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Background & Aims Nurses on the frontline of fight against COVID-19 faced with many stressors. The unpredictability of the situation and the seriousness of the risk can lead to intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in them. Nurses with IU perceive uncertainties about COVID-19 as distressing and stressful, and experience severe anxiety and worry. Anxiety in such situations leads to cognitive avoidance, rumination or other maladaptive coping strategies. The present study aims to determine the IU status during the COVID-19 pandemic in nurses working in teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020 on 240 nurses working in the coronavirus wards of teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, whowere selected by a census sampling method and based on the inclusion criteria. A demographic form and Freeston et al.’s intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS) were completed by them. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 16, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean score of IU was 62.58±20.36. The stress dimension of IUS showed the highest score (2.49±0.78) while the dimension of inability to take action showed the lowest score (2.15±0.80). The COVID-19 infection was significantly associated with IU (P=0.048). Conclusion The nurses working in the coronavirus wards of selected teaching hospitals had IU during the COVID-19 pandemic such that they had more IU regarding stress, but the amount of IU was not so high that can make them unable to perform their duties. Providing education to nurses on how to break the cycle of anxiety and IU, changing their beliefs about IU, reducing their negative orientation to problems, controlling and monitoring their performance, and facilitating the provision of care can help optimize nursing care and achieve quality patient care during health-related crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Some studies have reported a high risk of metabolic syndrome among women and night shift workers. This study aims to determine the status of metabolic syndrome laboratory indicators and thyroid function tests in nurses working in Rajaei Cardiovascular, Medical, & Research Center (RCMRC) in Tehran, Iran, in 2020-2021. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on the health records of nurses working in RCMRC. The sampling was done using a census method. Records with incomplete information were excluded. A form containing demographic characteristics, thyroid function indicators, and metabolic syndrome laboratory indicators was used to collect data from the health records. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 26. Results Out of 401 reviewed records, 339 cases (84.5%) were for female nurses. The mean age of nurses was 37.47±8.68 years, and their mean work experience was 13.17±8.07 years. According to the criteria of the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the prevalence of abnormalities in metabolic syndrome laboratory tests was 5.21%, while according to the National Cholesterol Education Program III criteria, it was 2.99%. The prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism was 0.2%; subclinical hypothyroidism, 12.0%; and subclinical hyperthyroidism, 1.5%. Conclusion The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and thyroid disorders among nurses working in RCMRC is not considerable. Further large-scale studies (cohort or longitudinal) are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Providing quality nursing care has always been the main concern of nurses. Clinical competence and moral courage are effective factors in providing quality nursing care. The present study aims to determine the relationship between clinical competency and moral courage in Iranian nurses. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2022 on 123 nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data collection tools were Sekarka et al.’s moral courage questionnaire, Liu et al.’s competency inventory for registered nurses, and a demographic form. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation test in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean scores of clinical competency and moral courage scores were 151.18±22.32 and 59.56±7.47, respectively, indicating a moderate clinical competency and high moral courage. There was a significant and positive (weak) relationship between moral courage and clinical competency (r=0.272, P=0.001). Conclusion Due to the moderate clinical competency of nurses, educational workshops are recommended to improve their clinical competence. Moreover, since there is a weak relationship between clinical competency and moral courage of nurses, factors other than clinical competence may be related to moral courage, which requires further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Patients with leukemia face mental distress that can affect their hope. One of the effective components in measuring psychological well-being is illness perception, which refers to the cognitive evaluation and understanding of a medical condition. This study aims to determine the relationship between illness perception and hope in patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study conducted on 200 patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Data collection tools were a demographic form, Broadbent et al.’s brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ) and Snyder’s adult hope scale (AHS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance. Results The mean total score of BIPQ was 37.45±9.10 and the mean total score of AHS was 32.39±1.88. There was negative and significant correlation between illness perception and hope (r=-0.489, P<0.001). Conclusion A more positive perception of leukemia can improve the hope of patients. It is recommended to implement interventions to create a positive illness perception in these patients to increase their hope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The spread of COVID-19 pandemic caused anxiety in the medical staff, especially nurses, which contributed to many physical and mental problems in them. The relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety is still unknown. This study aims to measure the relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety in nurses, and find the related factors. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2021 on 120 male and female nurses working in one of the hospitals affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done using a stratified and random sampling method for three months. The cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) and the corona disease anxiety scale (CDAS) were employed to collect data. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 23, using independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation test. Results The mean total score of CDAS was 21.09±3.96, ranged from 12 to 32. The mean total score of CFI was 52.78±9.97, ranged from 30 to 81. Based on Pearson’s correlation test results, there was no significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety (P>0.05). The mean scores of CFI and CDAS were not significantly different based on age, number of children, work experience, physical activity level, and educational level; however, nurses with permanent employment (P=0.007) and female nurses (P=0.03) had higher cognitive flexibility, and married nurses had lower anxiety (P=0.021). Conclusion There is no significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and COVID-19-related anxiety in nurses. The personality traits such as cognitive flexibility is not enough to reduce the high level of anxiety caused the pandemics such as COVID-19 and it requires multiple measures and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the reasons for leaving the job among nurses can be the lack of career adaptability, which refers to ability to cope with changes in working conditions. This study aims to determine the relationship between career adaptability and the intention to stay in job among nurses working in critical care units of teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted in 2022-2023 in critical care units of seven hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Participants were 220 nurses working in these units with at least 6 months of work experience, who selected by a stratified sampling method from different working shifts. Data collection was done online using a demographic form, the career adapt-abilities scale (with four dimensions of concern, control, curiosity, confidence), and an intention to stay in job questionnaire (with three dimensions of adaptation, sacrifice, communication). Descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, frequency, percentage) were used to describe the data, while Pearson’s correlation test and regression analysis were used to assess the relationships between the study variables. Results The mean total score of career adaptability was 2.98±0.98 and the mean total score of intention to stay was 3.02±1. Among the dimensions of career adaptability, the highest average was related to concern (3.05±1.14) and the lowest score was related to curiosity (2.92±1.09). Among the dimensions of intention to stay, the highest score was related to sacrifice (3.06±1.09) and the lowest score was related to adaptability (2.98±1.1). A positive and significant relationship was found between career adaptability and the intention to stay in job (r=0.43, P<0.05). Conclusion Career adaptability, especially its curiosity dimension, has a significant relationship the intention to stay in job among nurses working in critical care units. By addressing different dimensions of career adaptability in nurses, hospital managers can be able to safeguard nurse retention in hospitals and mitigate nurse turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, cancer is considered one of the most important health problems around the world and its prevalence is growing in industrialized countries. If the prevalence of cancer increases in this way, according to the United Nations estimate, 1 out of 5 people will definitely get one of the forms of cancer. Cancer is the second cause of death in the world after cardiovascular diseases (1). Cancer has gained great importance among chronic childhood diseases; Because the rate of prevalence is high and it has a great impact on the life of the child and the family. Also, the damage to cancer patients is summarized in two dimensions: the physical dimension and the psychological dimension, which researchers have less focused on the psychological dimension of this disease, while this dimension leads to the deterioration of the weak body of the patients. The emotional and psychological effects that a child's cancer leaves in the family are sometimes more debilitating than the physical nature of the disease (2). This group of children is highly exposed to emotional disorders (3). One of the stressful aspects of cancer for affected children is that they lose their body image and attractiveness, or a deformity in their body image may have adverse effects on their lives (4). Teaching spiritual intelligence and therapy based on acceptance-commitment have beneficial effects on the education and social life of children with cancer and this point has been confirmed in various researches, but with the investigations carried out to determine the effectiveness of these skills on the body image of children with cancer Cancer has not been researched; Therefore, ignoring the effect of teaching these skills on the research variables can be a gap in the research literature.Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of acceptancecommitment therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group and a one-month follow-up, and its statistical population consisted of children with cancer who were hospitalized in the pediatric department of Tehran medical centers in 1402. who were in the age range of 9- 13 years. Among these people, 30 people were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups (20 people in two experimental groups, 10 people in the control group). To collect data, the body image questionnaire of Littleton, Aksam and Puri (2005) was used. The method of collecting information was that he first went to the children's department of the medical centers in Tehran and after making the necessary arrangements with the department, which according to the staff report and weekly admission statistics, approximately 150 children were admitted to the families of the children. And among about 65 people who were willing to cooperate, about 30 children aged 9-13 with cancer (which included the criteria for entering the research) who were hospitalized were selected by available sampling method and randomly selected in We made two experimental groups and a control group, in which 10 people were assigned to each group. And the implementation method is that after selecting the subjects and replacing them in two experimental groups and a control group and performing the pretest, experimental group 1, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session to 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (commitment and acceptance-based therapy group training) and experimental group 2, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session for 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (spiritual intelligence group training) were placed. To analyze the data, within-group analysis of variance with repeated measurements and block multivariate analysis of variance were performed. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants in the treatment based on acceptance and commitment were 10.90 and 1.19, respectively, in the spiritual intelligence training group, 10.40 and 0.84, and in the control group, 10.80 and 1.22. The mean and standard deviation of the history of disorders in the participants in acceptance and commitment-based therapy were 13.80 and 5.01, respectively, and in the spiritual intelligence training group, 16.10 and 4.99, and in the control group, 16.80 and 5.22. The results of the present study showed that acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training have an effect on the body image of children with cancer, and there is no difference between the effectiveness of acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer. Conclusion: Considering the positive effect of treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence training, it is suggested to use these two treatments to reduce the problems of children with cancer. According to the results of the research, it seems that in acceptance-commitment-based therapy, a person with a negative body image becomes psychologically aware of the values identified during the treatment, including his physical condition, and through reducing rumination, increasing acceptance, reducing cognitive and emotional dysfunction can affect the improvement of your body image. Also, in the training of spiritual intelligence, in addition to flexibility, this type of treatment increases self-awareness and a deeper look at life; As a result, people consider goals beyond the material world for themselves, which reduces personal dissatisfaction and concern about body image. This important thing can help children with cancer to reduce dissatisfaction with their body image by increasing their spiritual intelligence and instead of focusing on physical dimensions and body image, they can pay attention to other transcendental aspects of their existence. Therefore, treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence is effective in reducing psychological symptoms caused by cancer in affected children. It is suggested that counseling centers, psychotherapy and hospitals use affordable and available group treatments such as third wave treatments in order to improve the psychological functions of cancer patients as much as possible. Therefore, the acceptance-commitment approach and spiritual intelligence can be used as a suitable intervention in order to improve the ability of patients to adapt to the cancer crisis and reduce the psychological complications caused by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Trust means having confidence in the intentions and actions of others and is considered a key factor in the new mutual relations between leaders and employees. Trust in the organization plays an important role in achieving its goals. Under the conditions of complexity and uncertainty, it will be possible to maintain effective cooperation only when the communication is clear and this happens when there is mutual trust and confidence. Trust in itself will bring loyalty, and a loyal workforce is willing to work beyond the prescribed duties in their job description. Management is one of the most important human endeavors in human social life. Human societies consist of a set of organizations with different goals, each of which performs a task. When the society reaches the desired goals, when all the organizations achieve the organizational goals by carrying out tasks and plans. In all organizations, the most important pillar that is effective in achieving the goals is management. Undoubtedly, at the dawn of the new century, when organizations, especially educational institutions, face the environment of global competition, the need for radical changes is always felt; The global competitive force has forced today's organizations to adopt new working methods after decades of continuing their fixed work methods and procedures, so that the organizations do not have work stability and a kind of stability. Also, in the last two decades, new approaches in the field of leadership have emerged in organizations, which researchers call neo-charismatic theories of leadership and also inspirational approaches in the field of leadership. These types of leaders are people who create motivation and energy in their followers and inspire them through their speech, thoughts, and behaviors. The main emphasis of inspirational leadership is on creating a vision, communicating and transferring it to the followers, and empowering them by the leader in order to realize and implement this vision. At the level of higher education, it is clear that for survival and sustainability, it must explore the future and future opportunities and determine its place in the future by designing a coherent program that takes place through vision. Certainly, this is done through inspiration, which by creating these visions encourages its followers to achieve them. At the national level, it is also obvious that every country that intends to build a guaranteed future with prosperity and progress for its nation needs leaders who, with high insight, create a vision to improve organizational trust, and both government officials and Empower citizens to achieve this vision. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question that does inspirational leadership have an effect on improving the organizational trust of the academic staff of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In terms of the purpose, this research was a descriptive-survey type of application, and the statistical population included all academic members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, which was equal to 484 people. Based on the Krejci-Morgan table, 214 people were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method according to gender. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires of inspirational leadership that Bass and Avalio, and organizational trust by Payne (2003) were used. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations of data were used using SPSS21 and PLS software. Results: The results showed that; Inspirational leadership has a significant and positive effect on the organizational trust of the faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The influence of inspirational leadership in promoting the organizational trust of the academic staff has been validated. Conclusion: In general, it seems that the development of an inspirational leadership model can be considered a suitable solution to increase and improve the level of organizational trust in educational organizations. In general, the research on social sciences and humanities has a special complexity and imposes many limitations on researchers in conducting research. These limitations include time, human, social and economic limitations that cause problems in conducting research. This research, like other research and studies, has faced limitations. Among these limitations, we can mention the following: The variables of the research have a qualitative state, which is considered a limitation. The intelligence, interest, scientific, and specialized ability of the subjects also had an effect on their answering process. The economic, social, and cultural characteristics have had an effect on the response process of the research subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Paying attention to the factors affecting successful education has been the focus of education experts and the higher education system for years, and academic stress is one of the important factors that affect students' learning (1). Academic stress, if it intensifies or continues, causes problems for people in the field of mental health and wellbeing (5). In the same direction, the study of Bahraini et al. (2016) has shown that the level of wellbeing experienced is one of the basic components in proper performance (7). Lambo and Snodgrass (2017) believes that in general, the feeling of well-being includes perceptions of a correct emotional understanding of the current situation and adaptive psychological feedback and even spiritual references (8) that this appropriate level of well-being leads to the creation of adaptation in psychological responses. It becomes emotional and behavioral (9). People with a high sense of well-being experience positive emotions and have a positive evaluation of the incidents and events around them (11), according to this, mental well-being includes the cognitive values of people from their lives, and mental well-being makes it possible to close people and their conditions. Valued their expectations, values and previous experiences (12). Perceived academic stress is one of the fruitful and successful factors in the academic life of learners (16). In addition, the level of stress experience depends on cognitive and behavioral factors, and the level of neuropsychological performance will play a significant role in the organization and cognitive-behavioral responses (17). Neurocognitive performance is a set of superior abilities of organization and integration, which are related at the neuro-anatomical level with different pathways of neural interaction such as the prefrontal cortex (18) and include predicting and creating goals, planning, self-regulation and Goal monitoring, effective implementation and feedback of plans, working memory, etc. are critical for independent, purposeful activity and successful adaptation (19). In the context of the role of neurocognitive function in cognitive factors such as adolescent well-being, Nunn et al. (2016) concluded that better neurocognitive function facilitates the use of new assessments for adolescents and adolescents who rely on new assessments. provide more cognitive resources to help their sustained attention, which leads to better regulation of situations in their daily lives. Also, Kong and Lim (2021) found that there is a two-way and significant relationship between academic stress, generosity, difficulty of neuropsychological functioning and media addiction (17). In past researches, there has been no study on perceived academic stress based on cognitive dimensions, including neuropsychological function and sense of well-being. Therefore, in order to solve the existing gap among the studies, the question of this research is whether there is relationship between neuropsychological function and sense of well-being with perceived academic stress in high school students? Methods: The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the research was made up of all 650 female secondary school students of the 10th grade in 13 public schools of Babol city in the academic year of 1401-1400. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, with the possibility of incomplete questionnaires, the number of 250 female students was divided into two clusters. They were selected step by step. In order to collect data, questionnaires of perceived academic stress by Zazhakova et al. (2005), neurocognitive function of Nejati (2013) and feelings of psychological well-being by Keyes and Magyarmo (2003) were used. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis were used with SPSS version 26 software. Results: Based on the results, there is a negative relationship between neuropsychological function and feeling of well-being with perceived academic stress (P<0.05). Also, the regression analysis showed that neuropsychological function (-0.256) and sense of wellbeing (-0.187) in students can significantly predict perceived academic stress. Conclusion: According to the results of the analysis, neuropsychological function and sense of well-being can predict perceived academic stress in students. These results are in line with the findings of Amiri Largani et al. (1400) (14), Abbas Mofard et al. (1400) (26), Ferire et al. (2019) (1), Cumming et al. (2019) (22) is It can be explained in this way that students who have poor neuropsychological performance in the areas of concentration, attention and planning to do academic assignments, they see their personal goals and desires in danger during their activities, and these conditions bring constant anxiety and stress to them. and they consider failure to achieve desired results as losing the results of personal activities and also moving away from achieving their goals, which can cause emotional reactions and stress in them (27). But the students who have proper neuropsychological function along with getting incentives, are less stressed than the students who have less internal motivations. Because by anticipating unfavorable results, they only lose external incentives and approval from others (28). Also, in explaining the results related to the role of feeling of well-being on reducing perceived academic stress, it can be explained that feeling of well-being is an embodied phenomenon and the result of psychological, environmental causes and the ability of the executive control system to prevent the interference of thoughts unrelated to the current task. On the other hand, the feeling of well-being occurs when the student's attention is diverted from focusing on the current task to thoughts related to it, as a result of doing the task, he encounters side errors, which causes him to experience less perceived academic stress (31). ). People who have more mental alertness, are more aware of their thought process and have more autonomy in their choices or decisions, and also have less doubts about things. Determining the relationship between neuropsychological performance and the feeling of well-being with students' academic stress can be a guide for educational planners and officials to improve the strategies presented to reduce behavioral, cognitive and emotional motivational problems in educational centers and institutions. especially in the field of academic stress. The statistical community of the research raises limitations in the field of generalization of findings, interpretations and etiological documents of the studied variables that should be considered. The sample under investigation was secondary school female students, and caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings to other populations. It is suggested that school teachers and counselors use educational methods to improve cognitive status, such as cognitive and metacognitive strategies, as well as developing educational programs such as meditation, using self-regulation mechanisms and active memory before exams and stressful academic conditions during academic year, in addition to reducing the perceived academic stress, they can lead to an increase in mindfulness in students. The findings of the present study showed that neuropsychological function and sense of well-being play an important role in the level of perceived academic stress in secondary school students. Therefore, targeting these components in psychological training and treatment can be effective in reducing students' academic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Despite the significant impact of immunosuppressive drugs on controlling and treating certain diseases, their continued use can predispose patients to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, leading to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study aims to determine the levels of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms in patients treated with immunosuppressive drug during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 individuals treated with immunosuppressive drug such as those with autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant recipients in Firoozgar and Rasoul-e-Akram hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from July to December 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic/disease related questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation test) statistics. Results In this study, the mean age of participants was 51.35±12.95 years, and 148 (44.8%) were female. The majority of the patients had normal levels of anxiety and depression (91.2% and 92.1%, respectively). The mean total IES-R score was 27.71 out of 88. The anxiety and depression scores did not have a significant relationship with any demographic, disease-related, and COVID-related characteristics of the study participants, but a significant correlation between income level and total score of IES-R was observed (P=0.043). Conclusion The individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs in this study, despite being susceptible to COVID-19, had normal levels of anxiety and depression and obtained lower than average score in the IES-R. This finding can reduce the concerns about the mental health of these patients. Further studies using other questionnaires or a qualitative study on the experiences of these patients during the COVID-19 pandemic are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Evidence has shown that the inability to regulate and understand emotions causes various behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to investigate the effect of an emotion labeling (EL)-based training on the behavioral disorders of children with ASD. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental single-subject study ABA method. Five boys with high functioning autism were purposefully included in the study after one week of sampling in 2022. For each child, the Let’s Face It software was used individually to recognize basic emotion expressions (6 types) in three sessions followed by teaching EL at 8 sessions for 4 weeks, two sessions per week. The data collection tool was a demographic form and the test of behavioral disorders of children with ASD. The collected data at five phases were analyzed in SPSS software, using descriptive statistics, and Friedman’s test. Results According to the result of Friedman test, there was a significant difference between the first and third phases (P=0.037) and the third and fourth phases (P=0.019) of behavioral disorders measurement. The EL training significantly reduced the behavioral disorders of patients (P=0.030). Conclusion It seems that the EL-based training can reduce the behavioral disorders of children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Due to the effects of COVID-9, health care workers, including nurses, faced many psychological challenges, including death anxiety. This study aims to determine the death anxiety level of nurses working in the intensive care units (ICUs) for COVID-19 patients in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted on 179 nurses working in the ICUs for COVID-19 patients in two hospitals located in Tehran and Qom cities. Continuous sampling method was used for their selection. Data collection was done using a demographic form and Templer's 15-item death anxiety scale. Results The mean death anxiety score of nurses was 8.74±2.007 out of 15, which is higher than the median score (i.e., 7.5). The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the death anxiety score was significantly different between nurses only in terms of age (P=0.000). Tukey's post hoc test showed that the mean DAS score in nurses aged 30-39 was lower than in nurses aged ≥40 years and <30 years. There was no statistically significant difference in death anxiety between nurses in terms of other demographic factors (P>0.05). Conclusion The nurses working in ICUs experienced a high level of death anxiety during the COVID-19 in Iran. It is necessary that the policy makers and educational, medical or hospital managers develop educational and interventional programs including online in-service programs or educational booklets to help nurses overcome the COVID-19-related conditions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. Respiratory support treatments are among the methods for the recovery of these patients. The present study aims to assess the effect of breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy on the fatigue of patients with COPD. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study on 45 patients COPD who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups of breathing exercises (n=15) and chest physiotherapy (n=15) and one control group (n=15). Before and 6 weeks after the intervention, Krupp’s Fatigue Severity Scale was completed by the patient. Data analysis was done using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and chi-square in SPSS software, version 26. Results The mean scores of fatigue severity were significantly different in all groups between pretest and post-test phases (P<0.001). The fatigue severity in the intervention groups was reduced, while it increased in the control group, after intervention. There was no significant difference in fatigue severity among the three groups at baseline, but the difference was significant after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion Considering the reduction in fatigue severity after two supportive treatments, it is recommended that breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy should be used along with drug treatments for patients with COPD to improve their respiratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The general goal of the current research was to design a disciplinary management model to deal with vandalism in Iranian sports with a structural equation modeling approach. The behavior of sports fans is broad and represents one of the most universal leisure activities of the society. These behaviors include buying tickets or merchandise, tweeting about a team's performance, or signing up for special sports packages. Therefore, the relationship between a fan and his favorite team causes various behaviors. However, the intensity and extent of team -related behaviors varies widely among sports fans, as the emotions and passion associated with a sports team lead to strong attachments for some and casual relationships for others. Even in one fan, depending on a number of variables, including team expectations, team results, and moods, fan behaviors can vary. Nowadays, the presence of teenagers and young people in sports venues has become one of the concerns of families, because on the one hand, the safety of sports facilities and on the other hand, the moral deviations, anxiety and violence and harassment that occur in sports venues, can affect the physical and mental health of teenagers and young people, and even to threaten adults . Common behavioral abnormalities in sports fields include violence and aggression in the stadium, insulting and obscene slogans towards the players, clubs and fans of rival clubs, throwing objects and explosives on the playing field and disrupting the process of holding the match and finally fighting. And the conflict with the spectators of the rival club and the destruction and damage to the property and facilities of the stadium. As the sport in our country moves forward, the incidence of violence, abnormality and problems among the fans increases, which has become a fundamental problem in the sports community .Sports events are often associated with aggressive behavior from spectators. Hence, fan aggression is a social problem that affects many sports clubs around the world. Violence during sports events shows a wide phenomenon, it causes various negative consequences including damage to spectators and security personnel, reduction of public trust and loss of equipment and places .Therefore, one of the most important events in today's fan communities is vandalism. Fandom as an important part of the football phenomenon in today's society is also interpreted as a double coin with an ugly and beautiful reality, and its positive aspects are mixed with extremely valuable functions along with its negative approach and harmful side effects, and it is natural that One of the negative side effects is the phenomenon of hooliganism and vandalism among the spectators. Vandalism is one of the perversions of the new society, which is caused by rapid social changes, the growth of anomie and the ever -increasing desires of man and his failure to achieve these desires, and the feeling of alienation, injustice, anger and hatred that they have towards the community and their surroundings, which It is an expression of weakness and normative disorder in the cultural and social structure of the society. Vandalism is one of the crimes that have less legal and criminal penalties. Norm -breaking, while causing public damage, indicates important and bigger problems for the future society . So that the researchers believe that "if destruction and other destructive methods become a positive value among the people of a society; It means to be considered smart; Because it is internalized and institutionalized, it is very difficult to change or destroy it. According to them, showing destructive and aggressive films in third world countries fuels this culture; So that these elements are transferred to the next generations and propagated among them.". In general, a behavior can be called vandalism that, while having the aspects of violence and destruction, has the following characteristics: "a) damage to things that belong to others and not the vandalizing person; b) damage to the public property of the people; c) In general, any damage that the other party must compensate for and the responsibility for the damage is on him. This may be due to the fact that the mentioned properties do not seem to have an owner, or belong to a person, or at least it is difficult to determine their ownership. Methods: The current research was a descriptive correlational research, and in terms of its purpose, it is considered part of applied research. The statistical community of this research in the qualitative part was made up of experts in sports sociology, managers and deputy guards of Azadi Stadium, Foulad Arena Stadium, Naqsh Jahan Stadium in Isfahan, Yadgar Imam Stadium in Tabriz, Pas Stadium security, which includes about 7 people. The snowball sampling method continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative part, the statistical community of the research was made up of the security officers of the selected stadiums, and 162 questionnaires were distributed. In the qualitative part, after the interview, selective coding, central and open codes were extracted and then the qualitative paradigm of the research was presented. In the quantitative section, mean, frequency, standard deviation, percentage were used to analyze the data at a descriptive level. Also, structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used to test the model. Also, in this research, Smart pls version 3 software was used for data analysis. Results: In the qualitative part of law enforcement management in dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports, 85 codes and 4 categories (management and planning, security strategies, security infrastructures and extra -organizational interactions), 9 secondary concepts and 85 primary concepts were formed, and the qualitative research paradigm was presented. became. The results showed that all four components of disciplinary management (management and planning, extra -organizational interactions, security strategies, security infrastructure) have a significant positive effect on dealing with vandalism in Iranian sports. Conclusion: Management and planning include three core codes. Security organization, integrated security approach and training and training of security forces. This means that in order to deal with vandalism, police managers in stadiums should use the principles of management, or in other words, one of the main pillars of management, which is organization in the security affairs of stadiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The term transsexualism or transsexualism became common from the gender change of an individual named George Jangensen to Christian Jangensen in 1952. Then the term transgender was replaced by gender identity disorder. People suffering from gender identity disorder are those who have a disorder in recognizing their gender identity. In their minds and psyches, they see themselves as the other sex and believe that they were wrongly born as a man or a woman because they are infatuated with their hidden identity. People suffering from sexual boredom imagine themselves with the soul and spirits of the opposite sex. They are not transgender in adulthood. Conversely, many people who become transgender adults did not experience gender non -conformity as children. Most adults with gender identity disorder state that they felt different from other children of the same sex as children, although many of these patients cannot find the origin of this difference in retrospect. Many of them say that they have widely identified with the opposite sex from the very early years of life, and this identification has become more obvious in adolescence and adulthood. The genetic causes of gender dissatisfaction are under study, but no possible genes have been identified in this field, and chromosomal changes are uncommon in the population of transgender people, case reports of identical twins have shown that in some twins there is synchronicity regarding gender issues, and in others, this Synchronization not seen. A variety of approaches are underway to understand gender dissatisfaction. These approaches include information from imaging studies that show changes in white matter pathways, cerebral blood flow, and cortical activation patterns in patients with gender dissatisfaction, but the results of these studies have not been replicated. In adults who receive a diagnosis of gender dissatisfaction, the rate of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, self-harm behaviors, and drug abuse is higher. The rate of suicidal thoughts during the lifetime of transgender people is about 40%. The minority stress model predicts the increase of mental illness in groups that are stigmatized, discriminated against, and abused to a greater extent than others. DSM -5 reports suggest that individuals with late -onset gender dissatisfaction may have more distress and doubt about gender reassignment surgery and less satisfaction after the procedure. Treatment for adults who identify as transgender can include psychotherapy to address gender issues, hormone therapy, and surgical treatment. Surgical and hormonal interventions may reduce depression and improve the quality of life for the treatment of these people. While patients suffering from sexual boredom are completely healthy physically, they face a lot of problems mentally. The definitive treatment for this disorder is sex reassignment surgery, which is a very expensive and difficult operation, and at the same time, since it is not possible to create internal sex organs and gonads, only the appearance of the genitals is changed. This article intends to take steps to improve the mental condition of these people by teaching psychological treatment approaches, for this purpose, it compares the effectiveness of reality therapy and schema therapy on the communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and group schema therapy on the interpersonal communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. Methods: This study was conducted as a semi -experimental design with a pre -test -post -test design and follow -up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020 -2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of reaching all of them in a targeted manner, there were 30 out of 195 people. People were selected by available sampling method and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was trained in reality therapy and schema therapy for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the communication skills questionnaire was administered after reality therapy and schema therapy training, and it was repeated in the 3 -month follow -up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component of the control group with the intervention group of reality therapy and schema therapy at a significance level of 0/01. Therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective . Conclusion: The results showed that reality therapy can help these people to pay attention to themselves as the origin of their actions and deeds, and by emphasizing the inner motivation and sense of responsibility to perform the behavior, they can increase the feeling of self-worth and reduce the feeling of loneliness. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho -social functioning of a person. Studies show that both those suffering from male -to - female sexual boredom and those suffering from female -to -male sexual boredom describe themselves as individuals who are isolated from society and their basic emotional needs are faced with problems. This situation may be caused by their self-restraint, which has been imposed on them for years due to social deprivation and not understanding their need to be accepted as a member of the other sex. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. They believe that they can choose behaviors that bring them closer to their desires and goals. The goal of reality therapy is to cultivate acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. The individual identifies the behavior that he is trying to correct, his whole being. He focuses on it and does not make excuses for rejecting his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make a person know the short -term and long -term goals of his life, define them clearly and evaluate the ways to reach his goals. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. Since transgender people are often on the margins of social activities, many of their abilities have room for growth. Efforts to empower them in social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their capacities. Themselves and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors, develop their social skills in front of people. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Considering the impact of this research on gender identity individuals, it can be applied to other statistical groups and societies. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non -randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one location, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Caring for a patient undergoing hemodialysis is a stressful experience that causes a heavy care burden. With the outbreak of COVID-19, family caregivers of these patients had increased worry about the risk of infection in the dialysis centers. This fear can make their care burden heavier. This study aims to investigate the impact of coping skills training on the care burden experienced by family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2020 on 60 family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Comprehensive Treatment Center for Special Diseases in Birjand, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received coping skills training in six sessions. All participants completed the Zarit burden interview before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSSsoftware, version 19. Results The two groups were homogeneous regarding demographic information (P>0.05). Both groups had a moderate to severe care burden before the intervention. A significant difference was reported in the care burden score of the intervention group after training (P<0.001). Conclusion Coping skills training can reduce the care burden of the family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, coping skills training can be used by nursing managers to reduce the care burden of family caregivers of patients with hemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The ethical challenges of pediatric nurses in the work environment is inevitable. One of these challenges for nurses is related to euthanasia, which is affected by extensive legal, religious, and cultural issues. This study aims to determine the relationship between ethical reasoning and attitudes towards euthanasia in nurses working in children’s hospitals. Materials & Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 194 pediatric nurses working in two children’s hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected electronically and in person using three questionnaires, including a demographic form, the nursing dilemma test (NDT), and the euthanasia attitude survey (EAS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 26. Results The mean score of ethical reasoning was 42.92±10.33, and the mean score of EAS was 2.65±0.12. The ethical reasoning score had no significant correlation with age, work experience, sex, marital status, education level, and history of participation in nursing ethics courses, except for the department, which was significantly related to ethical reasoning. The EAS score had no significant correlation with any of the demographic variables, except for the department. The Pearson correlation test results indicated a significant negative correlation between ethical reasoning and attitudes toward euthanasia (r=-0.60, P<0.001). Conclusion The ethical reasoning of pediatric nurses in the study hospitals is at a moderate level, and they have a negative attitude toward euthanasia. The nurses with higher ethical reasoning have a more negative attitude toward euthanasia. Nurses from special care units and emergency departments have lower ethical reasoning but a more positive attitude toward euthanasia. Participation in nursing ethics workshops has no significant relationship with ethical reasoning scores and attitudes toward euthanasia. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that comprehensive educational programs should be held to strengthen the ethical reasoning of pediatric nurses and enhance their perception of euthanasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the goals of providing training to the anesthesia care team is to train staff with theoretical and functional abilities to deal with clinical challenges. However, there is a gap between the existing and desired performance levels of personnel in anesthesia procedures. This study aims to assess the competence of anesthesia personnel in Kashan, Iran, and find its related factors. Materials & Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 95 anesthesia personnel of hospitals in Kashan, Iran, in 2023, who were selected using a census method. The data collection tools were a demographic form and the Anesthesia Nursing Competence Scale. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation), Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman’s correlation test, Point-Biserial correlation test, and regression analysis. Results The mean age of the participants was 34.57±10.1 years. The overall competence level of anesthesia personnel was at a high level (84.84±53.11). Their competence had a significant relationship with their sex and marital status (P<0.05). Conclusion The competencee of anesthesia personnel in Kashan is at a high level in all fields, except for the patient’s risk care. It is recommended to empower personnel in this area to prevent adverse events and improve the quality of medical services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Tracheostomy is often performed for people hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs), but it can cause larynx damage and discomfort in the patient. Given that the final outcome and possible complications of tracheostomy are directly related to the quality of nursing care, this study aims to evaluate the effect of tracheostomy care training on the performance of nurses working in the ICUs of selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 64 nurses working in the ICUs of Rasul Akram and Firouzgar hospitals in 2021. The data collection tools were a demographic form and the tracheostomy patient care evaluation questionnaire of Atashzadeh et al. (2015). data analysis was performed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t-test, and analysis of variance). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of nurses was 31.49±6.02 years. Most of them were female (70.3%) with a bachelor's degree (90.6%). Their mean overall work experience was 6.74±5.13 years, and their average work experience in the ICU was 4.92±4.66 years. Most of the nurses (43.8%) had permanent employment. Most of the nurses had rotating shift (89.1%), and had not completed the course of tracheostomy care (93.8%). The results of the paired t-test showed a statistically significant difference in the mean performance score of nurses before training (45.85±8.87) and after training (93.3±42.33) (P<0.001). Conclusion Considering that the performance of nurses in caring for patients with tracheostomy in the ICUs of selected hospitals is not satisfactory, educating nurses and providing sufficient facilities based on guidelines and opinions of experts are recommended to improve the quality of services to these patients by nurses in the hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the concerns of nurses and physicians is the adherence to treatment in patients with heart diseases. In Iran, there are no accurate statistics on the treatment adherence of patients with coronary artery stents, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in these patients has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs in patients with coronary artery stents. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 in Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were 200 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty in the past year and had coronary artery stents. They were selected by a simple random sampling method. To collect data, a demographic form, the treatment adherence questionnaire, and the Framingham risk score (FRS) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance. Results The mean age of the patients was 61.6±10.62 years. Most of them were male (60.5%) and married (68%). The overall mean score of treatment adherence was 41.50±8.48, indicating moderate adherence. Patients had poor adherence in domains of dietary regimen and regular physical activity such that most of them used high-fat food (87%) and had the least amount of physical activity per week (92.4%), but they used prescribed medicines on time (70.3%). Based on the FRS, men were twice as likely to have CVDs as women. There was a significant association between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs, such that the risk of CVDs in the next 10 years among patients decreased with increasing their adherence to treatment (r=-0.25, P<0.001). Conclusion Given that there is a significant relationship between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs in patients with coronary artery stents, and considering that these patients have poor adherence to a low-fat diet and regular physical activity, it is recommended that nurses in their patient education programs emphasize adherence to having a low-fat diet and regular physical activity and identify the barriers to achieving it, so that, by increasing patients’ adherence to treatment, the risk of CVDs in the next 10 years can be reduced in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses working in psychiatric departments were also involved, which affected their mental health. The present study aims to determine the effect of psychological immunization on perceived stress and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in nurses working in the psychiatry department of a hospital in Zahedan, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted from February to June 2022. Participants were 50 nurses from the psychiatry department of Baharan Hospital in Zahedan city who were selected by a census method, and were assigned to intervention and control groups. Data collection tools included a demographic form, the perceived stress scale, and the corona disease anxiety scale. The psychological immunization was provided in two four-hour workshops. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 16 using mean, standard deviation and chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t-test, and Fisher’s exact test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Most of the nurses had an infection with COVID-19 and were vaccinated. The mean and score of anxiety decreased from 11.96±10.05 to 8.12±6.92 in the intervention group (P=0.004) and decreased from 11.84±10.26 to 8.40±6.51 in the control group (P=0.07). The mean score of perceived stress changed from 27.45±5.56 to 27.20±4.20 after intervention in the intervention group (P=0.8) and from 27.48±4.71 to 28.32±4.87 in the control group (P=0.43). Conclusion The psychological immunization program has no significant effect on anxiety and stress caused by COVID-19 in nurses of psychiatric departments in Zahedan, Iran. It is recommended that psychiatric hospital managers should pay attention to the psychological problems of nurses at the beginning of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Aging is associated with decreased physical and psychological functions. This study aims to investigate the ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly women with osteoporosis in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 130 elderly women over 60 years of age referred to selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020, who were selected by a consecutive sampling method. The data collection tools were a demographic form, the Barthel index for ADL, and the Lawton-Brody Instrumental ADL scale. The data was statistically analyzed in SPSS software, version 20. Results The mean age of the women was 67.5±5.7 years. None of them had dependency for performing ADLs such as eating. The highest dependence was for urination (54.62%). Regarding instrumental ADLs, the highest inability was related to shopping (60.77%), and the lowest inability was related to managing one's own medication use (0.77%). The scores of basic and instrumental ADLs were significantly related to age and educational level (P<0.001). Conclusion More governmental, family and social support is needed for elderly women with osteoporosis (with older age and educational level) who have lower ability to perform their basic and instrumental ADLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Social networks are now being created as an admission to search, discuss and share information interactive and immediate with others. The purpose of this study was to model the role of emotional resilience and self-resilience in the tendency of addiction to social networks mediated by psychological well-being. The use of social networks has become a modern natural behavior, but the harmful forms of their use have also received much attention in the last two decades. Social networks have now emerged as a platform for searching, discussing and sharing information interactively and instantly with others. Their popularity, especially among young people, has led to a significant increase in research into the analysis of the consequences of their use. Has been in the psychosocial development of users. Social networks have provided various facilities for users, but their uncontrolled, uninformed and excessive use of them creates dangers for users in families. Social networks are a source of attention in personal, academic and professional work. In the context of academia, they can lead to academic procrastination and undermine students' academic performance. One of the psychological characteristics of students that is affected by the use of social networks is emotional resilience. Previous studies have shown that psychological characteristics such as resilience may predict cell phone addiction and social networking. Resilience, as a complex, dynamic and multidimensional phenomenon, can be thought of as a process, capacity or consequence of positive adaptation and continuous professional commitment and growth in the face of challenging conditions. Emotional resilience should be considered as a person's ability to cope with adversity and overcome failure. Emotional resilience requires a high degree of self-awareness, strong self-regulation, and a host of other characteristics. Factors such as stress, burnout, lack of social support and negative thinking are the enemies of emotional resilience. Another variable that can be associated with social media addiction is self-concealment. In the literature on psychology and counseling, selfconcealment is often defined as the tendency to intentionally conceal personal information that one finds disturbing or negative. Self-concealmentis a behavioral tendency in which individuals hide personal information about distress, embarrassment, and negativity from others. One of the most important structures that play a mediating variable in social network addiction is psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is one of the structures studied in positivist psychology. Today, a new perspective is being formed and expanded in healthrelated sciences in general and in psychology in particular, with the aim of focusing on health. It is drawn from individual life to social interactions. In general, according to the above research records, the dispersion and contradiction of research in the field of social media addiction and the lack of studies in Iran, highlights the need for further implementation and research in this field. In addition, the mobile phones of this technological tool, which are especially popular among the younger generation, have led to lifestyle changes, differentiation of social interaction styles, as well as preparing them to limit their lives in the technological world. This in itself highlights the need for such research. Therefore, the present study aim to model the role of emotional resilience and self-concealment in the tendency of addiction to social networks mediated by psychological well-being. Methods: The method of the present study is descriptive and correlational and the method of analysis is structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study was all students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Since the PLS method is not sensitive to the sample size, the required sample size was determined using Barclayo et al.'s (1995) theory for the present study (32). However, in order to achieve more generalizable results and less statistical error in the sample size in the present study, considering the probability of sample loss, 200 people were considered. After removing the distorted data, 120 questionnaires were included in the statistical analysis. Sampling method used Sampling was also available. The questionnaires were designed online and its links were provided to the subjects on social networks (Telegram groups and channels, WhatsApp groups and Instagram pages) so that students who wished to participate in the research could answer the questions. Inclusion criteria were willingness to participate in research and being a student and exit criteria were unwillingness to participate in research. The data collected in this study were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation and structural equation modeling using SPSS.25 software and 3.smart pls software. Results: A total of 120 students with a mean age of 28.75 and a standard deviation of 8.71 participated in this study.The results showed that emotional resilience and self-deprecation had a direct and significant effect on social networking addiction, as well as the indirect effect of emotional resilience and self-deprecation with the mediation of psychological well-being (t > 1.96). Conclusion: The results of structural equations showed that emotional resilience has a direct and significant relationship with addiction to social networks. Explaining these results, it can be said that resilience can be generally defined as the ability to adapt to adverse situations in a positive way. Adolescents with lower resilience are more likely to become addicted to social media and in challenging situations instead the use of positive coping strategies tends to lead to negative behaviors such as social media addiction. The results of structural equations showed that self-concealment has a direct and significant relationship with addiction to social networks. Explaining these findings, it can be said that adolescents who have high self-conceit may become addicted to social networks to escape the negative feelings related to selfconcealment. The results of structural equations showed that psychological well-being has a direct and significant relationship with addiction to social networks. Explaining these findings, it can be said that according to the negative consequences of addiction to social networks, psychological well-being can prevent adolescents' addiction to social networks. Described over time.The results of structural equations showed that emotional resilience on social media addiction has an indirect and significant relationship with the mediation of psychological wellbeing. In explaining these findings, it can be said that, as stated earlier, resilience refers to the factors and processes that protect physical development and psychological well-being from the risk of engaging in problematic behaviors and psychological damage. The results of structural equations showed that self-denial on social media addiction is indirectly and significantly related to psychological well-being. Many people who have selfdeprecation turn to the Internet to manage and get rid of unwanted self-deprecating feelings such as stress, loneliness, depression and anxiety. They see the Internet as the easiest way out of these feelings, which is the starting point for Internet addiction. Emotional resilience and self-deprecation can show different functions of social networking in students. Therefore, examining the role of psychological well-being mediates provides more accurate information on the impact of these variables for various social network addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Quality of working life is a multidimensional structure containing concepts such as welfare measures and medical services, incentive schemes, job suitability, job security, job design, importance to the role and position of the individual in the organization, providing the basis for growth and development, participation in Decisionmaking, reduction of job conflicts and ambiguities, training and reward systems. It is impossible for universities to provide effective education and research without having faculty members equipped with knowledge and sufficient motivation. Therefore, as the quality of working life of the academic staff members of the university is strengthened, the functions of the university will be developed, and on the contrary, as their life goes down, the university will be exposed to decline. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of working life of academic staff should be among the highest goals of the university. On the other hand, nowadays, programs for the growth and development of academic members are among the new strategies to maintain and improve the knowledge and performance of lecturers, which have been used by most of the countries during the last few decades in order to improve the scientific ability of the members. To perform their job duties in various fields of education, research and executive-management activities, the academic staff should create a suitable platform for transformation in the educational system. Factors such as the introduction of advanced information and communication technologies, the rapid growth of knowledge and the resulting changes, the need for universities to be accountable to society, the financial constraints of higher education systems, universalization and globalization of higher education, the competition of higher education institutions, etc. All of them have caused universities and higher education systems to think about the continuous growth of their faculty members. The growth of faculty members is an essential and vital part of the success of faculty members as well as the university. Because faculty members are considered as the basic pillar of universities and higher education centers and as the executive arm of universities' triple mission (teaching, research and providing services) and paying attention to them means paying attention to human capital in higher education and in line with It is the fulfillment of this mission. In order to keep faculty members, especially in Farhangian University, who are responsible for training student teachers, considering the growth program as one of the most important university programs. According to the introduction, following the tradition of pedagogy and especially the approach of evaluating professional competence, it has been tried to align with global perspectives, a local model for monitoring, evaluating, issuing certificates and verifying the professional competence of professors (across the field) education) should be presented at the level of the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and on the other hand, the basis for measuring the validity of the supervisory tests should be provided. Since there is little information about the role of professional qualifications on the quality of work life and growth of employees, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of professional qualifications on the quality of work life and mental growth of university faculty members. Methods: The purpose of this research is practical, which was carried out with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. In the qualitative section, the statistical population included managers and academic staff members of Farhangian University in the 9th region of the country, who had a doctorate degree and more than 10 years of teaching experience, and 20 people were identified and their opinions were used in the qualitative section. In the quantitative section, the statistical population included 263 faculty members of Farhangian University in 9 regions of the country (Semnan, Mazandaran, and Golestan), and according to the Cochran formula, 156 people were selected as a statistical sample. The researcher-made questionnaire of professional qualifications, quality of work life by Walton (1973) and Balandagi Koroneh et al. (2013) was used to collect the required data. Results: The results showed that the effect of professional qualifications on the quality of work life and mental development of faculty members of Farhangian University of Region 9 is significant at the level of 0.99. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the quality of working life and mental development of faculty members refers to a wide range of activities, on which the role of professional qualifications was confirmed. Academic faculty members, as one of the biggest assets of any society and also one of the most important elements of the educational system, play a very sensitive and decisive role in the training of expert human resources, and the result of their efforts is ultimately growth. And it follows the development of every society. They form the main body of any university and are certainly more important than programs, activities and equipment in this system. Therefore, universities need professors who have competence and professional qualifications. Professional competence is actually part and parcel of the performance of university professors and actually reflects the areas of knowledge, attitude and skills of a person and allows him to act more effectively in his profession. The importance of professors' professional qualifications and their tremendous impact on organizational effectiveness has caused universities to try in various ways to improve and provide the necessary conditions for their maximum emergence. In fact, professional competence shows an image of a developed person who has complete preparations in every way to do the job. In this way, competence can be considered as a behavioral dimension that has an effect on the job performance and growth of a person. Based on this, it seems that professional competence is like an umbrella that includes everything that directly or indirectly affects job performance. Researches have shown that professional competence It has a significant impact on the quality of work life of research experts. If the university authorities are not able to attract and maintain competent and motivated human resources, the university will face problems in carrying out serious responsibilities and duties. Since the academic faculty members of the universities play an essential role in the production of science and the expansion of the boundaries of knowledge, therefore, the universities should satisfy their material and spiritual needs and create a suitable working environment for them for educational and research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Assessing gender differences in early childhood helps us to understand them in later life. Today, many thinkers consider the years before elementary school to be the most fruitful years for teaching and learning and believe that a young child learns at a faster rate than he will be able to later, and his early mental connections and associations are so stable that they do not last in the following years. The growth process of Iranian children is examined by non-Iranian standards, and due to the difference between Iranian standards and the standards of other countries, it will be difficult to judge Iranian children, a mistake in judgment can have irreparable consequences. After the embryonic period, the physical and mental development of children the ages after birth is very important; Because the most physical and mental changes happen at this age, which, if neglected, will lead to irreparable results; Therefore, paying attention to children's growth is one of the priorities. Previous research shows significant gender differences in psychomotor development, albeit on a small scale and with significant heterogeneity. Girls develop earlier and have better language skills than boys in most language domains (phonics, vocabulary, and syntax), which may disappear between 3 and 5 years of age. Girls have also been found to exhibit more fine motor skills—that is, activities that require high precision and usually involve manipulating objects. Up to 4 years old or after 6 to 7 years. No clear picture emerges from studies on gender differences in motor skills—that is, activities related to movement and trunk movement—in the preschool period. Assessing sex differences in early childhood helps us understand them later in life. Today, many thinkers consider the years before elementary school to be the most fruitful years for teaching and learning. Preschool children show rapid growth in motor, cognitive, and socialemotional skills; therefore, the assessment of gender differences in early childhood is very important in making decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in developmental standards of cognitive, physical-motor, language, and literacy skills, approach to learning, and social-behavioral-emotional. Methods: The present research method is practical in terms of its purpose and terms of data collection (research design) it is descriptive and non-experimental and the data were collected without any intervention or control. The statistical population includes all 3-4-year-old children in Tehran. The sample of the current research is 50 girls (50%) and 50 boys (50%) and their teachers and parents, which was obtained through cluster and matrix sampling in kindergartens. Twenty children were selected from five geographical regions according to the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of Tehran, including northwest and east, southwest and east, and the center (regions 3, 5, 6, 14, 16). The data collection tool includes scales for measuring the developmental capabilities of cognitive, language, and literacy, approach to learning, physical-motor, and social-behavioral-emotional skills of 3 to 4-year-old children, which were developed using the standards available in different countries. This scale measures five dimensions of cognitive skills (65 questions), physical-motor skills (25 questions), language and literacy (54 questions), approach to learning (27 questions), and social-behavioral-emotional dimension (24 questions). Information analysis method. In this research, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance test, Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. Results: The results showed that, from a theoretical point of view, this research will contribute to the development of knowledge about children's developmental standards. In terms of measurement tools and methods, this project is the first attempt to create a multidimensional tool that allows measuring the developmental standards of 3 to 4-year-old children, and practically, this research is useful for preparing preschool children in the early stages and evaluating them in the next stage will be informative. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is used by preschool school officials and educational policymakers. Mental skills or cognitive abilities include features such as perception, attention, memory (short-term or working and long-term), motor, language, visual and spatial processing, and executive functions. These cognitive characteristics are different in men and women. In general, women excel in verbal fluency, perceptual speed, accuracy, and fine motor skills, while men excel in spatial, working memory, and math abilities. Male and female brains show anatomical, functional, and biochemical differences throughout life. Many factors are involved in this distinction. Physiological factors, along with social norms, are other factors that cause changes. Men perform better than women on tests of visual-spatial ability and mathematical reasoning, while women perform better on memory and language use. Raising standards in children's writing is a current educational priority, and the apparent resistance of boys to efforts to improve their writing skills has received particular attention. Recent UK figures have reported that 15-19% of girls, after leaving UK primary schools, have achieved the expected standard of writing by the age of 11. This is supported by consistent evidence of female advantage in various national assessments of writing performance. The findings of this research have positive implications for theory, methodology, and practice. Theoretically, this research will help to advance the production of knowledge about children's developmental standards. In terms of measurement tools and methods, this project is the first attempt to create a multidimensional tool that allows measuring the developmental standards of 3-4-year-old children. Practically, this research will be useful and informative for the preparation of preschool children in the early stages and evaluation in the next stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescents are among the vulnerable groups against suicide, many of them have dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive errors, and inconsistent moral problems. Therefore, it is important to know the antecedents of this problem. The present study aimed to investigate the structural model of suicide prevention based on cognitive distortion and perceived social support with the mediation of moral identity in adolescents. Methods: The current research is a theoretical research and its design was descriptivecorrelation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade female students of Takestan city with an average age of 15 years who study in the schools of Takestan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size to test the hypotheses was determined by referring to Klein's (2015) strategy for studies that use the structural equation modeling method. That is, the minimum ratio of the sample size for each observed variable is 5 people, the ratio of 10 people for each variable is more suitable and the ratio of 20 people for each variable is considered desirable; Therefore, in the present study, using available sampling method, a sample size of 300 participants was considered. Research tools included: Revised Suicide Questionnaire (SBQ-R), Fleming et al.'s scale of perceived social support (1982), Abdullahzadeh and Salar's Cognitive Distortion Scale (2009) and Aquino and Reed's Moral Identity Questionnaire (2002). Results: The results of the correlation test showed that there is a positive and direct correlation between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendencies, and there is a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and moral identity and suicidal tendencies. The value of the standardized factor load for all questions is more than 0.4, and considering that all the significance numbers (CR) between the items and the relevant latent variables are more than 1.96 and their significance level is less than the error level of 0.05. is, it can be said that the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables is confirmed at the significance level of 0.05. The results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient are also given for all research variables and as it can be seen, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient of all variables is more than 0.7. Also, in the factor analysis model, the chi-square value for the degree of freedom is 1.309 and less than 3. Also, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) is equal to 0.032 and less than 0.08. Also, the comparative fit index (CFI), incremental fit index (IFI) and goodness of fit index (GFI) have all been calculated at a suitable level. Therefore, in general and according to the calculated indicators, it is possible to conclude the optimal fit of the model. The value of the critical statistic (CR) between the perceived social support and the cognitive distortion with the tendency to commit suicide has exceeded the borderline limit of 1.96, and the significance level of the test in this regard is equal to 0.000 and less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be stated that the existence of the relationship between perceived social support and the tendency to commit suicide is confirmed with a probability of 95%. Because the coefficient of the standard path between these two variables is positive and equal to -0.237, it can be said that with an increase of one standard deviation in the perceived social support, we will see a decrease in the tendency to commit suicide by -0.237 standard deviation. Therefore, there is a significant and inverse relationship between perceived social support and suicidal tendencies. On the other hand, the standard path coefficient between these two variables is positive and equal to 0.134, and with an increase of one standard deviation in cognitive distortion, we will see an increase in the tendency to commit suicide by 0.134 standard deviations. Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant and direct relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. In order to investigate the mediating role of moral identity between the independent variable (social support) and the dependent variable (suicidal tendency), Baron and Kenny's test showed that in the first stage and primary model, which only considered the relationship between social support and suicidal tendency, this relationship It is significant and its path coefficient is estimated as -0.381. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is entered into the model and is placed between the two variables of social support and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from -0.381 to -0.237 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the role of the moral identity variable is partial mediation and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed with 95% probability and according to the collected data. Also, regarding the mediating role of moral identity in the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency in the first stage and the initial model that only considered the relationship between cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency, this relationship was significant and its path coefficient was estimated as 0.304. In the next stage, the mediating variable (moral identity) is included in the model and is placed between the two variables of cognitive distortion and suicidal tendency. The path coefficient between these two variables has decreased from 0.304 to 0.134 and is statistically significant. Therefore, the mediating role of moral identity in the mentioned relationship was confirmed. Conclusion: The results confirmed the significant relationship between perceived social support and suicide tendency on the one hand and cognitive distortion with suicide on the other hand, and moral identity also plays a mediating role in the relationship between these components. Therefore, it is suggested that the training of skills to strengthen social protection and recognize distorted thoughts, along with paying attention to a rich moral identity and in order to prevent issues related to suicide, especially among teenage students, should be considered important by the authorities of schools and the country, and should be on the agenda. They should be placed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Social issues and harms caused by rapid changes in human societies are essential issues that have always occupied the minds of sociologists and thinkers. Children and teenagers are one of the most vulnerable groups in today's society. Working children are all people who are under 18 years of age and are directly or indirectly involved in earning money. The theory of social pathology is more reliable than the theory of social disorganization to explain the problem of children. According to this statement, it can be said that the working children of the poor marginalized classes have not been able to adapt in the face of social changes in Iran. It seems that the increase in working children is due to the adaptation of deprived families from the process of power, wealth, and dignity in an unbalanced society. The mutual influence approach is valuable for understanding specific images about children. In general, the importance of working and street children in the city due to the lack of social abilities and skills to correctly and dynamically face the social environment and their dependence on adults to meet their needs and go through the stages of their growth and development is more than other groups. It should be noted that this social phenomenon is understood as a part of the general structure of society. Today, child labor is more prevalent in developing countries of the world. Millions of children are working at a young age to support themselves and their families. Children work in different forms in factories, mines, farms, and different service sectors. Their work is part-time, full-time, seasonal, or permanent. Child laborers receive their wages in various forms of money, some of them do not receive money for their work, and in return for their work, they receive little housing and food. Institutions such as family, education and religious institutions, government, and mass media under social changes cannot fulfill their obligations towards socialization and normalization of children and adolescents. The purpose of this research was to investigate the factors affecting the expansion of child labor in Sari City. Methods: This survey study was approved by the code of ethics IR.IAU.BABOL.REC.1399.142 in the Code of Ethics Commission of the Islamic Azad University of Babol branch. This research is of applied type and descriptive-correlation branch. The statistical population of the research includes all the working children of Sari City and the statistical sample was selected based on Cochran's formula, 200 people. In this research, multi-stage cluster sampling and simple random sampling were used. Results: To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests were used with spss24 software. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of the research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. In this research, by using inferential statistics, the relationship between the variables of weak social cohesion, class inequality, inequality of access to public services, weakness of support programs, and breaking of social norms and working children were measured, and the relationship of all variables was confirmed. Conclusion: According to the theoretical issues and theories of the current research and the results obtained from the current research and the previous research that has been done in this field, it can be said that various micro and macro factors are involved in the formation of the phenomenon of working children, including At the macro level, they can be pointed to economic and class inequality, lack of support from organizations and institutions, and marginalization, and at the micro level, they can be the family's cultural poverty, family breakdown (parents' addiction, parents' divorce, parents' death, (they are going to prison) and being physically abused by their parents, which brings with it social harms, including children turning to deviant jobs, delinquency and engaging in risky behaviors. Child labor has an internal contradiction that goes back to the two concepts of play and belonging to the world of adults and play to the world of children. This definition refers to the excessive exploitation of children by rich people in the early period of industrialization. In the past, children participated in food production and services. The results showed that these variables of weak social cohesion, class inequality inequality of access to public services weak support programs, and breaking social norms have a significant relationship with working children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: At the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, the corona virus disease spread rapidly throughout China. The beginning of 2020 brought a new challenge to mankind, which was the corona virus or the Covid-19 virus, and it became a global health threat. Corona virus disease is caused by severe acute respiratory disease. The acute syndrome of the corona virus is an epidemic that affects all people and Covid-19 has had a serious impact on thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Research demonstrated that mindfulness-based training can effectively relieve the negative psychological consequences of the outbreak of Covid-19 and help restore well-being, especially for the most vulnerable people. Mindfulness has made people better cope with quarantine conditions and the Covid-19 pandemic. Mindfulness training can direct attention to breathing and keep people away from negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and fear during the corona epidemic. Mindfulness is caused that individual recognize gradually their mind and thinking styles which are come regularly and habitually and also other benefits of mindfulness is to increase their patience, appreciating and awareness of their body. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness if mindfulness therapy on dysfunctional attitudes, of Covid-19. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among Covid – 19 patients with an age range of 18 to 60 years who were living in Isfahan city in the year 2020. The statistical sample of the current research consisted of 30 people who recovered from corona disease living in Isfahan city in 2020 and among them 30 people who got corona virus were selected through convenience sampling on the purpose based on the entry criteria and were randomly placed in to two experimental and control groups. In each group, there were 15 people, 9 men and 6 women in the experimental group and 5 men and 10 women in the control group. To collect the data Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Wiseman and Beck, 1987) was used and the Mindfulness Therapy Program Intervention was applied and the treatment protocol used in the present study consisted of eight 120- minute sessions, which have been studied in various studies according to Kabat-Zinn et al.'s (1990) protocol, and the results indicated the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on ineffective attitudes. Finally, in the current research, in addition to using descriptive indices including frequency, mean and standard deviation, inferential statistics were used to examine hypotheses from univariate covariance analysis using SPSS version 20 software at a significance level of p<0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results of ANCOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in ineffective attitudes (P=0.005), in the post-test stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mindfulness treatment program has reduced dysfunctional attitudes in the experimental group compared to the control group. The calculated effect size or eta squared value indicates that 26% of the changes in ineffective attitudes scores were due to the effect of the independent variable (implementation of the mindfulness treatment program). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the research findings, it can be stated that the hypothesis of the research was confirmed that eight sessions of the treatment of mindfulness has been effective in reducing dysfunctional attitudes of Covid – 19 patients. The current research, like other researches, has limitations, including the method of data collection online and virtual. The limitation of the equal number of demographic information in each group of samples and treatment follow-up can be mentioned as limitations of the research. The age range of 18 to 60 was one of the criteria for entering the research, and the findings of the results cannot be generalized to those under 18 and over 60. In the current research, only the effectiveness of mindfulness has been investigated, so other treatment approaches have not been investigated. Since the present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental study design, it may also be one of the important beginnings for other studies in the future and critical situations. The present study has practical implications for counselors, psychotherapists, educational management and policy makers. In order to confirm or not confirm the long-term effectiveness of the training given in connection with the consequences of Corona, more research should be done by other researchers. It is also suggested that the effectiveness of this treatment approach should be followed up for several months. It is suggested that the effectiveness of mindfulness on other variables such as psychological well-being, quality of life, mental health, spontaneous thoughts, and styles of coping with stress and fear of corona should be done. The results of the research are useful and practical as a non-drug treatment for people in the corona and post-corona period. Therefore, mental health professionals are advised to pay special attention to dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies and plan to prevent and reduce the complications and risks of dysfunctional attitudes. A variety of face-to-face and online training and treatment programs are recommended by mental health experts to reduce dysfunctional attitudes for healthy people, infected with Corona, and people who have experienced bereavement caused by Corona. Since there are parts of the country without access to the Internet and mobile phones, and also elderly people may lack the necessary skills to use smartphones, therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures along with the observance of health protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims safe nursing care is the use of knowledge and skills by nurses to provide quality patient care and it is considered one of the health goals in intensive care units. The feeling of being supported by the hospital play a key role in achieving this goal; it can lead to job satisfaction, good job performance, and patient satisfaction. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived organizational support and safe nursing care in nurses working in the intensive care units (ICUs) of public hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted on 200 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2021-2022, who were selected using a quota sampling method. Eisenberger et al.’s perceived organizational support scale and Rashvand et al.’s safe nursing care questionaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test). Results The mean score of perceived organizational support was 23.20±9.57, which was lower than the cutoff point. Safe nursing care was at a favorable level with a mean score of 322.89±34.1. The perceived organizational support had no statistically significant correlation with safe nursing care and its dimensions. Conclusion Despite the unfavorable perceived organizational support of ICU nurses in Tabriz, their safe nursing care is favorable. There is no statistically significant relationship between their perceived organizational support and safe nursing care. This finding is probably due to the prevailing rules and professional beliefs in the work of nurses, which has caused the care provided to be safe despite the perception of low organizational support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Admitting a child to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) brings various physical, psychological and social consequences for parents. Supporting parental self-efficacy is a step to ensure successful implementation of pediatric care. Therefore, it is necessary to provide appropriate interventions to reduce anxiety and stress and improve self-efficacy of parents. Although mobile-based education has been used for patients in many studies, its use for family caregivers of children admitted to PICU is limited. This study aims to assess the effect of a mobile-based educational program on the anxiety and self-efficacy of mothers with children admitted to PICUs in Iran. Materials & Methods In this quasi-experimental study, participants were 60 mothers of children admitted to the PICUs of hospitals in Shahrekord, Iran from April to August 2022. They were selected using a convenience sampling method and were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a mobile-based educational program for four days, one session per day, each for 60 minutes. For the control group, routine education was given by the ward nurses. Data were collected by Spielberger’s state-trait anxiety inventory and Schwarzer & Jerusalem’s general self-efficacy scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean self-efficacy score in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the pre-intervention score (from 19.60±4.01 to 21.87±5.13; P<0.001), but no significant difference was observed in the control group (from 18.53±4.23 to 19.30±5.40; P=0.393). In the intervention group, the mean anxiety score decreased significantly compared to the pre-intervention score (from 47.33±5.52 to 43.63±5.27; P=0.001) but no significant difference was observed in the control group (from 48.30±6.88 to 46.43±9.02; P=0.131). There was no significant difference between the two groups in anxiety and self-efficacy scores before and after the intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion Nurses can reduce anxiety and increase the self-efficacy of mothers of children admitted to PICUs by using other measures along with virtual education, which requires more research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the challenges in accurate and macro planning for the future is the uncertainty involved in estimating the future and rapid changes in various health-related fields. A powerful tool that can predict future competitive environments is the scenario planning tool. The current research aims to provide scenarios for the future of nursing education in Iran. Materials & Methods This exploratory research was conducted in 2022. In the first stage, the drivers and trends of nursing education were identified using meta-synthesis, interviews, and the Delphi method. Then, the influence and uncertainty of the identified trends were rated using the opinions of a panel of experts. In the next step, using influence/uncertainty diagrams, the key factors for writing the scenario were identified. Scenarios were then designed by Scenario Wizard software, version 4.11, and strategies were presented. Results The experts agreed on 6 drivers and 31 trends. With five key uncertainties, the scenarios were designed with three optimistic, realistic, and pessimistic assumptions. According to the size of the matrix and its dimensions (15×15), four problem-oriented, ethics-oriented, maintaining the status quo, and limited educational system scenarios were designed. The validity of the scenarios was examined according to feasibility, internal consistency, usefulness, and differentiability. Conclusion Each of the four designed scenarios has the potential to be realized, but their occurrence depends on the current plans. The use of future planning methods, such as the scenario planning tool, can be used as a warning system for awareness of opportunities and threats in Iran's health system before a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: : Adolescence is a period in which many healthy and unhealthy habits are formed and spread to the next periods of life, and since during this period, healththreatening behaviors increase, adolescents are at risk of many health-threatening behaviors including increased food intake, decreased physical activity, and increased developmental vulnerability. Therefore, a health-promoting lifestyle in teenagers is one of the best ways that they can maintain and improve their health. Health-promoting behaviors are part of daily life activities that create a set of individual happiness, values, and well-being. A healthy lifestyle is a balanced life in which a person consciously makes healthy choices in different areas. Health promotion includes behaviors during which a person should have proper nutrition, exercise regularly, avoid harmful behaviors, protect against accidents, detect signs of illness in time in the physical dimension, control emotions, feelings, and thoughts, and cope with It deals with stress and problems in the mental dimension, independence, adaptability and modification of interpersonal relationships in the social dimension. Therefore, the type of interpersonal relationships and, as a result, the emotional system that governs the family structure and interpersonal relationships, affects the mental health of a person, because this emotional system is the ability to separate and differentiate oneself from others on a cognitive and emotional level. The purpose of the present study was to present a structural model for predicting health-promoting lifestyle in teenage girls based on self-differentiation and interpersonal sensitivity with the mediating role of social support. Methods: The research method was descriptive and correlation type using structural equations. The statistical population in this research was made up of all high school female students in Yazd who were studying in theoretical fields (humanities, experimental sciences and mathematics) in the academic year of 1402-1401. 4 schools from district one and 4 schools from district two of Yazd city (8 schools in total) and from each school three classes from among mathematics, experimental and humanitarian fields (24 classes in total) were selected and in each class the questionnaire was randomly distributed to 15 students were given to complete. Finally, due to the non-response of a number of participants and the missing questionnaires, the analyzes were performed on 340 samples. The measurement tools in this research were Walker's health-promoting lifestyle (1987), perceived social support by Zammit et al. (1988), self-differentiation by Skowron and Smith (2003), and Boyce and Parker's (1989) interpersonal sensitivity. Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation and path analysis to investigate causal relationships between variables. Results: The results of the fit of the proposed model indicated a good fit of the model with the data. The direct coefficients of the model showed that self-differentiation (P<0.001, β=0.203) and perceived social support (P<0.001, β=0.259) have a significant positive effect on healthpromoting lifestyle, and interpersonal sensitivity on style Health-promoting life has a significant negative effect (P<0.001, β=-0.309). Also, with the inclusion of perceived social support variable into the model, the indirect effect of self-differentiation and interpersonal sensitivity on health-promoting lifestyle became -0.0814 and -0.0335, respectively. Conclusion: In explaining this finding, it can be stated that interpersonal sensitivity (emotional and social) is the skill of evaluating others' abilities, states, and traits through their non-verbal signs, and people who have these characteristics are disturbed in interpersonal relationships, regardless of real criticism or not. They are sensitive to accepting and changing their behavior to follow others' expectations, and as a result, they experience dysfunctional interpersonal relationships to a greater extent. Interpersonal sensitivity can cause individual isolation and increase the feeling of social loneliness because people with high interpersonal sensitivity suffer more from pessimism, mistrust, and a hostile view of the world, and as a result, experience social isolation and reduced benefits from social support. On the other hand, they are radically changing their behavior to suit others to minimize the risk of criticism and rejection. Therefore, teenagers in stressful situations may use it as a tool to reduce their mental pressure, which leads to a decrease in their desirable lifestyle. As a result, if teenagers have characteristics that can receive the necessary social support, this support will make them reduce the number of weaknesses caused by separation anxiety and fragile self-esteem and adjust their interpersonal relationships according to their needs. These relationships further satisfy the need for approval and minimize the fear of rejection and criticism, and during a cycle, this model can strengthen the possibility of promoting a desirable lifestyle. In general, people with differentiation and interpersonal sensitivity problems have difficulty in relating to others and maintaining intimate relationships and tend to cut off communication with others, as a result, they probably receive less social support from others. On the other hand, social support can improve problems related to Psychological disorders, and problems play a moderating role. As a result, a person who has high social support is not easily involved in the process of social comparison in the process of non-differentiation, interpersonal sensitivity, or sensitivity to rejection, and it seems that social support can play a mediating role in the relationship between self-differentiation and interpersonal sensitivity with health-related lifestyle.Therefore, adolescents with differentiation and interpersonal sensitivity problems have difficulty in maintaining intimate relationships with others and tend to cut off communication with others, as a result of which they receive less social support from others and the lack of social support causes maladaptive behaviors and Health decreases in these teenagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Job burnout is a psychological syndrome involving the three axes of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment, and it occurs when a person in the workplace is subjected to prolonged stress with severe psychological and physical consequences (2). Burnout will lead to a low quality of work, customer or clients’ dissatisfaction, psychological consequences such as depression, and even physical illnesses. Since job burnout is a disabling condition that decreases the quality of services in workplaces, it is necessary to identify the underlying psychosocial risk factors involved in this condition. A growing body of literature has documented that various psychosocial risk factors can cause burnout including job motivation, lack of adequate support from managers, high workload and stress, and psychological or physical disorders (6). High workload and stressful work environment considered as important factors that contributed to the job burnout, but all people working at a stressful work environment dos not suffer from job burnout (15). It seems that some personal risk factors make people susceptible to job burnout. Psychological and personality factors considered as important personal risk factors that may play a decisive role in the development or maintenance of job burnout (17). Job burnout is one of the most disabling conditions that threaten the mental and physical health of workers in medical settings. While job burnout has been studies in different medical settings (3) there is a dearth of research in the dentistry settings and further research is needed. Dentists are one of the medical groups that are at high risk of burnout due to different environmental risk factors causing stress at work (5). Limited studies have been done on the role of psychological and personality factors involved in job burnout among dentists. This study aimed to explore the relationship between pathological personality traits and psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) with job burnout among dentists. Methods: The method of this research was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included all general and specialist dentists working in public clinics and private offices. Using a convenience sampling method study questionnaires were distributed electronically among channels and groups of dentists. Inclusion criteria include having work experience more than 2 years in the dentistry settings, current employment, being between 31 to 70 years old, not having a history of severe psychiatric illness and willingness to participate in research. The tools used in this study included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress-21 (DASS-21). After distributing the questionnaires, 758 completed questionnaires were received from the participants, of which 641 valid questionnaires were separated for analysis and the rest that were incompletely or uniformly completed were discarded. In order to analyze the data of the present study, descriptive indices, t-test, and Pearson’s correlation was used. All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, Version 22. Results: The results showed that pathological personality traits and psychological components, as well as demographic characteristics (such as age, gender, marital status) and job-related variables (such as working hours, work history), affect job burnout in dentists. In terms of job burnout dimensions, in terms of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment, 0.5%, 7.8%, and 21.8% of respondents were in a high burnout state, respectively. There was a significant relationship between all three dimensions of job burnout and gender, and emotional exhaustion was more in men than women, and depersonalization and lack of personal success were more in women than men. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between all three dimensions of job burnout and marital status, so that emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were more in single people than in married people, and the lack of personal success was more in married people than in single people. There was a significant relationship between emotional exhaustion and education level, and it was more common among general dentists than specialist. There was a significant and direct correlation between the job burnout dimensions of working hours per week and the lack of personal success. Depersonalization was also higher in people with more than 40 hours of work per week. There was a significant and inverse correlation between work experience and depersonalization, and the intensity of the correlation was also weak. Conclusion: In general, in addition to demographic variables (age, gender, marital status) and job-related variables (education and working hours), personality traits and mood states such as depression, anxiety and stress can explain job burnout among dentists. How job burnout can affect the five areas of personality is due to the fact that work is one of the issues that humans deal with on a daily basis and the tensions and pressures that cause job burnout can chronically affect the psychological structure of a person and affect the five areas of personality. On the other hand, personality traits affect the type of facing problems, pressures and tensions from the work environment. The results can have theoretical and practical implications in providing appropriate psychological interventions for dentists suffering from job burnout. At the theoretical level, the results of this research can help to better understand personal factors that aggravate and maintain burnout among dentists. At the practical level, the results can have practical implications in providing suitable psychological interventions for dentists suffering from job burnout. These results provide further support for the development of new treatments that target individual factors in burnout and teach skills to help develop individual skills. Nevertheless, the findings must be interpreted in the context of its limitations. The crosssectional nature of our study impedes any inferences about causality or temporality of associations among the variables investigated. Therefore, longitudinal experimental studies are encouraged to explore whether the associations reported here actually resemble predictions and mediations in prospective designs in which causal relationships and temporal ordering of variables can be statistically detected. Only self-report measures were used in this research, which could introduce biases such as social desirability. Conducting experimental studies with more objective measurement tools on dentists with job burnout can be beneficial for finding better results. Despite these limitations present findings can pave the way for the future research and updated critical literature. This study adds to the growing literature on the field and remediate the dearth of studies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the congenital disorders in premature neonates, which is strongly associated with increased mortality in them. Currently, echocardiography is the method of choice for detecting PDA, and due to the high cost of this method and its lack of easy access, finding a suitable and low-cost alternative method, including the use of clinical parameters to quickly detect PDA in premature neonates and determine the cases in need Treatment is very important. Therefore, in this study, we decided to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of clinical criteria in the diagnosis of PDA in comparison with the echocardiography method. Preterm neonates refer to neonates who are born before 37 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period (1) due to developmental delay and also weakness in the immune system, these neonates are about 40 times more than neonates with normal weight at risk of mortality (2). The ductus arteriosus is a vein that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This duct is the fetal vascular connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta artery, which diverts blood from the pulmonary bed to the systemic circulation during the fetal period (3). In the uterus, blood is shunted from the lungs due to the high pressure in the lungs. Therefore, the blood leaves the right ventricle, enters the ductus arteriosus, and from there enters the aorta (4). The ductus arteriosus contracts after birth and usually closes within 72 hours after birth. If this active contraction does not occur after birth, the ductus arteriosus will remain open. Usually, within 10 to 15 hours after birth, this contraction causes the functional closure of the ductus arteriosus, which starts from the side of the pulmonary artery and finally progresses to the end of the aorta (5). Therefore, keeping this duct open causes the oxygen-rich blood in the aorta to mix with the deoxygenated blood flowing in the pulmonary artery. Therefore, a lot of blood is transferred to the lungs, which increases the pressure on the heart, increases the blood pressure in the pulmonary veins, and also impairs the ventilation of the lungs (6). A large blood shunt from the ductus arteriosus increases pulmonary blood flow and also decreases systemic blood flow (7). Neonates with reduced systemic blood circulation are exposed to dangerous complications such as increased systolic and diastolic pressure, increased oxygen demand, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, active pericardium, heart failure, intracerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis (8). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on preterm neonates with PDA and preterm neonates without PDA who were admitted to the NICU department of Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran during 2017 and 2018. In this study, 124 preterm neonates with a gestational age of 25 to 37 weeks were included in the study. Preterm neonates with convulsions, life-threatening infections, clinical or radiographic evidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, evidence of hemorrhage, congenital neurological disorders, metabolic and genetic syndromes, pulmonary hypoplasia syndrome, congenital heart anomalies, and other fatal abnormalities., were excluded from the study. Also, a checklist was provided in which case and demographic information related to preterm neonates was recorded. Parameters such as birth age, height and weight, gender, duration of hospitalization in NICU, duration of mechanical ventilation, history of any underlying or congenital disease (such as heart and lung disease, sepsis, other infectious diseases, diseases respiratory, history of cardiac arrest, etc.), neurological diseases, type of birth (NVD or cesarean section), gestational age, mothers' age were also recorded. After initial examinations and selection of patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, various clinical parameters in newborns including heart rate, peripheral pulse status, precordial pulse status, heart murmur status, cardiothoracic ratio, first minute Apgar score and Fifth, the deterioration of the respiratory condition was investigated in terms of physical and clinical examinations. A heart rate less than 160 was given a score of zero, a heart rate between 160 and 180 was given a score of 1, and a heart rate greater than 180 was given a score of 2. Cardiothoracic ratio less than 0.6, 0.6 to 0.65 and more than 0.65 were determined with zero, 1 and 2 scores, respectively. The status without murmur, systolic murmur and diastolic murmur were defined with 0, 1 and 2 scores, respectively. Normal peripheral pulse score zero, brachial banding score 1, brachial and dorsalis pedis banding score 2, precordial pulse not visible and not palpable with score 0, palpable precordial pulse with score 1 and visible precordial pulse with score 2. The scores of each of the clinical criteria were added together and a score equal to or greater than 3 was considered to be associated with the incidence of hemodynamically significant PDA. Then echocardiography was performed in the examined neonates by an experienced pediatric cardiologist. The results of this research were analyzed by SPSS software. In this study, p value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical factors in determining PDA requiring treatment, the ROC diagram and the area under the ROC curve were used. The results related to the sensitivity and specificity of each of the physical and clinical examinations as a factor in the diagnosis of active PDA in need of treatment were compared with echocardiography results. Results: Based on statistical analysis and ROC curve performed in this study, the relationship between scores calculated based on Clinical criteria were demonstrated with PDA. Based on this, it can be said that by measuring clinical criteria and calculating the score can be detected PDA. Also based on the ROC curve analysis at point (score) 3, the sensitivity value is 65% and the specificity value is 95%, and at point (score) 2 the sensitivity value is 90% and the specificity value is 87%. Conclusion: AUC = 0.94 for the diagnosis of hs-PDA indicates the fact that the definition of the score parameter based on the clinical criteria presented in this research can help in the diagnosis of PDA without echo. Only the difference between the pre-ductal and post-ductal oxygen saturation and the intensity of the dorsalis pedis pulse should be taken into account. Also, since the level of sensitivity is higher in the score of two, and this means that the false negative cases are less in the score of two, therefore, the score of two can be a more appropriate score for detecting cases that need treatment. According to the ROC curve of 5 clinical criteria for the diagnosis of hemodynamically PDA, the order of effectiveness of these 5 criteria are CTR, precordial pulse, heart murmur, heart rate and peripheral pulse respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group nutrition training based on play therapy on anxiety and tendency to food diversity in preschool children with avoidance- restriction of food. Methods: The design of this study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group and a follow-up stage. The study population, available preschool children (3 to 5 years) had one of the eating disorders. By purposive sampling, 20 children with clinical symptoms of avoidance disorder / food restriction living in Sanandaj were selected; Which were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. At first, a 3-hour group training session was held for the mothers of the children in the experimental group on parenting style, child nutrition and introduction of games. Subsequently, the experimental group received 120 minutes of 120 minutes of group nutrition training through play therapy, to collect data from the Wardell, Guthrie, Sanderson, and Rapaport (2001) Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Revised Child Anxiety Anxiety Scale (CMAS). Reynolds and Richmond (1987). To describe the data, tables and graphs were used frequently, as well as central indices and scatter indices such as mean and standard deviation. To answer the questions, repeated measures analysis of variance and multivariate covariance were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24. Results: An educational and treatment package to reduce avoidance- restrictive eating disorder was developed by a therapist who was validated by child clinical psychologists and nutrition and education experts. Findings showed that the significance level of anxiety and tendency to food diversity variables is less than 0.05. As a result, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of these variables in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Considering the significance of the interaction of the stages * of the group, it is concluded that the rate of change in the variables of anxiety and tendency to food diversity during the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages were not the same in the experimental and control groups; That is, treatment based on group nutrition education of preschool children with avoidance / restriction disorder based on play-therapy has been effective in reducing anxiety and tendency to food diversity. There is a difference between pre-test and post-test stages; That is, the intervention was effective in reducing anxiety and promoting dietary diversity. There is also a difference between the pre-test and follow-up stages and the significance level of 1.00 shows that there is no difference between the means between the post-test and follow-up stages; That is, the effectiveness of the intervention in the follow-up phase has shown that it has remained stable. It can be said that there is a difference between the children in the experimental group who received the intervention and the children in the control group in at least one of the variables of anxiety. The difference is 44% in the posttest and 78% in the follow-up. The level of significance obtained also shows that there is a difference between the children in the experimental group who received the intervention and the children in the control group at least in terms of one of the variables of the tendency to food diversity. The difference is 92% in post-test and 96% in follow-up. In the post-test, the level of significance of the components of physiological symptoms and anxiety is significant at the level of 0.05; That is, the intervention had an effect on reducing the physiological symptoms of anxiety and worry in children in the experimental group; However, the significance level of 0.102 obtained by Mankova test in the third component (social anxiety) shows that the intervention was not effective in reducing children's social anxiety in the post-test stage. In the follow-up stage, the level of significance of the components of physiological symptoms, anxiety and social anxiety is significant at the level of 0.05; That is, the intervention had an effect on reducing the physiological symptoms of anxiety, worry and social anxiety in children in the experimental group, and the rate of this effect in the component of physiological symptoms was 51%, anxiety 67% and social anxiety 42%. Also, the level of significance of the components of food pleasure, desire to drink, emotional overeating, excuse about food and emotional undereating is significant at the level of 0.05; That is, the intervention had an effect on the mentioned components in the post-test stage of the experimental group. The extent of this effect was in the components of food enjoyment (82%), desire to drink (72%), emotional overeating (82%), food excuses (42%) and emotional undereating (56%); However, the significance level of 0.183 and 0.433 obtained by Mancoa test in the fourth and fifth components (satiety responses and slow eating) shows that the mentioned intervention was not effective on these components in the post-test stage. In the follow-up stage, the significance level of all components is significant at the 0.05 level; That is, the intervention had an effect on the tendency to food diversity in children in the experimental group and the extent of this effect on the components of food enjoyment (90%), desire to drink (81%), emotional overeating (90%), satiety responses (35%), There were slow eating (51%), food excuses (57%) and emotional undereating (70%). Conclusion: According to the findings and the effect of the treatment package developed in this study on dependent variables, its use in therapeutic settings for children with avoidance / restriction of food is recommended to reduce anxiety and expand their dietary diversity. Also, considering that the subject of this study was to reduce children's social anxiety, satiety responses and slow eating; It has not been effective, so researchers can look into this in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The concern about the quality of life of the elderly living in resident at home and nursing homes has been one of the controversial issues. Some studies believe that if the mental health of the elderly is provided and a suitable atmosphere is created in the nursing homes, better health care and treatment can be provided to the elderly and their life expectancy can be increased; But on the other hand, some studies believe that caring for the elderly at home and with other family members can have an effective role on their psychological health; so that the results of some studies indicate that this group of elderly people have a higher life expectancy; But on the other hand, it can threaten their physical health and make them prone to other chronic diseases and malnutrition. Admission to a nursing home evokes emotional consequences, including feelings of rejection, psychological tension, depression, instability, loss of home and the chance to contact family and friends. Research shows that the living environment of the elderly plays a very important role in their psychological health. It has been shown in various researches that the level of quality of life and mental health, happiness and social health in the elderly living in nursing homes is lower than that of the elderly living at home; Based on this, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between living in a nursing home and the psychological state of the elderly, but it cannot be said with certainty that the low mental health of the elderly indicates living in a nursing home; Because some studies have shown that the diseases and disabilities of elderly people living in nursing homes are more than other elderly people, and disabilities lead them to care centers; Maybe this factor also has an effective role in reducing their mental health. Based on this, the implementation of a comparative study in the elderly with high performance and control of physical disabilities will clarify the role of living in a nursing home in the state of mental health of the elderly, which is addressed in the present study. Also, some studies indicate that the stay of the elderly in the nursing home is associated with the feeling of exclusion and their feeling of loneliness plays an effective role. Also, the research showed that the elderly living in the nursing home experienced a feeling of insecurity and rejection and described their transition from home to the nursing home as painful; In other words, living in a nursing home can have an effective role in reducing the mental health of the elderly. Elderly people who have a high level of rejection feel that they are of no use to themselves and those around them and cannot be effective; Also, the results of this study showed that the feeling of rejection, due to its high relationship with social incompetence, has an effective role in increasing depression symptoms in these elderly people; Based on this, it can be concluded that living in a nursing home, rejection and depression are closely related. In this regard, the results of some studies show that the elderly living in nursing homes have far more symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and report less satisfaction with life. Nowadays, due to the increase in the number of elderly people and the shrinking of families, caring for the elderly is a very important issue, and detailed and comprehensive programs for the care of this sensitive age group should be provided by conducting field research and formulating detailed care policies. Compared to younger people, older people with depression usually have multiple co-occurring medical and cognitive disorders, and depression that occurs in older patients is often underdiagnosed or undertreated. Also, previous studies have shown that inactivity and disability are factors affecting the feeling of exclusion of the elderly; which, if accompanied by family rejection, can lead to an increase in psychological distress in the elderly. Considering the importance of this topic, the present study compared the perception of rejection and depression symptoms in elderly people living in nursing homes and resident at home. Methods: The current research was descriptive and based on causal-comparative method. The statistical population of this research includes two groups of elderly people in Rasht city in 2020 who were living in nursing homes or living with their families. The sample size was calculated using G*Power software. From each group, 120 elderly people participated in a targeted manner and answered the Perceived Rejection Scale: PRS and the Geriatric Depression Scale: GDS-15. For both groups, the age gap is between 65 and 90 years, having minimum physical health to communicate and answer the questions of the questionnaire, not suffering from cognitive impairment diseases such as (Alzheimer, stroke and dementia), not being engaged in economic activity. And retirement from governmental and nongovernmental institutions and having informed consent and willingness to participate in the research were considered as entry criteria. Also, failure to answer at least 10% of the questionnaire questions, fatigue and unwillingness to complete the questionnaire were considered as exit criteria. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-24 statistical software and multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the perception of rejection (F = 14.25, P = 0.001) and depressive syndrome (F = 17.280, P = 0.001) in the elderly living in nursing homes were significantly higher than the elderly were in the control group (P <0.001). Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed that the perception of rejection and depression symptoms in elderly people living in nursing homes is more than that of elderly people living at home; But this difference cannot be attributed to the presence of the elderly in the nursing home. But in general, it can be concluded that elderly people living in nursing homes are more in need of appropriate interventions and educational programs to reduce the feeling of rejection and depression symptoms than the elderly people living at home. Therefore, it is suggested to provide educational and therapeutic programs to improve the psychological condition of these elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The aim of this current research was investigating the effectiveness of painting therapy in a scientific rather than traditional way on anxiety and learning disabilities in single-supervisor children. Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with pre- and posttest with control group. The statistical population of this research is consisted of male and female single-supervisors students in the second to fifth grades of elementary school. and the studied sample was including 30 students in the experimental and control groups which were matched based on gender and educational bases. The research instrument was the revised “Colorado Learning Disabilities Questionnaire (CLDQ) (Colorado Willcutt et al., 2011) and protocol of Painting Therapy (Case, 2020) includes 12 painting and language training sessions, which were held online due to the closure of schools in the Corona crisis. Resullts: Analysis of pre- and post-test results showed that therapeutic painting reduces the disabilities of social anxiety, reading, problem and social recognition, perception of Spatial, and math, of students in experimental group. In general explanation of the findings of this study, it can be said that painting is a child’s language.The students with social anxiety and learning disabilities were able to connect with their inner and outer worlds with the simplest possible means beyond the pleasure they created for themselves.they revealed themselves verbally figuratively. Many single parent families have many problems due to disability and lack of family support, and parental care for their children’s social activities outside of school is very limited. In most single-parent families, prent-child relationships cannot be as well established as in normal families. Single Parents students often suffer from high levels of anxiety; these students often have lower academic status, more communication problems, and poor social skills. Excessive absenteeism from school leads to maladaptation and the formation of social anxiety and learning difficulties in them.Students with socil anxiety disorder also become anxious about simple tasks such as buttoning their clothes or ordering food in front of others. They think that if they ask a question, they may look stupid, afraid to eat in public, throw food on the floor, or if they enter a room, their feet will get stuck and they will fall to the ground and be clumsy.They become more anxious in the presence of peers with higher social status. Social anxiety makes learning difficult for these students and affects their abilities.Single Prents student with social anxiety and learning disabilities had many problems in their relationships, they were usually alone and had no friends, they dhd not even have any activities in online classes and did not participate in conversations, some of these students did not show any fear or anxiety in their appearance behaviors, but they had an avoidance mechanism that is a sign of social anxiety. Some students manifested widespread social anxiety and distress for no apparent reason, and finally another group immediately expressed the anxieties and fears they faced on a daily basis with great anxiety (Haberty, 2016). Painting Therapy with Single-Parents students has become one of the best Art Therapy methods for early intervention in emotional issues, and their adaptation. Students with social anxiety and learning disabilities did not have the means to express themselves, and painting spoke in their place through codes such as Sun, Tree, House, Man, etc…,Without any conditions. Based on their dvawings, the children ejected the killers of love and their painful problems were made possible.Whether children’s painting is called a code language, a cry of love, or a creative catcher, it as a projection of the children’s world, revealed their whole personality. Painting and making, with expressive expression, brout a fundamental change in the child, which led them to a higher understanding of themselves. Art activities and productions and considered not because of their aesthetic appeal but brcause of their analytical and therapeutic role. Psychological refinement enabled these students to actively seek solutions to life’s problems by creating creative and spontaneous activities. Psychological refinement causes obivious barriers to transformation and dissolution, and their morbid symptoms are alleviated (Case & Dally, 2020).Therapeutic Painting not onhy identified the cause of many of the students emotional,and psychological problems, but also was effective in preventing disorders students mental health through early interventions.Therapeutic Painting enhances uditory, visual, attentional, motor coordination, memory enhancement, and communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain in solving behavioral problems by promoting creativity and enabling perceptual- motor development resulting from fine eye-hand coordination. Psychology and expression of unconsciousness were effective in the verbal expression and caused a positive transformation and improvement of morbid symptoms of students with social anxiety and learning disabilities and solving their problems. Conclusion: The results of the follow-up test were confirmed after 8 weeks with the stability of the positive changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The coronavirus 2019 first spread from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and became a global epidemic in just two months, according to the World Health Organization. As of March 23, 2020, the unknown virus has spread rapidly worldwide, infecting more than 187 countries and killing a significant number of people worldwide. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infectious disease characterized by the main symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. With the outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent changes such as the closure of high-risk jobs and the implementation of emergency public health measures and home quarantine, social and economic relations and the way people lived were severely affected. During the spread of the virus, strict measures such as social distancing and mask-wearing were taken to control the spread of the disease in different parts of the world. One of the measures taken to curb COVID-19 was establishing home quarantine, which in turn can have a variety of consequences, including increased anxiety and stress. Patients with or suspected of COVID-19 are often afraid of the aftermath of the deadly virus, such as long-term health effects or death. People in quarantine may also experience fatigue, loneliness, depression, and anger. Additionally, common symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever, body aches, loss of taste and smell, hypoxia, cough, and dry throat can increase COVID-19 anxiety in patients, which may cause psychological distress. High levels of fatigue and anxiety resulting from quarantine conditions significantly increase the need for extreme care, but due to the unknown nature of coronavirus 2019 and the lack of definitive treatment, individuals may have difficulty responding to this need. This intensifies fear, anxiety, and depression in people. Another variable that can be associated with pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, is coping styles and types of symptoms in high-stress patients. Since the beginning of the COVID19 epidemic, there has been a wave of stress and anxiety, first among Chinese citizens and then around the world. People must use appropriate and effective coping strategies to control and reduce the stress caused by these conditions. Overall, COVID-19 anxiety, specifically health anxiety, can lead to cognitive errors, threat-related distortion, immunosuppressive behaviors, and destructive behaviors in healthy individuals who develop high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. In this regard, the present study aimed to compare psychological distress and coping styles in students with different levels of COVID-19 anxiety. Methods: The research design was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of the study included undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students of the University of Tehran, Iran, in the second semester of 2020-2021. In the present study, 200 students (100 students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety and 100 students with low levels of COVID-19 anxiety) participated in the study through an online survey conducted via WhatsApp and Instagram. Inclusion criteria included belonging to the research community, having internet access, being between 18 and 30 years of age, and reporting personal satisfaction with their current living situation. The omission of questions was also considered as a criterion for leaving the research. Due to the epidemic of COVID-19, the closure of universities and educational institutions, and to prevent the spread of COVID-19, samples of this study were collected online. Participants were assessed using the COVID-19 Anxiety Inventory, psychological distress, and coping styles and then grouped. To identify students with COVID-19 anxiety, 338 questionnaires were distributed among the participants. Individuals who obtained a standard deviation above the mean COVID-19 anxiety scale were included in the analysis as a group with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. Finally, data analysis was performed using multivariate and univariate variance with SPSS software version 24. It should be noted that in the present study, ethical considerations based on Helsinki ethics were observed. Results: The results of the Eta squared analysis show that the difference between the two groups in the studied variables is significant, with an Eta squared value of 0.71. This means that 71% of the variance related to the difference between the two groups is due to the interaction of COVID-19 anxiety and the studied variables. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that stress (68.55), anxiety (79.77), depression (94.17), Emotion-oriented Coping (98.81), Problem-oriented Coping (102.74), and Avoidanceoriented coping (114/48) were all significant at the level of 0.01. These findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups in these variables (P<0.01). This means that students with different levels of COVID-19 anxiety differ in their use of psychological distress and coping styles. Specifically, students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety had higher levels of psychological distress, emotion-oriented coping, and avoidance-oriented coping than students with low COVID-19 anxiety. Conclusion: Findings from this study showed that students with high levels of COVID19 anxiety have more depression, anxiety, and stress than other students. As a result, students with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety may become more sensitive to physical signs and symptoms, which can lead to increased levels of COVID-19 anxiety. On the other hand, the results of this study indicate that people with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety are less inclined to use problem-solving coping styles and are more likely to use emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping styles. However, problem-solving coping styles can further reduce the harms of experiencing COVID-19 and the stress that results from it. Although stressors play an important role in exacerbating chronic and pandemic diseases, it should be borne in mind that how people deal with stressful situations plays an important role in their health. Therefore, psychologists and counselors need to pay more attention to these areas to reduce the severity of anxiety in students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The global epidemic of the disease caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19), a severe acute respiratory syndrome that appeared in December 2019, not only as a threat to the health and lives of millions of people around the world was considered Although Covid-19 could have negative effects on educational activities, social distancing has stimulated the growth of online educational activities so that there is no disruption in education. The electronic learning system has created educational environments that are not dependent on any specific location or time and allows teachers to teach a course simultaneously or asynchronously or use a combination of these two modes. Electronic learning as an educational medium in the classroom is a new experience for the teacher and students, which can be an effective step towards stabilizing and accelerating students' learning. On the other hand, the most important characteristics of secondary school learners that teachers should pay attention to can be classified into three types: cognitive, emotional, and social. The primary period is one of the most important and sensitive periods of study, and since it is essential for teachers and educators to pay attention to the different characteristics of students' growth, and to know that electronic learning requires a series of hardware tools and its extensive use may increase the level of violence. Mental Health Mental health is an issue beyond the absence or absence of mental illness. The positive aspect of mental health, which the World Health Organization relies on, is included in health: "Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of illness or disability." Therefore, mental health is a state of well-being in which a person recognizes his abilities and can adapt to the normal stresses of life and be useful and productive in terms of work. Since there is no social interaction (compared to the common and usual form in the real environment) in the context of electronic learning, learners must be able to maintain their level of mental health. As a result, students who have more mental health and have the necessary abilities to deal with common academic challenges can be more self-regulated and self-efficient than other students, and as a result, they are more successful. It seems that virtual education has entered a new phase in our country and more attention has been paid to virtual education. On the other hand, those involved have become more aware of the importance of distance and e-learning-based education. Therefore, it is expected that with the development of the necessary infrastructure, such as the development of the nationwide Internet network and increasing its speed, the production of interactive educational software, and the use of the experiences gained in this pandemic, we will witness the increasing prosperity of virtual education. According to the research findings, there is little information on the relationship between electronic learning and the mental health of students, so the present study was conducted to investigate the structural relationship between electronic learning and the mental health of secondary school students in Golpayegan city, and seek answers to This question will be whether there is a significant relationship between e-learning and mental health of secondary school students in Golpayegan city. Methods: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method, and the statistical population of this research includes all male students in the second year of high school in Golpayegan city who were studying in the academic year of 2021-2022. The number of the statistical population was equal to 850 people according to the inquiry from the Statistics Unit of the Golpayegan Education Department. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 265 people were selected through a simple random sampling method. The research tools included three electronic learning questionnaires by Watkin et al. (2004) and Goldberg's mental health questionnaire (1972), both of which were standard questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the demographic variables and SPSS software was used to check the research hypotheses. Results: The results of the research showed that there is a relationship between electronic learning and the mental health of secondary school students in Golpayegan city. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that in viral crisis conditions, electronic learning can be used to improve the academic performance of students, and in this way, their mental health level can be improved to stay away from the study environment due to the conditions. Viral, saved. The Department of Education is one of the most fundamental organizations in the world today, and students have a direct relationship with this organization, this shows the key and vital role of this department in their complex lives. Knowledge of electronic learning and better use of it can facilitate and predict the quality and continuity of mental health and lead to the implementation of programs in a scientific manner and avoid unwise actions. Mental health refers to having understanding and decision-making and positive psychological characteristics that facilitate the growth and development of a person and enable the achievement of goals. While students are thinking about their survival, they should take a step beyond this view and pay attention to the consequences and effects on society. E-learning is considered an important issue for education and the factor of its survival, in this, paying attention to the mental health of students and using an effective solution for it is discussed. An office-like education must pay attention to all levels of education (in-person and out-of-person) properly. According to the results of the study, it is suggested that the Department of Education must create workshops with the title of e-learning and the importance of virtual space (by explaining the new global concepts and approaches to using virtual space in education). To strengthen the level of knowledge development in students. To increase the desired psychological outcomes, sufficient and suitable training courses should be held to familiarize teachers and students with the principles and basics of mental and physical health. Human considerations such as respondents' dishonesty and the interference of others' opinions, especially classmates, could be effective in people's responses to questionnaires. Restrictions in attracting the cooperation of some people with the researcher due to the spread of Corona regarding the distribution of questionnaires and the delay in returning several questionnaires were limiting factors of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Considering the lack of research in finding an effective approach in the field of bipolar disorder management and the career success of people with this disorder, the present study aims to compare the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation programs with career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach on the career success of them, and the following questions were answered: Is the effect of a vocational rehabilitation program with career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach different on the subjective career success of people with bipolar disorder? Is the effect of the vocational rehabilitation program different from career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach to the objective job success (income) of people with bipolar disorder? Is the effect of the vocational rehabilitation program different from career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach to the objective career success (promotion) of people with bipolar disorder? Methods: The design of the current research was semi-experimental, of a pre-test-post-testfallow-up type with a waiting group. All participants referred by a psychiatrist to a counseling clinic and diagnosed as having bipolar disorder were purposefully selected for the research, and among them, the volunteers were interviewed and diagnosed with a clinical interview based on the criteria of the DSM-5. To select the research sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered. 24 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to groups. 8 people in the experimental group with a vocational rehabilitation program, 8 people in the experimental group with career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach, and 8 people in the waiting group. Before starting the interventions, a pre-test was taken from all 24 participants. After that, the people assigned to the two test groups received the relevant interventions in 10 sessions of 100 minutes (in the experimental intervention with the vocational rehabilitation program and the career counseling intervention based on the cognitive-behavioral approach) and the people present in the waiting group did not receive any intervention. The people participating in the interventions did not have any knowledge or contact with each other, and they tried to maintain is lack of knowledge and communication until the end of the intervention and prevent the exchange of information. For the vocational rehabilitation program and career counseling based on the cognitivebehavioral approach, a pre-developed program was used separately, the validity and reliability of which had been checked and confirmed (5). Moreover, the vocational rehabilitation program, in addition to 10 intervention sessions for the individual with bipolar disorder, included two intervention sessions for the family and two sessions for the employer or his colleague, which are carried out if the individual needs and consents to these two intervention sessions were down. At the end of the interventions, all the people in the experimental and waiting groups filled out the questionnaires again as a post-test. One month after the implementation of the post-test, the research samples filled out the research questionnaires for the third time to implement the follow-up phase. To measure the subjective dimension of career success, the job satisfaction questionnaire (29) and the objective dimension of career success were measured by measuring the amount of income and job promotion. Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (variance analysis with repeated measures) using SPSS V. 16 software (30). Based on the background of the research, pre-test variables, age, and gender were covariate. Results: In the post-test stage, the vocational rehabilitation program showed more effectiveness in subjective career success than the career counseling based on the cognitivebehavioral approach (p<0.007) and the waiting group (p<0.006), but none of the two interventions, there was no significant effect on objective career success (p<1). Also, in the follow-up phase of the vocational rehabilitation program, it was more effective on subjective career success than the career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach (p<0.003) and the waiting group (p<0.0001), but between the scores of the participants in the intervention of career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach and the waiting group no significant difference was observed (p<0.26). Besides, there was no significant difference between the objective career success scores (income) of the participants in the two research interventions and the waiting group (p<0.2). In comparison, between the objective career success scores (promotion) of the participants in the two research interventions, there was no significant difference with the waiting group (p<0.36). Conclusion: According to the data obtained from the results of the research, it can be said that the vocational rehabilitation program has been effective in increasing subjective career success scores, and even after one month of receiving the intervention, the effectiveness of this method has not decreased. Also, career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach has not been effective in the subjective career success of people with bipolar disorder. Besides, none of the two interventions have been effective on the objective career success (income and promotion) of the people participating in the research. In general, according to the results of the research and the explanations presented, it seems that considering the clinical observations, the subjective career success of people with bipolar disorder during the interventions, especially in the vocational rehabilitation program, compared to the career counseling based on the Cognitive-behavioral approach more specifically deals with the career and its appendices, and in addition to managing people, it teaches a person how to build and deal with a real career future. Therefore, it is not far-fetched that a specialized vocational rehabilitation program that is specially designed for vocational interventions will be more effective (5). It is also important to note that increasing income is not a short-term process and requires a long time (34). In addition, this research coincided with the era of Coronavirus and the recession and closure of businesses (36), but under the influence of the interventions, at least the previous income level of the individual in these challenging conditions was maintained. Based on the clinical evidence from the reports of the people present in the research, especially the people who participated in the intervention of the vocational rehabilitation program, after participating in the intervention, these people were able to achieve a higher human credit status in the workplace than before, and the positive feedback of people around these people has confirmed that. Therefore, it seems that in addition to the objective promotion, maybe we can have a word called spiritual promotion, which based on the positive feedback these people received from the people around them at the workplace, is considered a great career success for these people. Will be In fact, it may be possible to talk about the existence of a kind of spiritual promotion in the workplace, which has not been mentioned in research so far (5). This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of the vocational rehabilitation program in increasing the career success of people with bipolar disorder. This new perspective can be used as a reliable source on the career interventions of people with bipolar disorder and can be effective as an early rehabilitation intervention in reducing the career issues of these people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Today, sport is considered one of the most important human welfare needs. Exercise and physical activity as a main strategy in helping the goals of body and soul health and increase the level of activity of the immune system and prevention of various diseases, and creating mental and physical security in sports, highlights the issue of athletes' health. (1). One of the most important of these sports is football. Football is not just a sport and its situation has been undergoing growing and expanding changes due to economic, social, cultural, health and even political influences (2). Has created constructive competition (3). Accidents on sports fields are an integral part of sports events. Sports activities, even with the implementation of all reasonable precautions, will have a level of risk, and in addition to all the benefits of sports programs, there is a possibility of sports injuries (4). For this reason, having a specialist physician who is aware of sports injuries during sports injuries is a requirement when holding sports competitions. Also, this physician must have full access to the athlete's medical information in order to perform better (8). Electronic storage of athletes' medical information can improve the physician's treatment process and lead to many potential benefits such as scientific research, statistical records of diagnostic and treatment methods, reporting, and time and cost savings (11). Weinstein et al. (2013) state in their research that when one of the players is injured, the treatment of injuries and disorders should be done by a doctor. The first step for the injured person is to diagnose and manage the injury by the doctor when the injury occurs. The second is the doctor's referral to the medical record and the initial treatment and transfer of the athlete to medical centers (12). Consonon et al. (2014) say that the importance of injury diagnosis is one of the essential factors for treatment and this is possible only with the presence of a physician at that time to prevent the destructive effects of injury. Time is the relationship between intermittent injuries and medical records (13). But Nordstrom (2014) is of the opinion that during the period of complete treatment and recovery, the primary care physician should be aware of the athlete's treatment process because it is possible to ignore some injuries and all this process should be recorded in the sports medicine file. (14). According to Peterson (2020), the assessment of sports injuries should be done by a sports medicine specialist. A high percentage of sports experts believe that having a sports doctor in stadiums and having a sports medicine file is a necessity for holding a match. It is a sport and shows the attention of sports officials to the health of players (15). In order to achieve the desired success, sports organizations must not only think about meeting the material needs of their athletes, but also prioritize their expectations about physical health after sporting events, and to meet such expectations as a necessity for Athletes' loyalty look. (16). Aman et al. (2018) in their research pointed out that doing sports, both at the amateur and professional levels, has a high risk of injury. They also showed that the probability of lower limb injuries in rugby and football is the highest. Has; Therefore, the presence of a physician at the time of the race is very important and vital to accelerate treatment (17). Gritch (2019) concluded in his research that amateur athletes strongly advocated the use of sports medical services to protect themselves from potential injuries (18); Also, other researchers such as Mirza Kooshaki et al. (2017) in their research entitled Developing Health Development Strategies with the Approach to Physical and Sports Activities concluded that public knowledge through the media, support for workplaces in sports, and encouraging physicians To prescribe sports activities, provide facilities to sports investors, observe sports standards of schools and universities, develop monitoring and counseling centers for citizens' health, employ sports experts in urban and rural health centers and houses, determine the role of each Government agencies in the field of sports, determining the share of sports from the financial credit of the health system transformation plan, urban design with a healthy city approach, preventing the orientation of sports management from financial credits, preventing the orientation of sports management of government agencies to championship and professional sports, The formation of the Deputy Minister of Health in the Ministry of Sports and the use of information and monitoring system were among the health development strategies with the approach of physical activity and sports (19). Methods: In the present study, the paradigm of qualitative research has been used. One of the reasons for the need for qualitative research is that qualitative methods can provide more detailed details of phenomena that are difficult to present in quantitative ways. مختلف Among the various qualitative methods, the network of themes method has been used. Answering the first and second research questions related to determining the indicators and effective factors on the health of football players with a sustainable development approach and explaining the relevant model and to achieve this research goal tried to use a qualitative research method of descriptive exploratory type. The present study is a qualitative descriptive-exploratory study. The sampling method is non-random, targeted and available. Data collection in 1399-1400 and the method of data collection was semi-structured interview. The statistical population is all experts of sports managers and health managers (physicians and medical staff) of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Semi-structured interviews with the question "What do you think are the health indicators of football players with a sustainable development approach?" The beginning and the rest of the questions were based on the answers of the interviewees. After interviewing 12 people in the field of physical education and sports medicine, the researcher felt that he had reached a theoretical similarity, but to be more sure, he continued the interviews up to 15 people, but what was said after 14 people was completely repetitive, and at the same time the interview And the basic themes are over. Results: After reviewing the interviews and removing similar codes; 113 codes were collected, which indicates the position of the health of football players with a sustainable development approach. These concepts were presented under three general topics: basic, organizing and comprehensive. Some of these topics include the coordination of sports federations with the Health Organization, the establishment and expansion of sports medical centers, the use of medical and sports specialists in sports clubs, determining the role of each One of the parts of sports medicine in providing services, forming the deputy of health in the Ministry of Sports, using the information and monitoring community system in the field of health, health development strategies, creating health networks in all parts of the country's football sport, creating upstream documents such as plan Health transformation, creating a document for the prevention of non-communicable diseases at all levels of football players, establishing organizations in the field of sports health at all levels of football in the country. Conclusion: The fact that the country's sports authorities pay the necessary attention to the health of athletes is a necessity for sustainable development and this issue should create a close relationship between medical staff and athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: rug abuse is a major health challenge all over the world, and the majority of society thinks that drug abuse is mainly a male phenomenon. While drug abuse in women is increasing. Women experience a stressful life with drug abuse and need more support from family and society. If they do not receive the necessary support, they will be stuck in the cycle of addiction and it will be difficult for them to bear failures. Pregnancy with substance abuse poses serious risks to women's mental, psychological, physical and physical health and threatens the mental, social, political and economic health and safety of the society. In this context, midwifery personnel play a role as active people in the health care team and as one of the important sources of information to the community members in increasing social support and bearing more failures. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of social support in coping with the failure of pregnant women with substance abuse who referred to Hazrat Zainab Hospital in Shiraz in 2021. Methods: The current study is a descriptive-cross-sectional study and the statistical population of all pregnant women with substance abuse referring to the clinic, laboratory, IVF unit, ultrasound, emergency department, and inpatient departments who, based on their self-report, declared that they suffered from substance abuse in a 12-month period. The consumption of substances such as cigarettes, opium, opium juice, heroin, crack, glass, hashish, morphine, cocaine, amphetamine, methadone, marijuana, NAS, pan, bong, flower, alprazolam, buponorphine and other substances and in different sections. Hazrat Zainab Hospital was in Shiraz. 200 people were included in the study by continuous sampling. The inclusion criteria included: having Iranian nationality, women aged 18 and above, ability to read and write, being married and with drug abuse according to the individual, mental and physical conditions were suitable.While respecting the privacy and confidentiality of information, demographic questionnaires, VAX social support and Harrington's failure tolerance were completed. Sampling continued from Mehr to Esfand 1400. Data analysis was done with SPSS 22 software with descriptive and analytical statistics tests of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. Results: In the present study, 200 Iranian pregnant mothers with substance abuse with an average age of 34 years, average age of marriage 21.70 ± 4.51 years, majority of married women, housewives, with unfavorable economic status and no insurance were examined. Women and spouses with primary and secondary education levels had the highest frequency compared to other people. Women with working spouses also had the highest frequency compared to other people. 56% of these women had an unwanted pregnancy and 50 of these women had a history of prison and half of them had a history of prison once. The reason for the conviction of 60% of women was for carrying drugs, 30% for theft and 10% for other reasons. Women with 2 children had the highest frequency. The average social support score of pregnant women with substance abuse was 53.4 ± 2.32, which indicates unfavorable social support. Social support in the support of friends dimension had the highest mean (2.44 ± 0.91) and the support of community members had the lowest mean (2.24 ± 0.64). Social support was more in wives and husbands with middle and higher education levels. The mean failure tolerance score was 136.73±22.5, and failure tolerance was inversely correlated with social support (P=0.012) in the dimension of not tolerating stress, not tolerating discomfort, and not tolerating injustice and dissatisfaction. Conclusion: The social support received by pregnant women with drug abuse is not optimal and these women receive most of their support from friends, family and acquaintances, which provides the basis for more harm to them and makes them more prone to fall into the trap. Addictive Most of these women have not been able to bear failures, so it seems necessary to design and hold life-enhancing programs. Social support in these women was related to the level of education and favorable economic status, which can be helped by promoting education and improving the economic situation by creating simple jobs and educational spaces for these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Overweight and obesity are related to increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and some specific cancers. In recent years, inactivity, obesity and metabolic syndrome have been increasing in developing societies (2). Among various diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome is among the cases that are strongly related to obesity (3). Studies in recent decades have shown that PCO syndrome can be a pro-inflammatory stage, because among them cardiovascular diseases, diabetes 2, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are seen with a high incidence (4). In the meantime, investigating and identifying the inflammatory causes of this condition for the above reasons can help specialists in its treatment with the process of reducing its negative effects through aerobic exercise. In this regard, the above research investigated some inflammatory factors such as E-selectin and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). To improve the physical condition of obese people, instead of medicine, sports activities, both anaerobic and aerobic, are used, and each of these activities affects the improvement of physical condition through different mechanisms (2). Researchers believe that regular and not heavy exercise is a healthy and natural method for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome apart from clinical treatments (18). Physical activity improves menstrual irregularity, ovulation, ovarian morphology and fertility by reducing abdominal fat, blood sugar, blood fat, reducing insulin resistance, affecting hormone secretion and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Be (7). But the question is, what exercise? With what intensity? And for how long? Treatment with all kinds of drugs may cause male characteristics, and unfortunately, most of the side effects are irreversible, so non-drug treatment strategies are necessary and need to be examined and studied. On the other hand, by reviewing the research done inside and outside the country, no research has been done on the effect of Tabata exercise on the research variables and even aerobic exercise on the research variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, so the purpose of this research is to determine The effect of a session of Tabata exercise in water and metformin on E-selectin and NF-κB in obese women with PCOS. Methods: The current research was semi-experimental and applied with a pre-test-post-test research design. For this purpose, 30 women with a body mass index greater than 29.9 in Isfahan city, who were diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome by an endocrinologist or gynecologist and diagnostic tests and ultrasound, were considered as a statistical sample. They were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (metformin + exercise in water) and control. 24 Before starting the exercises, the subjects first completed the personal information questionnaire and blood was taken after 12 hours of overnight fasting to determine the level of the variables. Experimental group for 12 weeks, 3 sessions a week and each session 40 minutes of exercises in the water (including 10 minutes of walking forward, backward, sideways and soft running in the shallow part of the pool where the water level is below the neck and Then they performed stretching exercises. Then they performed Tabata exercise with a special exercise song played in the pool for 20 minutes, and then they did 10 minutes of stretching and cooling (22) and 500 mg metformin twice consumed during the day and after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken again from all subjects. At the end, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapiro-Wilk test to check the normality of data distribution and covariance analysis to check research hypotheses using spss/21 software at a significance level of α≤0.05 were used. became. Results: The results showed that the E-selectin factor in obese women with PCOS at the end of the period in the group of Tabata exercise in water and metformin intake had a significant difference compared to the control group (P=0.001 and F=134.6). Tukey's post hoc test results It showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata training group in water and the post-test of the Tabata training group in water on the one hand, and between the post-test of the Tabata training group in water and the pre-test and post-test of the control group on the other hand, but between the other groups. There is no significant difference. (Table 2). The results showed that Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption have a significant effect on NF-Κb factor in obese women with PCOS (P=0.025 and F=354.3). The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference between the pretest of the Tabata group in water and the post-test of the Tabata group in water, but there is no significant difference between the other groups (Table 3). Conclusion: The results showed that the E-selectin factor was significantly higher in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome at the end of the period in the aerobic exercise and metformin group than in the control group. The results of the follow-up test showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata aerobic training group and the post-test of the Tabata aerobic training group on the one hand, and between the post-test of the Tabata aerobic training group and the pre-test and post-test of the control group on the other hand, but between the other There is no significant difference between the groups. Aerobic exercises decreased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 adhesive molecules; While its effects on E-selectin and P-selectin have been inconsistent. Of course, it seems that the effect of aerobic exercise on these conditions depends on the type and duration of the exercise intervention and the disease conditions such as the presence of ischemia. As presented in this review, there is a high level of evidence that sports activity has a positive effect on key factors in the development of atherosclerosis. This can partly explain the scientifically proven anti-atherogenic effects of aerobic exercise and has significant clinical effects (23). The results showed that the NF-Κb factor in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome was significantly lower in the aerobic exercise and metformin group at the end of the period than in the control group. The results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test of the Tabata aerobic exercise group and the post-test of the Tabata aerobic exercise group, but there is no significant difference between the other groups. In the explanation above, it can be stated that NF-κb is stimulated and activated in response to cellular stimuli. So far, about 450 stimuli, including physical, chemical, physiological and oxidative stimuli, have been identified for NFκB. Also, mitogens, receptor ligands, bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and their products, pro-inflammatory cytokines and some pathological conditions are among the stimuli of this transcription factor (28). The transcription factor NFκB is responsible for supplying a large number of pro-inflammatory genes, including cytokines, chemokines, immune receptors, enzymes and other pro-inflammatory molecules (29). Inappropriate activity of NFκB is one of the mechanisms of some diseases, especially those associated with inflammation (30). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The pituitary gland is located near the center of the cranium base, caudally surrounded by a bony basket structure of the sphenoid bone named "Sella Turcica." The adjacent structures, such as optic chiasma stated superiorly, are of clinical and surgical importance(1, 2). Surgery is the first-line treatment for the large nonfunctional pituitary adenomas with clinical signs and symptoms (e.g., optic chiasma compression) and most functional adenomas (4). The very primary surgical access to pituitary adenomas was provided via trans-facial or trans-cranial approaches. The trans-sphenoidal approach was introduced later in the early 1900. However, this approach was abandoned due to serious complications and a higher mortality rate (5-8). With the advent of the microscope and later the endoscope and its application in the trans-sphenoidal approach, the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETSA) has been rapidly accepted and well established for its advantages such as a better visualization, more complete tumor resection, and lower complications (8-10). However, as the access to a pituitary adenoma is provided through a bony defect in the sella turcica floor, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a risk with the recently reported prevalence of 0/5-12% in endoscopic approach (11-16). To avoid it, various reconstruction strategies and materials have been introduced. In nonrigid reconstructions, materials such as fat, fascia, dural replacements, mucosal or muscular grafts, and pedicled mucosal flap of the nasal septum, middle or inferior turbinate are used. In rigid reconstructions, bone, cartilage, titanium mesh, ceramic implants, and bone cement are adopted (8,21). None of them being known superior to the other, heterogenous algorithms have been designed principally based on the grade or risk of CSF leak (22, 23). Rigid reconstruction is supposed to strengthen and protect the reconstructed area well. However, donors cite morbidities in autografts (e.g., nasal bone or cartilage) (24), infection transmission in allografts (e.g., cadaveric iliac crest) (25), high costs, low biocompatibility, infection, and radiologic artifacts in synthetic grafts (e.g., Medpor) (26) are among the challenges both the patients and the surgeons encounter (19). Moreover, minimal data exist on the spontaneous sella turcica re-ossification following EETSA, which can debate the necessity of rigid reconstruction. This pilot study consequently aims to consider the possible self-repair of sella turcica without any rigid reconstruction in eight patients with pituitary adenoma. Methods: In this retrospective pilot study, the pituitary adenoma data bank of Rasoul Akram hospital's skull base research center was reviewed for the patients who had undergone EETSA between March 2014 to February 2018. Those with available pre-operation paranasal sinuses CT scan, data bank documented measures of the intra-operation bony defect, evidence of the complete tumor resection according to the MRI three months after the surgery, and no evidence of tumor recurrence based on the last MRI ( 2018 or 2019) were included if no revision surgery or radiotherapy before or/and after the operation was conducted. They were accidentally called, and the first ten patients accessible by the documented phone number were invited to take a paranasal sinuses CT scan to evaluate sella turcica spontaneous re-ossification after informed consent. The CT scans were evaluated, and measurements, including the maximum diameters of bone defect in the coronal and sagittal planes on the CT scans - using the Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) - Osirix system-, were compared with the defect size created intraoperatively. The area of the defect was calculated using the equation for the area of an Ellipse (major radius multiplying by minor radius Multiplying by pi.) All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Iran University of Medical Sciences research ethics committee (IR.IUMS.REC.1395.29082) and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Median and interquartile ranges (IQ) were used for the descriptive analysis of quantitative variables. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare independent quantitative variables, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranked test was used for quantitative dependent variables. The Spearman test evaluated the correlations. The statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 22.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2013, Armonk, New York) was used for the statistical analysis. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Eight patients with no rigid reconstruction were included in the final analysis, with a median age of 40/5 years old (IQ=17), of whom six were female. After a median of 46 months (IQ=20.5, range 12-60), length, width, and the area of the bony defect were significantly reduced (21.5 to 9.3 mm, 15.6 to 9.4, and 297.90 to 77.5 mm2, respectively p values=0.01) leading to the median of 74.1% (IQ=11.2%, range 67.8-99.2%) self-repair of the primary bony defect. The area of the intraoperative bony defect was significantly correlated with the final bony regenerated area and with the area of defect remaining after follow-up. (r=0.929, p value=0.001, and r=0.976, p value≤0.001, respectively) . A negative correlation between age and the bony regeneration speed (the monthly percentage of the repaired area) was also detected. (r=-0.762, p value= 0.02) Conclusion: In this study, spontaneous bony regeneration was shown to occur in all eight studied individuals (median of 74.1%, range of 67.8-99.2%) with various types of pituitary adenomas and primary defect areas (median of 297.9, range of 78.5 to 575.52 mm2) after a median of 46 months. The results align with the only previous study that reported spontaneous ossification in 94% of the 17 patients with pituitary adenomas in the median of 36 months (27). There are no more available data on sella turcica spontaneous bony regeneration. However, there is evidence of potential spontaneous re-ossification of the mandible, which is of the same bone type (irregular), showing even better healing without reconstruction strategies (29, 32- 35). CSF leak risk, which is the most salient concern in EETSA, determines the reconstruction strategy in the skull base surgeries. Nonrigid reconstruction, whether intraoperative CSF leak is present or not, has led to permissible postoperative CSF leak (38,42,43). Moreover, the postoperative CSF leak rate was not significantly different with or without the use of Buttress in a recent meta-analysis (38). Putting all these findings together and considering the natural sphenoid spontaneous bony regeneration capability, the authors suggest that rigid reconstruction of sella turcica following EETSA may not be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The present study aims to compare the effects of emotion regulation training and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on the resilience and self-compassion of women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. The study population consists of 300 women with IBS who visited the clinics of internal medicine physicians in Ilam, Iran, in 2018-2019. The sample size was determined 20 for each group based on the Fleiss method. Therefore, 60 were selected by a simple cluster sampling method and based on the entry criteria. They were divided into three groups of emotion regulation (n=20), MBCT (n=20), and control (n=20). After the interventions, the post-test and follow-up assessments were conducted for the groups. The instruments were the Connor-Davidson resilience scale and the self-compassion scale of Neff (2003). For data analysis, SPSS software, version 23 and repeated measures analysis of variance were used. Results Both emotion regulation training and MBCT had a significant effect on the resilience and self-compassion of women (P=0.001), where MBCT had a greater effect compared to emotional regulation training. Conclusion The MBCT can be used as an effective method to increase resilience and self-compassion of women with IBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 are in dire need of spiritual care due to being alone in quarantine, away from their families. The present study aims to assess the spiritual care competence of nurses in the special care units for COVID-19 in teaching hospitals in Arak, Iran Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants were 142 nurses working in the special care units for COVID-19 in hospitals affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2022, who were selected by a census method. The data collection tool was the spiritual care competence scale. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean total score of spiritual care competence was 100.71±14.45, which was higher than the median score of 81. The spiritual care competence had a significant relationship with marital status (P=0.044), willingness to work overtime (P<0.001), age (P=0.011), total work experience (P=0.03), and work experience in the special care unit (P=0.025), such that spiritual care competence was higher in older married nurses with a willingness to work overtime and a higher work experience. Conclusion The spiritual care competence of nurses in the study hospitals is at a favorable level. The results of this study can help future studies in improving the quality of nursing care and the competence of nurses in spiritual care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Infant hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) causes loss or delay in mother-infant attachment. On the other hand, quarantine and social distancing during the COVID-19 epidemic had psychological consequences, such as increased fear of infection. This study aims to determine the relationship between mother-infant attachment and fear of COVID-19 in mothers with neonates admitted to the NICUs of selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study, participants were 195 mothers with neonates admitted to the NICUs of selected teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Data collection tools were a demographic form, the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCoV-19S), and Avant’s mother-infant attachment behaviors questionnaire, which were completed by the researcher. Data were analyzed in SPSS software using independent t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and ANOVA. Results The mean score of FCoV-19S was 19.04±5.40, and the mean score of mother-infant attachment was 70.12±50.65. No significant relationship was observed between the fear of COVID-19 and motherinfant attachment (P>0.05). Fear of COVID-19 had a significant relationship with the interest in the baby’s gender (P=0.001) and the mother’s education level (P=0.041). Mother-infant attachment had a significant relationship with interest in the baby’s gender (P=0.01) and infant hospitalization due to jaundice (P=0.049). Conclusion Mother-infant attachment of the mothers in this study is low, and their fear of COVID-19 is almost high. There is no significant correlation between the fear of COVID-19 and mother-infant attachment. It is necessary to pay attention to effective factors in promoting emotional attachment between mothers and neonates hospitalized in the NICUs. It is also recommended that the medical staff and nurses pay attention to this group of mothers during pandemics such as COVID-19 and use some techniques to reduce their fear of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Due to having multiple tasks in ensuring the health of patients, primary healthcare workers are under many stresses that may lead to job burnout. The present study aims to determine the relationship between occupational stress and job burnout of primary healthcare workers. Materials & Methods This descriptive, correlational study was conducted in 2019 on 128 primary healthcare workers in Saveh and Zarandieh cities, who were selected by a census method. Data was collected by a demographic form, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Spielberger’s job stress survey (JSS). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data, and independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test were used to analyze data in SPSS software, version 18. Results The mean score of JSS was 140.7±48.6, which was lower the median score (150). The mean frequency score was 23.43±8.3 for the MBI dimension of emotional exhaustion, 17±4.78 for depersonalization, and 14.43±6.74 for personal accomplishment. Occupational stress had a positive and significant relationship with the frequency of emotional exhaustion (r=0.59, P<0.001) and depersonalization (r=0.22, P<0.001), and a negative and significant relationship with the frequency of personal accomplishment (r=-0.47, P<0.001). This indicates that with the increase of occupational stress, the frequency of job burnout in two dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increases, while the frequency of personal accomplishment decreases. Conclusion Primary healthcare workers in the study region have moderate occupational stress and a high level of job burnout in the areas of depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Considering the high level of job burnout and its relationship with occupational stress in these healthcare workers, and the fact that these factors can have a negative impact on the quality of healthcare services, it is necessary to carry out necessary interventions to reduce and manage occupational stress and job burnout of primary healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: In expressing the relationship between servant leadership and knowledge sharing, it should be said that despite the comprehensiveness of the concept of servant leadership style within the organization, there is little research on its relationship with knowledge sharing and social capital in organizations. It doubles the research in this area. In expressing the relationship between servant leadership and social capital, it should be said that servant leadership style can affect all aspects of social capital; In other words, by creating mutual trust and influence in followers and modeling, empowering followers, creating their competence and merit, increase the social capital of the organization. In other words, one of the factors affecting the level of social capital is the type of leadership style adopted by managers. In fact, leaders can grow people by adopting a service-oriented leadership style and investing in people by building trust between themselves and their followers, serving them, and sacrificing personal interests against them in the organization's decisions and missions. Through spiritual nourishment, involvement of followers in organizational affairs, giving responsibility to the followers with authority and being flexible and steadfast, it helps to promote social capital and in this way, in addition to benefiting from people with high human capital, Benefit from the advantage of expanding social capital in your organization. The present study seeks to design a model on the concepts of servant leadership style and knowledge sharing in relation to each other and social capital as a mediating variable in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and thus helps to expand the existing knowledge in this area. N. Given the above, it is clear that "servant leadership style" is associated with the variables "social capital" and "knowledge sharing" and can be a source of positive effects on the organization, so the researcher's preoccupation to answer this question. What is the model of the relationship between servant leadership style and knowledge sharing with the mediating role of social capital in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences? Methods: This research was method-mixed in terms of method. The study population in the qualitative part included the president of the university, managers of the department, the director and managers of the eight vice-chancellors of the university and the director of the nine affiliated faculties) of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences with an approximate number of 45 people and in the quantitative part included the staff of Mazandaran health services and sub-faculties were in 2016. In the qualitative part, sampling was done by snowball sampling method and 20 people were selected and in the quantitative part, it was done by sampling multi-stage relative classes with Cochran's formula and 323 people. In this study, considering that the data collection method was a researcher-made questionnaire, which consisted of two parts, including general questions and specialized questions (including 95 items). Delphi technique was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part and the structural equation method (SEM) and AMOS software were used in the quantitative part. Results: The results showed that the direct standard coefficient of the servant leadership style variable on knowledge sharing was 0.57, t value was 5.220 and P-value was less than 0.05. There is a significant relationship between servant leadership style and knowledge sharing. The direct standard coefficient of the servant leadership style variable on social capital is equal to 0.55, the t value is equal to 4.731 and the P-value is less than 0.05, the result is that the relationship between the servant leadership style variable and social capital is meaning. The coefficient of direct standard of the social capital variable on knowledge sharing is equal to 0.39, the value of t is equal to 3.932 and the value of P-value is less than 0.05, therefore, the relationship between social capital and knowledge sharing, the relationship. The results also showed that the value of chi-square in the model 1450/4503, the degree of freedom of the model is equal to 3208, the result of their ratio is equal to 1.404, which is an acceptable value. On the other hand, the fit indices of the main model such as CFI and IFI are all in an acceptable and appropriate level and the SRMR index is 0.061. Conclusion: In general, the more widespread the service leadership in an organization, the greater the sharing of knowledge and social capital. Social capital also facilitates people's access to other resources inside and outside the organization, increases people's willingness to engage in two-way interaction, and improves the effectiveness of knowledge creation and sharing. The dimensions of social capital, especially trust, networks, relationships and cooperation, with the effective sharing of information, control of information change and reduction of executive and managerial costs, encourage people to participate and cooperate with each other, as well as create and share new knowledge. This, in turn, facilitates knowledge management processes in the organization. To create and share knowledge, there must be a high level of trust and optimism in the relationships of members of the organization with each other. In some organizations, rewards are set or employees are forced to pass on their knowledge to others in order to encourage employees to share knowledge. The danger that may arise is that employees, in order to be rewarded or to satisfy higher authorities, seem to share knowledge and do not transfer their real knowledge and only share some useless information with others. This is usually due to mistrust and lack of social capital among individuals. Indeed, improving an organization's social capital can enhance the acquisition, coding, and transfer of knowledge; Because by facilitating the combination and exchange of resources, it helps the organization's ability to create innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The goal of medical science, which is progressing on a daily basis, is not only to avoid diseases but also to increase the quality of life of people (1). Quality of life is an important indicator of health beyond physical health and includes the feeling of healthiness, some degree of satisfaction and the general sense of self-worth (2), namely a mental state of well-being that can be influenced by culture, value system and the stressful environment (3). According to WHO definition, the quality of life is people's understanding of their position in life in terms of culture, value system in which they live, their goals, expectations, standards and priorities (4), which is affected in different ways by social, economic, environmental and individual factors (5). In fact, economic, psychological, social and environmental factors (6), as well as age, health status, occupation (7), gender, culture, education along with general behavioral, job and adaptation elements can influence the quality of life (8). Failure to pay attention to quality of life can lead to disappointment, reduction in social, cultural, economic, and health activities, loss of work motivation, decreased job performance, occupational burnout and early retirement (8, 9). On the other hand, paying attention to quality of life increases efficiency and reduces psychological pressures (10). Quality of life is one of the most important aspects of human health, and improving the health of employees may reduce medical costs, disability and absenteeism, improve job satisfaction and increase productivity (9, 11). The operating room is a closed environment associated with risks and anomalies, which can be considered a unit with environmental factors of stress causing dissatisfaction with personal responsibilities and professional work of surgical technologists, which may lead to physical and mental disorders adversely affecting a person's health and quality of life (13). Because we need employees who enjoy their high quality of life in order to provide satisfactory health care (14), the physical, mental health and emotional management of staff should not be neglected (15). In the operating room, the common goal of the surgical team is to provide effective, systematic and safe care, and failure of each member to perform their role can have a serious impact on the success of the entire team, and on the other hand, the success of an individual as a member of the team creates personal satisfaction in him/her (16) because surgical technologists are responsible for maintaining safety and comfort for patients in the operating room (17). Any negligence on the part of technologists may endanger the life of patients. According to the search for sources on this issue in Iran and abroad, it was observed that there were limited studies on quality of life of surgical technologists. Therefore, the researcher decided to conduct the present study with the aim of determining the quality of life and its related factors among surgical technologists of the medical training hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this cross-sectional study that was conducted in hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences hospitals, 125 surgical technologists were recruited. Inclusion criterion was holding an associate or bachelor degree in surgical technology. The cluster sampling method was used, in which each of the centers was considered a separate cluster. According to the number of staff in the center, the personnel IDs of individuals were written on small sheets of paper. Then, the IDs were randomly selected by a person outside the study, the number was matched with that in the staff list, the desired person was chosen and sampling completed. A total of 150 questionnaires was distributed among surgical technologists in hospitals. The data were collected using demographic information questionnaire (age, gender, marital status, work experience, type of shift work, level of education, income, night shift hours per month and employment status) as well as 26-item WHOQOL-BREF. After obtaining permission from Research Vice-Chancellor (ethics code IR.IUMS.REC 1395.9411101009), OR was visited to collect data. The research goal was explained to all the research units, and there was no compulsion to participate in the study. In all stages of the research, the utmost confidentiality was observed for personal information, and anonymous questionnaires were completed as self-reports by the research units themselves in presence of the researcher. The normal distribution of data was confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test in SPSS-22. The results of descriptive analysis for qualitative variables were reported using frequency (percentage). The values of variables related to different dimensions of quality of life in each level of the studied variables were reported using mean±SD. To examine the relationship between different dimensions of quality of life with the studied variables, independent t-test was used for two-level qualitative variables, and one-way ANOVA was employed for qualitative variables with more than two levels. Bonferroni's post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. To investigate the effect of each variable on different dimensions of quality of life by controlling the effect of other variables, we used linear regression analysis, so that the significant variables entered at 0.2 level in univariate analysis. P<0.05 was considered the significance level in the rest of tests. Results: The participants of this research were 125 surgical technologists. More than half of the research units (52%) were <30 years, 40.8% were 30-40 years and the rest >49 years. The majority of research units (79.2%) were women and the rest were men. The mean and standard deviation of the quality of life was 63.10 ± 18.57; quality-of-life score in dimension of physical health was 54.77 ± 18.87, social health 54.60 ± 18.07, mental health 54.40±14.19, and environmental health 48.27±12.25, which shows that the lowest quality of life score of research units was related to the environmental dimension. By controlling the effect of each of the dependent variables, the variables of marital status and time of night shift had a significant effect on the level of physical health, so that after controlling the effect of night shift variable, the physical health score of married people was on average 13.23 units higher than single people [B=13.23, SE=2.96, P=<0.001, 95%CI= (7.36, 19.09)]. Also, after controlling the effect of the variable of marital status, physical health score of people who had >36 hours of night shift per month was on average 8.73 points lower than those who had <12 hours of night shift per month [B=- 8.73, SE=4.01, P=0.031, 95% CI= (-16.66, -0.790)]. Conclusion: The quality of life of surgical technologists was at an average level, and it was lower than other dimensions in the environmental dimension. Married people had a higher quality of physical health than unmarried people, and physical health was lower in those who had >36 hours of night shift per month relative to people with <12 hours of night shift per month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]