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Copyright of Ingeniería Agrícola y Biosistemas is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order of studying the behavior of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to two irrigation regimes, this trial was carried out during the months from January to April 2021 at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA). For this, seeds of the Triunfo 70 black bean variety were used, planted in six concrete gutters 2.60 m long by 0.60 m wide (1.56 m2), which contained Ferralitic Red Leached soil. Two irrigation treatments were established that consisted of applying 100% (R100) of the ETc (Standard Evapotranspiration of the crop) and another that irrigated 50% (R50) of the ETc. Soil moisture was monitored and evaluations of some growth variables were carried out, as well as the content of total chlorophylls (SPAD). At the end of the experiment, the yield, its components and variables of the size of the grains were evaluated. The results indicated that the reproductive phase was the most sensitive to water deficiency and the reduction percentages were higher in the leaf surface, compared to other growth variables, which influenced the dry mass production. The number of pods and number of grains per plant had a direct effect on yield behavior, compared to the mass of 100 grains and the number of grains per pod. Yield was reduced under stress conditions, but grain size variables remained similar under both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work was to find the relationship between uniformity of irrigation flow and agro-climatic factors with the yield, during pepper growing in greenhouse. The study was carried out in brown soil with carbonates, in a module of three greenhouses, Granma-1 Model, placed at "Valle del Yabú" Agricultural Company, in Villa Clara Province. In each greenhouse, six soil beds were formed with three irrigation branches with non-compensating Twin Drip drippers. For the study, 27 sampling points were taken, evenly distributed in the three greenhouses. The wind speed, temperature and relative humidity were measured with the Kestrel 5000 micro weather station. For the sampling of dripper flow, rain gauges were located at each experimental point and the irrigation coefficient of uniformity was determined. As a result, wind speed, relative humidity and temperature, inside the greenhouse, showed spatial variability values that satisfy the crop requirements. The coefficient of uniformity of irrigation rate was considered as acceptable with value of 71.2%, as a consequence of the obstruction of drippers, denoting a wide variability of irrigation rate without the presence of water flood or dry soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing is a geomatic tool that has been used to determine soil moisture, a very important physical property in studies related to agricultural production. Particularly, the Vertisol present distinctive characteristics to other groupings of soils in Cuba in relation to water retention and the change of their properties. The objective of the research was validating the use of spectral moisture indexes through Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images in a Vertisol. An area under natural grass, sugarcane and secondary forest of the Provincial Sugarcane Research Station in Guaro, Holguín was chosen. Three georeferenced random sampling points were established for each land use up to a depth of 30.0 cm, for the determination of gravimetric moisture, which was related by means of linear regression analysis with the spectral indexes of moisture and the calculation of parameters for validation. The use of remote sensing showed in the thematic maps obtained from the estimation of moisture with the different spectral indexes, the presence of homogeneous zones and their spatial variability in the moisture state of the Vertisol under the three land uses. ENDWI, MSI and EMSI indexes indicated a better estimation in the statistics used for the validation of the values obtained by remote sensing and in situ sampling of moisture, according to research related to the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The amount of water retained by soil depends on its physical and chemical properties, as well as the type of cover or crop present. It is important to understand the effects of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations on water requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine soil humidity parameters in oil palm plantations at different ages of development in Tabasco, Mexico. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. Four treatments were evaluated: 5-, 11-, and 25-year-old oil palm, and pasture as a control treatment. As response variables, parameters of bulk density (Da), texture, field capacity (CC), permanent wilting point (PMP), electrical conductivity (CE), saturation point (PS), and soil humidity parameters including irrigation sheet (Lr), sheet in the infiltration rate test (Lrinf), basic infiltration (Ib), accumulated sheet (Z), soil humidity retention curves (CRH), and soil humidity stress (EHS) were determined. Ib and Z values were determined in the surface layer; Lr, Lrinf, and CRH at three depths (0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm). The results indicate that the treatments presented significant differences (p = 0.05) in all the variables evaluated; and the parameters of field capacity, permanent wilting point, initial and final humidity in the infiltration rate test, affected the humidity content in the Lr, Lrinf, CRH and EHS. It is concluded that oil palm age modifies soil humidity retention parameters and influences water requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of loess landslides is particularly closely related to rainfall. In order to deeply understand the promotional effect of rainfall infiltration on landslides, based on the investigation of “9?17” Baqiao landslide in Xi'an area of Shaanxi, the numerical simulation methods were used to systematically study the change response characteristics and spatial- temporal distribution laws of the relevant physical and mechanical parameters of the loess slope under the rainfall infiltration conditions, analyze the destabilization process of the slope from the perspective of the change of the safety factor of sliding surface, and reveal the initiation mechanism of this type of landslide. The results show that ① the action of rainfall causes a gradual decrease in the matrix suction of the slope soil, and the magnitude of the decrease varies at different distribution locations; ② before the initiation of the landslide, the range of high volume moisture of the slope body expands significantly with rainfall, and the volume moisture shows the law of decreasing from paleosoil layer to the adjacent loess layer; ③ the horizontal displacement of the slope is radially decreasing from the middle to the upper and lower parts of the slope body, while the vertical displacement gradually decreases from the top to the bottom, and the safety coefficient of its critical sliding surface gradually decreases with the process of rainfall infiltration; ④ the response time and magnitude of pore water pressure and the change of volume moisture in the soil at the nodal development site are earlier and stronger than those in other areas of the slope, and the regional distribution of the maximum shear strain within the slope is basically parallel to the slope surface, and the simulation results are consistent with the prototype landslide; ⑤ based on the unique water-sensitive nature of loess, and the influence of causal factors such as geological structure or human engineering activities, the existence of loess joints and fissures provides an advantageous channel for water infiltration and transport, and rainfall accelerates the process of loess subduction and slope structure destruction, changing the internal stress field, displacement field and hydrogeological conditions of the slope, which in turn promotes the occurrence of landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husk is a by-product of the milling process of ripe rice grains. It provides important nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium and when mixed with soil and fertilizers, it delays soil compaction and hardening, favoring root and plant development. In this study, for the first time in Cuba, the application effect of rice husks as mulch in a three-year-old avocado plantation was evaluated. A notable increase in the number of mycorrhizal fungi spores was obtained, as well as a significant increase in yield, soil moisture retention and a control in the proliferation of unwanted plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is focused on the effects on the soil due to the traffic of sugarcane harvesting machines. The investigation took place in areas of three different units of sugarcane production in the UEB "Héctor Rodríguez", located on the north coast of Villa Clara. The CASE IH 8 800 harvesting machine and self-dumping car pulled by the Maxxum CASE 150 tractor were used for the study. The main characteristics of the predominant soils were determined, as well as the variations of soil micro relief, the bulk density and the soil moisture. The results showed soil modifications due to the traffic of the equipment during the harvest, highlighting the effect of the tractor and self-balancing aggregate. The machines introduce considerably modifications in field profile, by moving over and through the furrow, affecting the root zone. Dry bulk density values characteristic of heavy clay soils, were found, increasing this value after the harvesting machinery passing. On the other hand, soil moisture of 64.0% became in serious traffic problems for tractor self-balancing aggregates and causing traffic jam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Republic of Kosovo, environmental pollution is present. Environmental problems are highlighted in public, comme-rcial and social media. Air, water and soil pollution from various factors affect the health of citizens, while these problems have been addressed in informative editions, specials and conversations in radio and television studios without neglecting their presentation through social networks. The treatment of environmental problems in the Republic of Kosovo is based on local laws harmonized with international ones, while environmental challenges require institutional commitment and media awareness from each entity with an impact on environmental protection. Urban environments near industrial areas are more attacked by pollution, while addressing the problem in the media is related to seeking socio-economic and health changes of the citizens of the Republic of Kosovo. Protecting the environment from pollution is an institutional, social and individual problem of the media to identify the problem and to expect institutional and social reflection for the common good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period 2020-2021 researches are conducted with lettuce, Maritima variety. Pot experiments are set up, in four combinations of two soil types and two water sources. Irrigation regime is applied with differentiation of irrigation rates (m)- 100%m, 80%m and 60%m. Before starting and after the end of the experiment, some basic indicators of soils and waters are laboratory determined-pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chlorides, cation exchange capacity, etc. A change in all studied indicators is found as a result of their interaction. The amount of water-soluble TDS salts in the drained water increases from 2 to 4.8 times, the EC in the one soil decreases by 15 and 33%, and in the other it increases by 13 and 31%. The weight of the plants grown under these conditions varies, both due to the regulated irrigation regime and depending on the qualities of the water and the soil. Maximum values are obtained with one soil-water source combination and the corresponding reduction in the amount of water. The implementation of an irrigation regime with maximum irrigation rates on the same soil, but with two different water leads to a weight reduction of 20.4%. Very close values are obtained with irrigation regime 60%m and 100%m, but with two different soils and one water source. The reduction of irrigation rates by 20% in one soil type, but irrigated by water with different quality, does not affect the weight of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to study the effect of irrigation and the productivity of irrigation water in three varieties of cotton grown under conditions of natural moisture and irrigation. The field experiment was carried out in the region of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria on typical meadow-cinnamon soil with nitrogen fertilization rates for cotton-0, 80, 160 and 240 kg/ha for the period 2018- 2020, characterized by uneven distribution of precipitation during the growing season of the crop, in the conditions of optimal irrigation regime and natural moisture supply. It was found the productive possibilities of cotton with optimal irrigation and natural moisture supply have been established. The productivity of the irrigation water is calculated, which is from 6.72 to 48.72 kg.ha-1.mm, during the years with different precipitation provision. A strong positive linear relationship between the additional yield and the productivity of the irrigation rate has been established. The correlation coefficient was determined (r=0.88). The rate of development of irrigation water productivity is dynamic, but with smaller amplitudes than the rate of additional yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of water scarcity is deepening worldwide and over 70% of the total consumption is in agriculture. Water used for irrigation can be reduced by implementing efficient methods (microirrigation) and technologies (regulated water-deficient irrigation, RDI). Both approaches were the subject of a nine-year study on the primocane fruiting (remontant) raspberry cultivar Lyulin. Raspberry crop was chosen in the present study because of its good position on the international market and the quick return on investment. During the main phenological stages – vigorous growth, flowering and fruit ripening – the irrigation rates were 100%, 75% and 50% of the evapotranspiration of the crop, respectively. Experimental data were collected during the period 2000-2008 in a raspberry plantation of an area of 400 m2 with in-vitro propagated plants of the remontant cultivar Lyulin. The evapotranspiration of the raspberry plantation of the remontant cultivar Lyulin, grown in lowland conditions, varied from 488 mm to 698 mm in total for the vegetation period when fully satisfying the crop water requirements. The irrigation rate of drip irrigation and full satisfaction of the crop water requirements varied from 387 mm to 641 mm, achieved with 50 to 75 irrigations. Drip irrigation, while fully satisfying the water requirements, provided enough moisture to the active soil layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some biological features of Phytolacca americana in the conditions of Central Northern Bulgaria have been studied. The aim of the experimental work was to find out the reasons for the high degree of invasiveness the species exhibited in the specific geographical area. The plants used in the study were grown from seeds originating from the region of Pleven (43°25ʹ N и 24°36ʹ E). After reaching the phase 2nd – 3rd leaf, they were planted in groups of six under different environmental conditions. The first group was pricked in containers with a volume of 5 l, the second – in containers with a volume of 3 l, the third and fourth – in containers with a volume of 0.5 l. The first and the second groups were placed in the shade, and the third and fourth ones – in direct sunlight. The plants of the fifth group were planted in a natural environment at a distance of 1 m. The first four groups were watered with 100 ml of water/l soil – the first and second group twice per week, the third – once a week, and the fourth – once every 10 days. Further to the larger nutrient area, the fifth group was provided with constant soil moisture. Phytolacca americana formed inflorescences and fruits in the first year after germination. Usually all phases of the reproductive organs development were observed simultaneously on the same plant – buds, flowers, green and mature fruit. It exhibited high ecological plasticity based on the ability of the species to form neotenic plants under unfavourable conditions. Their accelerated growth resulted in better maturation and a greater number of seeds per plant at the end of the vegetation period. Optimal conditions for growth, development and propagation of the species during the first vegetation of the plants provided habitat 1 – nutritional volume 5 l soil, 2X100 ml water/l soil per 7 days, shading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three-year field experiment (2018–2020) was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the NSC "Institute for soil science and agrochemistry research named after O.N. Sokolovsky" (Kharkiv region, Ukraine) to study the effects of different depth localization of mineral fertilizers on yield performance and plant nutrient status of sunflower. Soil properties such as moisture, nutrient content (N, P2O5, K2O) during and at the end of the growing season of plants were further investigated. In an experimental design, two forms fertilizers (fertilizer mixture and complex fertilizers) and the following three different depth variations of fertilizers application were compared: 10- 12 cm, 20-22 cm and in two tapes simultaneously (10-12 cm and 20-22 cm). The fertilizers rows were placed 4-5 cm away from the seed row, the rate fertilizers was 60 kg/ha for each element N, P and K. Weather conditions in the years of research were contrasting, especially in terms of humidity. The results showed a significant effect on the soil trophic regime simultaneously both factors: hydrothermal conditions of the growing season and the depth localization of fertilizers tape. At the same time, the average parameters of the nutrient content in the soil with a deeper placement of the fertilizer rows (at 20-22 cm) were higher. The maximum yield of sunflower seeds was obtained by applying fertilizer mixture to a depth of 20-22 cm and complex fertilizers in two rows. The advantage of deeper placement of the fertilizer tape over shallow placement was determined every year at a significance level of 95%, while yield increases ranged from 0.5 t/ha to 1.08 t/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproduction by seed promotes genetic diversity in maguey (Agave salmiana), and if fertilization is adequate, it can increase growth. In pulque maguey, although reproduction by seed is not a common practice, its study is necessary. For this reason, the objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the effect of organic and chemical fertilization on growth and 2) to determine the CO2 exchange rate (CER) in two conditions of soil moisture in three variants of A. salmiana (subsp. crassispina, var. salmiana and var. ferox) obtained from seed in San Bartolomé Actopan, municipality of Temascalapa, State of Mexico. The hypothesis was that plants treated with chemical fertilizer will have greater growth than those treated with organic fertilizer and the control, and plants fertilized with organic and chemical fertilizer will have a higher CER in two conditions of soil moisture. The experimental design was completely randomized with n=11 for growth variables, n=3 for nutrient content and CO2 exchange rate. Growth was measured every month in 2.9- to 3.6-yearold plants, and CO2 exchange rate was measured in 3.6-yearold plants with irrigation and in 3.75-year-old plants under water stress. Organic fertilizer from pig manure favored plant height and diameter and number of leaves. The subespecies crassispina had the highest values of the evaluated variables, and A. salmiana var. salmiana cultivated with chemical fertilization was outstanding for the number of shoots emitted. The highest CO2 exchange rate occurred between 22:00 and 02:00 h and was higher in plants with abundant soil moisture (irrigated) than in plants with moisture below permanent wilting point. In the latter condition, the plants grown with organic and chemical fertilizer assimilated 60% more CO2 than the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ingeniería Agrícola y Biosistemas is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the southwestern region of the country (department of Huila), there are approximately 34,000 hectares with plantains and bananas established mainly as crops associated with coffee, so characterization or typification studies of these crops are required to guide public policies. investment, research and technology transfer. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize and typify the musaceae production systems, considering socioeconomic, productive, technological and health aspects in the municipalities of Garzon, Palermo, Santa Maria and Timana. A structured survey was designed and applied to 74 producers. The characterization of the producers was carried out through multivariate analysis using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Grouping was carried out through cluster analysis, using the Euclidean distance and Ward's method. Four groups of producers were identified, the GI (Timana) without GAP certification, banana (Gross Michel), absence of cultural practices of descalcate and weeding and the main disease elephantiasis. In GII (Garzón), with BPA certification. In the GIII (Santa María), no BPA certification and main disease sigatoka. In the GIV (Palermo), with GAP certification, soil and water analysis, and main disease sigatoka. The use of soil and water analysis and GAP indicate the greater modernization of cultivation in Palermo and Garzon. Elephantiasis with an incidence of 60 to 90% in Gross bananas was identified as the greatest health risk for the sustainability of the crop in Timana. Colombian musa producers are routinely classified according to the cultivation area: small (0.1-5 ha), medium (5.1-15 ha), large (15.1-30 ha) and industrial (>30 ha), the results obtained here indicate that other characteristics associated with the location, use of BPA and the phytosanitary status should be considered in the typing of the Musa crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El experimento se condujo en la Unidad Científico Tecnológica Los Palacios (UCTB Los Palacios), desde el año 2010 hasta el 2012, sobre un suelo Hidromórfico Gley Nodular Ferruginoso Petroférrico durante el período de noviembre a febrero en condiciones semicontroladas, en maceteros de 1 m2 de área. En cada macetero se sembraron 40 semillas de la variedad Delicia 364, con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta del frijol sometido a diferentes intensidades de estrés de agua en la fase vegetativa y su efecto en el rendimiento. Los resultados demostraron que al cultivo de frijol en la fase vegetativa al someterlo a estrés hídrico permitió incremento en el rendimiento a favor de los tratamientos con estrés respecto al testigo que se mantuvo con riego normal. Diferentes intensidades de estrés de agua en la fase vegetativa incremento el rendimiento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]