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This article aims to introduce one of the characteristics of the oral tradition in the Persian epic based on the achievements of the theory of oral expression. Therefore, it focused on battle tools and extracted their types and frequency. It selected Haft Lashkar scroll and the Shahnameh narration scroll as examples of oral epics, and Shahnameh and Shahryarnameh as examples of poetic epics, and in the process of this research, it also explored the prominence and fame of epic battle tools due to their attribution to kings and warriors, country/city, totemic animals, as well as exaggeration of weight and power. The poets of the epic writers/narrators have these special martial tools in the form and construction of "form statements" in the treasure of their minds and have naturally and unconsciously introduced them in the stage of composing the epic. The most important achievement of this research, in addition to the introduction of battle tools as "epic template statements", is that the difference in the frequency and variety of battle tools between the texts of epic verses and the scrolls of narrative, as well as the use of battle tools in texts before and at the same time as the Shahnameh, such as Yadgar Zariran, Rudaki's poems, Farrokhi Sistani, etc., shows that first of all, "epic battle tools style statements" are a legacy of the oral tradition of Persian epics, and the poets of epics/narrators, even Ferdowsi, have no role in inventing them. Moreover, the narrative scrolls were not only influenced by the poetic epic texts, but oral narratives also played a role in their formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Despite the advancement of medicine in managing spinal diseases and the increasing development of treatment methods, back pain has remained one of the significant public health problems in industrial and non-industrial countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of a course of exercise with a pelvic clock device on the endurance of central body muscles, torso range of motion, and pain intensity in middle-aged women with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Methods The present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of middle-aged women with nonspecific chronic low back pain in the age range of 35-50. The statistical sample of the study included 30 middle-aged women who were purposefully and accessibly selected from the study›s statistical population based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The exercise protocol was performed with a pelvic clock device for 8 weeks (3 sessions of 45 minutes per week) by a researcher in a sports club. Central body muscle endurance indices were measured using the McGill test (trunk flexural endurance test for abdominal muscle endurance) and modified Bearing Sorenson test. Also, the trunk range of motion and pain intensity were assessed using Schubert's modified test and visual analog scale. The measurement was made while the control group participated only in the pre-test and post-test stages. The paired t-test and independent t-test were used for intra-group and inter-group comparisons, respectively, at a significance level of 0.05. Results The results showed that 8 weeks of exercises with a pelvic clock device could affect the endurance of the muscles of the central body, the range of motion of the trunk, and the severity of pain in middleaged women with nonspecific chronic low back pain. However, it did not affect the control group (P≤0.05). Conclusion According to the present study findings, it is suggested that exercises with pelvic clock device are used as a cheap and practical modality to increase endurance of central body muscles and torso range of motion but reduce pain in middle-aged women with nonspecific chronic low back pain. It could also be used as a method of prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Rural Research is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics & Development Research (IJAEDR) is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)