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Background & Aims: Today, cancer is considered one of the most important health problems around the world and its prevalence is growing in industrialized countries. If the prevalence of cancer increases in this way, according to the United Nations estimate, 1 out of 5 people will definitely get one of the forms of cancer. Cancer is the second cause of death in the world after cardiovascular diseases (1). Cancer has gained great importance among chronic childhood diseases; Because the rate of prevalence is high and it has a great impact on the life of the child and the family. Also, the damage to cancer patients is summarized in two dimensions: the physical dimension and the psychological dimension, which researchers have less focused on the psychological dimension of this disease, while this dimension leads to the deterioration of the weak body of the patients. The emotional and psychological effects that a child's cancer leaves in the family are sometimes more debilitating than the physical nature of the disease (2). This group of children is highly exposed to emotional disorders (3). One of the stressful aspects of cancer for affected children is that they lose their body image and attractiveness, or a deformity in their body image may have adverse effects on their lives (4). Teaching spiritual intelligence and therapy based on acceptance-commitment have beneficial effects on the education and social life of children with cancer and this point has been confirmed in various researches, but with the investigations carried out to determine the effectiveness of these skills on the body image of children with cancer Cancer has not been researched; Therefore, ignoring the effect of teaching these skills on the research variables can be a gap in the research literature.Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of acceptancecommitment therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer. Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and a control group and a one-month follow-up, and its statistical population consisted of children with cancer who were hospitalized in the pediatric department of Tehran medical centers in 1402. who were in the age range of 9- 13 years. Among these people, 30 people were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups (20 people in two experimental groups, 10 people in the control group). To collect data, the body image questionnaire of Littleton, Aksam and Puri (2005) was used. The method of collecting information was that he first went to the children's department of the medical centers in Tehran and after making the necessary arrangements with the department, which according to the staff report and weekly admission statistics, approximately 150 children were admitted to the families of the children. And among about 65 people who were willing to cooperate, about 30 children aged 9-13 with cancer (which included the criteria for entering the research) who were hospitalized were selected by available sampling method and randomly selected in We made two experimental groups and a control group, in which 10 people were assigned to each group. And the implementation method is that after selecting the subjects and replacing them in two experimental groups and a control group and performing the pretest, experimental group 1, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session to 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (commitment and acceptance-based therapy group training) and experimental group 2, during one period, for 8 sessions, two sessions a week and each session for 45 minutes exposed to the independent variable (spiritual intelligence group training) were placed. To analyze the data, within-group analysis of variance with repeated measurements and block multivariate analysis of variance were performed. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants in the treatment based on acceptance and commitment were 10.90 and 1.19, respectively, in the spiritual intelligence training group, 10.40 and 0.84, and in the control group, 10.80 and 1.22. The mean and standard deviation of the history of disorders in the participants in acceptance and commitment-based therapy were 13.80 and 5.01, respectively, and in the spiritual intelligence training group, 16.10 and 4.99, and in the control group, 16.80 and 5.22. The results of the present study showed that acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training have an effect on the body image of children with cancer, and there is no difference between the effectiveness of acceptance-commitment-based therapy and spiritual intelligence training on the body image of children with cancer. Conclusion: Considering the positive effect of treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence training, it is suggested to use these two treatments to reduce the problems of children with cancer. According to the results of the research, it seems that in acceptance-commitment-based therapy, a person with a negative body image becomes psychologically aware of the values identified during the treatment, including his physical condition, and through reducing rumination, increasing acceptance, reducing cognitive and emotional dysfunction can affect the improvement of your body image. Also, in the training of spiritual intelligence, in addition to flexibility, this type of treatment increases self-awareness and a deeper look at life; As a result, people consider goals beyond the material world for themselves, which reduces personal dissatisfaction and concern about body image. This important thing can help children with cancer to reduce dissatisfaction with their body image by increasing their spiritual intelligence and instead of focusing on physical dimensions and body image, they can pay attention to other transcendental aspects of their existence. Therefore, treatment based on acceptance-commitment and spiritual intelligence is effective in reducing psychological symptoms caused by cancer in affected children. It is suggested that counseling centers, psychotherapy and hospitals use affordable and available group treatments such as third wave treatments in order to improve the psychological functions of cancer patients as much as possible. Therefore, the acceptance-commitment approach and spiritual intelligence can be used as a suitable intervention in order to improve the ability of patients to adapt to the cancer crisis and reduce the psychological complications caused by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Tokophobia is a pathological fear of childbirth that may impact the physical and mental well-being of both the mother and the infant (1). This condition can occur in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and even in men, and may be either primary or secondary, resulting from traumatic childbirth experiences or onset during adolescence (2). Women with tokophobia may face psychological issues, postpartum depression, and challenges in accepting specialized care for newborns during pregnancy (3). They may experience feelings of isolation, guilt, and shame, and encounter difficulties in preparing for childbirth (4). Therefore, women with a fear of childbirth have various needs that require serious attention from maternal care services (5). Psychotherapy groups have been recognized as an effective method for treating this fear (6). Interventions such as psychosexual education and cognitive-behavioral therapy can help reduce the number of women requesting cesarean sections due to non-medical fear of childbirth (7). Additionally, receiving individualized care during pregnancy and postpartum is crucial for women with tokophobia (8). Schema therapy is a comprehensive approach that combines cognitive theory and developmental concepts. This approach focuses on early childhood experiences and the cognitive schemas derived from them, examining their impact throughout an individual's life (9). Schema therapy aims to identify and address maladaptive patterns in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects (10). Further research is needed to more precisely determine the effectiveness of schema therapy in treating tokophobia (1, 11). Therefore, the present study aimed to answer the question of whether the effectiveness of general schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia is the same in reducing the symptoms of fear of childbirth in primiparous women in Isfahan? Methods: This study was a semi-experimental research with a control group, including pretest, post-test, and follow-up, conducted in the population of primiparous women with tokophobia in Isfahan in the year 2023. Following Kok's recommendation (2002) for sample size determination in experimental research (12), 45 subjects were purposefully selected and, after matching based on the criteria for entering the study, including obtaining a minimum score (30 and above) on the Tokophobia Questionnaire (13), no history of fetal abortion and curettage, and absence of more than three sessions of absence from treatment sessions, were randomly assigned to three 15-person groups: general schema therapy, schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia, and the control group. In this research, the control group, general schema therapy group, and specifically tailored schema therapy group were replaced by the standard general schema therapy. The general schema therapy group participated in 12 group training sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, according to the protocol developed by Young et al. (2003) (14). The specifically tailored schema therapy group for women with tokophobia also underwent 12 one-hour sessions of schema therapy developed based on the needs of pregnant women with tokophobia. It is worth mentioning that the specifically tailored schema therapy package for women with tokophobia was developed based on the process of development and initial trial reliability and relied on credible sources. The agreement reached by the judges regarding the structure of treatment, duration of treatment, length of each session, content adequacy, and practicality of this treatment was 82.0. Also, in a pilot study on a group of eight, the executive and operational reliability and practicality of the specifically tailored schema therapy package for women with tokophobia were examined and confirmed. To observe ethical principles, the research was approved by the Research Committee of the University with the ethics code IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1401.028, and the clinical trial code IRCT20211229053565N1 was obtained. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and the SPSS-28 statistical software. The Stoll et al. (2016) 10-item questionnaire was used to measure tokophobia (15). Higher scores on this questionnaire indicate higher fear of childbirth, and lower scores indicate lower fear of childbirth. The reliability of this tool was estimated using the Cronbach's alpha method, and it was 79.6 for the entire questionnaire and 86.0 for the fear of pain and complications subscale, and 82.6 for the fear of physical changes subscale (16). Results: Examination of demographic data showed no significant differences in age and duration of marriage in the research groups. The assumption of normality in the ShapiroWilk test for tokophobia scores was not significant (p>0.05), and the distribution of the present variables was normal. The calculated F value in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages was not significant. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that general schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia had a significant effect on reducing tokophobia severity in primiparous women with tokophobia. Therefore, for the comparison of research groups, the Bonferroni test for pairwise comparison of groups also showed a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy groups for women with tokophobia (p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that both schema therapy and schema therapy specifically tailored for women with tokophobia have a significant impact on reducing the severity of tokophobia symptoms in primiparous women in Isfahan. These results indicate that the use of these two therapeutic approaches can help improve the condition of women with tokophobia and have a positive effect on reducing the fear of childbirth. Additionally, the results show a significant difference between the treatment groups and the control group, suggesting that therapeutic intervention can be more effective in reducing tokophobia severity in primiparous women compared to no intervention. However, no significant difference was observed between the general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy groups. This may indicate that both therapeutic approaches have acted similarly in reducing the severity of tokophobia in women with this disorder, and no significant noticeable difference was observed between these two methods. Overall, the results indicate that both general schema therapy and specifically tailored schema therapy can be effective in reducing the severity of tokophobia in primiparous women. In this regard, it can be stated that schema therapy, by reducing ineffective coping mechanisms, allows patients to effectively manage their phobias related to childbirth and pregnancy. These results can serve as a guide for designing and implementing therapeutic programs to improve the condition of individuals with tokophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. Respiratory support treatments are among the methods for the recovery of these patients. The present study aims to assess the effect of breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy on the fatigue of patients with COPD. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study on 45 patients COPD who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups of breathing exercises (n=15) and chest physiotherapy (n=15) and one control group (n=15). Before and 6 weeks after the intervention, Krupp’s Fatigue Severity Scale was completed by the patient. Data analysis was done using paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and chi-square in SPSS software, version 26. Results The mean scores of fatigue severity were significantly different in all groups between pretest and post-test phases (P<0.001). The fatigue severity in the intervention groups was reduced, while it increased in the control group, after intervention. There was no significant difference in fatigue severity among the three groups at baseline, but the difference was significant after the intervention (P<0.001). Conclusion Considering the reduction in fatigue severity after two supportive treatments, it is recommended that breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy should be used along with drug treatments for patients with COPD to improve their respiratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Caring for a patient undergoing hemodialysis is a stressful experience that causes a heavy care burden. With the outbreak of COVID-19, family caregivers of these patients had increased worry about the risk of infection in the dialysis centers. This fear can make their care burden heavier. This study aims to investigate the impact of coping skills training on the care burden experienced by family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2020 on 60 family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Comprehensive Treatment Center for Special Diseases in Birjand, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received coping skills training in six sessions. All participants completed the Zarit burden interview before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSSsoftware, version 19. Results The two groups were homogeneous regarding demographic information (P>0.05). Both groups had a moderate to severe care burden before the intervention. A significant difference was reported in the care burden score of the intervention group after training (P<0.001). Conclusion Coping skills training can reduce the care burden of the family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, coping skills training can be used by nursing managers to reduce the care burden of family caregivers of patients with hemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: At the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, the corona virus disease spread rapidly throughout China. The beginning of 2020 brought a new challenge to mankind, which was the corona virus or the Covid-19 virus, and it became a global health threat. Corona virus disease is caused by severe acute respiratory disease. The acute syndrome of the corona virus is an epidemic that affects all people and Covid-19 has had a serious impact on thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Research demonstrated that mindfulness-based training can effectively relieve the negative psychological consequences of the outbreak of Covid-19 and help restore well-being, especially for the most vulnerable people. Mindfulness has made people better cope with quarantine conditions and the Covid-19 pandemic. Mindfulness training can direct attention to breathing and keep people away from negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and fear during the corona epidemic. Mindfulness is caused that individual recognize gradually their mind and thinking styles which are come regularly and habitually and also other benefits of mindfulness is to increase their patience, appreciating and awareness of their body. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effectiveness if mindfulness therapy on dysfunctional attitudes, of Covid-19. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among Covid – 19 patients with an age range of 18 to 60 years who were living in Isfahan city in the year 2020. The statistical sample of the current research consisted of 30 people who recovered from corona disease living in Isfahan city in 2020 and among them 30 people who got corona virus were selected through convenience sampling on the purpose based on the entry criteria and were randomly placed in to two experimental and control groups. In each group, there were 15 people, 9 men and 6 women in the experimental group and 5 men and 10 women in the control group. To collect the data Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Wiseman and Beck, 1987) was used and the Mindfulness Therapy Program Intervention was applied and the treatment protocol used in the present study consisted of eight 120- minute sessions, which have been studied in various studies according to Kabat-Zinn et al.'s (1990) protocol, and the results indicated the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on ineffective attitudes. Finally, in the current research, in addition to using descriptive indices including frequency, mean and standard deviation, inferential statistics were used to examine hypotheses from univariate covariance analysis using SPSS version 20 software at a significance level of p<0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results of ANCOVA analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in ineffective attitudes (P=0.005), in the post-test stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the mindfulness treatment program has reduced dysfunctional attitudes in the experimental group compared to the control group. The calculated effect size or eta squared value indicates that 26% of the changes in ineffective attitudes scores were due to the effect of the independent variable (implementation of the mindfulness treatment program). Conclusion: According to the results obtained from the research findings, it can be stated that the hypothesis of the research was confirmed that eight sessions of the treatment of mindfulness has been effective in reducing dysfunctional attitudes of Covid – 19 patients. The current research, like other researches, has limitations, including the method of data collection online and virtual. The limitation of the equal number of demographic information in each group of samples and treatment follow-up can be mentioned as limitations of the research. The age range of 18 to 60 was one of the criteria for entering the research, and the findings of the results cannot be generalized to those under 18 and over 60. In the current research, only the effectiveness of mindfulness has been investigated, so other treatment approaches have not been investigated. Since the present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental study design, it may also be one of the important beginnings for other studies in the future and critical situations. The present study has practical implications for counselors, psychotherapists, educational management and policy makers. In order to confirm or not confirm the long-term effectiveness of the training given in connection with the consequences of Corona, more research should be done by other researchers. It is also suggested that the effectiveness of this treatment approach should be followed up for several months. It is suggested that the effectiveness of mindfulness on other variables such as psychological well-being, quality of life, mental health, spontaneous thoughts, and styles of coping with stress and fear of corona should be done. The results of the research are useful and practical as a non-drug treatment for people in the corona and post-corona period. Therefore, mental health professionals are advised to pay special attention to dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies and plan to prevent and reduce the complications and risks of dysfunctional attitudes. A variety of face-to-face and online training and treatment programs are recommended by mental health experts to reduce dysfunctional attitudes for healthy people, infected with Corona, and people who have experienced bereavement caused by Corona. Since there are parts of the country without access to the Internet and mobile phones, and also elderly people may lack the necessary skills to use smartphones, therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures along with the observance of health protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Admitting a child to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) brings various physical, psychological and social consequences for parents. Supporting parental self-efficacy is a step to ensure successful implementation of pediatric care. Therefore, it is necessary to provide appropriate interventions to reduce anxiety and stress and improve self-efficacy of parents. Although mobile-based education has been used for patients in many studies, its use for family caregivers of children admitted to PICU is limited. This study aims to assess the effect of a mobile-based educational program on the anxiety and self-efficacy of mothers with children admitted to PICUs in Iran. Materials & Methods In this quasi-experimental study, participants were 60 mothers of children admitted to the PICUs of hospitals in Shahrekord, Iran from April to August 2022. They were selected using a convenience sampling method and were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a mobile-based educational program for four days, one session per day, each for 60 minutes. For the control group, routine education was given by the ward nurses. Data were collected by Spielberger’s state-trait anxiety inventory and Schwarzer & Jerusalem’s general self-efficacy scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean self-efficacy score in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the pre-intervention score (from 19.60±4.01 to 21.87±5.13; P<0.001), but no significant difference was observed in the control group (from 18.53±4.23 to 19.30±5.40; P=0.393). In the intervention group, the mean anxiety score decreased significantly compared to the pre-intervention score (from 47.33±5.52 to 43.63±5.27; P=0.001) but no significant difference was observed in the control group (from 48.30±6.88 to 46.43±9.02; P=0.131). There was no significant difference between the two groups in anxiety and self-efficacy scores before and after the intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion Nurses can reduce anxiety and increase the self-efficacy of mothers of children admitted to PICUs by using other measures along with virtual education, which requires more research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Infertility makes people susceptible to mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety (3). Failure to pay attention to mental disorders and their symptoms such as interpersonal relationship problems, marital dissatisfaction, and decreased sexual desire creates a vicious cycle that reduces the possibility of infertility treatment and also leads to divorce (4). In societies where cultural norms value women more than the role of motherhood, infertility causes instability in cohabitation, domestic violence, and isolation (5). Infertility, because it causes a woman's inability to achieve the desired social role, is often associated with psychological distress (6) and affects their psychological, physical, social wellbeing and life expectancy (5). But among the various factors, one of the most important variables in infertile women is psychological distress. In a general definition, psychological distress is emotional suffering that may have a negative impact on people's social functions and daily life (7) and is characterized by symptoms of depression and anxiety (8). Another important variable in the society of infertile women is infertility self-efficacy (9). Infertility self-efficacy means infertile people's perception of their abilities to use behavioral, emotional and cognitive capabilities in facing the diagnosis and medical treatment of infertility (11). Finally, the quality of life is a broad concept that includes different areas of human life, including health (12). Quality of life is people's sense of their abilities regarding physical, emotional and social functions, and today it is considered as one of the indicators of development, which is very important to improve (14). Due to the importance of infertility and the negative consequences of infertility in women, many interventions with different approaches have been formulated to reduce the psychological problems of infertile women. One of the therapeutic approaches that can be effective in psychological distress, infertility self-efficacy and also the quality of life of infertile women is schema therapy (15). Schema therapy is one of the most widely used third wave treatments, which was proposed by Jeffrey Young (16). The basis of schema theory is the principle of coordination. People are motivated to perpetuate their self-consistent view of the world and themselves and tend to interpret situations in such a way that their schemas are confirmed (17). Another treatment approach that seems to be effective in psychological distress, infertility self-efficacy, and also the quality of life of infertile women, is the treatment based on acceptance and commitment (13). Treatment based on acceptance and commitment is one of the treatments of the third wave of the cognitive-behavioral approach, whose primary goal is to increase the quality of life by reducing the effect of ineffective control strategies and supporting behavioral change based on values (22). According to the above material, the researcher is trying to answer the question whether the effectiveness of treatment based on schema therapy has an effect on psychological distress, infertility self-efficacy and the quality of life of infertile women in Tehran. Methods: The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group for this purpose among infertile women who had referred to the infertility treatment centers of districts 1 to 5 of Tehran in 1401. With the coordination of the director of the infertility centers of regions 1 to 5, the health and care officer of the center provided the files of the infertile people to the researcher and while contacting the infertile women, they were given explanations about the working method. Based on this, 30 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into two control and experimental groups. In the first session and before the beginning of the treatment sessions, a pre-test and at the end of the last session, a post-test was conducted in both groups. A follow-up meeting was held in the same place after three months. The experimental group participated in schema therapy group sessions twice a week for ten 2-hour sessions. This treatment protocol with the opinion of clinical experts and the use of reliable sources (16) is presented by sessions in Table 1. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of psychological distress in pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Also, the interaction effect between time and group is significant, which shows that the mean scores of psychological distress of infertile women are different at different times according to the variable levels of the group. That is, there is a significant difference between the two groups (the second experimental group and the control group) in the reduction of the psychological distress scores of infertile women from the pre-test stage to the follow-up. Also, the significance of the group factor on the psychological distress scores of infertile women indicates that regardless of the measurement time, there is a significant difference between the mean psychological distress scores of the experimental and control groups (P=0.001). Another finding showed that there is a significant difference between the mean infertility self-efficacy scores in pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Also, the significance of the group factor on the infertility self-efficacy scores of infertile women indicates that regardless of the measurement time, there is a significant difference between the mean infertility self-efficacy scores of the experimental and control groups (P=0.002). (Table 3). As can be seen in Table 4, there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the quality of life in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. It was also found that the quality of life scores of infertile women are different at different times according to the variable levels of the group. That is, there is a significant difference between the two groups (the second experimental group and the control group) in the increase in the quality of life scores of infertile women from the pre-examination stage to the follow-up. Also, the significance of the group factor on the quality of life scores of infertile women indicates that regardless of the measurement time, there is a significant difference between the mean quality of life scores of the experimental and control groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: Schema therapy by emphasizing the change of maladaptive coping styles and maladaptive schemas formed in childhood and explaining how they are effective in processing and facing life events in therapy instead of ineffective coping styles and strategies provides an opportunity for the patient to stop negative evaluation and avoidance. and instead use normal and adaptive coping strategies (27). Schema therapy is used to change processes and activities such as negative rumination, threat monitoring, focusing on danger, selling thoughts and behaviors such as behavioral, cognitive, and emotional avoidance that people prone to depression use to deal with the perceived inconsistency and regulate the resulting negative emotions. they give, it pays, and in this way it reduces the feeling of helplessness and inefficiency in a person (30). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group nutrition training based on play therapy on anxiety and tendency to food diversity in preschool children with avoidance- restriction of food. Methods: The design of this study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group and a follow-up stage. The study population, available preschool children (3 to 5 years) had one of the eating disorders. By purposive sampling, 20 children with clinical symptoms of avoidance disorder / food restriction living in Sanandaj were selected; Which were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. At first, a 3-hour group training session was held for the mothers of the children in the experimental group on parenting style, child nutrition and introduction of games. Subsequently, the experimental group received 120 minutes of 120 minutes of group nutrition training through play therapy, to collect data from the Wardell, Guthrie, Sanderson, and Rapaport (2001) Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Revised Child Anxiety Anxiety Scale (CMAS). Reynolds and Richmond (1987). To describe the data, tables and graphs were used frequently, as well as central indices and scatter indices such as mean and standard deviation. To answer the questions, repeated measures analysis of variance and multivariate covariance were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24. Results: An educational and treatment package to reduce avoidance- restrictive eating disorder was developed by a therapist who was validated by child clinical psychologists and nutrition and education experts. Findings showed that the significance level of anxiety and tendency to food diversity variables is less than 0.05. As a result, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of these variables in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Considering the significance of the interaction of the stages * of the group, it is concluded that the rate of change in the variables of anxiety and tendency to food diversity during the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages were not the same in the experimental and control groups; That is, treatment based on group nutrition education of preschool children with avoidance / restriction disorder based on play-therapy has been effective in reducing anxiety and tendency to food diversity. There is a difference between pre-test and post-test stages; That is, the intervention was effective in reducing anxiety and promoting dietary diversity. There is also a difference between the pre-test and follow-up stages and the significance level of 1.00 shows that there is no difference between the means between the post-test and follow-up stages; That is, the effectiveness of the intervention in the follow-up phase has shown that it has remained stable. It can be said that there is a difference between the children in the experimental group who received the intervention and the children in the control group in at least one of the variables of anxiety. The difference is 44% in the posttest and 78% in the follow-up. The level of significance obtained also shows that there is a difference between the children in the experimental group who received the intervention and the children in the control group at least in terms of one of the variables of the tendency to food diversity. The difference is 92% in post-test and 96% in follow-up. In the post-test, the level of significance of the components of physiological symptoms and anxiety is significant at the level of 0.05; That is, the intervention had an effect on reducing the physiological symptoms of anxiety and worry in children in the experimental group; However, the significance level of 0.102 obtained by Mankova test in the third component (social anxiety) shows that the intervention was not effective in reducing children's social anxiety in the post-test stage. In the follow-up stage, the level of significance of the components of physiological symptoms, anxiety and social anxiety is significant at the level of 0.05; That is, the intervention had an effect on reducing the physiological symptoms of anxiety, worry and social anxiety in children in the experimental group, and the rate of this effect in the component of physiological symptoms was 51%, anxiety 67% and social anxiety 42%. Also, the level of significance of the components of food pleasure, desire to drink, emotional overeating, excuse about food and emotional undereating is significant at the level of 0.05; That is, the intervention had an effect on the mentioned components in the post-test stage of the experimental group. The extent of this effect was in the components of food enjoyment (82%), desire to drink (72%), emotional overeating (82%), food excuses (42%) and emotional undereating (56%); However, the significance level of 0.183 and 0.433 obtained by Mancoa test in the fourth and fifth components (satiety responses and slow eating) shows that the mentioned intervention was not effective on these components in the post-test stage. In the follow-up stage, the significance level of all components is significant at the 0.05 level; That is, the intervention had an effect on the tendency to food diversity in children in the experimental group and the extent of this effect on the components of food enjoyment (90%), desire to drink (81%), emotional overeating (90%), satiety responses (35%), There were slow eating (51%), food excuses (57%) and emotional undereating (70%). Conclusion: According to the findings and the effect of the treatment package developed in this study on dependent variables, its use in therapeutic settings for children with avoidance / restriction of food is recommended to reduce anxiety and expand their dietary diversity. Also, considering that the subject of this study was to reduce children's social anxiety, satiety responses and slow eating; It has not been effective, so researchers can look into this in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is regarded as one of the most frequent knee joint injuries. ACL injury is typically non-contact and occurs during activities such as cutting, accelerating, and landing after a jump. According to the video analysis, the mechanism of non-contact ACL injuries consist of several common components such as hip adduction and internal rotation, knee valgus, tibia external rotation, and ankle eversion; Combination of these components called "dynamic knee valgus". In this situation, the role of hip abductor and external rotator muscles is to eccentrically control hip adduction and internal rotation. In closed-kinetic-chain, adequate stability in hip joint provides better knee control. Evidence for this is seen in a reported greater hip abduction correlated with less knee valgus during single leg squat. Specifically, lower eccentric hip abductor peak torque is associated with higher peak knee valgus during landing Although the literature showed the positive effects of the preventive programs, most of them include exercises that involve combination of muscles groups, so the mechanisms by which muscles group reduce dynamic knee valgus are unclear. To the best of our knowledge, no study has addressed the effectiveness of an isolated hip abductor and external rotator strengthening on dynamic knee valgus during jumplanding task. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether an isotonic strengthening which targeting the hip abductor and external rotator would improve the dynamic knee valgus during landing. We hypothesized that dynamic knee valgus would improve post isolated hip abductor and external rotator strengthening program. Methods: Present study is a randomized controlled trial carried out by single-blinded parallel group. Thirty-two males with knee valgus angle more than 8 degree were randomized into a training (n=16) or control group (n=16). In pre-screen session, in order to determine dynamic knee valgus eligibility for participants, subjects were asked to perform single-leg jump-landing task. Subjects landed forward from the 31-cm height box with their dominant leg onto a marked place at a distance of 40% their height. The subjects landed on their dominant leg and immediately performed a countermovement jump to achieve maximal height. A digital video camera was set up on tripod at the height of the subject’s knee, 2 meter in front of the subjects landing place, and lined up vertical to the frontal plane. The frame that knee has highest medial displacement was exported into Auto CAD 2016 software (version 20.1) for calculation of knee dynamic valgus angle. In pre-test sessions, each subject warmed up for 5 minutes (walking and jogging around the laboratory at a self-selected pace), and then was instrumented with 40 retro-reflective markers. The positions of the markers were recorded at 200 Hz using a motion capture system (Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) with eight Ocus cameras and were synchronized with a force plate (Kistler AG, made in Switzerland) collected data at 2000 Hz. Each subject completed an initial static, standing calibration trial to align local coordination system with global coordinate system, and then performed 3 attempts to singleleg jump-landing task (as described in pre-screen) with dominant leg (30 seconds rest between each attempt). Eccentric and concentric peak torques of dominant leg hip abductor (side-lying position) and external rotator (seated position with 90° flexion in the hip and knee) were quantified by a single examiner using KinCom 500H isokinetic dynamometer (Chattecx Corp. Inc. Hixson, TN). The training group carried out 8 weeks of bilateral hip abductor and external rotator strengthening 3 times per week. Each session included 3 phases: 1: warm-up, 5 minutes Walking and jogging, 2: strengthening exercises, 35 minutes hip abductor and external rotator muscles exercises, 3: cool down, 5 minutes walking. In the post-test session, participants followed the same procedure used for the pre-test session. Each participant wore the same shoes in pre and post-test sessions to prevent injury and control footwear differences effect, and all tests were completed at the same time in pre and post-test sessions. Results: During the course of the study, two subjects withdraw from the study due to personal problems (one subject in CG and one subject in TG) and one subject sustained injury due to an accident (in TG). So, data from 29 subjects were used for statistical analysis. The ANCOVA evaluating changes in hip strength from baseline to the end of the 8-week hip strengthening program revealed a significant difference between TG and CG for concentric (P<0.001) and eccentric hip abduction (P=0.002) and concentric (P=0.007) and eccentric hip external rotation (P=0.001) peak torques. Paired-sample t tests were performed to determine the training effect on the hip muscle strength. At the post-test, the TG demonstrated greater concentric (1.6±0.55 vs 2.01±0.42 Nm/Kg; P<0.001) and eccentric hip abductor (1.41±0.51 vs 1.77±0.43 Nm/Kg; P=0.004) and concentric (0.94±0.21 vs 1.07±0.19 Nm/Kg; P=0.01) and eccentric hip external rotator (0.92±0.18 vs 1.11±0.21 Nm/Kg; P<0.001) peak torques compared with pre-test. No significant differences in muscle strength were observed for the control group between pre-test and post-test. The ANCOVA evaluating changes in knee kinematic from baseline to the end of the 8-week hip strengthening program revealed a significant difference between TG and CG for peak knee valgus (P=0.02) and knee valgus range of motion (ROM) (P=0.04). After the 8-week intervention, the TG demonstrated lower peak (-5.62 ± 7.36 vs -2.74 ± 5.94; P=0.02) and range of motion (ROM) on dynamic knee valgus angle (-9.66 ± 5.56 vs -7.31 ± 3.87; P=0.04) compared with pre-test, whereas significant changes were not noted in the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Hip abductor and external rotator weakness is a well-documented impairment in subjects with increased dynamic knee valgus during landing and has been postulated to contribute to non-contact ACL injury. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of isolated hip abductor and external rotator exercises on lower extremity kinematic, as well as concentric and eccentric abductor and external rotator torques in male subjects who present with excessive dynamic knee valgus during landing. The most important finding of the current study was a reduction in peak and knee valgus range of motion during landing in training group. These changes might be due to an increase in concentric and eccentric hip abductor and external rotator peak torques in training group as a result of the 8-weeks resistance training. Our findings support the isolated hip abductor and external rotator strengthening as a viable preventive and rehabilitative exercises program option for subjects who shows excessive dynamic knee valgus impairment in the hope of preventing non-contact ACL injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Considering the lack of research in finding an effective approach in the field of bipolar disorder management and the career success of people with this disorder, the present study aims to compare the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation programs with career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach on the career success of them, and the following questions were answered: Is the effect of a vocational rehabilitation program with career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach different on the subjective career success of people with bipolar disorder? Is the effect of the vocational rehabilitation program different from career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach to the objective job success (income) of people with bipolar disorder? Is the effect of the vocational rehabilitation program different from career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach to the objective career success (promotion) of people with bipolar disorder? Methods: The design of the current research was semi-experimental, of a pre-test-post-testfallow-up type with a waiting group. All participants referred by a psychiatrist to a counseling clinic and diagnosed as having bipolar disorder were purposefully selected for the research, and among them, the volunteers were interviewed and diagnosed with a clinical interview based on the criteria of the DSM-5. To select the research sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered. 24 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to groups. 8 people in the experimental group with a vocational rehabilitation program, 8 people in the experimental group with career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach, and 8 people in the waiting group. Before starting the interventions, a pre-test was taken from all 24 participants. After that, the people assigned to the two test groups received the relevant interventions in 10 sessions of 100 minutes (in the experimental intervention with the vocational rehabilitation program and the career counseling intervention based on the cognitive-behavioral approach) and the people present in the waiting group did not receive any intervention. The people participating in the interventions did not have any knowledge or contact with each other, and they tried to maintain is lack of knowledge and communication until the end of the intervention and prevent the exchange of information. For the vocational rehabilitation program and career counseling based on the cognitivebehavioral approach, a pre-developed program was used separately, the validity and reliability of which had been checked and confirmed (5). Moreover, the vocational rehabilitation program, in addition to 10 intervention sessions for the individual with bipolar disorder, included two intervention sessions for the family and two sessions for the employer or his colleague, which are carried out if the individual needs and consents to these two intervention sessions were down. At the end of the interventions, all the people in the experimental and waiting groups filled out the questionnaires again as a post-test. One month after the implementation of the post-test, the research samples filled out the research questionnaires for the third time to implement the follow-up phase. To measure the subjective dimension of career success, the job satisfaction questionnaire (29) and the objective dimension of career success were measured by measuring the amount of income and job promotion. Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (variance analysis with repeated measures) using SPSS V. 16 software (30). Based on the background of the research, pre-test variables, age, and gender were covariate. Results: In the post-test stage, the vocational rehabilitation program showed more effectiveness in subjective career success than the career counseling based on the cognitivebehavioral approach (p<0.007) and the waiting group (p<0.006), but none of the two interventions, there was no significant effect on objective career success (p<1). Also, in the follow-up phase of the vocational rehabilitation program, it was more effective on subjective career success than the career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach (p<0.003) and the waiting group (p<0.0001), but between the scores of the participants in the intervention of career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach and the waiting group no significant difference was observed (p<0.26). Besides, there was no significant difference between the objective career success scores (income) of the participants in the two research interventions and the waiting group (p<0.2). In comparison, between the objective career success scores (promotion) of the participants in the two research interventions, there was no significant difference with the waiting group (p<0.36). Conclusion: According to the data obtained from the results of the research, it can be said that the vocational rehabilitation program has been effective in increasing subjective career success scores, and even after one month of receiving the intervention, the effectiveness of this method has not decreased. Also, career counseling based on the cognitive-behavioral approach has not been effective in the subjective career success of people with bipolar disorder. Besides, none of the two interventions have been effective on the objective career success (income and promotion) of the people participating in the research. In general, according to the results of the research and the explanations presented, it seems that considering the clinical observations, the subjective career success of people with bipolar disorder during the interventions, especially in the vocational rehabilitation program, compared to the career counseling based on the Cognitive-behavioral approach more specifically deals with the career and its appendices, and in addition to managing people, it teaches a person how to build and deal with a real career future. Therefore, it is not far-fetched that a specialized vocational rehabilitation program that is specially designed for vocational interventions will be more effective (5). It is also important to note that increasing income is not a short-term process and requires a long time (34). In addition, this research coincided with the era of Coronavirus and the recession and closure of businesses (36), but under the influence of the interventions, at least the previous income level of the individual in these challenging conditions was maintained. Based on the clinical evidence from the reports of the people present in the research, especially the people who participated in the intervention of the vocational rehabilitation program, after participating in the intervention, these people were able to achieve a higher human credit status in the workplace than before, and the positive feedback of people around these people has confirmed that. Therefore, it seems that in addition to the objective promotion, maybe we can have a word called spiritual promotion, which based on the positive feedback these people received from the people around them at the workplace, is considered a great career success for these people. Will be In fact, it may be possible to talk about the existence of a kind of spiritual promotion in the workplace, which has not been mentioned in research so far (5). This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of the vocational rehabilitation program in increasing the career success of people with bipolar disorder. This new perspective can be used as a reliable source on the career interventions of people with bipolar disorder and can be effective as an early rehabilitation intervention in reducing the career issues of these people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The family is the smallest unit of society and its health and disease are directly or indirectly involved in the health and disease of the community; but despite the importance of the family as a good environment for socializing and educating future generations, today many families suffer from traumas such as divorce, marital disputes, suicide, runaway children and other issues. They have shaken and in some cases destroyed the healthy family relationship that is necessary for the survival and strengthening of the family. The phenomenon of marital boredom is a kind of burnout and physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion that is caused by the mismatch between expectations and reality in married life. Boredom is gradual and less sudden. In fact, love and intimacy gradually fade away and decay. At worst, boredom means the total breakdown of marital relationships. The behavioral-cognitive approach is one of the most important therapeutic approaches that has attracted the attention of psychologists. Today, the application of the behavioral-cognitive approach in couple therapy has been approved. Considering that the problem of marital boredom in couples, which is caused by annoyance, frustration, despair, and a large psychological-emotional distance between couples, is one of the main reasons for emotional divorce, and if not properly addressed and treated, It provides the ground for formal divorce of couples, so it is important to pay attention to this phenomenon and treat its destructive effects on the marital and family system. On the other hand, supervised and clinical research on emotion-oriented couple therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and their effect on conflict and boredom in couples are small, so the present study to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy and cognitive couple therapy- Behavior on the boredom of the couple seems necessary. Since in order to increase marital satisfaction and strengthen marital relations, it is necessary to pay attention to the cause and effect of incompatibility and as mentioned, both of these theories have completely different views on this category (incompatibility), in this study, the effectiveness of couples Emotion-oriented therapy is examined in comparison with rational-emotional-behavioral couple therapy to determine which of these two approaches is more effective in reducing boredom. Methods: The present study is semi-experimental in terms of applied purpose and method of implementation. The research design of this study is a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all women who were referred to Azar Clinic in Kermanshah from the beginning of April 2017 to June 2017 due to marital conflicts and family conflicts to solve their problems and out of 200 patients, 30 people were randomly replaced in experimental group one (n = 10), experimental group two (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). They were selected and replaced using random sampling and random substitution. In general, the inclusion criteria in this study included those who had partial or desirable social and family commitments and mild or relative mental and physical health, and their performance in the way of adaptation and interpersonal relationships with their spouse was difficult and demanding. Eliminating marital problems and boredom, in other words, promoting mental health and increasing life satisfaction, have been intended to continue living together. Exclusion criteria were also couples with a history of severe addiction, longterm and frequent incarceration, leaving or running away from home, severe mental illness with psychiatric symptoms, extramarital sex complained of by one or more couples, or had severe physical illnesses that were medically diagnosed and were unable to maintain marital relationships, which according to the assessments that were made at the beginning of the referral were not included in the list of the statistical population of this study. In the present study, the marital boredom questionnaire was used. This scale was invented by Pines in 2003. The questionnaire has 21 items that include 3 main components of physical fatigue (eg feeling tired, lethargic, and having sleep disorders), emotional exhaustion (feeling depressed, hopeless, trapped), and mental exhaustion (such as feeling worthless, frustrated). And anger towards his wife). Also in this study, the experimental group participated in emotion-focused couple therapy sessions and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy sessions that lasted approximately two months and two sessions per week. Data were analyzed using Spss-21 statistical software. Results: The statistical results showed that emotion-oriented couple therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy were effective in reducing marital boredom and also emotion-focused couple therapy and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy were equally effective in marital boredom (P <0.001). Conclusion: In general, according to the results, it can be stated that to reduce couples' boredom, emotion-based couple therapy, and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy can be used, and couples can use these approaches to deepen their life expectancy. Emotional couple therapy is used to reduce turmoil in adult romantic relationships and to reconstruct couples' interactive patterns. During treatment, small steps are taken toward safe emotional engagement, which allows couples to reassure each other and reduce conflict. Like other studies in the field of behavioral sciences, the present study also faced limitations, including the study sample, which consisted of a couple who filed for divorce due to a severe marital dispute and went to family court counseling centers. They have referred. Due to this, the generalizability of research results to other couples who have not filed for divorce despite severe marital discord should be done with caution. Also, the participants in the study were couples who simultaneously announced their readiness to participate in the study, so caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of this study. It is better that such interventions be performed at least on couples with a history of divorce without separation. They should also be referred. It is also suggested that the effectiveness of the approaches used in this study be compared with other approaches and follow-up should be considered in the study to evaluate the continuity of therapeutic effects over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Myocardial infarction is one of the most important ischemic cardiopathies (1). Despite progressive improvement in medical therapy and standard care, Exercise-based rehabilitation programs have been shown to improve the exercise capacity of patients with myocardial infarction through a multifactorial effect (2). In this context, high-intensity interval exercise is a growing field of research (3). Many studies have shown that High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has more protective effects on myocardial tissue than aerobic exercise (6). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of low-volume, high-intensity interval aerobic exercise on heart structural and functional indicators in patients with myocardial infarction. Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pretest-A post testdesign,20 patients with documented MI (without regular exercise history) volunteered to participate in the research randomly in two control groups (n=10) and exercise group (n=10).The subjects trained for 3 d/week for 12 weeks (one session on a treadmill and another session on an exercise bike), under the supervision of an expert physician and exercise physiologistspecialists. We asked the control group patients not to engage in any other leisure exercise during the study. The rationale formixing bike and treadmill was to avoid the osteoarticular effects of two treadmill days by considering the HIIT program. We calculated the optimize dexercise zone using the Karvonen formula, which calculates the exercise heart rate as a percentage of the heart rate reserve, added to the resting heart rate (11). The training intensity was adjusted by constantly changing the treadmill's speed and incline or the bike's power and speed to ensure that we performed all training sessions with the target heart rate (HR)(9). Training intensity was controlled by monitoring participants' heart rate (HR) using a Polar HR monitor (Polar Electro OY, Finland). Heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived exertion were evaluated using the Borg Scale (6 to 20 points) before, during, and after each session (12). We measured the structural and functional indices of the heart using an echocardiography device in baseline conditions and after 12 weeks of training. We performed all examinations at rest in the left lateral decubitus position according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (16). We analyzed data using paired t-test and independent t-test. All statistical tests were performed with SPSS software version 28.0 (IBM SPSS, Inc, Armonk, NY). Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: End-diastolic diameter, end-diastolic volume, injection fraction, left ventricular stroke volume, and peak oxygen consumption of the training group was significantly increased compared to the baseline conditions and compared to the control group (P<0.05) and Resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). But there was no significant change in the thickness of the posterior wall at the end of the diastoleof the left ventricle. Conclusion: The main results of this study showed that the HIIT training protocol with the low-volume produced positive and significant changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and VO2 peak, which shows a positive training response in these patients. But we found no improvement in the control group and only systolic and diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Also, in the parameters of resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and VO2 peak, a significant difference was found between the HIIT group and the control group, which is related to the improvement of physical activity level and functional capacity. These findings show the effectiveness of a low-volume HIIT program in improving clinically important parameters. The results of the present study showed that left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and stroke volume (SV) increased significantly after HIIT exercises compared to the control group. Recent studies have shown that physiological adaptations of the left ventricle following exercise are divided into three general sections: 1) physiological hypertrophy of existing myocytes, which is associated with increased production of specific growth factors; 2) activation of cardiac stem cells, which increase the number and their differentiation leads to myocytes and vascular cells and 3) accumulation of new heart cells called new myocytes and vascular cells (32, 33). These cellular changes depend on the intensity and duration of exercise, which is associated with increased contractile muscle mass, cardiac function, and decreased wall tension. Therefore, since the results of the present study show an improvement in left ventricular function index in patients with MI following low volumes of HIIT training, it is likely that low volume of HIIT volumes could be stimulated the above mechanisms and play an important role in improving cardiovascular function. The results of the present study showed that the end-diastolic diameter of the left ventricle increased significantly in the HIIT group compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be said that 12 weeks of low-volume HIIT training has led to an increase in blood volume and venous return (because of skeletal muscle pumping and venous contraction), which according to Frank-Starling's law, increases ventricular stretch and ventricular contractility. It has led to an increase in injection fraction, which ultimately causes an increase in stroke volume and a decrease in resting heart rate, and one reason for the significant increase in VO2 peak after 12 weeks of low-volume HIIT training may be the increase in blood volume and ventricular end-diastolic diameter. Be left, because these two mechanisms cause an increase in the number of mitochondria and their enzyme contents, capillary density and better blood flow in active muscles and heart muscles (38). Also, the results showed that the average thickness of the posterior wall of the left ventricle at the end of diastole in the HIIT group had a slight and non-significant increase. Reports show that aerobic activity causes a volume load on the heart, an increase in the heart chambers, especially the left ventricle, and a relative increase in the ventricular walls of the heart (39). Perhaps the reason for the non-significant changes in the thickness of the posterior wall at the end of left ventricular diastole in this study was the rapid filling of the left ventricle during ventricular diastole or the small volume of the exercise program, because the volume of the exercise program was not enough to cause obvious structural changes. In summary,interval aerobic training with low volume and high intensity improves the structure and function of the left ventricle, but we need more training volume to achieve more obvious structural changes in the left ventricle of patients with MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Sedentary life and vitamin D deficiency are considered related factors to increased inflammation and oxidative stress in obese conditions. Being overweight and obese is determined by increased adipose tissue due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fat cells (1). Previous research has shown that overweight and obesity are associated with vitamin D deficiency (3). Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most important and common health problems associated with several diseases such as kidney disease, diabetes, cardiomyopathy and Alzheimer's disease. Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating several cellular pathways for the synthesis of antioxidants (4).The best biomarker to determine the status of vitamin D is the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Serum levels below 20 ng /ml are defined as vitamin D deficiency (3). Large adipocytes with complete local oxygen consumption induce hypoxia, which may lead to cellular inflammation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines by activating oxidative stress pathways (4). Oxidative stress, in turn, plays a causal role in obesity (6). A strong association between oxidative stress and vitamin D deficiency has been reported (8).Vitamin D has antiinflammatory effects and affects inflammatory processes and immune cells through different pathways, including regulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (12). Interleukin 10(IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that is synthesized in several organs (13). It has been observed in experimental studies that with obesity, serum IL-10 levels decreased in mice on a high-fat diet, and this reduction played a very important role in obesityinduced inflammation in other organs (15, 16). Exercise is recommended as an important nonpharmacological treatment for the prevention or treatment of obesity and its metabolic and somatic cellular complications (19). Systematic studies and available meta-analyzes have shown that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has more significant effects on reducing abdominal and visceral fat and improving cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adults than moderate-intensity continuous exercise (21, 22). Today, lack of time is one of the main reasons for non-participation of people in regular sports activities (23). Due to the association of obesity and overweight with inflammatory factors and oxidative stress, it is necessary to conduct further studies focusing on the effect of low-risk and cheaper interventions such as HIIT and/or vitamin D consumption in the prevention or treatment of oxidative-inflammatory complications. Therefore, the present study investigated the HIIT with vitamin D intake on IL-10 and lipid peroxidation levels in overweight women with IL-10 deficiency. Methods: This single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 52 overweight women with vitamin D deficiency and ages ranging 23-29 years old. After selecting the subjects by the available sampling method, they were randomly divided into control, interval, vitamin D and combination groups. The HIIT was performed with the 12x1-min running bouts at 80-90% maximum heart rate (HRmax) interspersed with 1-min active recovery at 50% HRmax in between bouts for 8 weeks. Vitamin D and combination groups took vitamin D once a week with food for 8 weeks (30).The vitamin D and combination groups received 50,000 IU of vitamin D per week (29). Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 20 ng /ml were considered as vitamin D deficiency. Blood samples were collected in the pre- and post-test stages, followed by 12 hours of fasting and serum was frozen at -80 ° C. The serum was then frozen at -80 ° C and used to measure the research variables. Then, serum levels of variables were determined using a special commercial kit and laboratory methods. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. One-way analysis of variance test with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc was also used to compare intergroup differences. In addition, the rate of change of variables was tested through Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests. The significance level was considered P<0.05 and all statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance test with repeated measures showed that there is a significant difference between IL-10 and MDA levels of inactive women during the two stages before and after eight weeks, regardless of the group factor. Also, the effect of group (regardless of time factor) and the interactive effect of time×group on the levels of these variables are significant (P<0.05). The MDA levels in interval, vitamin D and combination groups decreased significantly and IL-10 levels increased significantly after 8 weeks(P<0.001). But the combined intervention had a stronger effect on the change of MDA and IL-10 levels compared to the other two interventions (P<0.001). In addition, the effect of HIIT on decreasing MDA levels was greater than vitamin D intake (P=0.018), and no significant difference was found between the amount of IL-10 changes in these two groups (P=0.184). Conclusion: Both vitamin D deficiency (9) and obesity (33) cause overproduction of ROS, increasing oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) interacts with unsaturated lipids within the cell membrane and causes lipid peroxidation, which in turn significantly increases MDA levels, leading to the inactivation of many proteins and cellular receptors, causing cell membrane damage (34). Vitamin D can exert its strong anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression and activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), which has optimal effects on oxidative stress (32). Regular exercise can greatly improve the efficiency of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance the body's ability to eliminate peroxidants. Exercise can inhibit NF-κB activation in human T cells by reducing ROS-producing factors, such as tumor necrosis factorα (40). Exercise can also reduce oxidative stress by increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide (42). However, the effect of HIIT on reducing MDA and consequent oxidative stress has been more effective than vitamin D supplementation, which may be related to the synergistic effects of these two interventions in the oxidation-antioxidant balance shift towards the superiority of antioxidant defense. It seems that HIIT and vitamin D intake can be exert their protective effects in overweight individuals with vitamin D deficiency by a decrease in the MDA and increasing the anti-inflammatory index of IL-10. Although these effects developed with combined intervention, but HIIT was associated with a greater reduction in MDA than vitamin D intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: : Coronavirus (Covid-19) is a large family of viruses that may cause respiratory infections from colds to more severe diseases such as MERS and Sars. Recently, this virus has been named Covid-19. contextual factors surrounding covid-19; including ease of transmission, lack of immunity among the global population, delayed testing, limited medical equipment, and uncertainty of the path of the pandemic; There is a level of public anxiety that shows the importance of investigating the issue. Research has reported a relationship between well-being and more effective coping strategies. Currently, psychological conceptualizations of unhealthy coping preferences often focus on individual coping strategies that are conceptualized as illness or part of the illness, for example, eating disorders, substance use disorders, self-harm, suicide, rather than biological causes. Psychological distress, antecedents of unhealthy coping strategies, and total coping strategies. Understanding the relationship between coping strategies and overwhelming distress is essential to inform diagnosis and the best targets for interventions. While healthy and unhealthy conceptualizations of coping strategies are empirically supported, to date there has been no assessment of the continuum of coping, implying that the use of coping preferences varies depending on the level of distress and relationship. According to healthy coping theory, people use unhealthy coping strategies when they feel better about a difficult situation, even if they risk other negative consequences to feel better, but this does not happen. between healthy and unhealthy coping strategies. The high individual morbidity and mortality and societal costs associated with the chronic use of unhealthy coping preferences highlight the need to understand better their relationship to overwhelming distress and healthy coping strategies. In the new theory of stress, coping skill is a major composite function that is often used due to individual differences in response to stress. Coping skills are also affected by homelessness and the special conditions of street children and adolescents for several reasons. Since the level of mental health among humans has been significantly reduced during the covid-19 epidemic and has been taken into consideration. High prevalence rates of depression, sleep disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been reported at the peak of the disease outbreak in China; Symptoms of psychological distress are expected to be long-lasting and warrant the need for evidence-based psychological treatments aimed at immediate stress relief and prevention of psychological distress in this population. Research Background Cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in the treatment and prevention of several stress-related disorders in the human population. Among the treatments that can be effective for posttraumatic stress disorder and psychological events after an unexpected event is a cognitivebehavioral therapy. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy is one of the most widely used methods and one of the most important choices in the field of psychological treatment of this disorder, which has wide applications. This treatment consists of four components: exposure, prevention of response, and connection between events and thoughts. It uses maladaptive thoughts to improve cognition, emotion, and behavior by changing cognition. According to the mentioned materials, this research has addressed the question of whether cognitive behavioral therapy affects the resilience and preference of coping actions of patients who have recovered from the corona pandemic (COVID-19) at the height of the epidemic. Methods: This research was a semi-experimental type of research with a pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population of this research included all recovered patients of the Corona pandemic at the peak of the epidemic in Isfahan, 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). After the pre-test, the experimental group received the cognitive behavioral therapy program for 12 sessions, and then the post-test was performed. The data required for the research were collected using the scale of preference for confrontational actions by Carver, Shier, and Weintraub (1989). The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance) with the help of SPSS-20 software. Results: The findings showed that cognitive behavioral therapy led to an increase in problemoriented confrontational preference and a decrease in emotion-oriented and avoidance confrontational preference in the members of the experimental group had a significant effect (P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy can be considered an effective treatment in reducing the problems and psychological indicators of patients who have recovered from the corona pandemic. This research finding can be explained that in cognitive behavioral therapy, tasks such as functional analysis, skill training, and dealing with impulsive desire are presented to people, which creates a feeling of mastery and empowerment in people, and is effective in improving the person's coping preference. In cognitive-behavioral therapy, people learn that they should not ignore problems and should accept problems and act to solve them. They learn to follow clear policies and try to see the bright side of things and control their emotions. In this way, they learn to take advantage of the guidance of others, but not to interfere with their problems, instead of just seeking support from others. This method teaches people to have a plan for their life (and especially their recovery). This research, like other research, has limitations such as the impossibility of holding face-to-face meetings (due to the corona situation) and the limitations related to the participation of both sexes in the interventions (the training was conducted only among female patients who have recovered from the corona pandemic). It comes with It is also suggested that in future research, the influence of other factors involved in the psychological problems of patients who have recovered from the corona pandemic should be controlled during training. Also, according to the results of this study and the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy, it is suggested to conduct long-term follow-up in a larger sample in future research to evaluate the stability of the results, and also to implement educational and therapeutic courses based on cognitive therapy for patients who have recovered from the corona pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Autoimmune and chronic diseases cause many psychological problems by directly and indirectly affecting the nervous system. Lupus is one of the autoimmune diseases that, in addition to the problems caused by the nature of the disease itself, the side effects of its drugs also cause emotional and mental disturbances. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men, and the patients are usually between 15 and 45 years old. In Iran, according to a study conducted by the Rheumatology Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, lupus has a prevalence of 40 in 100,000, that is, 1 person per 2,500 Iranians is diagnosed with lupus. People with lupus Erythematosus experience many skin ulcers, joint pains, periodicity of the disease, side effects of medications, and stressful events. In the framework of psychological interventions for people with lupus, in recent years acceptance-based therapy (ACT) and commitment is a non-pharmacological strategy and among the effective treatment lines for patients with physical diseases. This therapeutic approach is part of the third wave of behavioral therapies, which aims to help clients achieve a more valuable and satisfying life by increasing psychological flexibility and not focusing solely on cognitive reconstructions. Research has emphasized the effectiveness of cognitive functions and attention management and executive function by ACT in patients with chronic diseases. For example, Menshi et al showed in their research in 2015 that ACT can improve people's executive function by adjusting incompatible schemas, however, no research was found regarding the effectiveness of this treatment method in people with lupus. In addition to ACT, another psychological approach and non-pharmacological strategies that have been proposed to improve psychological and functional variables such as attention and executive function in people with lupus is short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy (ISTDP). The goal of ISTDP or psychoanalysis is to help clients achieve a full experience of repressed emotions and the fantasies and memories that are repressed by these emotions. By clarifying defenses and challenging them, ISTDP focuses on experiencing unconscious feelings and emotions to increase awareness. It is a psychological process that can help you change how you react to life's inevitable hardships. The review of the literature showed that even though several studies on the effectiveness of ACT and also the ISTDP approach have been conducted separately on different populations, no study compares these two treatment approaches in patients with lupus Erythematosus. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of ACT and ISTDP on attention and executive function in lupus Erythematosus patients. Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental single-subject type with multiple baseline designs. The participants of this study were 6 people with lupus, members of the Lupus Patients Support Association in Tehran, who were selected as available and randomly assigned to two groups of three. The tools used in the research included the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Test. The subjects of the first group received ACT and the subjects of the second group (ISTDP) individually in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. To analyze the data, the effect size was used. Results: Regarding effect size calculations in Stroop dimensions between treatment groups, the results generally showed that the ACT method had a more significant effect than ISTDP in the extent of reaction time. In terms of reducing the number of errors in the error of the first stage, the effect size in the ACT group is medium and in the ISTDP group, slightly too high, in the second and third stages, both are high, but the magnitude of the effect is higher in the second stage in the ISTDP and in the third stage in the ACT group. Regarding the calculation of effect size and index of stable change in Wisconsin dimensions between treatment groups, the results of the study also showed that the average effect size in the residual error of the first and second stages of the Wisconsin test in the ACT group is higher than the average effect of the ISTDP group. In terms of increasing the number of correct answers in the first and second stages, the effect size in the ACT group is lower than in the ISTDP group. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that despite the effectiveness of ISTDP on the attention and executive function of patients with lupus Erythematosus, ACT had more effectiveness than ISTDP on the attention and executive function of patients with lupus Erythematosus, hence this approach along with other approaches The existing treatment is recommended as a suitable option to improve attention and executive function in people with lupus Erythematosus. It is also suggested that health therapists pay attention to the findings of this research and the discussion of executive functions to enrich their diagnostic formulation, and if they find a symptom in executive functions, they should use cognitive interventions in this direction. Due to the problems in collecting samples from patients with lupus Erythematosus, the available sampling method was used in this research. Therefore, the selected sample group is less representative of the entire society and the results cannot be generalized. Also, this research was considered without a control group and follow-up stage. The same researcher and therapist in ACT may also increase the possibility of bias in the results. Also, in this research, the effect of moderating variables such as gender was not investigated, which may have distorted the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Urinary incontinence is defined as a complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine. This new definition includes a significant range of women who have rarely experienced accidental leakage events. As a result, some studies have estimated the prevalence of urinary incontinence at 60%. Stress urinary incontinence is the most common type of urinary incontinence and is a term used to describe involuntary urination during physical activity such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting heavy objects, etc., when the pressure inside the bladder exceeds the pressure. The urethral closure arrives, it is used. Numerous factors, such as sphincter dysfunction, pelvic floor muscles, connective tissues, or nerve structures, may cause or develop urinary stress incontinence. Approximately 4% to 35% of adult women worldwide suffer from stress urinary incontinence. Limited studies have been conducted on the prevalence of urinary incontinence in Iran. In the study of Rashidi., The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in Iranian women was 46%. In the study of Bakui., Which studied the prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence in women referring to health centers in Babul, the frequency of postpartum urinary incontinence was reported to be 19.4%. Urinary incontinence is a distressing condition emotionally, physically, socially, and economically. It has been shown to be associated with embarrassment, anxiety and depression and has a significant negative impact on quality of life. Despite the widespread impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life, only a small number of women seek treatment and most of them live in silence, so the disease is never diagnosed or treated. Because most women do not seek treatment in the early stages of urinary incontinence (for example, mild to moderate urinary incontinence), they eventually present with advanced symptoms (severe urinary incontinence), at which time there is an opportunity to prevent or help regress the disease. It is demolished. Given this situation, the need for appropriate prevention and treatment to reduce the negative impact of stress urinary incontinence on women's lives is clear, and most research on current therapies for the management of stress urinary incontinence seeks to improve patients' quality of life. Non-surgical interventions are recommended by the International Association of Incontinence as the first line of treatment for uncomplicated urinary incontinence in women. Pelvic floor muscle training is the basis of non-surgical treatment of urinary stress incontinence. This treatment is based on the hypothesis that training to identify and strengthen the pelvic floor muscles by increasing the support of the urethra and bladder and improving the function of the urethral sphincter muscle neutralizes the weakness of the pelvic floor muscles. The easiest way for women to train their pelvic floor muscles is to insert cone-shaped weights into the vagina and then contract the pelvic floor muscles to prevent the weight from falling out. On the other hand, the timing of pelvic floor muscle contraction, which is transmitted from the brain to the muscle by the nervous system, is an important factor in controlling urination. In other words, when there is a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure during sneezing, coughing, etc., the pelvic floor muscles must unconsciously and reflexively activate their rapid contraction fibers to prevent involuntary leakage of urine by neutralizing the increase in pressure, but In people with stress urinary incontinence, the coordination and timing of pelvic floor muscle function is impaired during increased intra-abdominal pressure, and the reflex and subconscious function of the pelvic floor muscles is impaired in response to a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which means that Although having strong muscles in the pelvis is necessary for proper contraction, a timely contraction is also necessary to prevent involuntary leakage of urine. In other words, a strong muscle that is not activated in time during an increase in intra-abdominal pressure cannot prevent urinary incontinence. Since the negative effect of urinary incontinence on daily activities and quality of life of women is very significant and women with more severe urinary incontinence and weaker pelvic floor muscles have lower quality of life, it is necessary to take measures to increase the contractile strength of pelvic floor muscles and promote health. Think of the urinary tract. Also, according to research, the result of cone therapy is recognizing and strengthening the pelvic floor muscles and does not play a role in the simultaneous action of rapid fibers of contraction of the pelvic floor muscles when increasing intra-abdominal pressure, if, as mentioned, the timing of urethral closure Timely contraction of the pelvic floor muscles is an important factor in controlling urination and should be considered. Therefore, it seems that in addition to strengthening the pelvic floor muscles with the vaginal cone, there is a need to train movement control strategies (control motor) to change the timing of pelvic floor muscle contraction and start their activity while increasing intra-abdominal pressure to the Knack maneuver (speed and coordination). It is said to be necessary to prevent involuntary leakage of urine. Miller et al. In their study justified the effect of the Knack maneuver as an immediate method and early response to pelvic floor exercise regimens that are widely used in women with stress urinary incontinence. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of vaginal cone with the Knack maneuver on the severity of incontinence and quality of life in women with stress urinary incontinence compared to the vaginal cone. Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial that was performed in the pelvic floor dysfunction clinic of the Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Iran, during the years 2021-2022, 76 patients with stress urinary incontinence were present who were randomly assigned to two groups of vaginal cones and were randomly divided into two groups: vaginal cone with the Knack maneuver and vaginal cone. Participants in both groups were finally accepted after an initial evaluation session. The initial evaluation included educating patients in plain language about the anatomy of the pelvic floor muscles, their proper contraction, and the benefits of therapeutic cones for the women participating in the study. Complete urine test (analysis and culture) to rule out participants' urinary tract infections, specific examinations of women in standard lithotomy with an empty bladder, and no vaginal bleeding. Pelvic visceral prolapse was also considered and the degree of each type was determined based on the POP-Q system, which is a standard approved by the International Continent Control Society and recorded in a special sheet. Grade 3 and 4 prolapses removed the sample from the study. Therapeutic interventions were performed for 12 weeks for both groups. The cone treatment protocol was common for both groups, and the intervention group received Knack exercises in addition to the cone treatment protocol. All patients before and after the intervention were evaluated for the severity of urinary stress incontinence due to increased intraabdominal pressure and the number of involuntary leakage of urine with Urinary Diary, pelvic floor muscle contraction with Dynamometer and quality of life with Incontinence quality of life questionnaire. Paired and Wilcoxon t-tests were used for intragroup analysis and Independent Sample t-test and Mann- Whitney tests were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Results: There was a significant difference between all values before and after the intervention in each group (P<0.05). Also, comparison between treatment groups showed significant differences in quality of life (P=0.02), pelvic floor muscle contraction strength (P=0.00), urine leakage due to increased intra-abdominal pressure (P=0.01) and the number of leaks (P=0.01). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the treatment of cone protocol with the Knack maneuver can be suggested as a treatment strategy for patients with stress urinary incontinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Anxiety is one of the issues that human beings have always been involved with over time (1). One of the characteristics associated with anxiety and quality of life is self-compassion. Compassionate people feel better about themselves and therefore experience more satisfaction in interpersonal relationships. Self-compassion is one of the factors that reduce anxiety (7). Another thing that seems to be related to anxiety due to its special nature is social skills. And is one of the variables that has a significant effect on mental health and can play a major role in mental health and therefore anxiety (12). However, among the disorders that can disrupt social success is anxiety, and the destruction of social relationships is one of the biggest consequences of this disorder, although anxious people are eager to have social relationships (14). One of the methods that affects the cognitive aspects is the reciprocal behavior analysis method, which is an interactive treatment method that emphasizes the cognitive, rational and behavioral aspects of the treatment process and aims to increase people's awareness and power to make new decisions. In doing so, they change the course of their lives. One of the therapies that deals with emotions and its effects on anxiety has been studied is emotion-focused therapy (17). In view of the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of group therapy focused on emotion and the analysis of reciprocal behavior in social intimacy, social acceptance and compassion for anxious clients of counseling centers in Isfahan? Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. To conduct this study, among the anxious clients of Tohid Counseling Centers in Isfahan in the spring and summer of 1399, whose anxiety disorder was identified through clinical interview and SCL- 90 questionnaire, 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. 20 people were divided. Before the beginning of the intervention, all individuals had a sample questionnaire of Nef (2003) selfcompassion questionnaire with 26 questions and 6 components, Miller and Lefkourt (1982) social intimacy questionnaire with 17 questions and two components and Marlowe and Crown (1960) social acceptance test. They completed 33 questions before, after and one month after the interventions. Also, the experimental group received emotion-focused treatment interventions and interaction behavioral analysis therapy interventions received 12 sessions of 120 minutes of treatment, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro and Wilk test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of the two types of interventions on self-compassion. It was also found that both emotion-focused group therapy and interaction behavioral analysis therapy were effective compared to the control group. However, the mean score of selfcompassion in group therapy focused on emotion and interaction behavior analysis is not significantly different. Another finding showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social intimacy. It was also found that the mean scores of social intimacy in the emotion-focused treatment group and interaction behavior analysis and the control group were significantly different. Comparison of means shows that emotion-focused therapy and behavioral analysis are effective. But the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy is greater than that of reciprocal behavior analysis. Finally, it was found that there is a difference between the effectiveness of two types of interventions on social acceptance. Also, the mean scores of social acceptance in the emotion-focused treatment group and the interaction behavior analysis group and the control group are significantly different. Conclusion: Explaining the results, it can be said that reciprocal behavior analysis is one of the most effective psychological theories. It causes a more correct orientation in life, which has a positive effect on people's verbal and non-verbal behaviors and brings peace and people experience more pleasure in life. Also, emotion-focused therapy is that emotion is the foundation and determining factor for self-organization at the beginning of its construction (20). On the other hand, it can be said that the teachings of exchange analysis in the field of caress and strategies for providing caress, intimacy, free expression of feelings and self-disclosure in an atmosphere of psychological security and mutual empathy, can reduce the negative confrontation among anxious people. . Finally, approaching bitter mental and emotional experiences is often a difficult and tedious process for clients. The therapist's mission in this area, in addition to creating an effective relationship, is to teach emotion regulation skills. The creators of emotion-based therapy believe that emotion regulation is a process rather than a training program with a specific protocol, and in this respect the therapist's work is more like a work of the waist than a low-knowledge task (20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescence is one of the most sensitive periods of a person's life, one of the most important tasks of psychologists and counselors is to pay attention to the problems and problems of teenagers. Part of teenagers' tensions and problems are caused by the transformation of normal growth; such as growth and hormonal change, and another part is caused by the changes that occur in connection with the change of role in the society, that if the teenager does not have the necessary skills to deal with individual and interpersonal issues, adverse consequences will occur. In fact, most teenagers are faced with low self-esteem and negative self-concept, confusion, increasing negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and as a result, reducing adaptive and positive functions. One of the problems that teenagers face during their lifetime is the fear of negative evaluation. Some people make a negative and unique evaluation of the event, which causes a constant fear and dysfunction in them, which can be internal (like I am incapable) or external (like, no It is not a safe place. Such evaluations create powerful emotions such as anxiety, anger, regret or guilt and symptoms of arousal, and these symptoms motivate the person to control the symptoms by adopting some methods. In turn, it causes the intensification of malfunctions. One of the sources of severe and continuous fear of a person is the evaluations he makes of the event or its results, negative evaluation of the event including negative evaluation of the emotions that occurred during the event and inappropriate event and negative evaluation of the feeling. The actions and activities that occurred during the incident and the inappropriate event and the negative perception of the responses of others and the perception of sustainable change in life after the event. One of the sources of persistent and intense fear may be a type of cognitive processing style during the event, which is called psychological failure. In order to deal with the fear of negative evaluation, psychotherapists investigated and pursued different treatment methods. Among the psychotherapy methods, we can mention therapy based on acceptance and commitment, as well as reality therapy. Reality therapy is a type of therapy that can be used for all people who have problems. Not denying the reality, taking responsibility and, accordingly, planning to achieve the goals, is one of the most important human needs in the life process, which is given importance in this therapeutic approach. Reality therapy is based on the choice theory. Reality-therapy considers behavior to include four components of performance, thinking, feeling and physiology, which we have direct control over two components of performance and thinking and indirectly over feeling and physiology. This treatment method emphasizes facing reality, accepting responsibility, recognizing basic needs, making moral judgments about the rightness or wrongness of behavior, focusing on the here and now, internal control and, as a result, achieving identity. Considering that the researchers are of the opinion that for fertility and progress, the society should nurture people with high mental health and considering that so far there has been no research to investigate and compare the effectiveness of therapy based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy on fear of evaluation. The negativity of the students has not been addressed, and considering the importance of treating the students' malfunctions, as well as with the aim of preventing damage and improving the level of mental health, the necessity of conducting this research is revealed. Therefore, the current research aims to answer this basic question: Is there a difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and reality therapy on the fear of negative evaluation of female secondary school students? Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research community consisted of all female students of the second year of high school in Fasa city in the academic year of 2021-2022. From this, 45 people were selected among the eligible people and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group). For the first group, an intervention based on acceptance and commitment was applied, and for the second group, reality therapy was applied, and the control group did not receive any type of therapy. Research data with the help of the short version of Lori's fear of negative evaluation scale (1983), collection; and it was analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey's follow-up test. Results: The findings of the covariance analysis showed that the therapy based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy significantly improved the fear of negative evaluation in the post-test stages (p<0.01); However, no significant difference was observed in the post-test between the two experimental groups. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that these treatments play a significant role in improving students' fear of negative evaluation, therefore, by identifying and introducing students to treatment centers and receiving psychotherapy protocols. Their mental health can be improved. Also, in explaining the effect of reality therapy on the fear of negative evaluation by the evaluator, it can be said that people with high scores in fear of negative evaluation are easily disturbed by their emotions in stressful situations and have high levels of chronic anxiety in different periods of family life. And conversely, people with a low fear of negative evaluation, because they have a clear definition of themselves and their opinions, can choose their own direction in life and in extreme emotional situations that lead to involuntary behavior and decision making in many people. Fails don't lose control and make decisions based on reason and logic. For this reason, these people will be less in critical situations with appropriate decision-making, because they will solve problems at the right time and in a more appropriate way, and they will face fewer unsolved problems. Behaviors, qualitative world and lack of external control can help to increase management and reduce the fear of negative evaluation in relationships, especially academic relationships. As a result, it can be said that reality therapy based on the theory of choice helps to choose responsibility and self-control and freedom. It also teaches people that they have acquired a successful identity and can make better choices based on reason and logic and away from emotion in their decisions and without believing in controlling behavior. And felt by others, and in this case, they become more positive people, and with choices without mixing with others, they experience a quality life, more successful communication, and more compatibility, and have less fear of negative evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The family is the first and most unique social institution and the health and well-being of a society is owed to the health and satisfaction of its members (1). The most prominent factor in the collapse of the family is the damage called divorce, which has devastating effects on the individual, the family and the community. Divorce may take place formally or legally or informally when the couple cohabites without intimacy and interest (2). Divorce is no longer an individual problem. Rather, it is a multi-stage process that is significant not only in terms of its effects on spouses and their children, but also because of its negative effects on society and the economy in general (7). In fact, emotional divorce is "the last step in a marriage." The rate of emotional divorces in the country is twice that of formal divorces. No action has been taken in relation to emotional divorce at home and abroad, and usually most actions are based on the emotional and emotional pressures of couples after divorce. The most important cause of divorce is the irresponsibility of the spouse (husband and wife) and the lack of adaptive skills. One of the barriers to marital problems and incompatibility, such as emotional divorce, is love addiction (10,11). Although, at present, love addiction has not yet found its place in psychiatry, there is now a greater understanding of behavioral addiction in the mental health literature (14). What is a missing link in the effects of emotional divorce can be a spouse with a high sensitivity to rejection that leads to marital bondage. Sensitivity to rejection is defined as anxious expectations of rejection, a state of defensive expectation. For quick understanding, it is a strong reaction to rejection that can be a potential barrier to conflicts in intimate marital relationships between spouses. Sensitivity to high rejection in one or both spouses can lead to personal discomfort as well as maladaptive behaviors that can damage the marital bond (15). One of the most important ways to form a cohesive family is family education, and if the teachings are appropriate to the knowledge of individuals and attractive, it can provide the necessary information transfer (17). Imago is a couple therapy approach, developed by Hendrix to improve the quality of a couple's relationship (18). Schema therapy is also a relatively new treatment method for the treatment of chronic and persistent disorders (22). Schema examines how people think, how they perceive and process, and how they remember information. Inconsistent schemas lead to bias in the interpretation of events (23). Among the factors affecting the mental health of human beings, the family has a very important role, many mental and behavioral abnormalities of human beings are rooted in the family. Emotional divorce makes the couple sick and the children of the family suffer the most. Prolonged coldness of the relationship can cause depression and isolation of couples and mental disorders in them or lead to a series of infidelities that will cause serious harm to the family and society. Recognizing the symptoms and problems that lead to emotional divorce can be the first step to change. And identifying therapeutic interventions that improve couples' interpersonal relationships is clinically and theoretically important. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparison of the effectiveness of schema therapy and imago therapy approaches on sensitivity to rejection and love addiction in emotional divorce. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest and follow-up (quarterly) design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was the people who referred to Shahid Mofteh Judicial Complex in the west of Tehran in 2019. Purposeful sampling was used in this study. 137 clients who had referred to this branch to file a marriage complaint or request for divorce were selected according to the inclusion criteria and willingness to participate in the study. Then 101 people were initially evaluated according to Cochran's formula by the Emotional Divorce Questionnaire. After the number of clients reached the desired volume based on experimental theories, at least 15 people were considered for each group, and 45 people were randomly assigned to one of three groups: schema therapy, imago therapy, or control group. Interventions in two groups of schema therapy and imago therapy were held in parallel during 12 sessions of 90 minutes in groups and weekly. In order to analyze the hypotheses, multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test with repeated measures were used. In these analyzes, the effect of the control variable was removed from the dependent variable and then the groups were compared with each other. Results: The results showed that no significant difference was observed between the groups in the pretest. But in the post-test and follow-up, there was a significant difference between the mean of love addiction and rejection sensitivity in schema therapy and imago therapy with the mean of the control group at the level of p <0.01. Imago therapy approach was more effective in the love addiction variable than the rejection sensitivity variable in the schema therapy approach. Conclusion: The results showed that schema therapy and imago therapy have a significant effect on sensitivity to rejection and love addiction compared to the control group in people involved in emotional divorce. Comparison of the two treatments showed that there was no significant difference between the mean of the rejection sensitivity variable by schema therapy and the mean of the imago group. It also showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of schema therapy and imago therapy in reducing the variable of love addiction and this difference was in favor of the imago therapy group. The results in the follow-up phase are stable. We believe that the effectiveness of schema therapy is due to structural changes in the patient's personality, which is the goal of any schema therapist, and not only because of symptom improvements as a result of structural changes, but also due to initial emotional irregularity due to maladaptive regulatory strategy. Pathologies), gives way to emotional regulation (adults). Schema therapy and the need for new therapies, which can bring complete recovery to patients, will be a powerful boost to the study of new clinical applications of this model (34). Imago therapy training promotes dialogue between spouses, increases self-understanding and understanding of spouses, understanding of one's own childhood and spouse's childhood, as well as self-confidence (46). According to research, love addiction seems to be abundant in people who have an insecure attachment style as a child and have a dependent personality and abandonment-instability schema. In fact, it is the prominent role of childhood that can have a significant impact on the creation of early maladaptive schemas as well as the creation of dependent characters and as a result addiction to love and emotional relationships in adulthood. Sensitivity to rejection often leads to distortions and misinterpretations of one's spouse's actions. Rejected children are also more likely to behave aggressively. People who experience high levels of rejection sensitivity experience greater levels of psychological anxiety if rejected. In fact, people addicted to love typically lose interest in activities outside of romantic relationships such as close friends, hobbies, and sports. And experience academic or work difficulties due to lack of focus on other areas of life (47). The present study, like other researches in the field of behavioral sciences, has faced limitations. Available sampling method Instead of nonrandom sampling, use self-reporting tool that can be considered as an internal interfering variable. schema therapy and imago therapy can be used to reduce the effect of rejection sensitivity and imago therapy can be used to reduce the variable of love addiction in people involved in emotional divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Depression is a feeling of extreme sadness and grief that can range from mild frustration to a feeling of great despair (1). Depression affects the quality of married life of individuals and impairs their performance more than anxiety disorders and as much as the most common medical diseases (2). In this regard, the development of intimacy between spouses is the first step towards creating a desirable marriage (5); Therefore, establishing and maintaining intimate relationships in marriage is a skill and an art that, in addition to early mental health and healthy experiences, requires the acquisition of skills and the performance of special tasks (6). In this regard, research shows that the root of many marital problems is the lack of intimacy and communication problems between spouses (2). Dissatisfaction with intimacy may lead to increased conflicts, decreased marital satisfaction, and emotional and psychological problems (7); In today's society, couples have severe and pervasive problems to establish and maintain an intimate relationship, and often seek treatment to re-establish levels of trust and satisfaction in their relationship, especially issues related to emotional-communication ties with important people in life (9). People who have difficulty developing intimacy often seek counseling for their marital problem, while increasing and improving intimacy is often one of the goals of couple therapy (7). Therefore, various therapeutic interventions have been performed with people with low quality marital relationships, and it has been confirmed that one of the effective therapeutic interventions to improve the quality of marital relationships and promote marital intimacy is to enrich marital life training based on Glaser theory of reality therapy. Considering the above and the importance of married life on the one hand, the negative impact of depression on life on the other hand and considering the impact of reality therapy on married life, therefore, by reviewing research conducted at home and abroad, research on the impact of reality therapy on Intimacy and marital satisfaction have not been performed in depressed married women. On the other hand, policymakers, researchers and psychotherapists in our country have not paid much attention to preventive methods and these methods need more scientific study, so the present study is necessary. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental and applied research, which was conducted with the experimental and control group and the pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up research plan, 30 depressed women referred to two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in 1398 (94 people) were 30 people. They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups: reality therapy and control. After completing the consent form, they completed the Walker and Thompson Marriage Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989). Then, the subjects of the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes under the reality therapy program of Duba et al. (2009). Immediately after the intervention and two months later, the questionnaires were completed again by the subjects Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 23 were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that the mean marital intimacy of the experimental groups in the post-test stage increased compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital intimacy after the test and stability in the follow-up phase of married women. It was also found that the difference between the mean of marital intimacy between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. . Another finding showed that the average marital satisfaction of married women in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital satisfaction after the test and stability in the follow-up phase in married women. The results of post hoc test showed that the mean of marital satisfaction between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up stage did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. have been. Conclusion: The results showed that the mean of marital intimacy in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that training has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of training, according to the results of the Bephrone post hoc test. In the above explanation, it can be said that in reality therapy, it emphasizes on cultivating a sense of responsibility to satisfy the basic needs of oneself and one's spouse and liberation from external control; Therefore, people may not have paid enough attention to their own needs and the needs of the other party, because meeting each other's needs in the marital relationship is one of the important factors in improving marital intimacy; However, attending reality therapy training sessions has been able to draw their attention to these important issues and to consider them in practice (2). Therefore, teaching how to look at these needs and meet them has been able to help couples. (20). As a result of reality therapy training, awareness about the intensity of couples' needs and creating a sense of responsibility has increased, and as a result, satisfying their needs has been able to play an important role in creating and improving sincere relationships. Another finding showed that the mean of marital satisfaction in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that these trainings were able to affect marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect remained stable until two months after the end of the training. In explaining the results in terms of the effect of reality therapy, it can be said that Glasser's emphasis on accepting responsibility for each person's behavior helps people to examine and examine their own behavior instead of addressing their spouse's behavior and putting him or her under a magnifying glass. Play their part in problems and reduce marital satisfaction And thus improve their relationships; Reality therapy counselors based on Glasser's concepts try to increase couples 'trust, intimacy and marital satisfaction in their clinical interventions by increasing responsibility in couples and teaching communication skills, and strengthen couples' sense of commitment; Another factor that Glasser considers effective in strengthening and stabilizing marital relations is the couple's attention to each other's wants and needs; They learn to satisfy their own and their spouse's needs through loving behaviors (22). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: In the last two decades, education experts have paid more attention to the categories of cognition and motivation. Cognition involves some mental abilities and actions such as knowledge, comprehension, recognition and thinking, and motivation is related to issues such as emotion, attitude and evaluation (1). In this regard, motivation for academic achievement is one of the most important issues in the field of educational psychology and in this regard is considered as one of the most important predictors of academic performance. Research has shown the effect of cognitive processes and motivational variables as appropriate predictors of academic achievement as independent variables (1,2). One of the major variables that affect academic motivation is learning strategies. And one of the components of these learning strategies is the metacognitive strategy that is used in natural learning processes as self-regulatory learning (3). Another component that seems to be related to self-regulatory learning and academic achievement is self-efficacy. Which can affect almost everything, from mental states to behaviors and motivations (7). In general, adolescence is a period of evolutionary cycle during which self-efficacy beliefs affect psychological outcomes. In this period, people face new challenges and how to cope and adapt to these challenges is partly influenced by the individual's self-efficacy beliefs (8). Considering the above and the importance of self-efficacy and motivation in academic achievement on the one hand and the importance of controlling behaviors for academic achievement on the other hand, so unfortunately with the review of research conducted inside and outside the country, research on the subject was not found. For this reason, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the training of self-regulatory learning guides (cognitive and metacognitive) affects the components of self-efficacy, academic motivation and students' mental health or not? Methods: The present study is experimental. To conduct this research, 46 first-year female students (second year) of Astara high schools who were studying in the 97- 96 academic year were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and randomly selected. The two groups (23 experimental and 23 control) were divided. Then the questionnaires of motivational beliefs and self-regulatory learning strategies (MSLQ), academic motivation (AMS) and general health (GHQ 28) to collect data in the pre-test by Subjects completed. Subjects in the experimental group were trained in self-regulated learning strategies for two sessions per week for eight 90-minute sessions and the control group did not receive any training. Finally descriptive statistics and Shapirovillek test, paired t-test and independent t-test using SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of the experimental group in the post-test increased compared to the pre-test in the components of self-efficacy and academic motivation and decreased in the component of mental health (Table 1). On the other hand, it was found that there was a significant difference between the subjects in the experimental group who were trained in self-regulated learning strategies and the control group who did not receive any training in the variables of self-efficacy and academic motivation at the level of (p <5%). There is. But this difference is not seen in the mental health component. (Table 2). Conclusion: The results indicate the effect of teaching cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies on the variables of self-efficacy and academic motivation, but this effect was not observed in the mental health variable. It is possible to create a greater sense of autonomy and self-efficacy by changing the conditions of teaching and learning so that students can play a more active role in their learning process. Therefore, it is suggested to consider self-regulatory strategies as part of educational interventions in order to make learners more efficient. Another result of this study was increasing academic motivation in students who have benefited from the training of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. This result is also consistent with the findings of Poor Mohammad and Esmaeilpour (2015). They had high motivation and academic achievement (1). Another result of the present study was that teaching learning strategies (cognitive and metacognitive) could not increase the mental health of students in the experimental group. This result is consistent with the findings of Tavakolizadeh (2011). He rejected the effect of teaching cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies on the mental health of second year middle school male students. The results showed that teaching learning strategies in the experimental group compared to the control group did not show a significant difference in terms of mental health status (19). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The family is the first and smallest social unit in which a person experiences collective life, and group and cooperative behavior for the first time and builds his cultural-social identity. A healthy person is the product of a healthy family, and social health is undoubtedly related to family health. The family is the most suitable system for meeting the material, mental and spiritual needs of human beings, and it has provided the best platform for providing the security and peace of mind of the members, raising the new generation, socializing the children, and meeting the emotional needs. For people, the starting point of family formation is when a man and a woman marry each other and get married to form a family. What is being paid attention to today, along with psychological issues, is the issue of cognitive flexibility. In general, the ability to change cognitive signs to adapt to changing environmental stimuli is the main element in operational definitions of cognitive flexibility. This factor requires the ability to communicate with the present and the ability to separate the person from inner thoughts and experiences. People with flexible thinking positively adjust and change their mental structure according to the environment and overcome stressful and stressful situations by accepting and tolerating them to achieve optimal mental health. Another component of research is perfectionism. Perfectionism is a motivational component that includes the individual's efforts to reach the perfect self; In other words, people have a strong drive for perfection, unrealistically high standards, compulsive effort, and all-or-nothing thinking about outcomes in the form of complete success or complete failure. These people are so scrutinizing and critical that they cannot accept their faults and mistakes or failures in different aspects of life. Of course, reaching perfection and flourishing hidden and potential talents and abilities is very valuable in itself, and in this valley, perfectionism is a positive and desirable thing, but what was mentioned is the extreme or negative aspect of perfectionism. The characteristics of perfectionism are defined in three dimensions: self-centered perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and societyoriented perfectionism. It seems that people's perfectionism originates from their illogical and distorted views and thoughts; therefore, to treat these people, it is necessary to be familiar with cognitive biases and thinking errors, as well as to identify how these errors appear in perfectionism. Various methods have been used to improve psychological components in people. One of these methods is a treatment based on acceptance and commitment, whose clinical effectiveness has been shown in various research to improve the psychological components of different people. Treatment is based on acceptance and commitment, which is a combination of ways of accepting and paying attention to awareness along with commitment and changing behavior, and this approach teaches people to accept their thoughts without judgment instead of challenging them, and the goal is to People should learn to identify their life values and plan and act based on them. Action therapy is one of the treatments of the third wave of behavioral therapy, which is theoretically based on the theory of the framework of mental relations, which is how the human mind creates suffering and the useless methods of dealing with it, as well as alternative contextual approaches for It explains these areas. The treatment based on acceptance and commitment is studied by teaching this point to the sample group, i.e. overweight women, life is mixed with suffering, man cannot approach his desires by avoiding and abstaining, and by distinguishing between tolerance and Accepting and emphasizing the point that tolerance is accompanied by suffering and hides passivity in itself while accepting pain (instead of suffering) is accompanied and does not stop a person from moving; Maybe it follows the weaving. Also, accepting the fact that a valuable life is accompanied by suffering and moving in the path of values requires commitment, and words do not replace experience and can strengthen the tolerance of failure. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to answer the question, is the therapy based on acceptance and commitment effective on cognitive flexibility and perfectionism in married women? Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with two experimental and control groups, and the statistical population of the research includes all married women of 25- 50 years of age who announced their desire to participate in the research in virtual space, and their number was 120. According to the research method, 30 people were voluntarily and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people for each group) using the available sampling method. Data collection was done by Wall Wadner and Denier's cognitive flexibility and Hill et al.'s perfectionism questionnaires, and the intervention was done by acceptance and commitment protocol. Also, the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the mean value and standard deviation for the cognitive flexibility variable in the experimental group were 20.65 and 6.941 in the pre-test and 73.11 and 2.915 respectively in the post-test and the control group in the pre-test. 67/13 and 3/871 and in the post-test it is 67/20 and 3/840 respectively. Also, the mean value and standard deviation for the perfectionism variable in the experimental group in the pre-test were 191.60 and 12.046 in the post-test respectively, and in the control group in the pretest 184.53 and 16.203 respectively. In the post-test, it is 183/80 and 15/001 respectively. According to the table, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the total cognitive flexibility and perfectionism test group. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the total score and the subscales of the cognitive flexibility and perfectionism questionnaires in the pretest and post-test in the experimental and control groups of married women. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on cognitive flexibility, it can be concluded that the awareness of the intensity of needs and the psychology of internal control is a predictive factor of people at risk. Therefore, it can be suggested that these factors are identified and necessary information provided in consultations using this technique. This study, like all other studies, has some limitations, which can be mentioned as follows: Since the present study was conducted on married women, caution should be observed when generalizing it to married men. Also, the geographical area investigated in this research was Tehran, so the generalization of its results to cities and provinces should be done with caution. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to hold a therapy workshop based on patience and commitment in the direction of flexibility and perfectionism for married people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: In recent years, different vision training has been used to improve visual skills and performance. One of these trainings is sports vision training. Sport vision training, that uses stimuli in optometric tasks (2,3), sport-specific videos or images (4), or stroboscopic interruption of vision (5,6), has been proposed under the idea that improving vision with oculomotor exercises, which might be associated with motor actions, would improve performance. For instance, Abernethy and Wood (2) used generic stimuli (e.g., alphanumeric symbols, shapes, patterns and colors) presented to athletes in a form of painted charts or apparatuses. Participants had to respond with simple ocular adjustments, which in some cases were combined with simple motor actions, such as pointing or touching targets (7). Although an increasing interest in vision training for sport performance, whether vision training would have a transfer to the field-sport setting remains unclear. Most of the intervention studies employed tasks based on optometric stimuli (e.g., hart charts and Marsden ball) and on computer programs (e.g., D2 Dynavision and Eye port) requiring simple ocular adjustments, and generic movements of hands as responses (2,3,11-14). The lack of evidences for supporting sport vision training efficacy to improve performance has been proposed to be related to methodological approaches resulting in a lack of ecological validity of the training stimuli (15). As such, generic and automated nature of the motor actions required as response might have limited the potential effects on the sport performance. This lack of transfer seems to support the idea, proposed in ecological framework by Gibson, that perception and action have a direct circular relationship mediated by the information within external environment (i.e. affordances), rather than by internal representations (16). Although the results of various studies have shown an improvement in visual skills and athletic performance based on sports vision training; but the main challenge is to examine the qualitative process versus the quantitative processes. Considering that balance is one of the main components in hockey (25), and considering that balance is created from the interaction of three visual, atrial and sensory- motor systems (26), The main question is whether sports vision training can improve the balance (kinetics) of hockey players or not? Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of sports vision training on balance and gaze behavior. Methods: The current study, according to the predicted goals, was a quasi-experimental research and the research design was pretest-posttest. Also, the current study was applied in terms of using the obtained results. Participants in the current study were 40 male hockey novices aged 15 to 20 years who were selected by convenience sampling. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of sports vision training and control. Criteria for inclusion in the study include normal vision, binocular vision, right leg and right hand. Exclusion criteria include withdrawal from the study, absence on the day of the test, and injury at various phases of the study. The measuring instruments included a force plate form and an eye tracking system. The present study included pre-test, intervention (practice) and post-test phases. In the pre-test phase, participants stood on a force platform to measure their balance. Participants were asked to stand barefoot on the force plate for 30 seconds while looking at the marked spot in front of them and trying to maintain their balance. At the same time, an eye tracking system was used to measure the gaze behavior of participants in performing balance skills. In the intervention phase (practice), which lasted for nine weeks and two sessions per week and each session lasted 90 minutes; the training group performed the relevant exercises while the control group performed their daily activities. The post-test phase was performed exactly after the last training session. At this phase, participants were asked to stand barefoot on the force plate for 30 seconds. At the same time, an eye tracking system was used to measure the gaze behavior of participants in performing balance skills. Data analyzed with paired sample t test and independent t test. Results: The results showed that the anterior-posterior displacement of the center of pressure was significantly improved by pre-test (29.25) to post-test (24.45) mm. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the anteriorposterior displacement of the center of pressure, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 4.30 mm has a lower center of pressure displacement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Other results showed that the lateral-midlateral displacement of the center of pressure was significantly improved by pre-test (45.80) to post-test (39.90) mm. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in the lateral-midlateral displacement of the center of pressure, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 7.15 mm has a lower center of pressure displacement compared to the control group (P <0.05). Also, other results showed that fixation was significantly improved by pre-test (188.70) to post-test (248.60) ms. Other results indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in fixation, and the sports vision group with an mean difference of 52.014 ms has a longer fixation compared to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of the current study showed that sports vision training improved balance and increased fixation of participants, so the results of the present study emphasize the importance of sports vision training on behavioral (balance) and process (fixation) characteristics. As a result, coaches and professionals working with novice hockey players are advised to pay attention to these exercises beforehand and use them in field and laboratory environments to improve performance and movement process. Also, according to the research results, trainers are advised to pay special attention to sports vision exercises and their possible effects on gaze behavior so that they can at least overcome the negative effects (psychological and physiological pressures). Although the current study and previous studies in this field have provided considerable insight into the value of sports vision training in understanding conscious perception, note that this work has been done almost exclusively using information processing paradigms. Other paradigms, such as ecological psychology and nonlinear dynamics, can provide new methods for the research gap identified in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Children with learning disabilities do not have problems with intelligence and motivation and are not lazy or deaf and dumb. In fact, most of them are as smart as others and are healthy in terms of brain, but this difference affects the way they receive and process information (4). Researches have mentioned three factors of children's characteristics, family aspects and social environment as the main and influential factors in the occurrence of children's disabilities (5). Therefore, methods that can simultaneously affect more aspects of these factors will have more and more stable therapeutic effects. Play therapy is one of these lasting and effective methods (6). Among the new methods of play therapy that are used for children with behavioral or functional problems are therapy and philial therapy. The results of various researches support the effectiveness of therapy on depression (8), anxiety (9) and behavioral problems (7) in children. In fact, this approach is a combination of interpersonal theories of human development, such as object relations theory, Balbi and Inworth's attachment theory (10). On the other hand, filial therapy, as a play therapy method, is a structured and direct theory for working with parents and children (11). Filial therapy is designed as a treatment program for children with emotional problems. In this intervention approach, children play with their caregivers and find out that they are lovable and important (12). These methods simultaneously affect the family environment, the quality of the parent-child relationship, and the psychological characteristics of children, this multifacetedness highlights the therapeutic importance of this method. One of the psychological characteristics in children that may help students with learning disorders or deepen their problems when facing stressors is coping behaviors. Coping behaviors or skills refer to cognitions that control stressful situations and become more specific along with the growth of children and adolescents (14). Therefore, the researcher is trying to answer the question of whether there is a difference between the effectiveness of play therapy in two ways, therapeutic and filial, on students' coping behaviors or not? Methods: The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-testpost-test-follow-up plan with a control group. For this purpose, the statistical population of the present study includes 183 male and female students with learning disabilities in Isfahan city, 54 students (30 boys and 24 girls) with learning disabilities without mental disabilities, neurodevelopmental disorders, and obvious physical and sensory motor disorders with mothers without obvious clinical symptoms. They were selected as available for cooperation. Then they were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (18 people in each group). In the previous stages, immediately after and 2 months follow-up, they completed the Hernandez (2008) Coping Behavior Questionnaire. Also, to check and diagnose the learning disorder, the clinical interview was used based on the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5, which was conducted by a child psychiatry specialist. And the teenager took place. In the following, the Terapoly play therapy group gave its program based on the guide of Booth and Jerenberg (2019) to the first experimental group of 10 one-hour sessions (once a week for 10 weeks) and the filial therapy group gave its program based on the guide of Brighton et al. (2006). and Kalam et al. (2013) conducted 10 one-hour sessions (once a week for 10 weeks) to the second experimental group. Finally, the data were analyzed using software version 26 and using the multivariate analysis of covariance method. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of all three components of coping behaviors, including deviation from the problem, coping with the problem, and destructive coping, had a significant difference over time. Table 3 shows the results of intersubject analysis. Based on this table, the average scores for the dimension of deviation from the problem (F = 8.98 and P = 0.001), the dimension of coping with the problem (F = 6.91 and P = 0.002) and the dimension of destructive coping (42 F=83 and P=0.001) were obtained, which indicates that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The results showed that filial therapy and therapy play therapy has been effective in improving the coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities. Also, based on the results of Table 4, there was no significant difference between the average of all three components of coping behaviors in the two experimental groups in the post-test phase (P<0.001), which shows that both methods equally affect the components of deviation from the problem and coping with the problem. and destructive coping have been effective. The results of the Bonferroni test in Table 5 show that the average scores of the components of deviation from the problem, coping with the problem, and destructive coping in the post-test and follow-up stages are significantly different from the pre-test stage, but there was no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. It indicates that the average scores in the post-test and follow-up stage have changed compared to the pre-test stage and managed to maintain this change. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that therapy and filial therapy methods are effective in improving coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities. In explaining this finding, it can be said that both therapy and filial therapy methods have been able to leave a positive impact on the improvement of dimensions related to the coping behaviors of students with learning disabilities with a different structure (19). Because Teraplay is a type of short-term interactive play therapy that focuses on attachment-based games in the form of active games to create better relationships between parents and children. The therapist takes more responsibility for the progress of play sessions, as characterized by more attachment, empathic behavior, interactive play, interpersonal eye and body contact (24). Thus, in the present study, both parents and therapists helped the children in the test groups to strengthen their self-esteem and sense of competence and self-efficacy by providing playful challenges. Challenges caused frustration for children who learned how to face challenges and stress with the help of play (25). On the other hand, the emotional release capability of play is another explanation for the effect of parent-child play therapy, which helps children externalize their emotions in a completely safe and comfortable manner, and finally, these capabilities, when used in the context of parent-child play therapy are used to help not only children, but also mothers who have been placed in the role of coach and play therapist during play therapy to help their children get rid of the stresses and pressures of everyday life (16). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Aging is a period that is associated with gradual, progressive and spontaneous erosive changes in most organs and physiological functions of the body. In fact, human beings have many problems that affect their lives as they enter old age. Common physical problems among the elderly that occur as a result of certain diseases or as a result of the aging process include loss of balance, postural control, difficulty in gait and gait control, muscle atrophy, weakness and dysfunction, and decreased strength (1). Balance is a complex motor skill that describes the body's postural dynamics in preventing falls. With the onset of old age, changes in the function of the musculoskeletal system, vestibular system, sensory system and visual system occur as physiological systems involved in balance, and the elderly are exposed to serious injuries due to imbalance, including bone fractures and Places long disabilities (1, 2). It is one of the effective factors in improving the balance of athletic performance, but older people have problems in performing these exercises due to movement restrictions due to chronic pain, low level of physical fitness, as well as fear of imbalance and falling. Research has shown that water has a beneficial role in rehabilitation in injured people due to its special properties such as buoyancy, relaxing role on muscles and reducing tension, reducing pain caused by environmental stresses such as weight pressure on the lower extremities, as well as People with special disabilities, such as the elderly (9). According to the above, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercises and sports activities in water on the balance of injured elderly athletes. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 retired athletes with knee and ankle injuries were selected by purposive sampling and randomly divided into two groups of control and water exercise. Dynamic balance and static balance of subjects were measured before and after the exercise intervention. The star excursion balance test (7) was used to measure static balance and the star balance test (11) was used to measure the dynamic balance of the subjects. The intervention included 8 weeks of water balance exercises. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis software. Results: The results showed that in the static equilibrium index, the main effect of test sessions (F1,28= 184.90, P= .001, η² = 0.738) and group (F1,28= 19.84, P= .001, η2 = 0.524) was significant. In the dynamic equilibrium index, the main effect of the test sessions(F1,28= 317.40, P= .001, η² = 0.689) and the group (F1,28= 55.33, P= .001, η² = 0.511) was significant. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that selected water sports exercises improved static and dynamic balance of elderly athletes with a history of knee and ankle injuries. The results of the present study are in line with the results of previous research, including the research of Guillamón et al. (2019), Askari et al. (2018), Padua et al. (2018), Mousavi and Ghazalian (2020) and Dokht Abdiyan et al. (2016), all of which have beneficial effects of exercise in water mentioned (8, 12-15) was consistent. Retired Athletes are a group of seniors who, in addition to the problems that arise in the normal course of old age, are also involved in chronic injuries during their professional sports career. In some cases, the presence of such chronic sports injuries can increase the problems many times over. Exercise in water can improve the motor function (9, 10) of the elderly by developing the capabilities of the central nervous system as well as motor coordination. One of the limiting factors of motor function in injured people is chronic pain caused by injury (16). It has also been shown that these individuals are limited in their daily activities due to chronic pain and excitatory stress-induced stress (17, 18); On the other hand, to prevent age-related complications that include the destructive process of the nervous system as well as skeletal muscles, and exercise can be a preventive and therapeutic process (18). The use of the aquatic environment due to its properties can reduce the fear of falling in the elderly with the buoyancy it creates (9, 10); Therefore, the elderly can easily exercise and enjoy the benefits of exercise. On the other hand, due to the fact that body weight on land causes pressure on the lower limbs and thus increases stress on nerve endings and as a result increases pain in injured limbs, they usually have problems for training on land; Therefore, according to the characteristics of aquatic environments, these people can benefit from the benefits of rehabilitation exercises as well as physical activities by adjusting their weight due to the special conditions of water (19, 20). In general, it can be said that exercising in water by increasing neuromuscular function improves balance in elderly athletes with a history of lower limb injuries. Balance and gait problems and maintaining a proper walking pattern are complications of aging that are much more severe in the elderly with a history of severe sports injuries to the knee and ankle. Exercise has its limitations due to the physiological problems of the aging process, especially those suffering from diseases such as osteoarthritis, chronic joint injuries, and mobility disabilities. Therefore, despite the benefits of physical exercise, it should be considered that doing this type of exercise on land due to some psychological and physical problems of old age, especially in people who suffer from diseases and injuries such as joint pain and have limitations. They are, it is difficult.Therefore, due to the low risk nature of water, water exercises can be used to improve balance and gait indicators. The results of the present study showed that participation in 8 weeks of selected water sports exercises led to improved gate parameters such as stride length, step frequency, walking speed and endurance as well as static and dynamic balance in elderly athletes with a history of severe knee and ankle injuries This exercise method can be used to prevent the complications of old age, especially in the elderly who have a strong sports history and have suffered severe ankle and knee injuries during their professional sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Depression is a common and debilitating disease that affects more than 300 million people worldwide (1). Depressive disorder is associated with unemployment, poor physical health, impaired social functioning and, especially in severe cases, with suicide. Therefore, depressive disorder carries a great burden due to the increase in economic costs and the loss of productivity and demand in health care, not only on individuals but also on the whole society (3). with depression also stated that they are classified as "common mental disorders" (4) Although these symptoms have specific diagnostic thresholds, they affect the quality of life and social and occupational performance and cause pressure on the person and the economic status of the population in the scale becomes larger (5). Various methods have been proposed and recommended to reduce anxiety and depression and improve mental health. One of the non-medicinal, simple and uncomplicated methods for treating anxiety and depression is aromatherapy or aromatherapy, which is the use of volatile oils or aromas extracted from flowers and aromatic plants in order to promote therapeutic goals, and through inhalation, Inhalation and massage are performed (6). Aromatherapy using aromatic plant oil is effective in reducing anxiety, pain, fatigue and healing skin wounds (7-9). Massage is one of the most important non-drug interventions to reduce the level of anxiety (10). The use of aromatic plant oils in the traditional medicine of Asian nations including China, India and Iran has a history of thousands of years (12). In this regard, jasmine oil is widely used in different countries in order to benefit from its benefits. Jasmine oil is a sweet smelling substance that is prepared from the jasmine plant (Jasminum officinale) (14). Widely used in aromatherapy, this type of essential oil contains aromatic plant compounds that have various health benefits, including skin care and stress reduction. This plant has analgesic, sedative and anti-depressant properties (15). The results of some studies show that aromatherapy can help improve the physiological and psychological indicators of sick people (18, 19). There is little information about the effect of aromatherapy on anxiety, depression and mental health of people suffering from depression. On the other hand, the use of different medicinal plants in a traditional way has become widespread in the treatment of many ailments and also in the improvement of mental states. By reviewing the research done, no research was found that investigated the benefits of relaxation massage with jasmine oil to reduce depression and improve mental health. Therefore, considering the lack of sufficient information in this field, the need to conduct more studies is felt. Considering the benefits of massage therapy on many symptoms and psychological problems on the one hand and the positive effects of jasmine oil on the other hand, Does six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil affect the level of anxiety, depression and mental health of middle-aged women with depression? Methods: In this semi experimental study, 30 middle-aged women (age 42 ± 3.06 years) with depression based on the DSM-IV standard were randomly divided into 2 groups; control and relaxation massage with jasmine oil. Experimental group received Relaxation Massage with Jasmine Oil for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 to 45 minutes each session. Spiel Berger, Beck and GHQ28 questionnaires were used to measure anxiety, depression and mental health of the subjects before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and dependent t-test at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that relaxation massage with jasmine oil improved the mental health of middle-aged women with depression compared to the control group (P=0.001). Also, the mean score of depression and anxiety was significantly lower in relaxation massage with jasmine oil group compared to the control group (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly reduced the anxiety of middle-aged women with depression. The results of this research are consistent with the findings of Alavi et al. (2013) who showed that aromatherapy with jasmine oil significantly reduces anxiety in pregnant women (20). Some aromatherapy studies show that essential oils, including jasmine oil, may affect biological factors such as heart rate, stress level, blood pressure, breathing, and immune system function (14). In aromatherapy, the absorption of jasmine oil through the skin causes a message to be transmitted to the brain area called the limbic system. This region is involved in the control of emotions and also affects the nervous system (22- 24). Therefore, it is possible that jasmine oil along with massage has led to the reduction of anxiety in middle-aged women with depression through the effect on the limbic system. Also, the present findings show that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly reduced depression in depressed middle-aged women. There is evidence that aromatherapy can effectively reduce symptoms of depression. The stimulating and activating effect of jasmine oil can be useful for relieving depression and improving mood (14). When inhaled, jasmine oil affects brain activity and mood, and participants reported feeling more positive and energetic (22). The results of the present research also indicate the beneficial effects of jasmine oil in reducing depression symptoms. Finally, the present findings show that six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil significantly improved the mental health of middle-aged women with depression. This finding is consistent with the results of Shahrjardi and Darvish (2013), who showed a significant improvement in the mental health of women with cancer after the massage period (29). Jasmine flower contains benzyl acetate, lymal alcohol, benzylic alcohol, indole oleanolic acid, dacosterol, hesperidin and active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins and jasmine (30-32). It is possible that jasmine oil along with massage has led to a significant improvement in the mental health of middle-aged women with depression through the compounds found in jasmine. In the present research, after six weeks of relaxation massage with jasmine oil in middle-aged women suffering from depression, the level of mental stress has decreased and the patients have the feeling that they have the same abilities as other people and thus feel more self-confidence. have obtained Therefore, relaxation massage with jasmine oil can help to improve the mental health of patients suffering from depression, and as a behavioral intervention and complementary treatment, it can play an important role in improving the mental health of patients. One of the positive effects of relaxation massage with jasmine oil is regulating the amount of neurotransmitters in nerve cells and as a result establishing balance in the person's nervous function and reducing mental abnormalities. By performing a relaxation massage with jasmine oil, the level of stress decreases due to the secretion of a number of hormones from different glands and the effect on the nervous system, as well as increasing the consumption of oxygen (14). There were also some limitations in the present research, including the non-use of other massage methods. Overall, one can benefit from its mental health benefits by using relaxation massage with jasmine oil, as shown by the present findings. According to the findings of this research, according to the results of the research, it seems that relaxation massage with jasmine oil can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve the mental health of middle-aged women with depression. Therefore, according to the findings of the research, it is suggested that middle-aged women suffering from depression receive relaxation massage with jasmine oil to reduce the negative consequences of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Overweight and obesity is a serious and growing health problem, that is associated with the risk of disability and increased morbidity (1). In obese people, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance lead to impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, inflammation, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (2). These factors contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes due in part to cardiac autonomic dysfunction (3-5). Thus, hypertension increases sympathetic balance and arterial stiffness, decreases heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, and ultimately increases the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death (6). recently, whole-body vibration has been considered a potential alternative or adjunct to exercise (10). Evidence suggests that whole-body vibration is associated with decreased fat accumulation and fat reduction in rats (13). These results suggest the use of WBVT in the treatment of obesity. In fact, WBVT improves body composition, muscle strength and cardiovascular function in a variety of populations, including obese people (14). In general, physical activity may reduce cardiovascular risk factors and thus reduce mortality by improving the lipid profile and thus obesity (18). Therefore, there is a strong rationale for the importance of exercise in improvement programs of lifestyle to prevent or treat overweight and obesity. Whole body vibration training has been suggested as a useful protocol to increase metabolism (19). However, the effect of whole-body vibration training on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight people is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight girls. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 overweight girls were selected and randomly divided into experimental (whole-body vibration training) and control groups. Whole body vibration training was performed in 30 sessions every day. Biochemical variables were measured before and after training. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis (ANCOVA) at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that WBVT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (P=0.001), total cholesterol (P=0.006), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.000), heart rate (P=0.028), BMI (P=0.002), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.047) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.000) in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglyceride (P=0.852) and blood pressure (P=0.189). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that whole body vibration training significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, heart rate, BMI, high-density lipoprotein and waist-to-hip ratio in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglycerides and Blood pressure. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (16, 20, 21). WBVT increases glycemic control by improving insulin action and regulation of glucose. It seems that lowering blood glucose following whole body vibration training is associated with increasing muscle mass. In fact, these training increase the volume of lean muscle mass, and this increase in volume by increasing glucose storage in muscle and facilitating glucose metabolism (20). The mechanism of significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate following whole-body vibration training is still unclear. In some previous findings it has been reported that significant changes in systolic blood pressure have been achieved and a significant improvement in diastolic pressure is achieved when these training are combined with other forms of training (24). Increased local blood flow immediately after vibration training as well as neurophysiological changes following tonic reflection of vibration may increase elasticity and facilitate increased flexibility (30). The mechanism that reduces body fat percentage and fat profile by Whole body vibration is still unknown. However, there are potential contributing factors; whole-body vibration training increase the concentration of serum free fatty acids during the recovery period (33), in addition, activate the central sympathetic nervous system (34); The key role of this system is to stimulate lipolysis in white adipose tissue. There is relationship between the activity of the central sympathetic nervous system and fat oxidation, and hypofunction of this system is a risk factor for weight gain in humans (35). Also, the catabolic effect of vibration on adipose tissue can be explained by converting kinetic energy to thermal energy under friction forces (36). The present study had limitations such as lack of control over physical activity of research groups outside the study time, lack of control of genetic and congenital characteristics that affect obesity, lack of complete control of mental health conditions and lack of precise control of fatigue and sleep quality of the subjects was mentioned during the study. According to the results, it seems that WBVT can help reduce cardiovascular risk factors in overweight people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: In today's modern and complex society, the issue of health is important. The World Health Organization defines mental health as a state of complete social, mental, physical, and spiritual well-being. The psychological health of prisoners and detainees and the provision of appropriate services to them have attracted much attention from experts. Regarding the detention of individuals, there are two types of sentences, one: People who are actually convicted and two: People who are found innocent in the investigation process, who have the so-called principle of innocence. In the term of jurisprudence, innocence means that the principle of innocence of individuals should be considered. Innocence literally means liberation and acquittal, and is one of the most fundamental human principles to be practiced. The principle of innocence is one of the most important and influential principles not only in the laws of our country but also in international laws and conventions. From the point of view of many jurists, the principle of innocence is one of the fundamental rights of individuals in any society. Anyone accused of a crime shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to the law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. Also, no one shall be held guilty of any penal offense on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Also, no one will be sentenced to a punishment greater than the one prescribed for committing a crime, and if a person is innocent, it is natural that this person will suffer various injuries. Studies show that the prevalence of mental disorders in detainees is higher than in the general population. One of the most common mental disorders in detainees is the issue of self-esteem and mental health that is damaged. Psychotherapists assist in the psychotherapy process by using conversational, interpretive, listening, rewarding, and role modeling techniques to treat a wide range of psychological problems. Behavior therapy is based on the belief that all human behavior is "learned" and therefore unhealthy behaviors can be changed. Therefore, behavioral therapy focuses mainly on the current problems of patients and how to change these problems. Cognitive behavior therapy is a very popular approach in the treatment of mental disorders. This approach combines behavioral therapy with cognitive therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on how people's thoughts and beliefs affect the formation of their feelings and behaviors. Cognitive-behavioral therapy often addresses the patient's current problems and how to solve them. The long-term goal of cognitive behavior therapy is to transform unhealthy ways of thinking and behaving into healthy thoughts and behaviors. For example, the results of various studies have shown that psychological well-being is associated with behavior-based adaptation. Due to the adverse consequences of arresting individuals, a therapeutic approach should be sought to remove individuals from these symptoms and help them regain self-esteem and increase well-being, so the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy Determined self-esteem and psychological well-being of detainees. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population in this study was all detainees in the judiciary of Mazandaran province who were arrested in 1399 and so that these people were innocent and acquitted, which was equal to 80 people. The sampling method in this study was that by distributing announcements in the provincial judiciary, detainees with detention experience and the principle of innocence of the law were asked to attend counseling centers to participate in group sessions of behavioral therapy. Inclusion criteria include: (1). Willingness to attend meetings, (2). At least 2 months of detention experience, (3). Not having any previous physical or mental illness, and Exclusion criteria include: (1). Taking any type of antidepressant, calm Ward, etc., (2). Occurrence of any kind of unfortunate incident for the person after the experience of detention. Considering the entry and exit criteria, 24 people were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). Then Reef (1989) and Coopersmith (1981) psychological well-being questionnaires were completed by two groups. The experimental group underwent behavioral therapy for 10 sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any training. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using an independent t-test. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test scores of self-esteem and psychological well-being of the experimental and control groups and behavioral therapy had a positive effect on the experimental group (p <0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that behavioral therapy can be used as an effective treatment to increase self-esteem and psychological well-being of detainees; therefore, it is important to pay attention to psychotherapy methods to increase the level of self-esteem and mental health of detainees. Today, cognitive-behavioral therapy has taken first place in the psychological treatment of many mental illnesses and its effectiveness has been shown in many controlled studies. Cognitive behavior therapy is in some cases more effective than other approaches to psychotherapy. Behavior therapy is a term for several different therapies, all of which are based on learning theory. Behavior therapists believe that maladaptive behaviors are behaviors that a person learns to cope with stress and can be replaced by more appropriate answers with the help of techniques that have emerged from laboratory work on learning. While psychoanalysis seeks to understand how a person's past conflicts affect his or her behavior, behavior therapy deals directly with the behavior itself. Unlike psychoanalysis, which seeks to change personality, behavioral therapy has a relatively limited purpose, which is to change maladaptive behaviors in certain situations. In addition, behavior therapists pay more attention to the scientific validity of their techniques than psychoanalysts. Behavior therapists have not paid much attention to presenting a theory about personality. They have primarily accepted the assumption that most human behaviors are learned and therefore behaviors can be modified or changed altogether using learning principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: It is difficult to diagnose depression in children in some cases, because sometimes its symptoms are similar to some other disorders such as autism. For this reason, parents' attention and awareness of the child's behavior and timely psychological diagnosis is very important. For this reason, parents' attention and awareness of the child's behavior and timely psychological diagnosis is very important. Shyness or isolationism is another problem that has affected different people in many different ways from the past to the present. This problem has not been addressed for a variety of reasons, and the public is less likely to refer to it as a problem. Unaware that isolationism and shyness in the heart of society, the person faces many problems, including the inability to relate to others and, consequently, the inability to learn and acquire abilities of various skills (6). Therefore, the results show that the two indicators of isolation and depression can affect the mental health of the child and can affect her future life. On the other hand, research results have shown that depression can lead to isolationism, and on the other hand, isolationism stress, anxiety and depression, according to the above, seems to be one of the most important and effective treatments for mental disorders. Or communication problems among children such as depression and isolation. In this regard, the present study seeks to answer the question whether play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach can be effective in reducing depression and isolation of orphaned and poorly cared for girls in Tehran? Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group, among orphaned and abused female children in Shahid Zarghami and Khayyam child care centers in Tehran in 1997-98, which had a high score of completing questionnaires on depression and isolation. A total of 24 people were randomly selected as a sample and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Then, before the intervention, all the subjects received the Children and Adolescents Depression Inventory called CDS-A, which has 25 questions, a single-factor score based on a Likert scale of 5 points, and all elements of depression based on cognitive theory. Covers and has Cronbach's alpha validity and reliability of 0.86. And Shahim Children Behavioral Problems Questionnaire (1996) which has 28 questions and is scored based on a 5-point Likert scale and has 3 subscales of aggression, inattention and childish behaviors, isolationism and anxiety (9). Completed. In the next step, the research protocol was performed under 10 sessions of 90 minutes (two sessions per week) according to Table 1 for the experimental group. Finally, Smirnov-Kolmograph test was used to determine the normality of the data, Levin test to determine the homogeneity or equality of variances, as well as homogeneity of regression slope and covariance test were used for analysis. It should be noted that all statistical calculations were performed with SPSS software version 24. Results: Studies have shown that most people in the statistical population were between 11 and 8 years old and were studying in the first to fourth grades of elementary school.Based on the results obtained from Table 2, the weight of depression in the experimental period was 410/109 and in the control period was 169/109, and in the weight of depression in the experimental period was 74.250 and in the control period was 111.250, the weight of depression was reduced. Figure 1 In Table 3, The weight of isolation in the experimental period is 917/34 and in the control zone is 333/34, and in the weight of isolation in the experimental period is 199/9 and in the control zone is 834.34%. Isolation in the free spheres. The results showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach is effective in reducing the isolation of orphaned and poorly cared for girls in Tehran. So that the group factor with a significant level of less than 0.05 (p = 0.0001) has an effect on the change of isolationism. While the significance level of the pre-test is more than 0.05 (p = 0.304). Another finding showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach is effective in reducing depression in orphaned and neglected girls in Tehran. So that the group factor with a significant level of less than 0.05 (p = 0.0001) has an effect on depression. This is while the significance level of the pre-test is more than 0.05 (p = 0.341). Conclusion: The results showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach led to a decrease in students' isolation. The results of the present study with the results of Tavakoli and Kalantari (2017) that examined the effect of play therapy with cognitive-behavioral approach on the regulation of emotion, anxiety and depression in children with type 1 diabetes and concluded that play therapy in the post-test phase has an effect on reducing aggression It did not but had an effect on other research variables such as isolationism. Also, the results in the follow-up phase showed that the mean scores of aggression, isolationism decreased significantly, which indicates the effectiveness of play therapy is consistent (11). Another finding showed that play therapy based on cognitive-behavioral approach reduces students' depression. Boyd Webb (2018) addresses play therapy for bereaved children: adapting strategies for use in the community, schools, and family environment. In this article, it is stated that play therapy is one of the most flexible treatment methods that can be changed according to the age of children, conditions, and the environment in which counseling is performed. Play therapy can be used to help children who have lost loved ones in schools, social settings, and at home. After examining the basic developmental factors that affect children's ability to understand the meaning of death, this article discusses the specific characteristics of grief in different situations. These include social counseling after Hurricane Katrina, school-based group play therapy after the teacher's death, and parent-child play therapy after a father dies in a terrorist attack. To increase the acceptability and effectiveness of play therapy, professional psychologists must consider the beliefs and practices of teachers and parents. In addition, psychologists are expected to use play-based activities to help children express their grief more easily (14). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Globally, 30% of deaths (approximately 17 million deaths per year) are attributable to cardiovascular diseases. In 2006 alone, the estimated total direct and indirect costs associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases exceeded 400 billion dollars. Currently, in Iran, insurance organizations only bear a limited part of cardiac rehabilitation costs, while taking into account the impact of these programs in secondary prevention and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and as a result reducing the treatment costs imposed on this Organizations will focus on covering cardiac rehabilitation programs both for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the insurance organizations. According to the mentioned studies and many other studies and the high and increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Iran, and on the other hand, the clinical advantages of cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery transplant patients, including secondary prevention and preventing disease recurrence and improving the quality of life, are necessary and The importance of this research is clear. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death all over the world, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation on the functional indices of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients 55 Coronary artery transplant surgery up to 70 years old. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research consisted of 120 male coronary artery transplant patients aged 55 to 70 years who referred to the Sari Heart Center. The statistical sample included 40 people who lived in Sari city and underwent coronary artery transplant surgery for at least 2 months and at most 4 months. Then they were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of 20 people, control and therapeutic intervention of cardio sports rehabilitation. In this research, in order to measure the resting heart rate HR H before the test of two control and cardio exercise rehabilitation groups, therefore the best time to determine the heart rate in the morning after waking up is one hour after breakfast and without intense physical activity in a state of rest. For 20 minutes, the subjects of the two groups sat on a chair and were measured. All the subjects were advised to sleep early the night before and avoid any kind of stress. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the two groups were measured before the test using a dial sphygmomanometer. The time of assessment was two hours after breakfast, and the subjects were advised to refrain from smoking, vigorous physical activity, and drinking for one hour before any use of cigarettes. Avoid coffee and caffeinated drinks and sit quietly for 20 minutes and wear comfortable clothes. 12 hours before the test, blood lipid profile was taken from the subjects of both the control and cardiac rehabilitation groups fasting. The sample required for the test was 10 cc from the brachial vein immediately without delay for the actual values after lying on the bed. 24 hours. Before the test, in consultation with a cardiologist, reduce the dose of heart and blood pressure medications such as Inderal and Atenolol. Also, asthmatic patients should carry a special spray and wear comfortable clothes and shoes for the test, and avoid caffeinated drinks and cigarettes 24 hours before. Cardio sports rehabilitation program consisted of 24 sessions 3 days a week for 2 months, which included 15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of treadmill and 20 minutes of stationary bike, and 20 minutes of stationary bike and 15 minutes of cooling down. To investigate and compare pre-test and post-test variables between two groups, independent parametric t-test was used. Data analysis was done using spss software. The significance level was p<0.5. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has an effect on the improvement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), improvement of heart rate and improvement of vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients aged 55 to 70 undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusion: The findings of the current research have shown the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation course on the improvement of hemodynamic indicators and functional capacity, considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the country, and on the other hand, the high per capita consumption of drugs and their high costs, and the high importance of cardiac sports rehabilitation in improving The quality of life of heart patients, including coronary artery transplantation, is necessary and necessary to pay more attention to the category of cardiac rehabilitation and to build clinics and centers for it. The findings showed that cardio sports rehabilitation reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis by improving heart rate and as a result of heart attack and ischemic diseases. In order to control the risk factors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), it is suggested to periodically use cardiac rehabilitation programs for their treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Neurodevelopmental disorders are disorders that begin during the developmental period, often before the child enters school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that impair personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorder is a term used to describe neurological and mental disorders starting in childhood. Neurodevelopmental disorder includes specific learning and language disorders, motor coordination disorders, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders and defiant-obstinacy disorder. Among the neuro-developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder is considered a complex neuro-developmental disorder that usually has problems in communication and social interaction, limited interests and repetitive behaviors. Most of these children are also impaired in theory of mind, symbolic play, and imitation skills. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, its prevalence has quadrupled in the last decade. Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong condition that is generally stable and includes persistent impairments in language, deficits in social skills, and inability to perform daily activities. Social, behavioral, communication and language problems. Therefore, it is challenging for children with autism spectrum disorder to communicate socially with their parents and manage their behavior. Methods: The present research method was a semi-experimental research with a pretest and post-test design and a control group. The independent variable in this research was parenting education based on executive functions and the dependent variable was parenting stress and its subscales. The statistical population of the study included all parents (mothers) of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Tehran, who were present in the medical clinics of Tehran and received specialized services. The sample of this research includes mothers of 15 children with autism spectrum disorder as the experimental group and mothers of 15 children with autism spectrum disorder as the control group were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The criteria for entering the study are: the presence of neuro-developmental disorders in children such as autism spectrum disorder, the age of children between 7 and 11 years, the absence of physical and mental illness of mothers, full consent of mothers to participate in the research and participation in all sessions by the researcher in considered The exclusion criteria were non-cooperation and non-participation of parents in more than two sessions. Results: For another assumption of univariate covariance analysis, Levine's test of homogeneity of variances was used to check the assumption of homogeneity of variances. In this research, the use of this test showed that the assumption of homogeneity of variances has been fulfilled for all variables because the variables of childhood and parent's territory have F-statistics equal to 3.48 and 2.43, respectively, with degrees of freedom of 28 and 1 at the significance level. Equal to 0.07 and 0.13, they have homogeneity of variances in groups. Whenever the value obtained for this test is greater than 0.05, the assumption based on the homogeneity of Levin's variances is confirmed. After confirming the presuppositions of univariate covariance analysis, the research hypotheses were checked. The data were analyzed by independent t-test. Data analysis showed that the experimental group compared to the control group, after participating in the training course, there was a statistically significant difference in test results. The results showed that parenting training based on executive functions had a positive effect on reducing the realm of childhood and the realm of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder Conclusion: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of parenting education based on executive functions on reducing parental stress of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder. The results of the research indicated that parenting training based on executive functions was effective in reducing parental stress. In this research, the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on two subscales of parental stress, such as the domain of childhood and parents, has been investigated. Research on the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on other psychological variables of parents with children with special needs and normal has not been done. For researchers interested in parenting training based on executive functions in students with autism spectrum disorder, it is suggested to implement this training on fathers of students with autism spectrum disorder and compare it with the results of this research on mothers. Also, implement the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on other groups of neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, the results of this research should be followed up in the long term. In addition to these suggestions, the effect of parenting training based on executive functions on the anxiety and stress of mothers with children with neurodevelopmental disorders should be investigated in future researches. Also, as practical suggestions, it can be acknowledged that brochures in the field of parenting skills based on executive functions are prepared and made available to parents, especially mothers, so that in the long term, the positive effect of this training on the psychological problems of parents, especially mothers, can be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cancer is considered the major health problem in the 21st century. The increasing growth of cancer in about last two decades and the detrimental effects it has had on the physical, mental, social and economic aspects of human life have, more than ever, caused concern among experts. Cancer is a "life-threatening disease" that kills more than 6.7 million people each year. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in which hereditary and environmental risk factors play a role, leading to the accumulation of masses and progressive genetic and epigenetic changes in breast cancer cells. In recent years, the Psychodrama approach has been used in the psychological improvement of cancer patients. In this type of treatment, screening is used to promote the mental health of patients. Researchers have examined the usefulness of Psychodrama in the emotional regulation of patients. People who have a high level of interaction with others, their emotions are dominant and use less logical thinking in the face of different situations. These people are in dire need of approval from important people in their lives and therefore are more disposed to psychological problems such as depression in the event of stress and interpersonal problems. Psychodrama can be effective in reducing their integration by developing the role of individuals and increasing their spontaneity and creativity. In fact, Psychodrama is a method of therapy that helps participants in a process to recreate their social and psychological issues in a real context, because this treatment provides an opportunity for them to be able to vent their emotions in the right direction. Psychodrama is one of the types of group therapies that help a person to review and discover the psychological dimensions of his problem by showing them and not just through dialogue. This approach, which uses mental imagery, imagination, physical actions, and group dynamics, is a combination of art, play, emotional sensitivity, and outspoken thinking that facilitates the release of trapped emotions to help individuals acquire new and more effective behaviors and to open up undiscovered ways of resolving conflict as well as recognizing one's own form. Psychodrama connects cognitive analysis with experimental and action dimensions. In practice, implementing interpersonal interaction in a problem, involving the body and mind that an event is taking place in the present, conveys ideas and feelings to a person's level of awareness that are not possible only in the case of talking about that issue. Nonverbal aspects not only affect the quantity and quality of the relationship, but are also clues to latent internal motivations and attitudes, such as behaviors with more anger or more obvious states of fear that raise awareness of emotions Which may be hidden in the person. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a combination of theories and techniques of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. Behavioral and cognitive approaches both derive to some extent from the empirical tradition and its emphasis is on increasing cognitive skills and decreasing maladaptive cognitive activities, and it also uses behavioral tasks to change behavior and these methods are used for patients according to their progress in each session. In a research entitled “The effect of group training on cognitive-behavioral therapy based on improving quality of life on hope and happiness in people with breast cancer” Naqibi, Saeedi and Khazaei found that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of hope and happiness after adjusting the pre-test scores. A cancer diagnosis can affect the emotional health of patients, families, and caregivers. Common feelings during this life-changing experience include anxiety, distress, and depression. Roles at home, school, and work can be affected. It's important to recognize these changes and get help when needed. Methods: The current study was a quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test with a control group with follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all women aged 30-50 years with breast cancer who referred to a specialist doctor's clinic for treatment and received a diagnosis of breast cancer. The sample of the current study consisted of 45 people (15 people for each group; ie 15 people in experimental group 1, ie 15 people in experimental group 2 and 15 people in control group). In this study, the available sampling method was used; Among the people who were introduced through surgical clinics or through other specialists. About 45 patients were selected and randomly assigned again in three groups and 15 experimental (two groups) and control in each group. Inclusion criteria were; 1- Not using psychotropic drugs, narcotics and psychological therapies during the study, 2- Being over 30 years old, 3- Not having acute or chronic mental disorders, and 4- Expressing satisfaction for the participation of the subjects and criteria for leaving The study included; 1- Not attending the experimental sessions and intervention for more than two sessions, 2- Not wanting to continue attending the experimental sessions and intervention and 3- Having a severe psychiatric disorder that needs immediate treatment. The Reef Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1989) was administered pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The therapeutic packages of psychodrama therapy and cognitive behavior therapy applied on experimental groups (ninety minutes each session) weekly and the control group did not receive any therapy. Results: Results showed that both of cognitive behavior therapy & psychodrama are affected the same on increasing to Mental well-being level of patients with breast cancer. Three- month follow-up confirmed these results. Conclusion: By use to cognitive behavior therapy & psychodrama (especially CBT) can to increase Mental well-being level in women with breast cancer. Then this component affective to raise the health of these patients. This research has been done sectional and it is necessary to control comorbidities. The available research sample may not be representative of all patients. The results of the present study can be generalized to breast cancer patients with demographic characteristics related to this study and if it needs to be generalized to other women, this should be done with caution and sufficient knowledge. The treatment protocols implemented in this study were not implemented as a specific program for breast cancer patients, but a group training program was used. Due to the time constraints, if the time and conditions for follow-up and follow-up are possible in a longer period of time, we can talk about the treatment results with more certainty and confidence. However, due to executive and financial problems and time limitations of the dissertation, this opportunity was not provided in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Aging is associated with declined health. To maintain the health of the elderly, it is necessary to develop preventive health measures. Social well-being is an important dimension of health in the elderly. The present study aims to determine the effect of group reminiscence therapy on the social well-being of retired older men in Zahedan, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted in 2018. Participants were 90 retired older men aged 60-75 years in Zahedan, Iran who were selected by a convenience method and were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Data collection tools were a demographic form and Keyes’ social well-being scale-short form. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software, version 16. Results The Mean±SD age was 68.02±3.46 in the intervention group and 68.64±4.60 years in the control group. The results of independent t-test showed that the mean score of social well-being after reminiscence intervention was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.002). Conclusion Group reminiscence therapy has a positive effect on the social well-being of retired older men. Since the elderly are interested in sharing memories and considering that reminiscence therapy is an attractive, simple and cost-effective intervention, it can be used to improve their social well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Although mental, emotional and social variables play an important role in the general health of teenagers, but without a doubt, the meaning that teenagers find for themselves in life, i.e. spiritual vitality, can also affect their lives. In fact, vitality and spiritual health is the newest dimension of health, which is placed next to other aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, and social health. In a comprehensive definition, it can be said that spiritual vitality is having a sense of acceptance, morality, a sense of positive mutual connection with a sovereign and superior holy power with others, which comes about through a dynamic and coordinated cognitive, emotional, action and personal consequence process (7). Since the family is the center and core of care, the most effective services are those that emphasize the role of the family and strive to empower families, because the family-centered approach is effective for children, parents, families, and service providers. It improves medical services and increases families' satisfaction with the services provided. This is despite the fact that the performance of each person within the family system, especially the guardian, who is a mental)behavioral model for continuing, maintaining and changing the behavior of other family members, affects the psychological and social well-being of children (9). Therefore, family-oriented educational intervention means providing information to families about various issues or mental disorders and methods of prevention, coping and facing them. The main goal in family-oriented educational interventions is to improve the attitude and change the behavior of family members, especially spouses (10). According to the mentioned materials, the use of effective psychological interventions can provide the ground for the normal social and emotional development of teenagers. However, it should be noted that teenagers should assume professional and social roles upon entering adulthood. Therefore, weakness in effective emotional components such as mental health and weak spiritual vitality can make them face many problems. Therefore, considering the strong role of mental health and spiritual vitality in adolescence and its extensive effects on the personal, social and professional life of adolescents, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to improve this component. At the same time, it is necessary to address the research gap. As such, conducting family)oriented research in order to reduce the psychological and emotional problems of adolescents in the high)risk period of puberty has been largely neglected. Now, considering the research gap (lack of similar research) and considering the effectiveness of family-oriented interventions, the main problem of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of family-oriented spiritual-respectful psychological intervention on the mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescents during puberty. Methods: In order to conduct the present semi-experimental research, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period, among adolescent boys (13 to 15 years old) present in the first secondary schools of the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year 2018-2019, whose score less than 65 in the mental health questionnaire and less than 70 in the spiritual vitality questionnaire, 25 teenagers were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (13 people) and control group (12 people). In the following, the samples of the mental health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hiller (1979) which has 28 questions, 14 of which measure psychological well-being and 14 of which measure psychological helplessness in a five-point Likert scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree) The range of scores is between 0 and 112. Scores lower than 65 indicate the presence of damage in the mental health process of a person (4), and the spiritual vitality scale of Polotzin and Ellison (1982) which has 20 questions, 10 of which are religious health and 10 Another question measures existential health. The range of religious and existential health score is 10-60, each separately. For religious and existential health sub-groups, there is no leveling and judgment is based on the obtained score. The higher the obtained score, the higher the sign of spiritual and existential vitality. The score of spiritual vitality is the sum of these two subgroups, the range of which is 20-120. Answers to the questions were categorized on a six-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. In negative questions, scoring is done in reverse. Obtaining scores less than 70 indicates a person's lack of spiritual vitality. Finally, descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of the distribution of variables, Levine's test to check the equality of variances, Mochelli's test to check the assumption of sphericity of the data, and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to test the research hypothesis. became. Results: According to Table 3, the effect of the factor of group membership (respectful-spiritual family-oriented psychological intervention) on the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). The effect size shows that group membership (respective-spiritual family-centered psychological intervention) explains 44 and 42 percent of the difference in mental health and spiritual vitality scores, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the interaction effect of the type of treatment and the time factor on the mental health scores and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). As the results of Table 4 show, there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the variables of mental health and spiritual vitality. This means that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to significantly change the post-test scores and follow-up mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period compared to the pre-test stage. Another finding of this table showed that there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. This finding can be explained by the fact that the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period, which underwent a significant change in the post-test phase, were able to maintain this change during the follow-up period as well. In a summary, it can be stated that family)centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to lead to a significant change in the mean scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the post-test phase, and this effect has maintained its stability in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: The results showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had a significant effect on the mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty and was able to improve the mental health and spiritual vitality of these adolescents. In the present explanation, it can be said that family-oriented psychological intervention improves the management of emotions and feelings (19). Based on this, family-oriented psychological intervention by improving the skills and management of emotions, cognitions and cognitive processing causes adolescents to show better mental health. In addition, during the family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention training sessions, parents were taught to familiarize themselves with the psychological, emotional and cognitive characteristics of adolescence and learn ways to establish healthy relationships with adolescents. Such a process made it possible for parents to establish normal psychological and emotional relationships with their children and in this way prevent the occurrence of challenges between them. Based on such a trend, the amount of mental and emotional disturbance of teenagers is reduced and they show better mental health. The second finding showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had an effect on the spiritual vitality of adolescent boys during puberty. In the present explanation, the concepts taught during the sessions should be addressed. First of all, it should be mentioned that family-based education is able to strengthen the communication of family members with each other by promoting the culture of mutual thinking and negotiation, and in this way, it helps to improve the mental, emotional and cognitive health of the people present in the family (25). This process can also prepare the ground for improving the cognitive and emotional processing of children, and in this way, their mental and spiritual vitality increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Knee osteoarthritis (KO) is one of the most common causes of pain, reduced function and disability in the elderly. Exercise is one of the methods suggested to manage the pain caused by KO. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a home workout program on reducing pain in the elderly with KO. Materials & Methods In this randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in March 2021 for three months, 70 older adults with KO were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. The workout program was first implemented twice a day for 4 weeks in the clinic as a trial. Then, it was performed twice a day at home for another 4 weeks. Before and after the exercise, the patients were evaluated by the pain subscale of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 18 using independent t, paired t test, chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic and clinical variables and in the mean pain score before the intervention (P=0.587). After the intervention, a significant reduction in pain intensity was reported in the exercise group (P= 0.009). Conclusion The home workout program is effective in reducing the pain of the elderly with KO. It is recommended to use it as a simple and cost-effective intervention to rehabilitate patients with KO along with other treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Borderline personality disorder is a mental disorder that is heterogeneous and patients suffering from this disorder have problems in most aspects of their lives, so that it causes widespread destruction in all aspects of a person's life, including marital, occupational and identity relationships (7). Borderline personality disorder is characterized by emotional instability, which includes dysmorphic mood and severe mood swings (8). Treatments that were of interest to therapists in the past include: dynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, behavior modification, problem-oriented therapy, and dialectical therapy (12). Emotion regulation by examining different emotions in sick people can be fruitful in the direction of people's recovery (13). In fact, emotion regulation is a diverse set of control processes aimed at managing when and where and how our emotions are experienced or expressed. Such processes allow people to enjoy most of the positive events in their lives and avoid negative events and increase or decrease their intensity or even create a facial expression of emotion, according to society's customs (14). Considering the above contents and the importance of solving the problem of borderline personality disorder on the one hand, the general lack of consensus regarding the selection of a suitable and unified method in this field on the other hand, and finally because of the review of the research conducted inside and outside the research country It was not found in the context of the desired topic, so the researcher is trying to answer the question whether emotional regulation group therapy and reality therapy have an effect on borderline personality disorder in women or not? If there is an effect, which ones are more effective? It is hoped that by using the results of this research, a clear view on the effect of the two intervention methods can be provided to experts and officials so that they can plan in the best possible way to solve the problems of borderline personality disorder. Methods: The current research is semi-experimental and applied, which was carried out with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up research design and experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was made up of women aged 18 to 40 with borderline personality disorder who visited Tawheed Clinic in Isfahan city (100 people). Among them, 27 people participated in the present research as volunteers and were randomly divided into 3 groups. Further, the experimental groups were subjected to group intervention for 8 sessions and 2 hours per week according to Table 1 and 2, and the control group did not receive any intervention, and then the post-test was conducted for both experimental and control groups. It should be noted that the research tools included the Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPI) designed by Leishner-Nigg, the Borderline Personality Scale (STB) designed by Jackson and Claridge. Results: The results of the present research showed that there is a significant difference between the effects of two types of intervention on identity disturbance, reality testing, fear of intimacy, despair, impulsivity, dissociative symptoms in different stages and between different groups. Therefore, Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference, and based on this test, it was determined that the scores of all variables of borderline personality disorder in both experimental groups and in the posttest stage are relatively the same and lower than the Go group. In other words, both experimental groups had high and relatively equal effectiveness on improving these attachment styles. Also, these results show that identity confusion and hopelessness are significant in both groups, but the treatment based on emotion regulation has a more effective effect on the scores of this scale. Also, the fear of intimacy and impulsivity in both groups compared to the pre-test in both the post-test and follow-up phases of the experimental group has a significant difference, but reality therapy has registered more effectiveness than emotion regulation, and this is while the variable of fear Intimacy showed a significant difference compared to the pre-test in the experimental group only through reality-based therapy, and emotion regulation therapy could not have a significant effect on this variable, and finally, dissociative symptoms of borderline personality disorder in none of the treatments. There was no significant difference in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test and the follow-up compared to the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of the research showed that the emotion regulation therapy of the Gross model and reality therapy are effective in reducing most of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder in women. Growing evidence over the past decades has identified emotion regulation and reality therapy as helpful in mental health. In all these researches, emotion regulation and reality therapy have been used to improve and reduce symptoms of disorders in this field. Goodman (2014) concluded in a research that dialectical behavior therapy and emotion regulation and amygdala activity are effective in reducing the symptoms of borderline personality disorder (25). Tousli and Agha Mohammadian (2017) studied the effectiveness of group reality therapy on the symptoms of love trauma and the overall performance of emotionally defeated people, and the results showed the effectiveness of this method in reducing the symptoms of patients (30). In fact, emotion regulation is a diverse set of control processes. It is with the aim of managing when and where and how and in what form our emotions are experienced or expressed. Emotion regulation can include a set of cognitive processes that occur automatically or with effort. Such processes allow people to enjoy most of the positive events in their lives and avoid negative events and increase or decrease their intensity or even create a facial expression of emotion, according to society's customs. In the emotional regulation process model, emotion regulation and its integration somehow moderates the contradictions within the person or between the person and the environment and in this way helps the person to be able to separate himself from his thoughts. Therefore, the findings of the present research seem reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adopted children usually have a range of experiences of abuse, such as physical abuse and neglect by biological parents before adoption, which negatively affects their adjustment. Most adopted children have the experience of living in an institution that is associated with a variety of alternative problems. In this regard, tips for informing families and society about this phenomenon and creating appropriate conditions to help decision-making families who are willing to do so are important and effective issues in improving the situation of adopted children and families. It is child-friendly and another important issue is to help reduce the problems and challenges after adoption and adoption. Because each family has a unique emotional state and atmosphere and their management method and type of operations are different from each other. Therefore, family performance is one of the most important factors that play an effective role in successful adoption. Family performance is one of the important indicators and guarantees the quality of life and mental health of the family and its members, and their negative relationships are considered one of the most important factors in creating and maintaining mental and emotional disorders. Therefore, finding a way to improve family functioning can be fruitful, and in the meantime, parental empowerment is one of the factors that can lead to good family functioning. When parents have the necessary abilities to adopt and raise a child, they can help improve their family functioning and ultimately communicate effectively with the adopted child. Empowerment is essential to create the right connection and this lasting and needed trust and to prevent wasting time and manpower. Empowerment leads to changes in parents' attitudes, behaviors, and behaviors, and these changes are a good platform for improving the situation of families. Because the parents' view of the situation and conditions and behavior of their children is different and he finds more and better awareness of them, and he also changes their attitude and behavior towards this awareness, and in contrast, children who behave calmly and firmly in At the same time, they observe the parents decisively and seriously and take action to change themselves, because if they do not change their behavior, they will see that the consequence will only be felt by themselves. Therefore, if immediate action is not taken today to empower parents and children (especially adolescents), irreparable damage will be done to the family body, then the importance of this empowerment process will become clear. In this regard, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the empowerment program for parents of adopted families has an impact on family performance components. Methods: The present study is an applied and quasi-experimental study that was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. For this purpose and to conduct this research, among all families with adopted children in Tehran Welfare in 1399, 30 parents with adopted children who were eligible to enter the study were selected as a sample by the available sampling method and randomly divided into two control groups. With an average age of 46.87 90 5.90 and experiments with a mean age of 44.60 6 6.23. Then, all subjects completed the Family Performance Questionnaire by Nathan B. Epstein et al. (1983). Then, the subjects in the experimental group received 8 sessions of parental empowerment training. Finally, the findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and inferential statistics including Shapirovilk and multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) tests using SPSSV19 software. Results: Before the analysis of covariance, the assumptions of this test were examined and the results showed that all the assumptions of this test were observed. The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference in family performance scores of the two groups (P = 0.018, F =3.53, Pilay effect = 0.626). The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the family performance variable. In order to determine this difference, univariate analysis of covariance was used and the results showed that a significant difference was observed between the groups in all components of family functioning. Also, by observing the averages of family performance components, it can be acknowledged that the parental empowerment program of families with adopted children was effective in family performance. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to the effectiveness of parental empowerment programs for adopted families on family performance components. The results of this study showed that the parental empowerment program has made a significant difference between all groups on all components of family functioning. Therefore, the parental empowerment program of families with adopted children was effective on family performance, in other words, the experimental group received higher scores on family performance after receiving parental empowerment intervention. In justifying the results of this study, it can be said that family performance is one of the important indicators and guarantees the quality of life and mental health of the family and its members, and their negative relationships as one of the most important factors causing and maintaining mental disorders and People's emotions are raised. Family functioning is an important aspect of the family environment that affects the physical, social, and emotional health of children. What happens within the family and how it works can be a key factor in creating flexibility and reducing current and future risks associated with unfortunate events and unfavorable conditions. Enabling and nurturing environments enable children to learn and develop. Conversely, poor family environments can be very detrimental to many aspects of children's development and their positive transition to adulthood. Therefore, empowering parents to improve family performance is one of the methods used today. When parents take action to empower themselves, they are instilled with the fact that they are a helpful and effective factor in improving family functioning, more interested in participation, and more supportive. Therefore, by empowering parents with adopted children, it is possible to help these families improve their performance so that they can show better performance with their adopted children. Having said that, and considering parental empowerment and recognizing it as one of the most important and influential factors that individuals can experience and also as an effective and interfering factor in the quality of family functions, parents can Acquire knowledge in the field of empowerment and transmitting it to their children, while having a positive effect on their growth and personality, improve the performance of family and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Intimacy is one of the most basic elements in a couple's relationship. Intimacy is a dynamic concept in human relationships, especially in marital relationships, which means openness and non-inhibition in relationships and the closeness of two or more people in various emotional, logical and functional dimensions. Couples who experience a higher degree of intimacy, apart from socioeconomic status, report significantly fewer adjustment problems in their marital relationship (1). Given the importance of intimacy, identifying effective intervention and educational approaches to increase couple intimacy to improve couple relationships will be very useful. One of these approaches is motivational interviewing, which is a combination of principles and techniques derived from a very wide range of models of psychotherapy and behavior change (4). In addition, given that many marital problems have emotional roots, the recent approach to meta-diagnostic treatment to resolve couples' problems has come into focus; Because this treatment emphasizes emotions and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, emotional experience and response to emotion is the main basis in the meta-diagnostic approach (12). But it is not clear which intervention is more effective. On the other hand, it is not clear whether these interventions affect intimacy or not, and which intervention is more effective is also in a state of ambiguity. Methods: In order to conduct applied and quasi-experimental research with pre-test and posttest design, from couples referring to counseling centers in Shahrekord in 1399-1400 (1250 couples), by purposive sampling method and provided entry conditions For the study (with at least a third grade of middle school, age range 25 to 45 years, no disabling physical or mental illness) 60 couples were selected and randomly divided into three groups of motivational interview, meta-diagnostic treatment and witness. Before, immediately after and 45-day follow-up, the subjects completed the Wonden Brook and Bertman (1995) intimacy questionnaire, and the experimental groups each received 8 sessions of 90-minute intervention. Finally, from descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Kalmogorov-Smirnov tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 25 at a significance level of 0.05 for statistical analysis of data used. Results: The results showed that the meta-diagnostic therapy group and motivational interviewing could lead to a change in the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. In order to be effective, the meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview therapy group was able to increase the mean scores of the couple's intimacy (intimacy, agreement, honesty, interest and love and commitment) in the post-test and follow-up stages. On the other hand, it was found that there were no significant changes between the pre-test scores. The results showed that the mean scores of the couple's intimacy variable, regardless of the effect of grouping, changed significantly during the post-test and follow-up stages, which is a significant difference compared to the pre-test (p = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that the variable of grouping (post-diagnostic treatment group therapy) regardless of stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) had a significant effect on the intimacy variable of couples. This means that meta-diagnostic treatment was a significant effect compared to the control group (p = 0.001). Finally, the results indicate that meta-diagnostic treatment with the interaction of stages also had a significant effect on the test stages (pre-test, post-test and follow-up) of the couple intimacy variable (p = 0.001). The results of post hoc test (Table 3) show that the difference between the mean scores of pretest and post-test is significant by following the variable of couple intimacy. However, there is no significant difference between the mean of the post-test and the follow-up of this variable. This means that the mean scores of couples intimacy in the follow-up phase did not change significantly compared to the post-test, but due to the lack of follow-up scores compared to the post-test and a significant change in follow-up scores compared to the pre-test shows that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment on intimacy over time Preserved. On the other hand, it was found that the difference between the mean scores of intimate couples in the experimental group of meta-diagnostic therapy and the experimental group of motivational interviews was not significant and this finding means that the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviews on the intimacy of couples was not significant. However, the difference between the experimental groups (meta-diagnostic therapy and motivational interview) with the control group was significant. In a summary, it can be stated as follows: Transdiagnostic treatment intervention and motivational interview have a significant effect on the level of intimacy of couples; However, the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment and motivational interviewing on the level of intimacy of couples are not significantly different (Table 4). Conclusion: In explaining the effectiveness of motivational interview on couples intimacy, it should be noted that the therapist's goal in motivational interview is to create a safe environment to express problems and then, strengthen the desire to change to improve relationships in the client, which leads to increased intrinsic motivation. . Since intimacy is a feature that is not a fixed feature and changes when the couple is faced with stressful situations. Therefore, motivational interviewing, by increasing the couple's inner motivation to maintain intimacy in difficult life situations, causes the couple to communicate with each other emotionally (increase interest), then plan with interest to improve their relationship (reduce boredom) and from this Satisfy and enjoy your action (increase intimacy) (9). In explaining this finding, it may be pointed out that couples are more likely to not be able to use positive emotions effectively in times of conflict, and on the contrary, they have a lot of negative emotions, which causes other problems such as negative perception. Concerns about their relationship with their spouse and improper marital functioning become a reason for their intimacy to be disrupted. However, emotional awareness training in meta-diagnostic therapy makes them aware of the existence of negative emotions and their negative impact on themselves, or try to recover emotions in different situations to keep the emotion healthy, and thus, the rate of marital problems is reduced and in The result is marital intimacy (14). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: In sociology, the family is considered the main institution where children and family members learn socialization. Family members learn the norms of society for the first time in the family, and the origin of many people's behaviors goes back to the family. Abandoned and abused children need psychological and psychological services more than other children. Many feelings are damaged and disturbed in these children. They seriously experience feeling of anger and loss and are prone to all kinds of delinquency, so if the children's problems are not treated, the damage will be spread from the family to society. Risks such as stress and depression can be predicted in these children and consequently in the later periods of their lives such as adolescence. Stress and depression in these people, who are far from the love and upbringing of their parents, have many negative effects on them. Children with stress, loss, or problems with attention, learning, behavior, or anxiety disorders are at increased risk for depression. A person who has depression does not value and respect himself, and may experience isolation, isolation or aggression, and antisocial behaviors. Therefore, in general, in abused people and especially in teenagers and children, improving this concept helps people to take firmer steps towards the future with more confidence and awareness. The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this research was all the teenagers who referred to the family counseling centers in the 6th district of Tehran, who referred to the counseling centers in 2019 and had the declaration of abuse, which was equal to 80 people. The sampling method in this research was aimed to distribute the announcement at the level of the counseling centers, asking the abused people to go to the counseling centers to participate in social work group meetings. Entry criteria include: 1. willingness of people to participate in meetings, 2. having abusive parents, 3. not having any previous physical or mental illness, and exit criteria also include: 1. taking any type of anti-depressant, sedative, etc. Considering the entry and exit criteria, 24 people were selected as samples and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). In this study, a standard questionnaire was used to check the level of stress and depression. Based on the mentioned materials and considering the adverse consequences of abuse, a therapeutic approach should be sought in order to remove people from these symptoms and help them recover from stress and depression. It seems that in this regard, social work is one of the approaches that can be beneficial. Social work is a profession based on talents, skills, and expertise, in order to provide material and spiritual conditions for people and needy sections of society in such a way that they are motivated to recognize and solve their problems. The goal of social work is to create harmony between the patient's well-being and social well-being. The most important discussion in the goals of nursing care is empowering, independence, and self-reliance of the patient. Family is the most important social group and the basis of society. Therefore, it is very necessary to solve the crises that are formed in this small institution. In fact, social workers prioritize working in the family, solving the problems of children and the elderly. Considering the importance of abused people in society and the presence of stress and depression in these people, as well as the lack of social work intervention in these people, this research aims to investigate the effect of social work intervention on stress and depression in abused teenagers. Methods: The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. In order to conduct this research, among the abused teenagers who referred to the counseling centers of the 6th district of Tehran in 2019, whose number was equal to 80, 24 people were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). Then Lavibond (1995) stress and depression questionnaire was completed by two groups. The experimental group underwent the social work method for 8 sessions, each session lasting 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive training. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the post-test stress and depression scores of the experimental and control groups, and social work had a positive effect on the experimental group, so that the level of stress and depression decreased significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the existence of social work in any society can be a helpful factor in reducing the stress and depression of abused people and paying attention to the treatment methods of social work is important. It is considered On the one hand, a social worker should have a strong sense of altruism, love for people, and a strong sense of sympathy towards the needy and those in need of social services. Don't forget yourself and don't get extreme emotions about certain situations. In social work, it is believed that the social worker should put himself in the place of the client and see the world through his eyes. The helper should be relatively aware of the deprivations and limitations of the public. Being a "familiar pain" does not mean that he has the same pain or problem as his client. The main role expected from the social worker in this method, which is also mentioned in other methods, is that the worker must find the ability to give and break hearts. This means that he can deal with the problem on time and this deal is serious and deep, and on the other hand, he can separate himself from it in time, and his preoccupation with the clients' problems is like someone who has to cross a raging river. Which inevitably enters it and swims out of it safely, and if it is captured by the waves and turbulence of the river, it will drown in it, it will be an example of a helper who carries the problems of the clients with him and is able to separate the roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Identifying the factors affecting the foundation of the family, such as marital boredom, failure, negative feelings towards the spouse, etc., and examining prevention and elimination strategies, is of undeniable importance. Marital boredom is a painful state of physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion that affects those who expect their abundant love to give meaning and meaning to life and its quality. These people find out that they have experienced marital boredom when, despite all their efforts, their relationships have not given them a meaningful life (2). Failure is another factor that can shake the foundation of the family as the most important element of society. Failure is one of the most important human characteristics that is related to tolerating failure and refers to the amount of stress that a person can endure before his behavior becomes integrated and disrupted (4). On the other hand, one of the factors that play an important role in the health and well-being of the family is a positive feeling towards the spouse and married life. Establishing a proper relationship with the spouse, saying words and sentences at the right time is one of the main factors affecting the formation of positive emotions of the couple, durability and life satisfaction (6). One of the ways to prevent and eliminate the destructive factors of family foundation is couple therapy methods including cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and imagotherapy. Cognitivebehavioral couple therapy uses cognitive and behavioral strategies and life skills training to try out the obvious behavior and interaction of couples by changing their thoughts, expectations, interpretations and ways of responding to them. Change (7). In addition to cognitive reconstruction, this approach also uses a variety of behavioral interventions to strengthen couples' coping skills (8). In addition, various studies have shown the effectiveness of these therapies on the relationship between couples, but the results are contradictory. Given the above, the identification of factors affecting the foundation of the family, including marital boredom, failure, negative feelings towards the spouse and the study of prevention and elimination strategies, including various methods of couple therapy, the importance of undeniable to The purpose is to preserve the sacred foundation of the family in Iran. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of imagotherapy and cognitive and behavioral couple therapy on marital boredom, failure tolerance and positive feelings towards the spouse in couples are compared. Methods: In order to conduct the present quasi-experimental research, which was conducted with pre-test and post-test design, among couples with marital conflicts who referred to family court, dispute resolution councils and counseling centers in Mashhad in 1399, 30 couples as The volunteers participated in the study as a statistical sample and were randomly divided into three groups: imagotherapy, cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and control. Subjects first retracted the Pynes (2004) Marital Boredom Questionnaire, Harrington Failure Tolerance Questionnaire (2005), and Positive Feeling of Spouse's New York State University Couple Clinic (1975). Then, the subjects of the experimental groups received 10 sessions and each session received 90 minutes of intervention. Finally, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. It should be noted that the conditions for entering the research included 3 to 10 years of marriage, having a minimum diploma, having an age of 30 to 45 years and no history of divorce, and exclusion criteria included being absent for more than one session and canceling further cooperation. At the end of the intervention sessions, all subjects completed the questionnaires again. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Shapirovilk test to examine the natural distribution of data, multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analysis of data using SPSS software version 24. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, imagotherapy and control in at least one of the variables of marital boredom, failure tolerance or positive feeling towards the spouse (F = 76.31, P = 0.001). On the other hand, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference between the intervention methods in all three variables of marital boredom (CB), failure tolerance (FT) and positive feeling towards the spouse (PF). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that both cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and immagotherapy compared to the control group significantly reduced marital boredom, increased failure tolerance and increased positive feelings towards the spouse in couples with marital conflicts. Also, imagotherapy couple therapy was more effective in reducing marital boredom, increasing failure tolerance and increasing positive feelings towards the spouse in the couple in comparison with cognitive-behavioral couple therapy. Conclusion: The findings of the present study are consistent with some of the results of De Klerk (2001) research that receiving immunotherapy has been able to increase couples' satisfaction and satisfaction (17). Also, the results of the present study are part of the findings of the study by Westerman et al. (2008) who found that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy improves marital satisfaction, reduces psychological distress symptoms and husband boredom with spouse and increases the overall functioning of the relationship. Gives, confirms (18). In addition, the findings of the present study, with part of the results of Martin and Bailowski (2011) research that found that Imago-based couple therapy method, increased conversations between spouses, increased self-understanding and understanding of spouses, understanding of Has increased childhood and spouses as well as increased self-confidence, is consistent (19). Also, the findings of the present study, with some of the results of Jang (2015) research that received image therapy on marital relationships, marital intimacy, marital relationships, communication skills to resolve marital conflicts, mutual respect, gender role, sexual satisfaction, Couples' time together and decision making have a significant positive effect, it is consistent (10). Also, the results of the present study are consistent with some of the findings of Karimi and Khalatbari study (2017) who found that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy has a significant effect on marital boredom and its components, marital satisfaction and marital intimacy (23). In addition, the findings of the present study confirm some of the results of the research of Shakralahzadeh et al. (2017) who found that cognitive-behavioral skills training has an effect on marital conflicts and marital apathy (24). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Marital infidelity is one of the most important factors threatening the performance, stability, and continuity of marital relationships. Marital infidelity refers to any sexual or emotional relationship beyond the framework of a committed relationship between two spouses, and research shows that about one-third of men and a quarter of women are likely to have sex at least once in their lifetime. Engage in extramarital affairs. Hidden relationships outside of marriage cause feelings such as depression, anger, frustration, lack of self-confidence, loss of identity, and feelings of worthlessness in a betrayed spouse. Marital infidelity also causes feelings of doubt, depression, and guilt in the unfaithful spouse. Couples who are treated for marital infidelity are more likely to separate and divorce than couples who present with other problems. Marital infidelity is one of the main reasons that bring couples to family counseling clinics for divorce. Research has shown that the harmful consequences of infidelity can last for a long time and may last forever, unless the couple receives proper treatment. One of the most important changes that can be made in the life of couples with extramarital affairs is to reduce the symptoms of depression and improve their sexual function psychologically, and it seems that the scheme of schema therapy can be effective in this regard. Various cognitive factors are influential in marital incompatibilities. One type of cognition that is important in a marital relationship is maladaptive schemas. Incompatible schemas are structures that are formed based on reality or experience and, as mediators, affect individuals' behavioral responses. Schemas are considered undeniable intellectual structures that are used as a framework for processing experiences. These schemas expand over time and define thoughts and relationships with others. According to Beck, early maladaptive schemas are essentially valid examples of traumatic childhood experiences that gradually become patterns of distorted thoughts and dysfunctional behaviors, and since the beginning of life, they are brought up in a habit and remain unquestioned, often forming human self-conceptions and views of the world. Even when there is evidence that schemas are refuted, many people distort their information to preserve the validity of the schemas. The usefulness of schema therapy in the treatment of severe marital problems and common problems in maintaining intimate relationships between couples has been confirmed. Considering the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the schema model and also the lack of research in Iran to evaluate its effectiveness on women affected by infidelity, in this study we tried to evaluate the effect of couple therapy based on the schema model on depressive symptoms and sexual function in women affected by infidelity in Bushehr should be examined. Methods: This research is in the group of quasi-experimental researches which was approved by Bushehr University of Medical Sciences with ethics code IR.BPUMS.REC.1399.169. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women affected by infidelity in Bushehr who had been referred to counseling and family therapy centers in Bushehr. The sample consisted of 30 people (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). In the present study, the library method was used to review research sources and the field method was used to collect information. Both groups completed the research tools in the pre-test and post-test stages. Research instruments included Beck and Stear's (1996) Depression Inventory and Rosen et al.'s (2000) Sexual Function Questionnaire. Results: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that couple therapy based on the schema model had a significant effect on reducing depressive symptoms and improving sexual function in women affected by infidelity. Based on the effect size coefficient, 71.1% of the variance of the dependent variables of depressive symptoms and sexual function can be explained by the independent variable of couple therapy based on the schema model. Conclusion: The use of schema-based couple therapy can play an important role in reducing depression and improving sexual function in women affected by infidelity. Schema-based couple therapy is an approach consisting of cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, attachment, and experimental approaches in the form of an integrated treatment model that uses four main cognitive, behavioral, relational, and experimental techniques in individuals in addition to questioning maladaptive schemas. This is the main cause of the formation of dysfunctional and irrational thoughts, emotionally drains the buried negative emotions and emotions and often leads to depression. It has been found that there is a theoretical link between early dysfunctional schemas and depressive symptoms. For example, the perfectionist schemas of emotional inhibition, social isolation, self-development, impairment, and emotional deprivation appear to be associated with depressive disorder. Therefore, recognizing these schemas and changing them has important clinical implications. In fact, by identifying depressive schemas in women affected by infidelity, they can be targeted for treatment, and with therapeutic interventions focused on schemas, they can be changed and corrected. Also, in explaining the effect of schema-based couple therapy on improving the sexual function of women affected by infidelity, it should be noted that in schema therapy, through behavioral techniques, clients are allowed to have intimacy with their lives by sharing memories. Bitter and unfortunate and allow the spouse to approach. Therefore, it can be said that couple therapy based on schema model through cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies can correct the schemas of the first people that lead to an increased tendency to marital infidelity and decreased marital satisfaction, and as a result, the person acquires enough power to stop marital infidelity and increase intimacy with the spouse. Therefore, it can be said that the couple therapy effected on depressive symptoms and sexual function in women affected by infidelity. It seems that schema-based couple therapy, by affecting intimacy and marital forgiveness, has a positive effect on increasing couples' sexual intimacy and will improve their sexual function. Although in this study, an attempt was made to reduce the disturbing variables and possible biases by randomly assigning the subjects to the experimental and control groups, but the most important limitation of this study was not to use follow-up. Another limitation was the limitation of the sample to couples referring to the Welfare Counseling Center in Bushehr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women. Methods: We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention. We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group. We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the common causes of anterior knee pain, which is related to the intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors that affect the patellofemoral (PF) joint interface. The common causes of PFPS are: PF joint overloading, a disorder of patellar and femoral articular surface, knee muscular imbalance and weakness, an increase of Q angle, excessive subtalar pronation. This pathological chain can produce excessive compressive stress on the patellofemoral joint surface that causes nagging pain that significantly affects patients’ quality of life (QOL) and disability. The main factor of the therapeutic approach in conservative treatment of PFPS is exercise therapy including restoration of power balance quadriceps, improvement of the range of motion, as well as prevention of unequal compressive stresses on the PF joint. Generally, two exercise-based plans: Open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain exercises (CKC), have been employed for managing PFPS. It has been claimed that CKCs may provide more sensory feedback that could be effective in controlling joint stresses compared to OKCs. Quadriceps muscle actuates separately leading to an increase in PF compression stress; whereas muscular co-contraction occurs in CKCs that enhance joint stability and mitigate joint pain. Despite the existence of some clinical evidence of the effectiveness of the two exercise programs in the treatment of PFPS, there is a scarcity of scientific reports showing which method is most effective. The present study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of the OKC and CKC exercises on the pain and functional statement in patients with PFPS. Methods: This study was designed as a randomized clinical trial with ethical approval of the Research Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences. It was conducted on 64 patients with PFPS who were referred to the Clinic of Sports Medicine in Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran. Inclusion criteria were: 1) age between 18-70 years, 2) pain in the anterior knee for at least two months with pain intensity equal to or higher than three based on the visual analog scale (VAS), 3) three or more positive clinical signs in the following tests: Clarke's sign, McConnell test, Nobel compression test, Waldron test, and patella in medial or lateral positions, 4) pain arose in at least two of the following situations: Resisted contraction of the quadriceps, squatting, prolonged sitting or kneeling, descending or ascending stairs, 5) normal mental state and 6) not participating in sports programs and physical therapy in the recent three months. On the other hand, exclusion criteria were: 1) history of previous surgery or injury in the knee, 2) history of acute traumatic injuries, 3) history of knee locking, 4) history of patellar dislocation or knee osteoarthritis, 5) history of knee intra-articular injection in the past six months, 6) Osgood-Schlatter disease, 7) unwillingness to participate in the study; 8) uncompleted evaluation programs; 9) any damage to the knee joint during the study and 10) using any therapeutic protocols. Therefore, outcome measurements were consisted of anthropometric parameters which were measured by the standard tools, pain intensity by VAS, 6-minute walking test (6MW test), timed up and go (TUG), sit-up test (numbers of sitting and getting up from a chair in 30 seconds), KUJALA anterior knee pain questionnaire and Functional Index Questionnaire (FIQ) for assessment of lower extremity function. The outcome measurements were carried out at three intervals: The baseline or pre-intervention, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Also, study intervention: A total of 117 patients with PFPS, 64 patients were included and randomly allocated to two groups, with 32 patients in each group. The participants began a 24-session program (three times per week) in each group after the pre-intervention assessment. All groups received the same warm-up exercises. OKC Protocol- the OKC group, received an exercise protocol that consisted of quadriceps setting, straight leg raise (SLR), and knee extension. CKC Protocol- the CKC group, received an exercise protocol that consisted of mini squat, Standing wall sit, and step up. Statistical analysis: The SPSS (version 16; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was reasonably applied to provide the analysis. The normality of data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent t-test and repeated measurement were also fulfilled to compare the results over time within and between groups. Results: Comparing the mean VAS pain score at baseline showed no difference between the OKC and CKC groups. And no difference was revealed in the mean KUJALA anterior knee pain score between the two groups before, one month, and two months after exercises. However, the results for the FIQ test were slightly different. Comparing the mean functional index between the subjects programmed for OKC and CKC exercises, it was presented that the CKC was slightly higher after two months of intervention. Again for the mean 6MW test, TUG test, and sit-up test, the difference was negligible between the two groups. Conclusion: Findings in the present study showed that by planning both OKC and CKC training programs for eight weeks, a significant improvement in pain intensity and functional expression was achieved. Still, no priorities were determined between the two programs. As indicated by Witvirouw et al., an increase in the torque peak of the functional capacity of knee-related muscles and also pain reduction were found in both exercise groups. In a similar study, excellent results were revealed related to the pain and functionality. Contrary to our observation, Stiene et al., concluded that after an eight-week treatment, the CKC exercises were more effective than the OKC exercises. The above exposed statement suggests that both the OKC and the CKC exercises have been employed to treat the PFPS, but the OKC program seemed more effective in pain relief. Moreover, some studies could not demonstrate a discrepancy between the two exercise types. As indicated in a systematic review no significant differences in improvement of function or reduction of pain were apparent between the two types of exercise in any of the studies. There are significant differences between OKC and CKC protocols regarding action mechanisms and muscular effects. In OKC, a combination in which the terminal joint is free, while in CKC, one in which the terminal joint meets with some considerable external resistance that prohibits or restrains free movement. Also, in OKC, the distal end is opened, whereas, in CKC, the motion of one segment at one joint will produce motion at all other joints in the system in a predictable manner. In CKC exercise, the main basis is an exercise with greater proprioceptive input leading to an increase in proprioceptive ability, increasing joint compressive forces and knee stability, and thus increasing muscular performance. Totally, CKC exercise seemed to be safe because of decreasing shear force and increased muscle co-contraction. Unlikely, some advantages have also been pointed out for OKC versus CKC exercise, including improving strength and increasing ROM at specific joints, correcting strength deficits of specific muscles or joints, and beginning rehabilitation when athletes are not able to perform CKC exercises. It has been demonstrated that OKC and CKC exercises are equally effective in pain reduction and functional improvement. They are strongly recommended as rehabilitation protocols in patients with PFPS. However, why one protocol is superior to another remains controversial and needs further assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a chronic debilitating condition characterized by an unpredictable period of flare-ups and periods of recovery that often affect people. And require lifelong follow-up and medical treatment (1). UC is characterized by diarrhea, severe cramps, and weight loss (3). Due to the bad consequences of this disease on individual and social life, various methods such as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, anti-tumor necrosis agents, dolizumab, sticnomab and tonacitinib are used to control the disease. (3). In general, inflammatory bowel diseases not only affect the patient in terms of physical complaints, but also challenge psychosocial issues, which necessitates the need for psychotherapy (12). One of the third wave therapies that has recently been widely used in physical and psychological health problems is commitment-based therapy, which has six central processes: acceptance, failure, self as context, communication with the present., Values and practice are committed. Mindfulness based on acceptance and commitment to manage inner experiences teaches us effective skills of mindfulness (13). For years, the main end point of IBD treatment was recovery and clinical response, followed by normalization of biomarkers and improvement of mucosa. In this regard, in recent decades, different therapies have been proven to be effective in treating IBD and the outcome reported by the patient (PRO) has made it more relevant (1). Considering the above and the negative impact of ulcerative colitis on the one hand and the role of treatment based on acceptance and commitment on the other hand, it is necessary to review the research conducted in the country and abroad so far. No individual has been performed in patients with ulcerative colitis. Research has been done on the psychological factors of other patients and the results have been contradictory, so the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether acceptance and commitment-based therapy has an effect on interpersonal sensitivity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of men and women with ulcerative colitis referred to Sari and Amol clinics in 1400. 24 people were selected as a sample by purposive sampling method and by observing the entry and exit criteria. They were randomly divided into two groups based on acceptance, commitment and control. After completing the consent form and the interpersonal sensitivity questionnaire of Bayes and Parker (1989) in the pre-test, the experimental group received 8 sessions (90 minutes each session) of acceptance and commitment based treatment once a week (8) according to the table. 1 were trained and the control group waited for treatment. Also, immediately after the intervention and after 2 months, the questionnaire was completed again by all subjects. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, multivariate analysis of covariance, repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 23 were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that there was a difference between the two groups (Eta=0.504, p = 0.001, F = 21.21 (21, 1) F). In other words, there is a significant difference between the interpersonal sensitivity of the experimental group and the control group. The Eta size indicates that 50.4% of the improvement in interpersonal sensitivity of the subjects in the experimental group can be attributed to the effect of acceptance and commitment-based therapy. According to Table 3, there is a significant difference between the three stages of the values of interpersonal sensitivity variables (P <0.05), which indicates that the amount of interpersonal sensitivity variables during the three stages of pre-test, post-test and followup is different. Also, the results of pairwise comparisons showed that there was a significant difference between the adjusted means of the interpersonal sensitivity variable in the pre-test and post-test (P <0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the adjusted means of the interpersonal sensitivity variable in the pre-test and follow-up stages (P <0.001). Also, there was no significant difference between the adjusted means of the interpersonal sensitivity variable in the post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that treatment based on acceptance and commitment has had an effect on patients' interpersonal sensitivity and the effects of treatment have remained in the follow-up stage. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal susceptibility of patients with ulcerative colitis. It was also found that in the post-test phase, there was a significant difference between the interpersonal sensitivity of the experimental and control groups and the effects of treatment were stable in the follow-up phase. In explaining these findings, it can be said that one of the things that is emphasized in the treatment of acceptance and commitment is evaluation. Evaluation is the application of a comparative relation to two or more verbal events. Unlike comparisons made by other beings, all of which are based on experience, evaluation for humans can be based entirely on verbal events that have never been experienced (21). Since non-evaluation and acceptance are among the goals of treatment in this treatment, it can be said that patients who receive this treatment learn to avoid evaluation and comparison, life events and people who are with them. Relate the relationship without judgment and accept it without evaluation, all of which can improve non-judgmental attitudes in these people and these people are less affected by negative thoughts related to interpersonal problems and have a more receptive attitude to people. All of this leads to less interpersonal sensitivity. Patients accept their mentality and being in the present and consciously instead of avoiding experiences and realities, and commit to expressing the right way of expressing their individuality and value (23) and this is the same flexibility. ذ is psychological receptivity. It seems that mental flexibility can free the individual from the trap of dysfunctional thoughts that lead to incompatibility in relationships and increase the development of interpersonal skills and constructive interactions; Thus, those who received this training can perform techniques such as mindfulness in this treatment by reducing the severity of the dysfunctional thoughts involved in interpersonal problems as well as adhering to the inner values that ¬ Can be a link between social relationships, improve their tolerance level and show less interpersonal sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Anxiety disorders and depression are the most common emotional disorders in adolescence, which in addition to the direct costs they impose on the community health and care system, also have indirect costs (functional decline) that are higher than other psychological disorders. Allocates the amount to itself (4). One of the most interesting aspects of anxiety disorders is the subtle interaction that exists between hereditary and environmental factors that cause these disorders (5). For this reason, paying attention to the family environment is very important in explaining and treating anxiety disorders. Each family uses special methods for individual and social upbringing of their children, which are called parenting methods. These methods are patterns of child rearing that are formed from the normal interaction of parents and their response to children's behavior (7). Since the mother's communication pattern plays an important role in the child's emotional and social development in the future and can improve children's behaviors, it seems that training sessions for parents to manage emotions in interaction with children can improve parents' skills. Equip them with good upbringing, and in these circumstances, parents can better behave decisively towards their children by setting constructive rules in the family and managing their negative emotions (10). In the meantime, integrated meta-diagnostic therapy in response to the limitations of cognitive-behavioral therapies such as the failure of these therapies to improve a significant portion of patients, the existence of multiple guidelines and treatment plans for each disorder and confusion in choosing the appropriate patient guidelines Has been (14). The main goal of integrated meta-diagnostic therapy is for individuals to acquire skills that can effectively manage their negative emotions (15). Given the above and the impact of anxiety on adolescents' personal, family and social lives and the imposition of heavy costs on the individual and society on the one hand, finding a way to reduce the negative effects of anxiety on the other hand and because reviewed research No research has been found on the subject at home or abroad. The researcher seeks to answer the question of whether an integrated transdiagnostic treatment program affects anxious adolescents and their mothers' parents. Methods: To conduct the present quasi-experimental research, which was conducted as a pre-test-post-test with the experimental and control groups, among all anxious adolescent girls in the age range of 12-15 years in the first grade of high school in Tehran in the 98-99 academic year, 20 Paying attention to the entry and exit criteria from one of the schools in Tehran were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then the therapeutic stages of an integrated meta-diagnostic approach, including five main stages of treatment (emotional awareness based on mood 2. cognitive flexibility 3. emotional avoidance and behaviors caused by emotion 4. awareness and tolerance of bodily feelings and 5. endogenous and situational emotional exposure) ( 16). And 12-16 sessions and ranged approximately 50 to 60 minutes weekly. Also, to collect data, the Spence Anxiety Questionnaire was used to assess the anxiety of children aged 8-15 years old in 1997 and the Arjmandnia Parenting Methods Questionnaire 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis (MANCOVA). Results: The results of descriptive statistics of children's anxiety showed that the mean obtained for the experimental group in the pretest is 142.70. With a decrease of 16.07 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 126.63. Regarding the effect of intervention on anxiety, the results of analysis of covariance showed that the integrated meta-diagnostic treatment program had a significant effect on reducing adolescent anxiety (F = 59.5). The average score for the experimental group in the pre-test is 27.53. With an increase of 3.96 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 31.49. Also in the component of authoritative behavior: the average achieved for the experimental group in the pre-test is 8.74. With an increase of 4.67 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 13.41. Finally, in the component of parental dependence: the average achieved for the experimental group in the pre-test is 9.53. With a decrease of 3.55 points in the experimental group, the average score in the post-test has reached 6.48. Regarding the effect of intervention on parenting, it was found that the value of Pilay effect is 0.72 and the value of Lambeda Wilkes is 0.28, both of which are significant at the level of P 0.0 0.01. Therefore, the dependent variables (parenting components) of the experimental and control groups are significantly different from each other. Finally, the results of univariate analysis of covariance on the components of parenting show that the value of F obtained in the two components of authoritarian behavior and parental dependence is significant at the level of P 0.0 0.01. Therefore, the difference between the experimental and control groups is significant in these components. Considering that in the component of authoritative behavior, the mean post-test score of the experimental group increased compared to the pre-test and in the component of parental dependence, there was a decrease in the component, so it can be said that integrated meta-diagnostic treatment program increased authoritarian and dependent behavior. reduces; But the effect of the independent variable on democratic parenting was not significant. Conclusion: In general, meta-diagnostic therapies are an emotion-focused meta-diagnostic and cognitive-behavioral therapy that can be used for a wide range of emotional disorders using emotion regulation skills (22). Emotional response management is the core of transdisciplinary practices and seeks to teach individuals to recognize their emotional responses, modify and regulate their emotional habits to reduce the severity of emotional trauma (23). The use of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies is associated with mental health problems. Among the negative strategies, self-blame, mental rumination and catastrophic captivity, strong correlation with negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, anxiety (24). In summary, to alleviate the problems associated with anxiety, researchers consider the use of cognitive-behavioral and emotional components in therapy necessary (17) and integrated programs have been used to identify multiple problems and benefit from cost-effective multiple therapies; But if these programs are not effective, it is necessary to reduce the anxiety, should consider the cognitive-emotional schemas of individuals and eliminate cognitive distortions, emotional schemas (24). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes is a chronic progressive disease that has physical, metabolic, social and psychological challenges and increases the risk of concomitant mental health problems (1). Accelerated macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes are due in part to increased metabolic side effects such as elevated cholesterol and LDL (4). In this regard, research has shown that there is a close relationship between fat percentage, body mass index and insulin concentration (5). Because the challenges of diabetes affect many aspects of patients' daily lives and their families, psychosocial assessment and treatment is a vital part of comprehensive diabetes care. The diabetic must accept that he or she may have diabetes-related complications; The patient should consider themselves an important member of the diabetes care team, not the person being cared for by the treatment team. Emotional stress can cause behavior change so that the other person does not follow their own diet, exercise, and treatment (6). For this reason, researchers have long used various methods to reduce the negative effects of diabetes, so that the effect of physical activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has long been known (7). Although a lot of research has been done in this field, but there is a big difference between the results of research (8). Regarding the treatment of mental problems of diabetic patients, considering that the use of sedatives and other drugs is always associated with many side effects, and today in the global medical system, more efforts are made to prevent and treat diseases without the use of drugs. It seems that participating in a regular and codified exercise program can play a major role in reducing the effects of diabetes, improving mental health and reducing the negative psychological effects of diabetes. Due to the conflicting results of research, researchers are trying to use different training methods to get the best results, so it seems necessary to design new protocols and study their impact on various factors. Also, considering that there is little research that in addition to examining the effect of aerobic exercise on metabolic side effects has examined the effect of these exercises on psychological factors in diabetic patients, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether pyramidal aerobic exercise on cholesterol, HbA1c, LDL, affect anxiety and stress in type 2 diabetic patients? Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes in Zabol city were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups. The research method was that 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session from the beginning of the research, the research variables in the pre-test were measured using blood sampling and Beck Anxiety and Stress Questionnaires. The training protocol in the present study included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session included 45-60 minutes of pyramidal aerobic training in 3 stages. The volume of each training interval based on the intensity of training and the ability of the subjects started from light intensity in the first interval and increased in each interval. Resistance was also calculated using the reserve heart rate of each individual using the caronene formula (20). In order to observe the principle of overload, the training time was started from 15 minutes and reached 35 minutes in the eighth week. To divide the time in each interval, the total training time was divided into 3 parts; In the first 1.2, light exercise was performed (50-35% of the reserve heart rate). In the second interval, the training, which included the remaining 2.3 of the training time, was performed with an intensity of 50-65% of the reserve heart rate. The rest time between each interval was 3 minutes. Finally, descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, paired t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that after 8 weeks of pyramidal aerobic training, cholesterol, LDL, HbA1c, depression, anxiety and stress in the experimental group were significantly reduced in the post-test compared to the pre-test. However, in the post-test control group, this value increased compared to the pre-test, but was not statistically significant. The results were compared with the control group to ensure that the decrease in research variables was due to the present research protocol. Control can be confidently reported that the changes were due to the training protocol. Concluson: Findings of this study showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly reduced total cholesterol, HbA1C, LDL, anxiety, depression and stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the above explanation, it can be said that research has shown that muscle contraction has an insulin-like role and sends a large amount of glucose into the cell to be used for energy production. 33 Muscle contraction increases membrane permeability to glucose, possibly due to an increase in the number of glucose transporters in the membrane. Exercise (Glut4) increases plasma in trained muscles, which improves Glut4 levels of insulin on glucose metabolism (28). In the above explanation, it can be said that physical activity in women increases the level of progesterone and this increase reduces psychological symptoms such as anxiety. In general, physical activity seems to improve mood symptoms, including anxiety, by the mechanism of action on cerebral endorphins (34). Physical activity increases the efficiency of the mind, the feeling of freshness and health, and provides a good mental attitude to life, provides mental health. Women are more affected by the psychological factors of physical activity than men and their sense of well-being increases more than men (35). Research has shown that anxiety and stress are caused by a lack of self-confidence in people. As Farad's social interactions increase in team sports, their self-esteem improves and self-confidence increases. On the other hand, team sports reduce stress and anxiety. Although self-confidence was not examined in the present study, it may be one of the mechanisms related to the findings of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the main complications of type 2 diabetes is cardiovascular complications, which greatly increases mortality and reduces the quality of life of these patients. Complications of type 2 diabetes, which are known as cardiovascular risk factors, include dyslipidemia (1, 3) and high blood pressure, which are common diseases in type 2 diabetes (1, 4). Another complication of type 2 diabetes is liver complications (5). Which is associated with cardiovascular risk factors (5, 8) in type 2 diabetes. Despite extensive research to identify the pathological causes of type 2 diabetes, no definitive treatment for type 2 diabetes has been found so far, and the annual death rate from type 2 diabetes and liver disorders due to diabetes due to cardiovascular events is increasing (5). Indicating the need for further research to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in these patients. Exercise is one of the main pillars in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (13), but these patients may be limited in performing continuous aerobic exercise due to overweight and low level of physical fitness (14); For this reason, interval training is recommended for these patients because resting between exercise intervals reduces the cardiac stress caused, leading to metabolic recovery and rebuilding energy systems, allowing for more exercise in one session (18); Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval aerobic training on cardiovascular risk factors including cardiovascular and hepatic complications in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In the present quasi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from volunteer patients aged 35 to 50 years, sedentary lifestyle (no physical activity in the last six months), no insulin injection, no acute cardiovascular disease, no respiratory disease, and no musculoskeletal disease. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic interval training and control. Exercise training intervention in the present study included 12 weeks of aerobic interval training, three sessions per week and each exercise session included 1)10-15 minutes of warm-up, 2) the main exercise program (10-40 minutes aerobic interval training with 5 minute intervals and a rest-to-activity ratio of 1: 1), 3) and 10 minutes of coolingdown. 24 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session, the research variables were measured in fasting. Paired sample t-test and independent t-tests were used to examine changes within and between groups. All statistical analysis operations were performed at the significant level of P 05 0.05 by SPSS software version 22. Results: The results showed that after the training period there was founded a significant decrease in the levels of HbA1c (P <0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.038), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.008), alanine aminotransferase (P <0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P <0.001), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.06) and body fat percentage (P = 0.003) and significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (P = 0.002) And maximum oxygen consumption (P <0.001) was observed compared to the control group, but there was no a significant difference in changes in total cholesterol (P = 0.159), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.211) and body weight (0.061). = P) between training and control groups. Conclusion: Regarding the chronic effect of regular exercise on glycemic control in diabetic patients, it can be said that aerobic interval exercise has increased glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes by increasing cell sensitivity with insulin-dependent molecular pathways and insulin-independent pathways (19). Also, after the training period, was observed a significant decrease in body fat percentage. The ratio of fat to muscle mass plays an important role in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders (21); therefore, the decrease in HbA1c caused by exercise can be justified in relation to the reduction of body fat percentage. Also, after the training period, a significant improvement in lipid profile was observed in the form of a decrease in triglycerides and LDL and a significant increase in HDL levels. The improvement in lipid profile in the present study may be due to the reduction of insulin resistance and glycemic control in adaptation to periodic aerobic exercise (16). Also, a significant decrease in serum aminotransferases was observed in the exercise group compared to the control group; it can be said that improving insulin resistance in the liver has reduced the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes, which has resulted in reduced hepatic steatosis and improved liver function in patients. It is reported that body composition and HbA1c levels were associated with NAFLD. Also, after the training period, a significant increase in VO2max was observed compared to the control group. Cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), is related to functional capacity and human function and has been shown to be a strong predictor of disease mortality (27). One of the complications of diabetes is decreased functional ability in patients during exercise, the optimal delivery and use of oxygen means the interaction of various physiological functions, such as pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, cardiac output, muscle blood distribution, aerobic capacity and energy production in skeletal muscle, as well as perception of fatigue (14). It can be said that exercise improves the function of the cardiorespiratory system by increasing the absorption and delivery of oxygen to the active muscles. Also in the present study, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure was observed compared to the control group. Due to the fact that exercise training can affect vascular function and thus the response to vascular flow, it can increase blood flow to active muscles during exercise and provide the need for muscle oxygen by increasing blood flow, as well as increasing flow. The blood expels the metabolites produced and thus reduces the accumulation of these metabolites in the muscles (4, 28). On the other hand, by reducing insulin resistance in muscle cells, glucose uptake increases and as a result, glycogen stores in muscle cells increase, which can be useful in performing long-term exercise. Improving insulin signaling also leads to better glucose uptake during exercise (27, 29), resulting in better performance in long-term aerobic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Intense physical activity, despite its various benefits for general health, can cause possible damage to various tissues of the body due to increasing oxidative stress through increasing production of reactive species. Muscle bruising and pain is a common experience that occurs after performing unusual and intense activities, especially after resistance and extroverted activities. Delayed muscle spasm is associated with the release of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, and can be measured by the release of these enzymes into the blood. Numerous studies have examined the effect of resistance trainings on muscle injury indices that creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, spartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and myoglobin indices increased significantly after exercise. In another study, they did not see any significant changes in CK and LDH muscle injury indices after 3 hours of cycling. Therefore, due to the injuries, researchers have drawn attention to the effects of resistance exercise on muscle injury indices. Although resistance training improves performance, it does not prevent the release of inflammatory and traumatic factors, so these factors can cause acute sports injuries, which will be especially important at a young age. Nowadays, special attention is paid to the use of various methods of resistance training, the most prominent of which is TRX or the same resistance training exercises suspended by body weight. Therefore, considering the different effects of sports activities, especially strength training on different parts of the body and the possibility of injury in these exercises, and considering the differences in the type of resistance training programs such as TRX and circular resistance, it is important to pay attention to the effects of this type of training and muscle injury indices. Also due to the contradictory results about the effect of exercise, especially the effect of resistance activity on muscle injury indices and also the lack of sufficient research on the long-term effect of TRX training on muscle injury indices and especially insufficient research on the comparison of resistance training and TRX, the researcher decided to compare 8 weeks of traditional resistance training and TRX on the indicators of muscle injury in inactive women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, (28) healthy inactive girls with a mean age of 21.00 38 1.38 years were randomly divided into three groups: traditional resistance training (9), TRX training (9) and control (10). The experimental groups performed the training protocol three times a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 65 to 80%. Blood samples were taken before training and 48 hours after the last training session and creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: The results showed that traditional resistance training and TRX both cause significant changes in LDH levels, while there was no significant difference in CPK variable from pre-test to post-test in all three groups. Also, in examining the differences between groups, no significant difference was observed between the three study groups at CPK levels. While there was a significant difference in the amount of lactate dehydrogenase between the three groups (p <0.05). According to the results of Table 3, there was a significant difference in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase between the resistance group and the TRX group (p = 0.0001), the control group with the TRX group (p = 0.0001) and the control group with the resistance group (p = 0.012) was observed. Conclusion: The presence of CK and LDH in the blood is an indirect sign of muscle damage as well as the diagnosis of medical conditions such as heart attack, muscular dystrophy and brain diseases. Cellular disorders, especially muscle cells, can cause CK and LDH to leak from cells into the blood serum. The findings of the present study showed that although there was a difference in the means of the three groups in both variables of creatine kinase and LDH, but this difference was significant only for LDH (P <0.05). The results of this study also showed that there is no significant difference in creatine kinase index between the two types of traditional resistance training and TRX after eight weeks. These factors affect the amount of response and the time period of secretion along with the injury. In general, the researchers state that intense resistance activities due to increased mechanical-metabolic pressure on the fibers lead to rupture of fibers, fluidization of z-plates, rupture of sarcolemma, displacement of intracellular organs, instability of plasma membranes and increasing secretion of intracellular proteins, after performing the resistant and intense activity. In fact, fatigue of muscle fibers following exhaustive activities can lead to increasing permeability of cell membranes to intracellular free calcium ions and dysfunction of sodium-potassium pumps, causing instability of cell membranes and activation of proteases and intracellular lipases. There is a close relationship between the release of phospholipases and creatine kinase due to the activity of intracellular proteolytic enzymes stimulated by calcium in the isolated muscle of mammals. The results of this study on LDH showed that the LDH of the experimental groups was significantly lower than the control group. Lactate dehydrogenase is one of the enzymes involved in the anaerobic pathway of ATP production. The secretion of lactate from the training muscle and the activity of the muscle pump indicate the role of continuous exercise training on the rate of cell damages. It has also been shown that trained people have less enzymatic release into the bloodstream than people who did not, which may be due to the adaptation of trained people to the physical activity and exercise; because the skeletal muscles of athletes and trained people have the highest amount of ATP, which is used during exercise and physical activity to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane, and as a result, reduces the leakage of enzymes into the blood. In any case, it seems that as a result of running consecutive weeks of regular exercise programs, intramuscular adaptation may be established, and the nature of resistance training programs causes adaptation to occur at all levels, including intramuscular and better blood supply, which reduces the activity level of CK and LDH enzymes as indicators of muscle and cell damage; therefore, it seems that the use of appropriate methods of training reduces the disruption of biochemical changes. Therefore, according to the findings of the present study, it can be stated that the implementation of TRX training program and traditional resistance both can significantly reduce the rate of LDH cell damage index and no change in CK, and there is no difference between this type of training on the indicators muscle damage in young women, so both types of exercise can have beneficial effects on muscle injury indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The study of physiological characteristics and recognition of cardiac pathological factors during exercise and endurance activities can provide a good background in identifying athletes who are at risk. NTproBNP has been reported as a biological marker for the diagnosis of heart failure and disease progression in response to increased stress on the heart wall, increased volume, ventricular and atrial pressure, and other conditions such as ischemia or myocardial infarction and in response to various signals Increased myocardial infarction On the other hand, several studies have shown that elevated cytokines, particularly IL-6, severely modulate cardiac function and can lead to myocyte damage. Increased plasma IL-6 levels during exercise are associated with left ventricular dysfunction and are an important factor in the development of heart failure. It was a professional profession. Methods: The method of this research is laboratory, cross-sectional, laboratory, cross-sectional, and three-blind, by randomly selecting professional runners with the aim of investigating the effect of caffeine and beet juice supplementation on nitrate on NTproBNP and IL-6 followed by a The course of aerobic activity was performed in professional endurance runners. 15 elite male runners with a mean age of 27.5 3 3.8, mean height of 176.7 7 7.7, mean weight of 69.9 7 7.8 and body mass index of 22.3 1 1.5 and maximum oxygen consumption (ml / kg / min) Select 5.2 4 4.6 and randomly, into three groups: 1) High dose (9.6 mmol nitrate and 400 mg caffeine), 2) Low dose (4.8 and 200) and 3) Placebos were divided. Subjects consumed the supplement twice daily with 250 cc of water for seven days before the test. Aerobic exercise included running on a treadmill for 5 km. Plasma concentration of NTproBNP was measured in picograms per ml (pg / ml) and by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys NTproBNP 2010) with a sensitivity of 125 pg / ml. Plasma IL-6 was measured by BMS213HS kit with a sensitivity of 0.02 pg / ml and the results were shown in picograms per ml. Beet powder in powder form Beet powder Sun Say extract completely herbal and organic without sugar, gluten and other preservatives and synthetic chemicals and license made 10645/14 and caffeine in powder form made by Karen company and natural beet juice placebo It was examined by a food quality control laboratory and determined as a placebo with a little basic nitrate. The supplements were combined in three forms by the researcher's colleague in water and provided to the researcher as a solution for consumption. Random help supplement: 1) 9.6 mmol beet extract and 400 mg caffeine for high dose group, 2) 4.8 mmol beet extract and 200 mg caffeine for low dose group and 3) placebo water Natural beets were obtained for the placebo group. Results: The results showed that supplementation had no significant effect on NTproBNP (p = 0.821), but decreased IL-6 (p = 0.001). Also, one session of exercise significantly increased the levels of NTproBNP (p <0.05) and IL-6 (p <0.05) and supplementation after seven days decreased the levels of NTproBNP (p = 0.071) and IL-6 (p = 0.092) followed by sports activities. Conclusion: Considering the increase in plasma levels of NTproBNP and IL-6 immediately after exercise intervention and their significant decrease seven days after intervention, it can be said that due to doubts about the increase in these parameters after exercise, an activity with such a temporal and intense nature does not seem to lead to harm. However, the greater intensity in competitions and the effect of repetition of this training pattern in the long run cannot be ignored and it is suggested that in addition to interpreting the study results of plasma levels of NTproBNP and IL-6 in athletes, comprehensive cardiological studies and physiological factors affect Examine the secretion of these markers in other endurance sports activities for more accurate information on the physiological function of athletes' hearts during endurance sports activities. Also, due to the lack of significant effect of caffeine nitrate supplement on NTproBNP and significant reduction of this supplement on IL-6 after intense and short anaerobic exercise, it is not possible to be confident about taking caffeine-nitrate supplement to control inflammatory factors after intense anaerobic exercise. Commented; However, taking this supplement, due to its anti-oxidant properties and findings based on previous studies, will probably be somewhat beneficial for athletes who train hard. It may need to be used for a longer period of time to be more effective, and more studies are needed to find out more about the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeine-nitrate supplementation in humans. The limitations of this study were low number of samples, duration of sports intervention, lack of control over mental states and motivation of the subjects. Also, although the subjects were given a 24-hour reminder form, it was not possible to precisely control their feeding. In general, according to the findings of the present study and regardless of its limitations and considering the precautionary aspects, it can be recommended to young athletes that they can use caffeine-nitrate supplement to modulate cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]