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Rhizobia (Rhs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil microsymbionts associated with crop roots. For Rhs most of them are legumes and for AMF there is a wider host range; however, there are crops that develop colonization by both symbionts. In any of the symbiotic relationships, crops receive benefits when colonized by these microorganisms are varied and contribute to the use of alternatives for sustainable agriculture. The mechanism by which both symbionts penetrate their plant host has been studied at the molecular level and common genes have been identified, as well as the pathways in which they are involved. Some of these genes are related to the reception of the signal mediated by Nod factors in the case of Rhs and by Myc factors in the case of AMF, others are related to the penetration mechanism and finally to the route by which the symbiont and the plant communicate. In the present review, a list of studies concerning microsymbionts, at the level of pre-colonization, colonization and shared mechanism is made. A proposal of possible common candidate genes for Rhs and AMF to apply genetic engineering is presented, in such a way that a research field called: gene optimization is explored. Because of the similarity by which these symbionts penetrate their host and the potential for genetic modification that this implies, a close molecular, metabolic and physiological relationship is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and easy-to-perform method for gene amplification under isothermal conditions, and it has served as a powerful diagnostic tool. In this study, we used LAMP to develop a diagnostic protocol for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), and Perkinsus spp. in Crassostrea spp. in Mexico. These pathogens are associated with different diseases and are considered a threat in the aquaculture industry. Infected and uninfected oysters and shrimp were obtained from farms in the northwest coast of Mexico to standardize the LAMP assay. We determined the candidate target genes in the first-round analysis of many sets of primers, and then we chose a set of primers that successfully amplified with Mexican samples. We optimized the LAMP reactions for each pathogen with the chosen primer sets using temperature gradients from 61 to 65 °C, DNA concentrations from 2.5 pg to 250.0 ng, and reaction times from 10 to 60 min. This study established a diagnostic procedure for detecting pathogens in oysters and shrimp from Mexico. Early diagnosis and treatment of pathogens can immensely reduce disease transmission in aquaculture farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Osteoporosis & Mineral Metabolism / Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral (Spanish edition) is the property of Ibanez y Plaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)