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The study of heritage sites in Kedah began around the 1840s in the Bujang Valley until now. Various types of heritage sites especially archaeological sites are found around the Bujang Valley, particularly in Pengkalan Bujang, Sungai Mas and Sungai Batu. The definition of Bujang Valley includes the area from Sungai Sala in the North, Gunung Jerai, Sungai Merbok Valley and Sungai Muda to Cherok Tokkun. This situation contributes to the research on archaeotourism because it has a great impact on the local community and the country in particular. The research method used in this study are field research and library research. Field research was done by carrying out an observation in the area involved. Meanwhile, library research involved searching for primary sources by referring to excavation reports by the National Heritage Department as well as written reports found in the National Museum Library and some public universities. The research heritage sites involved sites that were frequently visited by both local and foreign tourists. The results of the study found that environmental factors play an important role in contributing to the increase in tourist arrivals that attract tourism interest in archaeotourism in the Bujang Valley. This paper explains the archaeotourism aspect that can be adapted through the discovery of Kedah heritage sites in the Bujang Valley and focuses at the environmental factors that contribute to the discovery of Kedah heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasises the development of the socio-economy of the Malay community in Kedah. The issues focused on are related to the debt and poverty which had been the dilemma and shackled the Malay community, specifically the farmers. This research will unfold the factors that had led the farmers to like being indebted. This practice was seen to be the norm to the everyday life in handling hardship. In addition, the practice of indebtedness too had led the farmers to fall into the scourge of poverty. This research fully uses historical documents and materials which include books, articles, files from the state secretary, CO 273 Straits Settlements, Original Correspondence, 1838-1922 and CO 716, Kedah/Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905-1937. It was found that for the first quarter of the 20th century, the Malays in Kedah specifically the farmers suffered from financial difficulties. They were not only faced with poverty but also oppression from the middlemen and mounting debts. Many of these farmers at that time had to borrow from the loan sharks who were seen as the main source of income to settle all their bad debts. This research provides understanding about poverty, oppression and middleman issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will approach the development of Alor Setar as a commercial centre in the era between 1735-1909. Within this context, the advancement of this city will be plotted from the aspect of the commercial activities being conducted as well as the factors that triggered the growth of a better and rapid-growing Alor Setar. This study uses the qualitative measurement which involves the collection and data analysis from primary sources obtained from the National Archive of Malaysia such as letters sent by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa to Francis Light, Reminders from the Rulers of Kedah, Sultan Abdul Hamid's Letters and CO 716, Kedah/Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905-1937. The outcome of this study shows that since the year of 1735, when Alor Setar began its operation as the state administration centre, the city had become the hub for local people and also foreigners. Within this period of time, there was evidence of hasty trading activities between Alor Setar and foreign traders from Penang, India and China. Among the commodities being merchandised were food supplies namely rice, farm animals and woods. The consequence of these transactions provided a large sum of income to Kedah state. In addition, the commercial activities in Alor Setar had been enhanced with the presence of trading emporiums which allotted stores selling assorted items, for example the pawn shop, textile stores and groceries stores. The existence of Alor Setar as a rapid-growing commercial centre was contributed by several factors such as the effectiveness of administration, the efficiency of town safety control, the sophistication of the communication and transportation system, the competency of health control system and also the presence of town port. These indeed have become the undeniably alluring attractions for traders to pursue their trading business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kedah is a state with a history in the agricultural sector, such as rice and cassava production, since before the arrival of the British. However, the rubber started to be brought in after the British intervention in 1909, prompting many European and Chinese investors to open rubber plantations on a large scale. Until the beginning of the Second World War in 1941, the production of rubber cultivation overgrew. This paper aims to investigate the extent of the role and contribution of the Chinese in the Kedah rubber plantation sector from 1909 to 1941. This research highlights the method of content analysis as a key data collection method on the history of the Chinese in Kedah through The National Archives of Malaysia for data analysis on the function and contribution of the rubber cultivation field. The results of the study found that the Chinese were involved in developing the rubber plantation sector since the beginning rubber was introduced in 1909. Besides, they are also entrepreneurs and owners of rubber plantations. Up to 1930, the acreage of rubber plantations owned by the Chinese in Kedah exceeds another race such as Malay and India. Chinese workers were also brought in to further boost the rubber plantation sector. The Chinese also established associations among rubber entrepreneurs to look after the welfare of each other. Subsequently, several policies involving rubber cultivation were introduced by the British such as the introduction of ownership licenses and the sale of rubber. As a result, the significant involvement of the Chinese in the rubber plantation sector has increased the economic output of the state of Kedah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the migration of the Malays to Kerian, Perak from 1816 until 1873. The migration of the Malays from Malay states in general and in Perak specifically before the British colonisation in 1874, has never been discussed in detail in any publications on migration as the main subject. Instead, the existing writings on the Malays' migration of Peninsular Malay states date their discussions back to the British colonial intervention in 1874. Lack of resources is the main factor impeding more discussions of the topic research on the migration still needs to be done to fill in the gaps in scholarship on the migration among Malays in the Peninsula. In addition, the existing writings on migration in the Peninsular Malay states focus on the migration of the Chinese and Indian migrants as well as the migration of the Malays from the islands of the Dutch Indies (now known as the Indonesian Archipelago). This helps raise questions on the existence as well as importance of the internal Malay migration in the Peninsula. This article finds that, the internal migration of the Malays which refers to the migration from Kedah, Seberang Perai and Pulau Pinang beginning from 1816 was very significant in the emergence of Kerian as an important paddy cultivation district to the Perak administration as direct British colonisation of Perak in 1874 approached. The primary sources used in writing this article are the records of the British administrators in the Straits Settlements and The Burney Papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situation and the issue of cooperation between the Kedah Government and the Perlis Government in developing domestic water supply in Perlis from 1969 until 1978 had various interests in both parties. With this cooperation, the development of domestic water supply in the state of Perlis can be implemented in accordance with the planned planning for a long time. In addition, with this partnership, Perlis had a dependency on the procurement of clean water from Kedah for domestic purpose. There are many steps and stages that had been implemented during this collaboration. Therefore, this paper will discuss the problems and issues of water shortage in Perlis, the form of cooperation between the Kedah Government and the Perlis Government, the domestic water supply project implemented in Perlis, the impact and benefits of the cooperation between the Kedah and the Perlis Government in developing domestic water supply in Perlis. This research started from 1969 because during the year the official relationship between the Kedah and the Perlis Government was established in developing the domestic water supply system in Perlis. This research ended in 1978 as the water supply development project implemented was fully completed according to the designated plan. This research obtained research materials and datas at National Archives of Kedah/Perlis Branch, National Archives of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Kedah Public Library, University of Malaya Library and Kedah Water Company (SADA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the struggles of Kedah Malay teachers through the Kedah Malay Teachers’ Association (PGMK) in dealing with language issues particularly pertaining to the Malay language medium in the Malay education system before independence. Apart from salary increment claims, they demanded the British colonialists acknowledge Malay as a communication language in all the Malay schools across Kedah. With regard to this, the main objective of this study is to highlight the role of Malay teachers of Kedah, through their association, in demanding for their own welfare and Malay education by making the Malay language as the main language taught in primary schools and secondary schools in the then Malaya. They argue that the colonial-era education system introduced by the British government is not suitable in the local education system. The discussion in this article is based on analyses of historical resources from the newspapers and magazines before independence, i.e., Warta Negara, Majalah Guru and The Straits Times as well as the archival research method study analysing British documents. This research employed primary and secondary resources from archives, the PGMK office and university libraries. This writing piece traces the struggles of Malay teachers to pressure the colonial government in taking the necessary steps to address the issue of making the Malay language the medium in the school system. The study successfully proves the impact of teachers as advocates for the Malays over the colonial government which resulted in several changes in the demands for salary claims, teachers’ educational opportunities, school facilities and language issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online home-based Learning and Teaching (PdPr) has replaced face-to-face learning. Thus, this study was conducted to identify teachers' readiness and their involvement and acceptance towards learning to write Malay language essays online throughout the MCO period. A total of 149 Lower Secondary Malay Language teachers in Kedah were selected as respondents using a purposive random sampling method. The study uses a questionnaire instrument that contains items and is divided into four constructs, namely teacher readiness, student acceptance, student involvement and evaluation. Descriptive and frequency statistics were used to analyze the questionnaire data. The findings of the study show that lower secondary Malay Language teachers are prepared to teach Malay language essay writing online during the MCO period. The findings also found that teachers facing problems of students' involvement and understanding in the process of teaching Malay Language essay writing online. PdPr essay writing will yield results if the students can provide cooperation and active involvement without giving reasons. The students should be given encouragement and encouragement by various parties whether morally or materially so that PdPr provides benefits to the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice-planting is synonymous with the Kedah Malays to present times. Paddy is the lifeblood of the majority of Malays in the state for ages. Interestingly, British control over Kedah since 1909 witnessed how, for the first time in Kedah history, the Malays were explicitly compelled by the government to remain in this activity. This new arrangement was clearly evident with the implementation of strict rice-land policies, especially throughout the period 1917-1932. The focus of this research is twofold: firstly, to evaluate the implementation of rice land policies during the period in question, and secondly, to analyse Malay form of reaction to this issue. To answer both questions, this study uses the qualitative method by focusing on Kedah State Secretary Files and the State of Kedah Annual Reports. Based on the analysis of implementation of rice land policies by the Kedah land administration, and the ensuing Malay reaction towards the government in 1917-1932, the implementation of these rice land policies ensured Malay retention in this traditional activity. Unfortunately, a large number of Malays suffered negative effects from these policies. The lower classes were proscribed by the government from opening and working their land as they please, and risked harsh government penalties for failure to adhere to the set policies. In contrast, the Malay elites continued their monopoly of rice lands due to government policy of maintaining their land-owning privileges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the transition of Japanese administration to Thailand and its impact on the Malay elite in Kedah, 1942-1945. The scope of this article covers the era of Japanese administration in Kedah and after Japan handed over Kedah administration to Thailand on 18th October 1943 until the end of Japanese defeat in 1945. Later, Thailand voluntarily handed over administration in the Northern Malay States to the British on 15th August 1945. Qualitative methods were used to produce this article by analyzing primary sources such as government files, newspapers, maps, documents and others. The results of the study found that the changes in the Japanese administration and the Thai government in Kedah have affected the Malay elite in Kedah. The position of the Sultan is not recognized unless it is used as a religious symbol for the people. Similarly, with other elites, most of them fled because they did not want to cooperate with Japan. After the administration was handed over to the Thai government, the position of Kedah’s elite was not difficult compared to the Japanese administration. Administrative power was returned to the public administration. Montri Spa was created and the power of the Sultan as head of state was restored. The Thai government only acted to continue what the British had done with the advice of a Thai adviser stationed in Kedah. Everything discussed in the meeting and the decisions taken should be minute to the High Commissioner of the Army in Bangkok. In conclusion, the change of administration from Japan to Thailand in Kedah has had a direct impact on the Malay elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses the Kedah Malay text known as Salasilah atau Tarekh Kerja-an Kedah which was written by Wan Yahya Wan Mahamad Taib and printed in 1911, the issue of its discountinued printing and the texts’s contributions to Kedah historiography. Although outshined by the Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa and the At- Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah (1928), this text reflects the critical view of its author, who was a senior state official, on contemporary developments in Kedah at a time when the state was hemmed by both Siam and the Britain. The research’s qualitative method is based on the perusal of primary sources located at the National Archives of Malaysia Kedah/Perlis branch, Kedah Public Library and Universiti Sains Malaysia Library. The research outcomes show that despite its criticisms of the ruler, the Salasilah atau Tarekh Ker-jaan Kedah is an important contemporary source of Kedah history which attempts to augment the position of the elite to ensure the sustainability of the Kedah monarchy in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]