomena, tensions and ambiguities arising from thinking and expressing organizational experiences, manpower agility by creating a balance between influential factors such as Cognitive abilities, an emotion that reinforces a positive attitude in employees to confront the organization with a turbulent environment to increase productivity and consequently a competitive advantage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of paradoxical cognitive strategy on human resource agility. Methods: In this mixed research (qualitative-quantitative), in the qualitative section, the statistical population was selected from among the professors of universities in Mazandaran province in 2020 and the information was obtained through purposeful sampling and interviews. Semi-structured items were collected considering the theoretical saturation law. In a small part of the statistical population consisting of heads of units, faculties, deputy heads of units, faculty members and all administrative, educational, research, financial and student officials, 341 people using stratified random sampling method and based on Cochran's formula 181 people were selected as a statistical sample. Also, the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire in this section was confirmed by the content and structure and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS and lisrel 8.8 software. Results: The results showed that paradoxical cognitive strategies have a positive and significant effect on human resource agility. The results also showed that the elements and components of the paradoxical cognitive strategy are effective in manpower agility of 38% in the free universities of Mazandaran. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that the human resources in the university should accept the paradoxes, understand and avoid the potential for anxiety in order to strengthen the defensive responses that prevent the rapid and adaptable agility of the human resources. Slowly Educational organizations are one of the main pillars in human society and the development and survival of societies depends on the good performance of these organizations. Universities are among the social systems. In which real power arises from recognizing patterns of change, measuring and seizing opportunities. In this type of environment, human resources need many competencies for survival, because they operate in an atmosphere of confusion, uncertainty and instability due to the complexities of the environment. Organizational complexity shows the degree of differentiation within the different elements of the organization, and in the current situation, unprecedented, dynamic and nonlinear changes in the environment of organizations have increased. Changes that have led to unexpected, unforeseen and surprising issues. Organizations have to increase their internal complexities to cope with these complexities. Increasing internal complexities create the ground for the emergence of puzzles, multiplicities and contradictions in the organization that can not be eliminated due to external and internal dynamics of organizations. In addition, organizations pursue contradictory results in order to survive and maintain themselves in the competitive arena. What is defined as situations of multiplicity and contradiction is pressure, anxiety, unhappiness, or responding to difficult situations and ultimately responding appropriately to difficult choices in order for the organization to grow and prosper. Paradoxes are paradoxical yet interconnected elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time; These elements are logical when considered individually, but seem irrational, inconsistent, and tolerable when put together. Theorists have turned their attention to how to withstand the stresses hidden in paradoxes, because it is very difficult to constantly balance or create the desired level that relieves stress. Practical perspectives on conflicting stresses show that stresses are created at the micro level where individuals face stresses over identity, conflicting roles, and performance expectations. What is defined as stressful situations is the stress caused by physical, emotional, and psychological conditions resulting from prolonged engagement with difficult emotional conditions that gradually accumulate over time and, as a combination of unstable emotions, the inability to cope. Relaxation, feelings of discomfort, loneliness, sleep problems, excessive smoking, high blood pressure and gastrointestinal disorders are experienced. In these situations, identifying cognitive strategies with the ability to understand and express emotions as much as possible, self-regulation, self-awareness, spontaneity and social ability all lead to increased organizational performance. And while reducing the emotions caused by dealing with paradoxical phenomena, tensions and ambiguities created by thinking and expressing organizational experiences, manpower agility by creating a balance between influential factors such as capabilities Cognitive, the emotion that strengthens the positive attitude of employees to confront the organization with the turbulent environment to increase productivity and consequently provides a competitive advantage. In other words, the role of psychological beliefs allows people with high levels of perception of emotional abilities to be able to deal with paradoxical stress, report less perceived stress, and job satisfaction, feelings. They should be more successful and motivated. So, the cognitive strategy of paradox can be considered from social, psychological and medical dimensions, because in recent years in the country, there are moves to pay attention to the effect of psychological therapies in reducing stress. And a number of occupational counselors, psychologists, psychotherapists and psychiatrists in counseling clinics use coping techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Melanoma, caused by gene mutations of melanocytes, is the most aggressive skin cancer (1). The pathogenesis of melanoma is complex and involves genetic and environmental factors. The increased incidence of melanoma in developed countries is mostly due to excessive exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet light), which is the main risk factor for cutaneous melanoma (2). The interaction of melanoma cells with other cells residing in the tumor microenvironment significantly affects tumor biology such as proliferation, differentiation, and growth (3). Collective action of molecular chaperones is also necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis leading to survival (4). In human cells, stress-induced Hsp70 is expressed in the cytosol of many tumors, where it performs a wide variety of chaperone functions such as folding-unfolding and translocation of polypeptides across cell membranes, cloning and dissociation of protein complexes, and regulation of protein activity (5). High expression of Hsp70 is associated with tumor initiation, progression and survival in various types of cancer (7,8). Molecular studies show that subunits of the HSP70 protein family reduce the stability of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase-inducible protein (CD147) by increasing ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, thereby inhibiting lactate and glycolysis, and ultimately metastasis and cell migration (9). On the other hand, the tendency of melanoma cells to invade distant tissues depends on their interaction with tumor microenvironment cells and the efficiency of the immune response (10). CD147, also known as Basigin, is a highly glycosylated type I membrane protein of the large family of immunoglobulins (11). A previous study has shown that CD147 plays a key role in cell apoptosis (12). In recent years, due to fewer side effects of herbal medicines, the use of plant-derived compounds as anti-cancer drugs has increased significantly. Clinical studies show that nettle species contain compounds that show activity against cancer cells (16,17). Exercise can also reduce the risk of cancer by changing the response of immune factors (18). Wennerberg et al. (2020) found in a breast cancer model that incorporating 30 minutes of treadmill running five days per week during the anti)PD-1/radiotherapy course reduced tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and increased the infiltration of tumor cells. becomes CD8+ T, which is more useful for the function of immune cells (19). However, in Crosby et al.'s (2021) research, there was no statistically significant change in quality of life, fatigue, physical performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, psychological distress, cognitive performance, or treatment-related side effects compared to physical activity or exercise (20). Previous reports have shown the antitumor activity of nettle in various human malignancies, such as breast, lung, and prostate cancers (17,22). However, despite the therapeutic benefits of nettle plant, the effects of nettle extract on changes in immune and growth factors in melanoma cancer are not clear. Considering the therapeutic benefits of nettle plant as well as the positive effect of exercise in reducing the effect of interval training and consumption of Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract on Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (CD147) in C57 rats with melanoma cancer. Methods: In this experimental study, 20 C57 rats were randomly divided into four groups include control (cancer), Urtica dioica (cancer), and Urtica dioica - interval training (cancer). One week after the induction of melanoma cancer, the experimental group consumed 30 mg/kg/day nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. The interval exercise program included running on a treadmill 60 minutes at a speed of 28 meters per minute, five days a week for six weeks. The HSP70 and CD147 ranks were measured by Real time PCR. The data were analyzed and analyzed by One -way variance analysis and the Toky's test at the p<0.05. Results: The results showed that interval training, Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract and interval training with Urtica dioica hydroalcoholic extract consumption led to significant increase in the amount of HSP70 and significant decrease in the amount of CD147 in C57 rats with melanoma cancer (P<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of the present research show that interval training led to a significant increase in the level of heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. The findings of the present research are consistent with some results of previous studies (19,25). HSP70 induction depends on exercise intensity. High-intensity exercise has a greater effect on stimulating heat shock reactions (26). It seems that one of the effective mechanisms of exercise training on the levels of heat shock proteins is the increase in body temperature and the occurrence of oxidative stress during physical activity, which can be the reason for the increase of these markers after exercise. One of the important mechanisms of CD147 effect in promoting cancer metastasis is the metabolic regulation of the tumor microenvironment through interaction with specific MCTs, such as MCT4, which helps to facilitate lactate transport and tumor glycolysis (29,30). Little is known about the regulation of heat shock proteins in CD147 expression. In one study, it was shown that the reduction of the HSP70 protein family was associated with the increase of CD147 protein expression in human cancer cell tumors, suggesting that the negative regulation of the HSP70 protein family maybe It can increase the migration of cancer cells by upregulating CD147. This hypothesis is supported by findings that the HSP70 protein family negatively regulates the abundance and membrane expression of CD147 protein in cancer cells (9). Also, the results of our study show that nettle hydroalcoholic consumption led to a significant increase in the level of heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Stinging nettle extract may exert biological anticancer activities through various mechanisms, including antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, induction or inhibition of key processes in cellular metabolism, and the ability to activate apoptotic pathways (17). The most likely explanation for the significant anticancer effect of nettle is its content of flavonoids and other known molecules and/or as yet unknown substances. In addition, the findings of our study show that interval training with the consumption of nettle hydroalcoholic significantly led to a further decrease in the level of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Therefore, it is possible that intermittent exercises in combination with nettle hydroalcoholic consumption may lead to a more effective regulation of immune factors in melanoma cancer, but a definitive statement requires more research in this field. The main strength of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of several interventions to identify the best intervention. The current approach results in more informed decisions. There were also limitations in the present research, among which we can point out the small number of samples in the present research, therefore, a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. It is also suggested that similar research be done by measuring immune growth factors following other exercise protocols. The results of the present study showed that interval training, nettle hydroalcoholic consumption and interval training combined with nettle hydroalcoholic consumption were associated with a significant increase in heat shock protein 70 and a significant decrease in extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer in C57 mice with melanoma cancer. Therefore, it seems that intermittent exercises and nettle hydroalcoholic consumption can help regulate growth and immune factors in melanoma cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The quality of life in terms of people's perception of their position in life and in the cultural context and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations and concerns and including the individual's physical health, psychological health, level of independence and self-adherence. Social relationships, personal beliefs and their relationships with important aspects of the environment and... quality of life is related to the mental evaluation that takes place in the environmental, social and cultural context (2). On the other hand, considering the importance of women's role in the family, and their impact on raising children and the subsequent development of society, the quality of life of working women is of great importance. Therefore, the identification of factors related to the quality of life in different strata of society has always been of interest to researchers, and in this field, various researches have been conducted and various variables have been identified. In this regard, one of the important factors in the quality of life is social support. A person who has social support is aware that there are others who will support him in difficult situations. Certainly, a person who has high social support has less tension in his life and different aspects of his life have a higher quality. In general, social support is one of the components that is of great importance for mental and physical health (4). Daily courage is another important factor related to the quality of life. Bold behavior is an interpersonal behavior that includes honest and relatively honest expression of thoughts and feelings, in a way that is socially appropriate and takes into account the feelings and comfort of others. In general, boldness can be the ability to honestly express opinions, feelings and Knowledgeable attitudes without feeling anxious. Courage also includes defending one's own rights, so that the rights of others are not violated (11). In this regard, in a study by Hodgis (2018) in the study of nursing students, they showed that a higher level of assertiveness is related to a lower level of depression. In such a situation, a person's life is associated with fewer conflicts and chaos and, of course, with a higher level of relaxation and quality (4). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether it is possible to predict the quality of life based on the components of social support with the mediating role of assertiveness in working women in Tehran? Methods: In order to conduct the present applied research, which is descriptive and correlational, 500 people were selected as a sample from among the people who worked in Tehran between 1399-1400, and after explaining the purpose of the research, the questionnaires were selected. Gambrill and Reiji's assertiveness and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) complemented Zimmet et al. Finally, the data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis and AMOS software. Results: According to the results of Table 2 and Figure 1, the coefficient observed at the level of P≥0.01 shows a positive and significant correlation between the components of friends, family and others in women with high quality of life. Examining the fit indices obtained from the structural model test showed that the model has a good fit with the collected data (df = 126, N = 448, df = 414.103, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.89). = AGFI and RMSEA = 0.071). Table 1 shows the total and direct path coefficients between research variables in the structural model. According to Table 2, the total effect (sum of direct and indirect effects) of friends, family and others on the quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.01, β=0.222). And the total effect of friends, family and others on the quality of life is significant at the level of 0.05. Also, the indirect effect of friends on quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.001, β=0.190). The indirect effect of psychological family on quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.001, β=0.15). And the indirect effect of others on the quality of life is positive and significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.001, β=0.14). Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the components of social support (friends, family, and others) have a direct and indirect effect on the quality of life of working women in Tehran, and the quality of life can be predicted based on these components. In explaining this finding of the present research on the effect of the quality of life of working women, it can be noted that the difficulties of working at home and outside the home at the same time put additional pressure on working women. Housewives have more opportunities to take care of housework and rest than working women, while working women, in addition to doing household activities, must also be responsible for the tasks and demands of their workplace, so there is less opportunity for them to rest. In such a situation, the work pressure is doubled and of course it reduces the time and energy needed to deal with personal and marital affairs. In general, it seems that stressful and emotional factors in the work environment, especially therapeutic jobs, increase the feeling of irritability and tension in women, and this unwanted group may carry this amount of pressure home with them, which causes women to show signs of distress and show involvement, which naturally reduces the quality of life affected by these troubles (17). On the other hand, family support and other people are positively related to mental and physical health that is evaluated by the individual himself. The family is considered a refuge and a powerful source of support for the individual against changes and plays an important role in how its members deal with stress. and members can have a positive influence on each other in stressful situations. It is possible that working women refrain from expressing their stress and problems to their friends because their friends avoid communicating clearly about stressful factors. Also, working women may ask for help from people who are not able to help them. Also, due to cultural and personal reasons (negative sense of self-identity), most female heads of the household do not want to express their problems to their friends, so they do not receive much help from them (12). In general, social support as a positive factor can increase a person's perception of the quality of life, and as a result, this research has shown that women who have received social support received higher scores in quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Although mental, emotional and social variables play an important role in the general health of teenagers, but without a doubt, the meaning that teenagers find for themselves in life, i.e. spiritual vitality, can also affect their lives. In fact, vitality and spiritual health is the newest dimension of health, which is placed next to other aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, and social health. In a comprehensive definition, it can be said that spiritual vitality is having a sense of acceptance, morality, a sense of positive mutual connection with a sovereign and superior holy power with others, which comes about through a dynamic and coordinated cognitive, emotional, action and personal consequence process (7). Since the family is the center and core of care, the most effective services are those that emphasize the role of the family and strive to empower families, because the family-centered approach is effective for children, parents, families, and service providers. It improves medical services and increases families' satisfaction with the services provided. This is despite the fact that the performance of each person within the family system, especially the guardian, who is a mental)behavioral model for continuing, maintaining and changing the behavior of other family members, affects the psychological and social well-being of children (9). Therefore, family-oriented educational intervention means providing information to families about various issues or mental disorders and methods of prevention, coping and facing them. The main goal in family-oriented educational interventions is to improve the attitude and change the behavior of family members, especially spouses (10). According to the mentioned materials, the use of effective psychological interventions can provide the ground for the normal social and emotional development of teenagers. However, it should be noted that teenagers should assume professional and social roles upon entering adulthood. Therefore, weakness in effective emotional components such as mental health and weak spiritual vitality can make them face many problems. Therefore, considering the strong role of mental health and spiritual vitality in adolescence and its extensive effects on the personal, social and professional life of adolescents, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to improve this component. At the same time, it is necessary to address the research gap. As such, conducting family)oriented research in order to reduce the psychological and emotional problems of adolescents in the high)risk period of puberty has been largely neglected. Now, considering the research gap (lack of similar research) and considering the effectiveness of family-oriented interventions, the main problem of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of family-oriented spiritual-respectful psychological intervention on the mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescents during puberty. Methods: In order to conduct the present semi-experimental research, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period, among adolescent boys (13 to 15 years old) present in the first secondary schools of the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year 2018-2019, whose score less than 65 in the mental health questionnaire and less than 70 in the spiritual vitality questionnaire, 25 teenagers were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (13 people) and control group (12 people). In the following, the samples of the mental health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hiller (1979) which has 28 questions, 14 of which measure psychological well-being and 14 of which measure psychological helplessness in a five-point Likert scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree) The range of scores is between 0 and 112. Scores lower than 65 indicate the presence of damage in the mental health process of a person (4), and the spiritual vitality scale of Polotzin and Ellison (1982) which has 20 questions, 10 of which are religious health and 10 Another question measures existential health. The range of religious and existential health score is 10-60, each separately. For religious and existential health sub-groups, there is no leveling and judgment is based on the obtained score. The higher the obtained score, the higher the sign of spiritual and existential vitality. The score of spiritual vitality is the sum of these two subgroups, the range of which is 20-120. Answers to the questions were categorized on a six-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. In negative questions, scoring is done in reverse. Obtaining scores less than 70 indicates a person's lack of spiritual vitality. Finally, descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of the distribution of variables, Levine's test to check the equality of variances, Mochelli's test to check the assumption of sphericity of the data, and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to test the research hypothesis. became. Results: According to Table 3, the effect of the factor of group membership (respectful-spiritual family-oriented psychological intervention) on the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). The effect size shows that group membership (respective-spiritual family-centered psychological intervention) explains 44 and 42 percent of the difference in mental health and spiritual vitality scores, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the interaction effect of the type of treatment and the time factor on the mental health scores and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). As the results of Table 4 show, there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the variables of mental health and spiritual vitality. This means that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to significantly change the post-test scores and follow-up mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period compared to the pre-test stage. Another finding of this table showed that there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. This finding can be explained by the fact that the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period, which underwent a significant change in the post-test phase, were able to maintain this change during the follow-up period as well. In a summary, it can be stated that family)centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to lead to a significant change in the mean scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the post-test phase, and this effect has maintained its stability in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: The results showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had a significant effect on the mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty and was able to improve the mental health and spiritual vitality of these adolescents. In the present explanation, it can be said that family-oriented psychological intervention improves the management of emotions and feelings (19). Based on this, family-oriented psychological intervention by improving the skills and management of emotions, cognitions and cognitive processing causes adolescents to show better mental health. In addition, during the family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention training sessions, parents were taught to familiarize themselves with the psychological, emotional and cognitive characteristics of adolescence and learn ways to establish healthy relationships with adolescents. Such a process made it possible for parents to establish normal psychological and emotional relationships with their children and in this way prevent the occurrence of challenges between them. Based on such a trend, the amount of mental and emotional disturbance of teenagers is reduced and they show better mental health. The second finding showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had an effect on the spiritual vitality of adolescent boys during puberty. In the present explanation, the concepts taught during the sessions should be addressed. First of all, it should be mentioned that family-based education is able to strengthen the communication of family members with each other by promoting the culture of mutual thinking and negotiation, and in this way, it helps to improve the mental, emotional and cognitive health of the people present in the family (25). This process can also prepare the ground for improving the cognitive and emotional processing of children, and in this way, their mental and spiritual vitality increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Autism disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms are mainly in the early months of life, especially between 12 and 24 months and in general, up to 3years of age, and due to severe and persistent deficiencies in communication and interactions. Social, communication skills, limited, inflexible, and repetitive patterns appear in behavior, activities, and interests, as well as cognitive and functional disorders. However, what has been studied so far has shown that mitochondria play an essential role in degenerative diseases, and its various effects are mainly through the cellular redox mode by mitochondria and through oxidation and reduction of NADH. H+ and NAD + are maintained; Are interconnected. Abnormal accumulation of oxygen/nitrogen reaction species and superoxide formation can lead to oxidative stress and their accumulation may damage cellular structures. Superoxide is also immediately converted to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase enzymes. The presence of hydrogen peroxide may be toxic to cells. The brain, on the other hand, is one of the main consumers of oxygen, and mitochondria are the largest source of energy for the normal functioning of brain cells, and as a result, large amounts of reactive oxygen species accumulate in several areas of the brain. However, at least in some cases, there are relatively weak protection mechanisms. Because of this, the brain may be very sensitive to attacks related to the accumulation of radicals. In addition, mitochondria play an important role in calcium homeostasis, signaling, and regulation of apoptosis. Also, growing nerve cells have a vital need for oxidative phosphorylation for important growth processes, and the immature brain is uniquely vulnerable to defects in bioenergy capacity; Thus, mitochondrial disorders may lead to a variety of developmental neurological disorders . In general, conducting such research is of particular importance, especially given the growing number of patients with autism spectrum disorders and the various challenges in the timely and accurate differential diagnosis of these disorders. In this regard, after reviewing the literature and the existing research background, it was found that so far in our country, no research has been conducted to evaluate the biomarkers of mitochondrial function in people with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: To conduct the present applied research, among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran, among patients with nausea (51people), 10affected children and 10healthy children were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. Were divided. The required data were then used through demographic information questionnaires, history and medical records, Gilliam-2 Autism Rating Scale and laboratory kits. Finally, the data were analyzed using the rock curve. Results: The results presented in Table2 and the value of AUC= 0.890, it can be said that the ability to test or test creatine phosphokinase (CPKMB) in the diagnosis of ASD disorder is in the category or "good and close to excellent level." Also since the probability value is equal to 0.0032; It can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent (and even one percent). Based on the findings, the number of cutting points is also equal to>24.0, which shows; Based on the diagnostic test (CPKMB), people with creatine phosphokinase levels greater than 24.0 units can be identified; He was considered a person with symptoms of autism. Individuals whose test scores are less than 24.0 are also identified as asymptomatic or healthy. Based on the information in Table3 and the value obtained for the curve surface (AUC= 1.000), it can be said that the ability of the Lactate test to diagnose this disorder is complete and "excellent" and shows that this test has a very good performance in the field. It is the correct identification and determination of healthy people with disorders. The numerical value of the cutting point is also equal to>21.5, which shows; Based on the Lactate diagnostic test, those whose lactate level is more than 21.5 units can be identified; Considered people with autism spectrum disorder. Those whose test results are less than 21.5 units are also considered healthy. Based on the data in Table4 and the value obtained for the subsurface (AUC= 0.790), it can be said that the ability of the Pyruvate test to diagnose ASD is "relatively good". Accordingly, since the probability value of Pvalue is equal to 0.0284, it can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent and even one percent. The numerical value of the cut-off point for this experiment is equal to <0.865, which indicates; Based on the Pyruvate diagnostic test, people with a pyruvate score of less than 0.865 can be considered a person with ASD. Those for whom the number obtained is more than 0.865 units are also recognized as healthy. Based on the information in Table5 and the value obtained for the cut-off point (AUC= 0.970), it can be said that the ability of the L:P test to diagnose this disorder is "excellent" and efficient. Accordingly, at the significance level of five percent and one percent, since the probability value or Pvalue is equal to 0.0004; It can be said that this result is meaningful and worthy of citation. The numerical value of the cut-off point in this test is equal to>31.05, which shows; Based on the L:P diagnostic test, those with a lactate to pyruvate or L:P ratio greater than 31.05 can be considered as having symptoms of ASD. Those with an L: P score of less than 31.05 are also considered healthy. Based on the results of Table 6 and AUC = 0.765, it can be said that the ability of Creatinine test to diagnose autism spectrum disorder is in the category of "relatively good". Since the probability value P for this test (creatinine biomarker test) is 0.0452; It can be said that this result, at the level of significance of five percent, is significant and worthy of citation. Obviously, this result, at a significance level of one percent, is not worthy of citation and significance. Conclusion: The studied biomarkers have high and very good diagnostic power and efficiency in the field of accurate and early assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (especially in severity levels 2 and 3), and they can be used along with other diagnostic biomarkers, along with other measurement methods. Evaluated and diagnosed this disorder, and in the first three years of the child's development, as a golden and very sensitive and important period of diagnosis and treatment of autism, achieved a more accurate differential diagnosis and education, rehabilitation and treatment or improvement of symptoms at the most appropriate time. Possibly, he started and achieved better results in this regard. Also, according to the results of evaluation and measurement of biomarkers of mitochondrial function in each diagnosed individual, based on the new and valuable approach of "Molecular Psychology and Molecular Psychiatry", one of the new and appropriate methods for each individual (including individual or personal molecular medicine) to modify And used to improve mitochondrial dysfunction (for example, drug therapy to regulate serum levels of the aforementioned molecules in the patient to a normal level and reduce related symptoms), and finally, to reduce the symptoms and relative treatment of the person with autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, cancer is considered as a major health problem and affects the health of society. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer. According to epidemiological studies, cancer is the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular disease worldwide and the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease and accidents in less developed countries. Cancer occurs as a result of uncontrolled cell division, which is the result of environmental factors and genetic disorders. The four key genes involved in cancer cell development include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and programmed death genes. The prevalence of breast cancer varies from about 8 to 12 women in different communities. About 30% of all monogenic breast cancers are due to mutations in the BRCA breast cancer genes, which will eventually lead to breast cancer with a dominant inheritance pattern. Repair genes naturally make proteins and enzymes that repair damaged genes. When these genes are mutated, they cannot repair the defects of other genes. One of the repairing genes is BRCA-1 gene, which has a hereditary role in the production and growth of cancer cells in female breasts when it has a mutation. MicroRNAs are a group of short, single-stranded (between 19 and 23 nucleotides) and non-coding conserved RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in a wide range of animals, plants, and viruses. The FOXO1 gene is one of the targets of miR-183, which is involved in the maturation of lymphocytes, and increased expression of miR-183 in cancer patients will interfere with immune function. Studies on miR-183-3p in breast cancer have shown that this microRNA is a Tumor suppressor-mir (Ts-mir) that prevents tumor formation and differentiation and has an inhibitory role. Another feature is the inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis and stops the cell cycle in the G1 stage. miR-183 can play a role in other cancers in addition to breast cancer, depending on the type of target and location of activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression changes of miR-183 in nuclear nuclei of breast cancer patients. Methods: The study was performed on 60 samples including two groups of patients and healthy people. All actions and tests performed in this research and sampling have been approved by the work instructions of the ethics committee of Qom branch of the Azad University (ethics code: IR.IAU.QOM.REC.1397.010). Study steps include: extraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), extraction of RNA from PBMCs obtained from patients, design of specific primers for target genes, synthesis of cDNA from RNAs obtained, quality control of cDNA synthesized with Use of beta-actin and 5SrRNA housekeeping genes and ensure cDNA health, Real Time PCR to study changes in FOXO1 gene expression, changes in miR-183 and finally statistical analysis. In this study, the results obtained from Real-time PCR (Ct) were analyzed using LinReg software by examining the amount of fluorescence read by the device for each sample and the efficiency of each sample, the Ct of the reference gene and the target gene in both patient and healthy groups The data were then used and analyzed by Rest 2009 to determine whether the P-value was less than 0.05. Results: The results of analysis of data obtained from Real time-PCR show that the expression of FOXO1 gene in peripheral blood cells significantly decreases in samples of breast cancer patients compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.05). While in the expression of miR-183 gene, a significant increase was observed in the samples of people with breast cancer compared to the group of healthy people (P <0.001). Conclusion: Decreased expression of FOXO1 gene reduces the maturation of lymphocytes and this function weakens and suppresses the immune system, which results in the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells and tumor spread, which can be used as a biomarker. Limitations of the study include the small number of patients, the lack of classification of patients based on markers such as Her2nue, BRCA-1 and other diagnostic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Performing normal daily activities requires sufficient muscle size and strength, and atrophy has a negative effect on the overall quality of life; So that the decrease in skeletal muscle mass leads to a decrease in human performance, long-term health and low quality of life. Diabetes is associated with the development of secondary complications in various organs, especially skeletal muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and Tribulus terrestris extract on muscle atrophy indices and oxidant-pro-oxidant balance in extensor digitorum longus muscles of type 2 diabetic desert rats. Skeletal muscle is an important organ for glucose storage and metabolism, apart from being a power-producing machine. Considering the important role of exercise and physical activity along with herbal supplements in health and prevention and treatment of complications caused by diabetes, especially in the vital organs of the body such as skeletal muscles, it seems that investigating the effects of sports activities and herbal supplements on The markers of muscle atrophy are of great importance, but according to the investigations, the data in this regard are very limited. Methods: For implementation of this experimental research, 42 male wistar desert rats 2 months old (average weight 180±20 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups. In order to induce muscle atrophy, Dexamethasone (750 μg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into desert rats. desert Rats were diabetic using peritoneal injection nicotinamide-STZ. desert Rats in supplemented groups received Tribulus terrestris hydroalcoholic extract with doses of 5 and 10 mg per day by gavage method. Aerobic training was performed on a treadmill at a speed of 23 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week for eight weeks. Using Real Time PCR and PAB methods, plantar muscle tissue was measured using immunoassay method. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to ensure the normal distribution of variables. Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to compare the average changes of the investigated factors in the groups. The significance level was considered as p≤0.05 in all cases. All statistical operations were performed with SPSS software version 23. Results: Thistle plant extract (F=136.305, P=0.001, µ=0.901) and the interaction between training and thistle plant extract (F=419.949, P=0.001, µ=0.966) had a significant effect on the level of MURF-1 in extensor digitorum longus muscle. . Also, the amount of MURF-1 in the long extensor muscle of the toes with the 5-gram dose was significantly lower than the 10-gram dose group (P=0.0001). The results showed that aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention of Tribulus extract with aerobic training resulted in a significant decrease in the expression genes of Atrogin-1, MURF-1, MiR-29b (p=0.001) and significant increase in methyl guanine (p=0.001) and oxidant-pro-oxidant balance (PAB) levels in male wistar desert rats exposed to dexamethasone (p=0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this research show that aerobic training led to a significant decrease in Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and a significant increase in methylguanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance in type 2 diabetic rats. Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce DNA damage caused by oxidants. Decreased insulin and increased oxidative stress seem necessary for protein breakdown and muscle atrophy. Therefore, negative regulation of anabolic processes as well as oxidative stress occurred in STZ-treated animals can activate muscle proteolysis and increase MuRF1 expression. Regarding the effect of exercise on the expression of MuRF1 in type 2 diabetic samples, there have been few studies that have expressed different mechanisms in the interpretation of the results; The response of MuRF1 to sports activity can change under the influence of various factors, including the subjects' training history, the intensity and duration of the activity, or the effect of repeated activities. On the other hand, it seems that Hsp25 is one of the mediators that regulate the atrophy pathway, which plays an important role in dealing with atrophy in diabetic conditions, so that increasing its amount due to exercise reduces atrophy and decreases the expression of MuRF1. The mechanism of MiR-29b changes due to exercise training is not well defined. However, miR-29 targets have been found to include IGF-1, p85a, and myeloblastosis)related protein B (B-myb) in mouse muscle tissue. IGF-1 and p85a are important regulatory proteins for protein translation via miR-29 to inhibit myogenin and protein synthesis, thereby reducing protein components during muscle atrophy. The effect of exercise on redox status depends on many factors, such as type of exercise, exercise load, as well as age, gender, risk factors, and physical condition. Short-term exercises may increase oxidative stress and imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant agents and ultimately lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, long)term exercise may enable ROS detoxification by increasing cellular antioxidant activity or stimulating the expression of genes such as Mn-SOD. Other findings of the research show that milk thistle extract and the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract reduce Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and increase methylguanine levels and oxidant-prooxidant balance in the extensor toes long muscle tissue in rats. He had type 2 diabetes. Other findings of the research show that milk thistle plant extract and the interaction of milk thistle plant extract with the reduction of Atrogin-1, MURF-1 and MiR-29b gene expression and the increase of methylguanine levels and the oxidant-prooxidant balance of the extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue in diabetic rats. Type 2 was included. It has been determined that the extract of this plant has hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. In the present study, the hydroalcoholic extract of thistle plant with doses of 5 and 10 mg per kilogram of body weight per day was able to help reduce muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic rats, and the lower dose brought more benefits. Due to the presence of large amounts of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties of milk thistle, and based on the findings of this research, it can be said that the presence of antioxidants in milk thistle can reduce muscle atrophy. The inhibitory effect of regular exercise is also at least partly due to adaptation to oxidative stress. The process of adaptation related to exercise is not only related to the production of ROS levels, but also causes an increase in antioxidants and the activity of enzymes that restore the damage caused by oxidative damage (43). Therefore, the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract with antioxidant effects and reduction of lipid peroxidation helps to improve muscle atrophy indicators in diabetic subjects. In general, according to the few studies conducted in this regard, research on the effect of sports activity and milk thistle plant extract on muscle atrophy indicators in type 2 diabetic subjects needs more research. There were also limitations in the current research, among which we can mention the lack of measurement of other indicators of oxidative damage. In summary, the results of this research showed that aerobic exercise, milk thistle plant extract and the combined intervention of aerobic exercise and milk thistle plant extract can probably be effective in the treatment of muscle atrophy caused by type 2 diabetes and the intervention of a lower dose of this plant extract can give better results. to be accompanied. Aerobic training, Tribulus extract and combined intervention aerobic training and Tribulus extract can probably be effective in treating muscle atrophy due to type 2 diabetes and lower dose intervention of this herbal extract can have better results. Diabetes leads to changes in cellular proteins, oxidative stress and disruption of the cellular defense system. It seems that the reduction of oxidative stress caused by exercise in diabetic subjects in the present study has a positive effect on the negative regulation of MuRF1 expression at the end of the exercise period. The mechanism of Atrogin-1 changes following exercise is not well defined. Therefore, the interaction of exercise and milk thistle extract with antioxidant effects and reduction of lipid peroxidation helps to improve muscle atrophy indicators in diabetic subjects. In general, according to the few studies conducted in this regard, the research on the effect of sports activity and milk thistle plant extract on muscle atrophy indicators in type 2 diabetic subjects needs more research. There were also some limitations in the current research, including the lack of measurement of other indicators of oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Chronic diseases such as diabetes have a complex origin, slow onset, and unpredictable deterioration and recovery that requires self-care due to the long process. Diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, is one of the major threats to human health in the 21st century. This disease is one of the global problems and the main cause of death and disability. Uncontrolled diabetes often leads to complications such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, and amputation. Despite the cost of preventing and controlling diabetes, the number of patients is increasing every day, which seems to be a weakness in the psychological and self-care variables of these patients. Diabetes is at the heart of behavioral issues and psychological factors. And society plays a vital role in its management. Therefore, the study of psychological factors affecting this disease can be effective in controlling it. One of the most important psychological factors associated with diabetes that has been considered by researchers is the meaning of life. The meaning of life deals with the category of purpose or goals of human life in this world. A goal is a location and time that the person or other creature is looking for. Having a goal and using it among people helps them to seek the meaning of life in life. Research shows that there is a significant relationship between low hope and depressive symptoms. One of the effective treatments for people with chronic diseases is self-care. In this treatment, instead of focusing on changing people's self-esteem, people's relationship with their self-esteem changes. Self-improvement exercises emphasize relaxation, calm mind, self-compassion, and mindfulness, which will play an important role in calming the mind, reducing stress and negative spontaneous thoughts. In addition, compassion-focused therapy helps reduce clients' psychological problems by increasing internal awareness, acceptance without judgment, empathy, and constant attention to inner feelings. The effectiveness of this therapeutic approach on improving coping with stressful situations and reducing self-criticism, self-destructive thoughts, and rumination in patients has also been confirmed. Another therapeutic approach used for patients is positivist group therapy. Comparing different therapeutic interventions and finally choosing the best type of intervention based on the research results can be helpful. Among these, according to studies, the therapeutic approaches in the present study, ie positive psychotherapy due to focus on strengths and abilities on the one hand and compassion-focused treatment due to creating a sense of responsibility and self-worth on the other hand, can be effective in the field that for more certainty and to determine a stronger type of intervention in the present study, we seek to compare these interventions. In general, the results of this study can be used both theoretically and practically in medical science health centers, diabetes research centers, doctors, psychiatrists and psychologists, and scientific research centers such as universities. Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control and follow-up groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with type 2 diabetes in Bushehr in 1399, from which 45 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly in two experimental areas (15 people in each group) and The control group (15 people) was replaced. One experimental group was taught 8 sessions of the self-compassion therapy program and the second experimental group was taught 6 sessions of positive psychotherapy. The data collection included the meaning of life questionnaires of Steger et al. (2006), Hurts life expectancy (1992), and self-care behaviors of Diabetes Tobert, Hampson, and Glasgow (2000). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The results showed that both self-compassion and positive psychotherapy treatment programs increase the meaning of life, life expectancy, and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that both treatments cause significant changes in the meaning of life, life expectancy, and self-care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes in the post-test and follow-up period and differ in the effectiveness of both. There is no intervention type. In other words, both types of treatment are beneficial for patients with diabetes. The findings will be explained below: The first finding of the study showed that both treatments increased the meaning of life in patients in the experimental groups. In this regard, it can be said that compassion itself has appropriate coping resources that help people to face the negative events of their lives. Self-compassion enhances the ability to interact with others and provides a clearer quality of dealing with emotions. Therefore, it can be said that injured people, by learning new sources of coping, can effectively and efficiently deal with the negative events of their lives and show good adaptation. Self-compassion is one of the most important components of mental health and has capabilities that people can achieve happiness and psychological well-being by learning and performing related skills. The second finding of the study showed that both treatments increased the life expectancy of patients in the experimental group. In the present explanation, it can be stated that although the presence of illness causes major psychological damage to the individual, but in the meantime, self-compassion training can act as a motivating force for the individual. Compassion in itself leads to increased social communication and reduced self-criticism, reduced rumination, reduced thought suppression, anxiety, and stress, as well as psychological balance, all of which play a key role in increasing their life expectancy. Thus, flexibility in thoughts and kindness to oneself causes people to have a realistic judgment about themselves, to analyze their functional shortcomings, and to make appropriate decisions to address them. The third finding of the study also showed that there was a significant difference between the self-care behaviors of patients in the experimental and control groups. In the present explanation, it can be stated that negative ideas and attitudes about themselves are the main part of the change, and through the treatment of compassion, individuals learn to apply new experiences that this It promotes ideas such as alternative and more adaptive burdens; adaptive adaptation to unpleasant events such as chronic illness by focusing on assessing that situation increases patients' ability to make new connections. See ideas, organize information, integrate, and come up with new solutions to problems. In other words, increasing self-compassion leads to more self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is one of the main causes of abnormal liver function, and the prevalence of this disease is reported to be around 20% in the world (1). NAFLD is often associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome (2). NAFLD includes the accumulation of triglycerides, necrosis, and apoptosis in fat cells, which are associated with inflammatory responses in the liver. In total, these cases increase the possibility of liver cirrhosis (4). The large family of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) together with TGF-β1 and activin-A is a part of bone morphogenic proteins and is considered a multipurpose cytokine in a wide range of tissues and cells. These factors play a role in cell differentiation, cell number homeostasis and tissue repair, inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis (5). Activin-A increases the expression of collagen and TGF-β1. It causes mitochondrial β-oxidation and downregulation of fatty acid synthase activity. In addition, activin-A inhibits proliferation and stimulates apoptosis of liver cells, which helps complete liver regeneration; Hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration are controlled by activin-A (7). Today, for the management of NAFLD, lifestyle modification techniques through changes in diet and physical activity are considered. Physical activity, including aerobic, resistance, and interval, reduces NAFLD disease by regulating intrahepatic fat status, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy process (8). There are various medicinal agents for the treatment of various diseases. The combination of using herbal medicines and engaging in physical activity has attracted the attention of researchers. Among these substances is resveratrol, which is found in purple and red plants, especially in the skin of red grapes and the berry family (9). Resveratrol has antioxidant, anti)cancer, and anti-inflammatory uses, and was first extracted from an Asian plant called Polygonum capsidatum (10). Resveratrol has inherent protective properties to prevent the spread of disease. Its anti-inflammatory effect has been determined by reducing pro)inflammatory cytokines and preventing the production of nitric oxide in macrophages. Reservatol also regulates lipid metabolism and prevents lipid oxidation and platelet aggregation (11). Methods: In this experimental study, 56 old male Wistar rats with an age of 40-50 weeks and an average weight of 250-300 grams were selected. At first, the rats were divided into two groups: control and NAFLD patients. The rats in the control group were fed a standard diet (including 12% fat, 57% carbohydrates, 28% protein, and 3% other items) for 6 weeks. To induce NAFLD, rats in the experimental group were subjected to a high-fat diet (including 22% fat, 50% carbohydrate, 24% protein, and 4% other items) for 6 weeks. Then, the rats of the patient group with NAFLD were divided into 7 groups, and each group included 7 rats. Seven groups include (1) patient group, (2) group receiving saline, (3) group receiving resveratrol supplement, (4) continuous training group, (5) intermittent training group, (6) continuous training-resveratrol group, and (7) intermittent training-resveratrol group. The rats in the training group and the supplement+training group were familiarized with the treadmill for 5 minutes at a speed of 8-10 m/min with zero inclines for one week during 5 sessions. The main continuous training program was carried out for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week, in the first week, the speed was 15 meters per minute and the time was 5 minutes. Every week, the speed increased by 1-2 meters per minute and the time increased by 1-2 minutes. In the eighth week, the speed reached 20 meters per minute and the time was 60 minutes (12). The interval training program started in the first week with a speed of 10 meters per minute and a time of 10-15 minutes with a zero-degree slope. In the following weeks, training consisted of 10 minutes daily (2:30 x 4) at a speed of 50 m/min and a 10-degree incline with periods of 2:30 minutes (more than 90% of maximal oxygen consumption), separated by 3-minute rest periods. The number of sessions was 5 sessions per week (13). In the supplement and supplement+training groups, they were injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight. After completing the research period, all rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine and xylazine 48 hours after the last training session. Liver samples were kept at -80 C. Serum activin-A and TGF-β levels were measured using a kit and ELISA method. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution. If the data were normal, one-way variance analysis and Tukey's post hoc statistical tests were used. The significance level for all calculations was considered p≥0.05. All statistical operations were performed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: Data analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the mean and standard deviation of TGF-β and activin-A serum levels between different groups (P=0.0001). It was also observed that aerobic training and red grape extract (resveratrol) have a significant effect on the serum levels of TGF-β and activin-A in elderly rats with NAFLD in different groups (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The findings of the present research showed that the lowest serum levels of activin-A were observed in the resveratrol+continuous training group and the highest levels were observed in the patient and saline groups. Fatty liver increased activin-A levels in the patient group, and aerobic training and red grape extract (resveratrol) significantly decreased serum activin-A levels in elderly rats with NAFLD in the resveratrol+continuous training group; Of course, in the supplement group, continuous training and interval training+resveratrol also had a decreasing trend, but it did not reach a significant level. NAFLD appears to result from an imbalance between hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation (5). Our findings suggest that NAFLD should be added to the list of liver disorders that could be activin-A-mediated mechanisms. Previously, activin-A was reported to inhibit liver growth by inhibiting hepatic proliferation and inducing apoptosis, as well as by inducing extracellular matrix production during liver fibrosis (14). The results of the present study showed that the levels of TGF-β increased in the high-fat food consumption group; while training and resveratrol supplementation decreased the level of TGF-β in the experimental groups. Studies have shown that the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway may play an important role in activating HSCs and regulating the production, degradation, and accumulation of ECM proteins (19). Therefore, inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway can be an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of liver fibrosis (20). Finally, the findings of the current research showed that the serum levels of TGF-β and activin-A increased in rats with NFALD. The reason for the increased levels of cytokines may be related to the cirrhosis process itself. In previous research, it has been shown that poor liver function leads to cirrhosis secondarily and disrupts the metabolism of TGF-β and causes the accumulation of this multifunctional cytokine in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Performing physical activity and having a healthy body is one of the most essential life needs of people with fatty liver. In recent years, studies have been performed on the relationship between fatty liver and arthrosclerosis. The results of these studies indicate the relationship between the Non-alcoholic fatty liver and arthrosclerosis of coronary artery disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with a sedentary lifestyle and poor eating habits around the world Fatty liver is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries and coronary artery stenosis can affect extracellular matrix factors such as CTGF and RXFP1, which play a role in the formation or non-formation of fibrosis. Studies have shown that fatty liver disease can be effective in causing atherosclerotic changes in arteries and increasing the thickness of the carotid artery as an indicator of atherosclerosis, which can be seen even in mild degrees of fatty liver. Relaxin in all parts of the body can have different expressions of RXFP1 receptor in different arteries, so in rats this receptor is strongly expressed in aortic endothelial cells and RXFP1 activates cAMP, cGMP and cAMP signaling pathways in ERK1 / 2 endothelial cells On the other hand CTGF is mainly synthesized by liver cells in the liver and is strongly induced in liver fibrosis CTGF is induced by fibroblast TGF-β cells and mediates the growth and secretion of extracellular matrix. These results indicate that CTGF is the mediator of many TGF-β-probiotic activities Therefore, the aim is to investigate the effect of this disease on two extracellular matrix genes of the heart. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, healthy and fatty liver steatosis. The control group was initially performed in the victim and tissue study And the two healthy and fatty liver groups spent two weeks in the same condition There was a healthy group from the beginning to the end of the study and they did not receive any intervention. Mice in the fatty liver group received oral tetracycline at a dose of 100 mg / kg at a dose of 1.5 ccs per mouse for two weeks. The average weight of the mice was 300 g, of which 100 mg / kg was used for 3 mice, of which 100 mg was dissolved in 4.5 cc and each rat was gavaged 1.5 cc. Fatty liver was modified by measuring liver enzymes (SGPT) and a number of biochemical variables. At the end of the second week, rats two groups were healthy and fatty liver48 hours after the last day (10 to 12 hours of fasting), the studied rats in each group were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 10% ketamine at a dose of 50 mg/kg and 2% xylosin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. became were sacrificed and heart tissue sample were taken to test for RXFP1 and CTGF gene expression. In each group, tissue analysis was performed by Real Time PCR technique. First, primer design was performed and then total RNA was extracted from tissues and converted to cDNA. Then cDNA was Replicated by PCR and examined for the expression of the mentioned genes. Results: After the second week and examining expression level of RXFP1 and CTGF genes between control, healthy and fatty liver groups, ANOVA test results showed that the expression level ofRXFP1 and CTGF genes (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively) In the fatty liver group, significantly increased compared to the healthy and control groups Considering the value of P<0.05, the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the level of RXFP1 in different research groups was rejected with 95% confidence. The results between the steatosis group and the other two groups were significant in increasing the level of RXFP1 gene expression. Therefore, it can be said that in the presence of fatty liver, the expression of RXFP1 gene increases in the heart tissue of male rats in order to inhibit fibrosis. Also, in terms of significance, the results between the steatosis group and the other two groups were significant in increasing the level of CTGF gene expression. Therefore, it can be said that in the presence of fatty liver in the steatosis model, the CTGF gene expression increases in line with the increase in cardiac fibrosis. Overall, our results showed that with the onset of fatty liver disease, both connective tissue growth factors and relaxin increased in the heart, and an increase in connective tissue growth factor indicates cardiac tissue damage, which can lead to heart tissue fibrosis. Therefore, these findings can help new therapies aimed at modulating the effects of CTGF and the use of RXFP1 as a new direction for further clinical studies. Our other findings showed that with induction of fatty liver, the level of RXFP1 in heart tissue increased from the beginning and did not change until the end of the two weeks. The expression level of RXFP1 gene in steatosis fatty liver groups (BS, CS) was significantly higher than the other 2 groups on the other hand the increase in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in this study was probably to produce extracellular matrix and compensate for their degradation, and the increase in RXFP1 was to prevent collagen deposition in ECM connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in cardiac tissue increased sharply, such that its rate increased up to 7 times in the first two weeks compared to the control group, and this increase continued until the end of the two weeks, that increased 10 times However, this method should be considered with more caution because high expression of CTGF increases the level of fibronectin, collagen I and III proteins in the extracellular matrix, followed by myocardial infarction Conclusion: The fatty liver model of steatosis increases the expression of cardiac CTGF gene and fibrosis, and also increases the RXFP1 gene, which has anti-fibrosis activity. CTGF (CCN2) in response to tissue damage initiates signaling pathways of connective tissue regeneration Therefore, and cardiac tissue fibrosis. RXFP1, which is a component of the extracellular matrix and is most commonly expressed in aortic endothelial cells exerts most of its physiological effect on the cardiovascular system through NO (Nitric oxide). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: All human beings have a basic need for intimate relationships. To achieve this need and develop intimacy, marriage provides a unique and appropriate opportunity for human beings. One of the important aspects in marriage is marital satisfaction and marital compatibility. Marital adaptability is a process that occurs throughout life and refers to the characteristics of a harmonious marital relationship and having a good performance in marriage. The other important aspect is happiness. Happiness is an emotion that everyone wants and strives to achieve. The level of marital happiness implicitly indicates low levels of conflict and has positive effect on behavioral (such as adjustment) and communication (such as a desire to remarry your current spouse if possible to return to the early days) features. While marital relationship can be a source of many pleasurable experiences, it can also bring the most painful consequences. Researches has shown that two of the variables with which couples can have negative conflicts are marital adaptability and happiness. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Emotionally-focused couple therapy training on marital adaptability and couple happiness. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest method with control and experimental groups. Methods: The sample size consisted of 60 people (30 couples) who were selected by available sampling method from counseling centers in Ahvaz in the year 1400 and were assigned to two experimental and control groups by simple random sampling. The statistical criterion for entering the subjects of this study were couples who had a kind of marital adaptability problems and lack of happiness in their lives. First, the couples answered the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire developed by Michael Argyle and Peter Hills and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) 1976 by Graham B. Spanier, then the experimental group was trained in an approach-based emotion management (EFT) strategy for 8 sessions. At the end of 8 sessions of therapeutic intervention, post-test was performed and the necessary results were collected using SPSS 24 and processed. Then, in order to observe justice in the research, the control group underwent 8 sessions of treatment as the experimental group. Results: Based on the comparison of pre-test and post-test between the two groups, the results showed that teaching emotion management strategies based on Emotionally)focused couple therapy (EFT) approach has a significant effect (p≤0.05) on increasing marital adaptability and couple happiness. Levene homogeneity test, Regression slope test (T), Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk test, Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and ANKOA confirmed the validity and reliability of the data and analysis. Conclusion: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Emotionally-focused couple therapy on marital adaptability and happiness of couples. The results showed that Emotionally-focused training is effective in increasing marital adaptability of couples. These results are consistent with the results of studies by Soltani et al. (2012), Zia-ul-Haq et al. (2012), Najafi et al. (2014) and Ramezanzadeh et al. (2010). One of the reasons that Emotionally-focused couple therapy is effective on couple's marital adaptability is that compared to other therapies, in Emotionally-focused couple therapy, targeting both couples simultaneously in psychological intervention can be very useful. Emotionally-focused couple therapy will improve couples interactions by solving their emotional problems, identifying unexpressed and repressed emotions, and identifying their spouse's emotional and emotional needs, thus increasing the couple's expression of love and marital adaptability. Emotional couple therapy, based on the correct and appropriate release of emotions, stabilizing the couple's attachment style and reducing the couple's emotional, feelings and anxiety problems, and also increases their physical health. In Emotionally-focused couple therapy, people learn to understand their spouse's feelings and emotions, to talk about their own positive and negative feelings and emotions, and to be a good listener to their spouse. Correcting these seemingly simple things is a very important step in the mutual understanding of couples and improving the marital compatibility of couples. In the family, marital relationship can be a source of joy or a great source of suffering. Hence, one of the components of the quality of marital relations is marital happiness, which shows the general level of happiness of the individual from different dimensions of the marital relationship. The level of marital happiness implicitly indicates low levels of conflict and has behavioral (such as adaptability) and communication characteristics (such as the desire to remarry the current spouse if possible and return to the early days). Happiness is contagious, meaning that one person's happiness can bring happiness to others. Another is that it expands one's dependence on the environment and makes life more enjoyable. There is evidence to support this view, showing that people are happier in a successful marriage. A marriage in which people speak respectfully and frankly, in a safe environment expressing their emotions and forgiving each other's mistakes is usually accompanied by higher levels of satisfaction. So, this communication is more likely to lead to happiness. Therefore, recognizing and managing emotions can be effective in increasing the happiness of the experimental group after the test. Emotionally-focused couple therapy approach can change the couple's attachment styles and also change the cycle of defective marital interactions and create a safe communication environment, emotion planning and control the couple's behavior and increase marital satisfaction and consequently happiness. Also, negative emotions lead to a decrease in spouse's satisfaction with each other and positive emotions will increase spouse's satisfaction and peace with trust and ultimately cause their happiness. Based on the results of the present study, Emotionally-focused couple therapy can improve couple's adaptability and increase happiness in their lives. Therefore, this type of intervention is recommended to increase adaptation and happiness in couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the most important resources of any organization is the human force of that organization. Organizational health is one of the most telling and obvious indicators of organizational effectiveness. In a healthy organization, the manager has a very friendly and supportive behavior with his employees and has unity in his plans. Employees also have a greater desire to work in the organization and do things more effectively. Organizational health is more about the durability and survival of the organization in its environment and adaptability to it and the promotion and expansion of its ability to compromise. Factors such as the perception and perception of employees, the way of managing affairs, the policies of the organization, the nature and extent of supervision, job security, working conditions, status and dignity, the level of salaries and wages, the establishment of mutual relations, supervisors, peers, and supervisors, and the personal life of employees. The general public thinks of optimism as seeing the glass as half full seeing a shiny layer in every phenomenon, or the habit of expecting a happy ending for every real problem. The angle of positive thinking from positive thinking and optimism indicates that optimism requires repeating self-reinforcing phrases such as "I am improving in different ways every day" or visualization. That all work is done successfully. In all these cases, there are manifestations of optimism and positive thinking, but optimism is deeper than these. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of organizational health on the academic optimism of the professors of Islamic Azad University Sari branch. Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method, which was carried out in the field. The statistical population of this research includes all the professors of Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, who were working in 1401. The number of the statistical population was 360 people according to the inquiry from the recruitment unit of Azad University of Sari. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 186 people were selected through a simple random sampling method. The research tools included two organizational health questionnaires by Hoy and Feldman (1996) and an academic optimism questionnaire by Baird et al. (2010), both of which were standard questionnaires. Their reliability coefficient was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for organizational health (0.92) and academic optimism (0.79), which indicates the appropriate reliability of this questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables and SPSS software was used to check the research hypotheses. One of the most important prerequisites for performing parametric tests is checking the normality of data distribution in the dependent variable. For this purpose, for each of the studied variables, the test of normality of data distribution has been done. Results: The findings of the research show that the significance level of the variables of organizational health and academic optimism (Sig=0.000) is smaller than the predicted error (α=0.05), so the relationship between the variables is statistically significant. It is significant and since the calculated correlation coefficient is equal to 0.585, it can be concluded that there is a direct and significant relationship between organizational health and academic optimism of professors. In a more detailed explanation, it can be said that so far, different conceptualizations of optimism have been implemented, an example of which is nature optimism and explanatory optimism. Optimism of nature or tendency is a general expectation based on the fact that in the future, more good events will happen than bad events. Shier et al. argue that optimistic people, in the face of difficulties, continue to pursue their valued goals and by using effective coping strategies, they and their states adjust their personalities so that they can reach their goals. One of the fundamental changes that happened in recent decades in the field of psychology is that unlike the previous psychologists who focused their research and scientific works on the disturbing aspects of thoughts and pathological aspects of the psyche. were focused on human beings, today many psychologists, in addition to dealing with the morbid and pathological aspects of the human psyche, also pay attention to the positive aspects of human thoughts, beliefs, feelings and behaviors. The concept of optimism is one of the central and important topics of positive psychology, which emerged in the field of psychology as a result of the value change in beliefs, in recent decades, by people such as Allport, Erikson, Fromm, Maslow, Rogers, and Peterson. and tries to make the presence of positive components in various aspects of human life more vivid and impressive with scientific methods and perspective. Higher education is one of the most basic and important organizations in the world today, and most people have direct and indirect relations with this organization, and this shows the key and vital role of this institution in the complex life of humans. Knowledge of organizational health can be a facilitator and predictor of the quality and continuity of the health system, and it can lead to the implementation of programs in a scientific and expert manner, avoiding imprudent actions. Organizational health refers to an environment that facilitates the growth and development of an organization and enables the achievement of goals. Organizations, while thinking about their preservation and survival, should take a step beyond this view and pay attention to their consequences and effects on the society. Social responsibility is considered as an important issue for any organization, the factor of its survival or decline. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between organizational health and the academic optimism of teachers, and according to the results of this research, it was determined that the contribution of each component of organizational health in predicting the academic optimism of teachers is different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The aging of the population has caused an increase in the number of elderly people who receive treatment for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of coronary artery disease is higher in the elderly, and on the other hand, complications after cardiac events are worse in the elderly. The most common cause of death in the elderly is cardiovascular disease. Rapid restoration of blood flow can lead to myocardial survival, preservation of cardiac function, and prolongation of the patient's life, and many clinical trial studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of Thrombolytics, and their results showed that Thrombolytics preserve ventricular function. Primary coronary angioplasty was defined as the primary revascularization strategy for acute myocardial infarction without or with prior thrombolytic therapy. In the last two decades, it has been shown that the complications of coronary artery syndrome have decreased with the development of therapeutic strategies such as revascularization, medical treatment, and risk factors in follow-up after discharge. Data from many cardiovascular centers have shown that angioplasty not only leads to a significant reduction in mortality but also in coronary ischemic events. Elderly people who have concurrent diseases such as lung diseases, kidney diseases, and cerebrovascular accidents and suffer from coronary accidents accept angioplasty with caution. This is even though in symptomatic patients with chronic coronary disease, revascularization leads to the resolution of symptoms and improvement of the patient's life expectancy. Despite the effects of coronary artery disease on the quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of the elderly, in the majority of cardiovascular studies, the elderly 75 years and older were significantly less expressed and directly due to advanced age, and complex co-morbidities, and significant physical and cognitive disabilities., fatigue, living in a nursing home, and decline in daily functioning were excluded from the study. Therefore, recent guidelines cannot provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of coronary diseases in the elderly. Choosing the correct treatment strategy for the elderly with acute coronary artery disease is due to the importance of the burden of care from the economic, social, and family points of view. Also, few studies are comparing the effect of medical treatment with revascularization in the elderly 75 years and older. The aim of the study is to determine whether elderly people benefit from primary angioplasty compared to medical treatment alone and the side effects of each of these treatments in the elderly. Methods: The present study is a prospective cohort type, which was approved by the ethical code IR.TUMS.MEDICINE.REC.1397.934 in the ethical code commission of the Faculty of Medicine of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and 97 samples were taken in 9 months from June 2018 to the end of March. were collected and then for 24 hours and 30 days after the treatment (medical/angioplasty), the elderly (mostly 60 years old) with acute coronary artery disease were followed up in terms of the effectiveness and side effects of the treatments. All elderly people diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome hospitalized in two teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were included in the study and evaluated in two groups. The first group of the interventional treatment group: was patients who were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and were treated with angioplasty from the beginning, and the second group, the optimal medical treatment group: patients who were treated with standard medical treatment from the beginning (including Thrombolytics, oral beta blockers, intravenous nitrates, antiplatelet Duals such as aspirin and Clopidogrel, intravenous anticoagulants such as heparin or enoxaparin, statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers 2) were included according to the latest guidelines. In this prospective cohort study, all patients aged 60 years and older with the acute coronary syndrome were collected by face-to-face interview and case evaluation from two teaching hospitals, Tehran University of Medical Sciences from 2018, and they were divided into two primary and medical angioplasty groups in terms of complications., mortality and efficacy of 24 hours and 30 days were compared. Results: Out of 120 patients with an average age of 71.2±8.2 years, 52 and 68 patients received primary angioplasty and medical treatment, respectively. The majority of patients in the primary angioplasty group were male (57.7%) and female (57.4%) in the medical group (p=0.07). In the first 24 hours, comparing the two groups with the logistic regression method, atrial fibrillation was significantly 11 times higher in the medical group (p=0.016) and improvement of angina in the primary angioplasty group was 3.8 times higher (p=0.04). The 30-day mortality rate was significantly higher in the medical group (p=0.006). Conclusion: These results indicate that we overestimate the risks associated with revascularization in the elderly and deprive people of useful treatments. With increasing age, despite the significant reduction of hospital and short-term mortality by about 5 times, increasing the rate of angina recovery and fewer complications in angioplasty, this treatment method is less often chosen in elderly patients, and elderly people are less likely to choose this method due to their age. They are denied treatment. There are sufficient reasons for the elderly and very elderly with good tolerance to angioplasty. The success rate of immediate angioplasty and the survival rate without complications are similar to young patients, so old age is not a contraindication for angioplasty. Also, old age is not an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. In addition, complete revascularization in very elderly patients may improve prognosis and reduce the incidence of cardiac events. This study included limitations. Collecting samples from two different hospitals, one of these hospitals was not able to perform angioplasty in patients with angioplasty indication due to the lack of an angiography department, and the patients were forced to undergo medical treatment, which also led to a decrease in the number of The samples included in the angioplasty group and the bias in the selection of patients with real indications for medical treatment. On the other hand, it also leads to an increase in complications. The low sample size and the age of the patients included in the study were among the limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: There are many factors that lead to progress in the academic environment. Factors such as motivational and environmental characteristics are important, but it is widely assumed that motivation is one of the main elements of progress in the educational environment. One of the important topics in the field of motivation is goal orientation. The theory of goal orientation mainly examines why people choose a specific goal, how they approach the desired goal and engage with the task related to it. One of the dimensions of goal orientation that has been examined in this research is mastery goal orientation, which has a direct relationship with people's learning and performance. Mastery goal orientation is known as a person's unconscious approach to a learning task. In general, the mastery goal orientation directs the academic behavior and is able to explain the relationship between the student's beliefs about academic success and being involved and continuing to complete a task, which has an effective role in the academic progress of students. Self-efficacy is another important factor that is of interest to researchers and administrators in the field of education. Bandura investigated the effects of self-efficacy on academic performance and named this construct as academic self-efficacy. He believes that self-efficacy beliefs play a role in academic success more than ability, knowledge and previous success. Academic self-efficacy emphasizes students' beliefs about their ability to succeed in academic subjects, curricular areas, and self-regulation in learning and study activities. Cognitive-motivational intervention is the process of monitoring, reviewing and directing behavior that reduces aimlessness and inconsistency between motivation and effort and leads a person on the path of effort and achieving efficiency. Studies have shown that teaching self-regulation components in Martin's theory can; affect the level of students' motivation, for example, sustainability in Martin's approach is one of the factors that is known as an effective factor and can lead to more self-efficacy and increase academic motivation in students. Persistence means that a person continues in his work despite the difficulty of the work and the challenges that exist. Due to the fact that training motivated, purposeful and efficient learners is one of the requirements for achieving academic success and the concept of motivation has always been the focus of researchers and education specialists. Therefore, cognitive motivational multidimensional intervention can be useful in the field of education. Considering the importance of this approach, the research question is: Is cognitive motivational multidimensional intervention effective on students' academic self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation? Methods: The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was all the fifth-grade students of Nahavand primary school, a sample of 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) was selected through cluster sampling. The research tools included the academic self-efficacy questionnaires of Zajakova et al. (2005) and the goal orientation of Midgley et al. (1998). After the pre-test, the experimental group was trained in cognitive motivational intervention during 9 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the completion of the experimental intervention, the post-test and after one month, the follow-up test was performed. To analyze the data, Mixed analysis of variance was used in SPSS-23 software. Results: The results showed that cognitive motivational intervention has an effect on academic self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation (p<0.01). Conclusion: Considering the impact of cognitive motivational intervention on increasing academic self-efficacy and the goal orientation of students' mastery, this method can be used to increase their academic progress. It is important to mention that the data presented in this study is self-reported. Although this method of data collection is a reasonable and defensible method, it would be useful to conduct research that examines similar constructs using data obtained from other sources such as teachers and parents. The current research, like other experimental designs, also had limitations, one of which was the small sample size, which reduces the generalizability of the findings; To solve this limitation, it seems necessary to conduct a study with a larger sample size in order to reach more stable results. Another limitation of this study was not considering the academic progress of the students. Considering the academic progress can affect children's self-efficacy, therefore, the results may have been integrated with the effects of academic progress, which should be cautious in generalizing the results, and it is suggested to control the educational progress and the level of children's motivation in future studies. According to the results of the current research and previous studies, it can be said that the cognitive motivational multidimensional intervention is effective and can be used, but schools are facing problems in the field of implementation, and the implementation of this approach requires planning and policy making in educational programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adopted children usually have a range of experiences of abuse, such as physical abuse and neglect by biological parents before adoption, which negatively affects their adjustment. Most adopted children have the experience of living in an institution that is associated with a variety of alternative problems. In this regard, tips for informing families and society about this phenomenon and creating appropriate conditions to help decision-making families who are willing to do so are important and effective issues in improving the situation of adopted children and families. It is child-friendly and another important issue is to help reduce the problems and challenges after adoption and adoption. Because each family has a unique emotional state and atmosphere and their management method and type of operations are different from each other. Therefore, family performance is one of the most important factors that play an effective role in successful adoption. Family performance is one of the important indicators and guarantees the quality of life and mental health of the family and its members, and their negative relationships are considered one of the most important factors in creating and maintaining mental and emotional disorders. Therefore, finding a way to improve family functioning can be fruitful, and in the meantime, parental empowerment is one of the factors that can lead to good family functioning. When parents have the necessary abilities to adopt and raise a child, they can help improve their family functioning and ultimately communicate effectively with the adopted child. Empowerment is essential to create the right connection and this lasting and needed trust and to prevent wasting time and manpower. Empowerment leads to changes in parents' attitudes, behaviors, and behaviors, and these changes are a good platform for improving the situation of families. Because the parents' view of the situation and conditions and behavior of their children is different and he finds more and better awareness of them, and he also changes their attitude and behavior towards this awareness, and in contrast, children who behave calmly and firmly in At the same time, they observe the parents decisively and seriously and take action to change themselves, because if they do not change their behavior, they will see that the consequence will only be felt by themselves. Therefore, if immediate action is not taken today to empower parents and children (especially adolescents), irreparable damage will be done to the family body, then the importance of this empowerment process will become clear. In this regard, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the empowerment program for parents of adopted families has an impact on family performance components. Methods: The present study is an applied and quasi-experimental study that was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. For this purpose and to conduct this research, among all families with adopted children in Tehran Welfare in 1399, 30 parents with adopted children who were eligible to enter the study were selected as a sample by the available sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups. With an average age of 46.87 90 5.90 and experiments with a mean age of 44.60 6 6.23. Then, all subjects completed the Family Performance Questionnaire by Nathan B. Epstein et al. (1983). Then, the subjects in the experimental group received 8 sessions of parental empowerment training. Finally, the findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and inferential statistics including Shapirovilk and multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) tests using SPSSV19 software. Results: Before the analysis of covariance, the assumptions of this test were examined and the results showed that all the assumptions of this test were observed. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference in family performance scores of the two groups (P = 0.018, F =3.53, Pilay effect = 0.626). The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the family performance variable. In order to determine this difference, univariate analysis of covariance was used and the results showed that a significant difference was observed between the groups in all components of family functioning. Also, by observing the averages of family performance components, it can be acknowledged that the parental empowerment program of families with adopted children was effective in family performance. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to the effectiveness of parental empowerment programs for adopted families on family performance components. The results of this study showed that the parental empowerment program has made a significant difference between all groups on all components of family functioning. Therefore, the parental empowerment program of families with adopted children was effective on family performance, in other words, the experimental group received higher scores on family performance after receiving parental empowerment intervention. In justifying the results of this study, it can be said that family performance is one of the important indicators and guarantees the quality of life and mental health of the family and its members, and their negative relationships as one of the most important factors causing and maintaining mental disorders and People's emotions are raised. Family functioning is an important aspect of the family environment that affects the physical, social, and emotional health of children. What happens within the family and how it works can be a key factor in creating flexibility and reducing current and future risks associated with unfortunate events and unfavorable conditions. Enabling and nurturing environments enable children to learn and develop. Conversely, poor family environments can be very detrimental to many aspects of children's development and their positive transition to adulthood. Therefore, empowering parents to improve family performance is one of the methods used today. When parents take action to empower themselves, they are instilled with the fact that they are a helpful and effective factor in improving family functioning, more interested in participation, and more supportive. Therefore, by empowering parents with adopted children, it is possible to help these families improve their performance so that they can show better performance with their adopted children. Having said that, and considering parental empowerment and recognizing it as one of the most important and influential factors that individuals can experience and also as an effective and interfering factor in the quality of family functions, parents can Acquire knowledge in the field of empowerment and transmitting it to their children, while having a positive effect on their growth and personality, improve the performance of family and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Borderline personality disorder is a mental disorder that is heterogeneous and patients suffering from this disorder have problems in most aspects of their lives, so that it causes widespread destruction in all aspects of a person's life, including marital, occupational and identity relationships (7). Borderline personality disorder is characterized by emotional instability, which includes dysmorphic mood and severe mood swings (8). Treatments that were of interest to therapists in the past include: dynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, behavior modification, problem-oriented therapy, and dialectical therapy (12). Emotion regulation by examining different emotions in sick people can be fruitful in the direction of people's recovery (13). In fact, emotion regulation is a diverse set of control processes aimed at managing when and where and how our emotions are experienced or expressed. Such processes allow people to enjoy most of the positive events in their lives and avoid negative events and increase or decrease their intensity or even create a facial expression of emotion, according to society's customs (14). Considering the above contents and the importance of solving the problem of borderline personality disorder on the one hand, the general lack of consensus regarding the selection of a suitable and unified method in this field on the other hand, and finally because of the review of the research conducted inside and outside the research country It was not found in the context of the desired topic, so the researcher is trying to answer the question whether emotional regulation group therapy and reality therapy have an effect on borderline personality disorder in women or not? If there is an effect, which ones are more effective? It is hoped that by using the results of this research, a clear view on the effect of the two intervention methods can be provided to experts and officials so that they can plan in the best possible way to solve the problems of borderline personality disorder. Methods: The current research is semi-experimental and applied, which was carried out with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up research design and experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was made up of women aged 18 to 40 with borderline personality disorder who visited Tawheed Clinic in Isfahan city (100 people). Among them, 27 people participated in the present research as volunteers and were randomly divided into 3 groups. Further, the experimental groups were subjected to group intervention for 8 sessions and 2 hours per week according to Table 1 and 2, and the control group did not receive any intervention, and then the post-test was conducted for both experimental and control groups. It should be noted that the research tools included the Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPI) designed by Leishner-Nigg, the Borderline Personality Scale (STB) designed by Jackson and Claridge. Results: The results of the present research showed that there is a significant difference between the effects of two types of intervention on identity disturbance, reality testing, fear of intimacy, despair, impulsivity, dissociative symptoms in different stages and between different groups. Therefore, Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference, and based on this test, it was determined that the scores of all variables of borderline personality disorder in both experimental groups and in the posttest stage are relatively the same and lower than the Go group. In other words, both experimental groups had high and relatively equal effectiveness on improving these attachment styles. Also, these results show that identity confusion and hopelessness are significant in both groups, but the treatment based on emotion regulation has a more effective effect on the scores of this scale. Also, the fear of intimacy and impulsivity in both groups compared to the pre-test in both the post-test and follow-up phases of the experimental group has a significant difference, but reality therapy has registered more effectiveness than emotion regulation, and this is while the variable of fear Intimacy showed a significant difference compared to the pre-test in the experimental group only through reality-based therapy, and emotion regulation therapy could not have a significant effect on this variable, and finally, dissociative symptoms of borderline personality disorder in none of the treatments. There was no significant difference in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test and the follow-up compared to the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that the emotion regulation therapy of the Gross model and reality therapy are effective in reducing most of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder in women. Growing evidence over the past decades has identified emotion regulation and reality therapy as helpful in mental health. In all these researches, emotion regulation and reality therapy have been used to improve and reduce symptoms of disorders in this field. Goodman (2014) concluded in a research that dialectical behavior therapy and emotion regulation and amygdala activity are effective in reducing the symptoms of borderline personality disorder (25). Tousli and Agha Mohammadian (2017) studied the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the symptoms of love trauma and the overall performance of emotionally defeated people, and the results showed the effectiveness of this method in reducing the symptoms of patients (30). In fact, emotion regulation is a diverse set of control processes. It is with the aim of managing when and where and how and in what form our emotions are experienced or expressed. Emotion regulation can include a set of cognitive processes that occur automatically or with effort. Such processes allow people to enjoy most of the positive events in their lives and avoid negative events and increase or decrease their intensity or even create a facial expression of emotion, according to society's customs. In the emotional regulation process model, emotion regulation and its integration somehow moderates the contradictions within the person or between the person and the environment and in this way helps the person to be able to separate himself from his thoughts. Therefore, the findings of the present research seem reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the important goals of development programs in any country is to reduce social harms, and achieving this goal requires recognizing the effective factors that cause it in society. Nowadays, researchers consider social capital as one of the underlying and effective factors in social health and reducing risk in society .Students in a society constitute a large segment of the active population of a country, which various factors such as internal stimuli and external stressors, can endanger their social and mental health and are exposed to various social harms. And put at risk . Many efforts have been made in countries around the world to identify environmental and individual factors that predispose to risk. Among these efforts, attention to the social dimension is possible. Social capital is the result of the "social capital" of health, which is the study of phenomena such as mutual trust, social interaction, social groups, a sense of collective identity, a sense of a shared vision of the future and teamwork with effective interpersonal and group interactions. It can provide risk prevention and many social harms such as violence, drug use, alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors. Studies have shown that youth and adolescents' access to social capital can reduce social and behavioral problems, so by providing the basis for social interaction, social skills and teamwork can reduce the rate of social harm and risk. They provided opportunities for academic advancement and health promotion. The purpose of this study was to present a model of social capital communication model and high-risk behaviors of social identity in students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection method. n terms of applied purpose, the present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method because no manipulation has been done on variables and factors and based on the research approach, it is small. The statistical population of the present study will be selected from all students studying medicine in Kermanshah (2000 people in total) in the academic year 1399-1398 using Morgan table and available sampling method of 322 people to compensate for the possibility of falling sample size. 350 people were considered who will eventually be removed after completing the questionnaires by the volunteers of the distorted questionnaire and the relevant data of 322 people were analyzed. To measure high-risk behaviors, the High-Risk Behaviors Scale (YRBSS) was used. The adaptation of the High Disease Behavior Questionnaire of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was designed and developed in 2010 (15). The reliability of the high-risk behaviors questionnaire by Brenner et al. (2002, quoted by Mohammadi, Refahi and Samani, 2013) was evaluated through a test-retest and the results of the items ranged from 14.5 to 91.1 kappa. (1998) has three structural, communication and cognitive dimensions that examine the seven subscales of networks, trust, cooperation, mutual understanding, relationships, values, and commitment, and are arranged in 28 items based on a five-scale scale. Likert (I strongly agree = 5, I agree = 4, I have no opinion = 3, I disagree = 2 and I strongly disagree = 1). The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire in Sardari, Silavio Silavi (2016) research was 0.89 (16) and the Ethical Identity Questionnaire is a self-report scale that was developed and validated by Ako Bino and Reid (2002) and has two subscales of internalization from questions 1 to 5. (The degree to which moral identity is centralized in the individual's self-concept) and symbolism from questions 6 to 10 (the degree to which each subject shows moral identity in their appearance) (17). The answer to this questionnaire is in the range of 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly agree) in each of the questions. The scoring of two items 4 and 7 is done in reverse. First, the person is asked to pay attention to the moral traits written at the top of the questionnaire, and then 10 questions about these traits are asked of the subjects to determine the extent to which these traits are important to the person. Cronbach reported these two dimensions as 0.77 and 0.76, respectively. Results: In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics indicators (frequency, mean, standard deviation, graphs) and inferential statistics were used. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the research instrument, Cronbach's alpha statistical methods and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, skewness and elongation indices, and path analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. SPSS and Smart PLS software were used to perform these tests. The results of the present study showed that moral identity and social capital have a significant effect on high-risk behaviors of students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Conclusion: Laying the groundwork for improving and increasing the social capital of young people both at the family level and at the community level by increasing the sense of social trust, social solidarity, social awareness, providing the necessary social support and youth participation in social and cultural affairs. It seems that according to the theories and backgrounds and the results of the present study, the existence of a significant amount of social capital facilitates social actions and paves the way for achieving certain goals and Subsequently, it can act as a shield against social problems and harms, such as the occurrence of risky behaviors of young people. Universities and institutions of higher education should design and implement special training courses or classes in the form of extracurricular activities in order to educate and familiarize students with the field of social identity and social capital and high-risk behaviors with its constituent components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease associated with decreased bone mass and loss of bone tissue structure, resulting in increased susceptibility to fractures. Depending on the etiological factors, the disease may occur in primary (menopausal and aging) and secondary forms. One of the important etiologies of this disease is estrogen deficiency, in which estrogen deficiency is considered the main determinant of bone destruction in postmenopausal women. One of the major causes of this disease is estrogen deficiency, in which estrogen deficiency is considered the main cause of bone destruction in postmenopausal women (1, 2). The flax plant, with the scientific name of Linum usitatissimum, is an annual plant of the genus Linaceae that grows like a plant in the climatic conditions of Iran (10). Flaxseed is rich in phytoestrogenic compounds. Flaxseed phytoestrogens reduce post-menopausal complications in women by increasing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (11). Flaxseed is also a rich source of various phenols such as lignans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and tannins, known as a rich source of natural antioxidants (12). Regular exercise and physical activity can prevent diseases such as sarcopenia, obesity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are the main drivers of oxidative stress and inflammation in aging (13). It has also been suggested that exercise is a safe and effective way to prevent bone destruction in postmenopausal women (14). Given that ovariectomized rats have many similarities in the pathophysiological mechanisms of this complication with the human model, it is a suitable model for studying human osteoporosis (2, 16). On the other hand, since flaxseed has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties and exercise also leads to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis complications, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and flaxseed extract on osteoporosis index parameters in ovariectomized rats. Methods: The present study is an experimental intervention. For the study, 36 adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 250 ±20 prepared from the Laboratory Animal Breeding Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, were used. Rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups, including control, sham (only opening and closing the abdomen), ovariectomy (Ovx), ovariectomy + Flaxseed extract (Ovx + Flaxseed), ovariectomy + aerobic exercise (Ovx + Exercise), and ovariectomy + aerobic exercise + flaxseed extract groups (Ovx + Flaxseed + Exercise) were divided. The treatment protocol was started after ovariectomy surgery on the study groups and ten days postoperative recovery (17). The ovariectomy + Flaxseed extract and ovariectomy + aerobic exercise + flaxseed extract groups received 400 mg/kg of flaxseed extract daily by gavage. Rats in the control group and the ovariectomized group received the same volume of normal saline by gavage. In the exercise groups, aerobic exercise was performed on a treadmill for five days each week for eight weeks. The training process was incremental. Groups that did not practice were placed on the treadmill for the same amount of time as the exercise groups while the machine was off (18). After sacrificing and taking blood samples from rats, the serum was immediately separated by centrifugation (4°C) at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes. The serum was transferred to a freezer at 20°C and stored. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were measured using an automated analyzer. Serum calcium concentration was measured using the modified atomic absorption method of 180-80 Ziman using a spectrophotometric device. Serum osteocalcin was measured using a Radioimmunoassay kit, and parathormone (PTH) was measured using an ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test at the level of p<0.05 by GraphPad software. Results: Serum calcium and PTH concentrations in ovariectomy mice were significantly lower than controls (p<0.05). Also, serum concentrations of osteocalcin and ALP in mice in the ovariectomy group were significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin decreased significantly, and alkaline phosphatase and calcium in the treated groups increased significantly compared to the ovariectomized group (p<0.05). The best results were obtained in the Ovx + Flaxseed + Exercise group. One of the sites of the effect of PTH is bone tissue, which increases the uptake of calcium and phosphorus from bone tissue (22). A study has shown that ovariectomized rats have a high aerobic capacity and are also more resistant to disease, and have a reduced response to adverse environmental conditions (22). Xiaoli et al. showed that ovariectomy significantly increased osteocalcin compared to the sham group (23). These results are consistent with the results of the present study. In another study, Qi and Zheng stated that ovariectomy in rats resulted in a significant increase in serum osteocalcin levels, which was consistent with the results of our study (24). The researchers also said that treating osteoporotic rats after ovariectomy with phytoestrogens such as genistein and silicon would improve osteocalcin factor, which is consistent with the present study (24). In the present study, decreased osteocalcin levels after ovariectomy improved after treatment with flaxseed extract due to its phytoestrogenic properties. A study by jian feng et al. showed that the serum concentration of ALP enzyme in the ovariectomy group increased significantly. ALP is produced by osteoblasts and is essential for bone mineralization, which is consistent with our study (21). In another study, Qi and Zheng stated that ovariectomy significantly increased serum ALP levels, which was in line with the results of our study. Also, treatment with phytoestrogens will improve the ALP factor, which is in line with the present study (24). In the present study, elevated ALP improved after ovariectomy after treatment with flaxseed extract. Lihui et al. found that exercise in ovariectomized rats increased bone density by reducing bone resorption and increased bone formation (26). Decreased serum concentrations of PTH and osteocalcin and increased serum concentrations of calcium and ALP in the treated groups compared to the ovariectomy group showed an improvement in the condition in the treated groups compared to the ovariectomy group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the combination of aerobic exercise and flaxseed extract has improved the complications of ovariectomy and estrogen deficiency in the studied rats. However, more research is needed to generalize the results in humans and to find the effective composition in the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 or Covid-19 is an acute respiratory disease that is closely related to the Sars virus. Although all medical personnel is exposed to corona disease, emergency medical personnel are more exposed to this type of disease due to the special nature of their job. The uncertainty and low predictability of this disease not only threaten the physical health of people but also affects the mental health of emergency medical personnel in terms of emotions and cognition. Long-term negative emotions reduce people's immune function and destroy the balance of their normal defense mechanisms. So people may overreact to any illness, which can lead to destructive behaviors, worry, anger, and fear. According to the review of the sources, it can be stated that the occurrence of a sudden and life-threatening illness can create extraordinary pressure on the medical staff. Medical staff is particularly vulnerable to psychological and mental health problems such as aggression, anxiety, and depression, and their quality of life is affected. Depression, as one of the mental disorders, includes a wide range of emotional and mental states, from sadness and low self-esteem to emotional and physical disability. Anxiety is an unpleasant emotion that is usually described with words such as worry, anxiety, tension, and fear; Emotions that everyone experiences with different intensity. New studies have also shown that anxiety can increase or decrease the level of people's functions. Aggression is often a response to a person's expectations not being met or a response to behaviors that are considered unacceptable to the person. From a psychological point of view, aggression is defined as behavior aimed at hurting, annoying, or harming another person. The increase in psychological and physical problems observed in the life of medical workers leads to the configuration of a large volume of studies on how to increase the health level of this group of people. Measures should be taken to prevent and treat these cases. Among the treatments that can be used in this regard are the treatment focused on compassion and the treatment of acceptance and commitment. In acceptance and commitment therapy, the main goal is to create psychological flexibility. Acceptance and commitment therapy focuses less on reducing symptoms and more on increasing quality of life. On the other hand, some experts believe that the core of helping people is based on a sense of compassion. In compassion-based therapy, people learn not to avoid or suppress their painful feelings, so they can first recognize their experience and feel compassion for it. This plays a significant role in calming the mind and reducing stress and negative spontaneous thoughts. Additionally, self-compassion requires active and patient acceptance of difficult feelings. Due to being on the first line of dealing with this disease, emergency medical workers are more likely than others to be exposed to psychological disorders and extreme fluctuations in physical indicators. A cross-sectional study conducted on medical personnel in China during the outbreak of Covid- 19 has shown that among 512 personnel, about 164 had direct contact with an infected patient. Among them, the prevalence of anxiety was about 12.5%, of which 10.35% experienced mild anxiety, 1.36% experienced moderate anxiety, and about 0.78% experienced severe anxiety. The importance of conducting this research is because the more the number of psychological treatments including compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy increases, the more likely psychological indicators will decrease, including anxiety, stress, aggression, and the level of quality of life-related to their health. It is created and people can do their treatment tasks with more confidence. Methods: The current research was of a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up plan with a control group, which was conducted on 60 medical emergency workers infected with Corona in Mashhad in the year 1400 and the form of three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) was done. The treatment groups were compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. The list of symptoms of mental disorders and the quality of life questionnaire were used to collect information. The interventions of the two groups were implemented as a group in the Skyroom software, and no intervention was done for the control group. Both experimental groups were exposed to treatment for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. After the end of the treatment, the post-test was performed for all three groups, and after three months after the last group meeting, the follow-up was done. After scoring, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software. Results: Based on the results of this study, there was a significant difference between the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up related to psychological indicators and quality of life in the experimental groups of treatment focused on compassion, treatment of acceptance and commitment, and the control group (P<0.05 ). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the treatment focused on compassion and the treatment of acceptance and commitment improve psychological indicators and quality of life. It is suggested that in future comparative studies, the effectiveness of two treatment approaches focused on compassion and acceptance and commitment therapy on physiological characteristics (heart rate and blood pressure) and other psychological outcomes of patients with corona should be studied. The findings of this research were about emergency medical workers in Mashhad, so the generalization of the findings with other samples and statistical societies should be done with caution. The self-reporting of the tools used and the purposeful sampling method are other limitations of this research that must be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the areas that has undergone change in Iran is childbearing. Statistical data show a decrease in the fertility rate in the last few decades; To the extent that in recent years the number of children of a mother is less than the required index in replacing generations (1/2 children) (1). This downward change in fertility rate indicates a change in the fertility of Iranian families and their desire for one child. On the other hand, having one child is the result of any factor or factors, creating a fundamental change not only in the demographic structure and socialization of the family, but also in various aspects of school performance and all aspects of the individual's personality in the future. There are many treatments for psychological disorders today. Each of these therapies may be stronger and more specialized than the other. Third wave therapies focus more on families and proper communication, because human beings are social beings and the type of communication style they have with others has a great impact on their mental health and that of their families (3). Among the important therapies for the component of marital satisfaction in families, especially mothers, is the Boeing therapy and the new ACT therapy, which largely complements cognitive-behavioral therapy. These treatments can increase family cohesion and raise children properly. Among these therapeutic interventions is Bowen's treatment, whose approach is family therapy. Bowen's family therapy approach deals with the family as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that must be analyzed from a different context or historical perspective to better understand it. Bowen believes that the whole family system is an emotional unit that cannot be separated from each other or successfully (5). In other words, the foundation of this theory is based on the concept of separation. Bowen family therapists believe that all the problems in family functioning, including marital dissatisfaction in the couple, which has a negative effect on the children and causes emotional divorce, arise from inappropriate family systems. Accordingly, the main goal of Bowen's therapies is to reduce chronic anxiety by being aware of the family's emotional system, focusing on changing oneself rather than trying to change others (6). On the other hand, ACT therapy is rooted in a philosophical theory called functional contextualism and is based on a research program on language and cognition called the theory of the framework of mental relationships (7). Despite the many studies on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on anxiety, depression, heart disease, marital conflict, marital satisfaction and many more; However, no research has been conducted on the effectiveness of ACT therapy on cognitive emotion regulation; Research has also been conducted on other variables in the field of Boeing family therapy; But so far little research has been done on marital satisfaction. Therefore, considering the significant effects of cognitive emotion regulation on many aspects of a person's development and interpersonal relationships, the need for such research and the application of its results is clearly understood. In order to compare the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on differentiation, the following hypotheses are proposed. Methods: This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method and using a pretest-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group. The independent variables of the study were Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment method and the dependent variable was marital satisfaction. The dependent variable scale was collected in two stages: pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study was all single mothers of preschool children in Kermanshah in the spring of 1399. The sampling method was simple by using random sampling and assignment. Forty-five mothers of preschool children were randomly selected and due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease in online sessions, intervention sessions were held for them through online sessions. The subjects' marital satisfaction scale was measured using the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for every 45 people (pre-test). Then, by simple random sampling, individuals were assigned to three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental group members separately participated in eight 1.5-hour weekly sessions of the Boeing Family Therapy and ACT, conducted by a trained therapist, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Meetings were held at Setareh Preschool Center on a weekly basis for two months. Participants in the sessions expressed their willingness to cooperate to receive intervention and participate in the research. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: The Benferoni post hoc test is performed to compare between the control group, ACT and Bowen. As can be seen in Table 5, there is no significant difference in marital satisfaction scores between the ACT and Bowen groups, and therefore Bowen-based therapy and ACT-based therapy have the same effect on marital satisfaction. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Boeing family therapy and ACT treatment on cognitive emotion regulation of single mothers in preschool centers in Kermanshah. Stable and meaningful. Also, Bonferroni post hoc test showed that due to the differences in the comparison of these two interventional methods, the effectiveness of Buenie family therapy and ACT treatment on marital satisfaction is the same. The findings of the present study on the effectiveness of Boeing family therapy interventions on marital satisfaction are not unexpected and are consistent with the results of a large number of previous studies. The results showed that there was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in the Boeing family therapy method and the ACT method on marital satisfaction. Couples in Buenos Aires believe that the phenomenon of marriage requires a high degree of adaptability. None of the couples feel safe and caring if there is no normal and acceptable level of adaptation in the marriage. In addition, marital intimacy requires a strong sense of self-awareness and self-differentiation. Couples with low levels of differentiation and high fusion are not able to understand their desires in the relationship, therefore, this process has a negative effect on their life satisfaction, when these couples with factors the change of role that reduces satisfaction, they face, they feel failure. Couples who are able to accredit themselves instead of seeking approval have a better working spirit in marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]