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Objective Stuttering is one of the speech disorders that appears in childhood. Many studies emphasize early interventions for its treatment. Circumstances such as a lack of therapists and the COVID-19 pandemic have limited the access to face-to-face therapy. Studies show some problems with this type of treatment. A detailed understanding of these problems in a cultural context can help increase the quality of providing telepractice. This study was conducted to discover the telepractice treatment of stuttering in preschool children. Materials & Methods This qualitative study was conducted in Iran from November 2020 to February 2022 using the grounded theory method. In this study, in-depth, free, and individual interviews were conducted with 9 therapists and 5 parents of children who stutter. The data were analyzed using the Corbin and Strauss method, version 2015. Results After analyzing the data of this study, 6 main categories, 17 subcategories, and 63 primary categories were extracted. The main categories include “hesitation in choosing telepractice”, “characteristics of family and clients”, “technology and the knowledge to apply it”, “therapist skills for telepractice”, “payment system for telepractice fees”, and “efficiency of telepractice”. Conclusion In this study, “efficiency of telepractice” was chosen as the central concept that all participants were concerned about in some way. According to this model, “hesitation in choosing telepractice”, “characteristics of family and clients”, and “technology and the knowledge to apply it” as the context have effects on the processes that are taking place in relation to the telepractice in preschool children who stutter. These processes include “therapist skills for telepractice” and “ payment system for telepractice fees”. In the end, all these things increase the efficiency of telepractice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective There are so many people with disabilities worldwide. This condition has led to taking various national and international measures regarding the rights of people with disabilities. Protecting the rights of people with disabilities in the context of international methods is an important issue that has been explored for years. This study aims to explain the dimensions of the rights of people with disabilities in Iran. Materials & Methods In this study, the meta-synthesis method was used, and the statistical population of the research articles was extracted from various research databases, such as Magiran, Normgaz, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, Science Net Database, Nematan, Civilica, and Humanities Portal were selected. In this study, based on the inclusion criteria, such as title, abstract, content, and quality assessment of studies, 14 articles were finally selected for study analysis. In addition, the time frame of this research is from 2009 to 2020. Also, this study used the 7-step method of Sandelowski and Barros (2007) to analyze the research data. Results The most important rights of the disabled are employment, human value and dignity, education, belonging, proper design of urban furniture, access to health services, elimination of social discrimination, recreation and leisure, social security, freedom, and transportation. By reviewing and integrating the initial findings in this study, after going back and forth between sub-fields, 7 main fields of disability rights were obtained: cultural, economic, political, architectural and urban rights, social, medical, and legal rights. This study examined the content validity ratio and content validity index. The opinions of 8 experts in this field have been used to calculate this ratio. Concerning the content validity ratio, it should be said that it was acceptable for all dimensions. The Kappa index has been used to measure the reliability of the designed model; the kappa coefficient is calculated to be 87%, which is at a high level of the agreement due to the status of the kappa index. Conclusion Legally, people with disabilities have cultural, economic, political, architectural, urban, social, medical, and legal rights. Different and negative views of managers and individuals in society have led to disregarding the rights of people with disabilities. Lack of proper knowledge about people with disabilities and subsequent marginalization will have negative consequences. Proper knowledge of this phenomenon and awareness of the capabilities of people with disabilities is an effective step toward developing a country. Most people with disabilities have been deprived of their basic social, economic, political, and cultural rights. In this regard, pervasive stereotypes, attitudes, and discrimination have reinforced this injustice. It is worthwhile that by changing the perspective of the international community, government, and citizens, able-bodied people can live a just life alongside others. The Iranian government can assist people with disabilities in enacting and enforcing various laws on the rights of persons with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Families with mentally-retarded children need more support than other families in overcoming crises and achieving social adjustment. So, it seems necessary to pay special attention to these families durinzg the COVID-19 pandemic and identify their experiences and challenges to provide more support for this vulnerable group. Therefore, the present study was carried out in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran state welfare organization of Iran (SWO) during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify the challenges of families with mentally retarded children. Materials & Methods The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and contractual content analysis method of Granheim and Lundman (2004). The participants were 18 families with mentally-retarded children living in care centers under the supervision of the Tehran State welfare organization of Iran (SWO), who were selected by purposive sampling. Sampling was continued until data saturation. Data were collected and analyzed using in-person or online (telephone) in-depth semi-structured interviews from July 11 to September 22, 2021. To evaluate the data strength, four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of Guba and Lincoln were used. Results Based on data analysis, 6 main categories and 23 subcategories were obtained. The main categories and subcategories included 1) constant worry about their children getting COVID-19 (inability of the child to protect against coronavirus, not observing protocols by the staff, underlying diseases and deficiency in immune system, few preventive measure for under 18 years people, conflicting information about children and adolescents' infection), 2) disconnection and intensification of stress (agitation and irritability of the disabled, worry about the future, parent's mental confusion, fear of losing child), 3) conflict with family tensions and contradiction (intensification of family guilt, overlooking other children, couple's self-blaming, tension in family interactions, intensification of family melancholia), 4) non-supportive community (further social stigma, social exclusion, lack of supporting vulnerable groups, the limitations of social distancing), 5) family economic crisis (costs of keeping child in the center, losing job and lower income of the family head, poverty and intensification of unstable economic conditions), and 6) care and educational concerns (decreasing the quality of care for the disabled, suspension of rehabilitation and educational activities, restrictions on leisure activities and communication for the disabled). Conclusion The results showed that the families of mentally-retarded children had encountered many challenges and concerns during the COVID-19 epidemic, some of which were related to the intensification of psychological pressures and some due to insufficient support from governmental and non-governmental institutions for these families. The study findings can be used to provide services and design support programs and policies for children with mental disabilities and their families. In this regard, it is recommended to pay special living allowances, strengthen the communication system between parents and children living in care centers, prepare a care and health packages for parents, design and implement psychological interventions to reduce parents' anxiety and stress, and provide free counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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