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This article discusses scholars’ views on Muhammad Natsir’s thoughts. He was one of the prominent political figures and thinkers since the colonial period in Indonesia. As an Indonesia nationalist and political-religious activist, he did not cooperate with the Dutch in pursuit of Indonesia’s independence. Research papers on Natsir’s thoughts and struggles are often penned by local scholars and political-religious writers from that country, including Malaysian authors. This research utilized qualitative approach by conducting analysis through the libraries in Indonesia and Malaysia. Most of the article reviews was conducted through academic study of and general reading on Natsir, especially by Mestika Zed, Deliar Noer and Nurcholis Madjid. Besides that, writing on Natsir’s thoughts and activism was also written by Malaysian scholars such as Anwar Ibrahim, Siddiq Fadhil, Fadhlullah Jamil and Sidek Baba. Hence, the findings of this article attempts to identify the views of these scholars on Natsir’s thoughts and struggles in the political-religious and Indonesian nationalism against the colonial power. This paper also discusses scholars’ views on the contradiction of his political thoughts with Sukarno. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses an Indonesian woman named Noer Nahar who struggled and sacrificed time and money to help her husband, Natsir achieve his ambition of developing a modern religious school known as the Pendis School (1932-1942) during the Dutch colonial era, specifically in Java. The article examines the role and character of a modern woman in the struggle to shape awareness in children and women in terms of education, nationalism and the emancipation of Indonesian women. According to Noer Nahar, the Indonesians were not only weak in general knowledge of the world, their religious knowledge too was not properly developed in the modern education system. Based on these problems, the main objective of this study is to analyze the role of Noer Nahar's struggles in establishing a modern religious school, known as the Pendis School in West Java. The question now is, did Noer Nahar's struggles to form such a school, succeed? The discussion in this paper is based on the analysis of various resources spanning from private letters, work papers and interviews, to the archival research method based study that analysed Dutch documents. This research employed materials and data from the National Archives of Indonesia, the National Library of Indonesia and the Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah of Indonesia. This paper traces Noer Nahar's struggle in developing a modern religious school despite not getting any support from the Dutch colonial regime. As a female teacher, she also fostered education through Indonesian nationalism to her students for the ultimate purpose of obtaining Indonesian independence. This writing highlights Indonesian women figures in the folds of history for public knowledge and awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the world economy created its own footprint as a result of the phenomenon. 1/3 of that economic space is owned by the informal economy also referred to as the Local Economy or System D. The increasingly sophisticated and world-class phenomenon takes the place of the economic space left by the formal economy. The manipulation of the vast resources, the dynamic practices that take place in the legal and illegal dimensions, provide a guarantee of employment shadowed by survival. This paper traces the phenomenon occurring on the Sebatik Islands of Malaysia and Indonesia. The research approach is qualitative based on the interviews of key informants. The results suggest that this phenomenon occurs due to the fact that economic space and opportunities can be exploited for the sake of sustainability in meeting economic demands, especially marginalized groups at the border that ultimately establish a local integration of kinship relations beyond ethnicity, identity and ethnic boundaries itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees have great responsibility towards their country and society. They were expected to contribute their resources and expertise to advance the nation and to be the example in society, to behave well, to obey the laws and regulations. In the context of marriage, Article 16, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979) provides that (a) Women is given the same right to marry(Article 16 (a));) The same right to choose freely a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent (Article 16 (b)); and have (c) The same rights and responsibilities during marriage and divorce. Therefore every married spouses have a right to enjoy a happy family life and free from any harassment that can threaten his or her family. Infidelity to the layman is a dishonest misconduct in a family life. The study uses legal qualitative research methodology and analyzes descriptively based on data obtained from literary sources in the field of family, gender and legal research. In this write-up, the focus of the discussions are within Indonesia legal context. The act of infidelity is interpreted in the Criminal Law (KUHP) as a moral offense that violates public security. This paper examines among others; (a) Anti-harassment for Infidelity issues and its definitional perspectives in Indonesia (b) Various existing anti-harassment for infidelity legal provisions and regulation, and its application to civil servant, (c)problems faced in enforcing the relevant law and regulations and, finally, (d) to suggest ways to resolve harassment because of infidelity at workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dramatic changes taking place in Indonesian politics since the fall of Soeharto's autocratic regime has resulted in Indonesia's political space becoming more open and democracy beginning to flourishagain in the country. Local politics that were previously restricted and not allowed during Soeharto's time began to open up andlocal people began to regain autonomy in their respective districts. This paper discusses and analyzes subnational politics in Indonesia before and after the political transformation of 1998. The aimis to portray the political changes at the subnational level during both periods. This paper argues that during the New Order era, the centralized system of government is the main factor that hindered the growth of a vibrant democracy at the local level. This is because the centralization of power gave rise to two things. On the one hand, this established a collaboration between the central and local elites to maintain the central power, and on the other hand, it also led to opposition from other local elites who became known as the 'local strongmen. The effect that arose from the colloboration of central elite and local strongmen is the cooptation of political democracy at the subnational level. During the Reformasi Order, the expectation that the collaboration ofcentral elite and local strongmen will change did not happen and this led to the emergence of new political dynasties in some districts. Thus, political reform that is expected to bring about total changes to the Indonesian politics remains. This led to the perceived changes to remain an illusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the relevance of bank lending channel in Indonesia by using bank level data set for a period from 1990 to 2010. A static panel data method namely fixed effects and random effects model are used in estimating the banks' loan supply function. Besides monetary policy variable, several macroeconomic variables (real GDP and inflation), and bank characteristic variables (bank size, liquidity and bank capital) are also considered in estimating the banks' loan supply function. The findings support the existence of bank lending channel in Indonesia, in which the banks' loan supply is negatively and significantly influenced by monetary policy. The banks' specific variables such as bank liquidity and bank capital ratio are statistically significant and negatively correlated, while asset size is significant and positively correlated with the banks' loan supply [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The election of Susilo Bambang Yudhuyono (SBY) as Indonesia's president in 2004 gave rise to the expectation that the level of professionalism of the Indonesian military will also improve. This prospect is based on his background as a former senior military officer who has the experience to spear head the reform process, but this expectation proved wrong. Although the military no longer intervenes in national politics as had happened in the past, but the former's continued engagement in business, politics and state owned enterprises is seen as an obstacle to the restoration of professionalism in the military. Therefore, in order to understand and analyse the level of military professionalism in SBY's presidency, this paper discusses the level of military involvement in Indonesia's political affairs, business, elections and the former's sensitivity towards human rights. In addition, this article will also discuss the steps taken by SBY in reforming the military during his reign. The main argument of this article is that military professionalism in Indonesia during President SBY's rule is slowly improving, although the pace by which this improves is rather slow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the confrontation era between Malaysia and Indonesia, President Sukarno had carried out political and economic confrontations against Malaysia. This situation has caused economic activity between Malaysia and Indonesia to stop especially in the trading sector. The effect of economic confrontation, Malaysia and Indonesia's trade declined as Indonesia stopped exporting raw materials such as rubber and tin to Penang to be processed. Likewise, Indonesia too had to pay high costs to export tin and rubber to Europe. After the fall of President Sukarno, the emergence of a new order under President Suharto's era. President Suharto has re-established the diplomatic and economic cooperation between Malaysia and Indonesia through the Basic Arrangement on Trade and Economic Relations Malaysia and Indonesia in 1967. The study will examine the impact of the Economic and Trade Relations Basic Arrangement in Malaysia and Indonesia on the economic cooperation of Malaysia and Indonesia in trade. The study found that the Basic Arrangement on Trade and Economic Relations Malaysia and Indonesia was an era of more active economic recovery. Many areas of cooperation in the economy are renewed by the two countries especially in dealing with economic issues related to smuggling of goods, fishery issues and marine delineation, and land and sea trade cooperation which are the basic relationships of the Malaysian and Indonesian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage at young age has become a trend in today's society. Even young people who are not yet graduated and have no fixed source of income opted to have their own family. In today's everincreasing cost of living, proper financial management strategies are a must particularly to the young couple. This is because the right financial management strategy will help students whom are married while studying to avoid facing serious financial problems. However, the financial management strategies adopted by married students are not yet fully explored. Consequently, the objective of the study is to identify the financial management strategies of the married students at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia and the University of Buildings (UBDI), Indonesia. The study utilized two sampling techniques, namely snowball sampling conducted at UKM and purposive sampling at UBDI. A total of 50 married students from each university were analyzed in this study. The instrument of data collection is the questionnaire form. Descriptive analysis using frequency, percentage, average and standard deviation were used to describe the results of the study. Measurement on the level of financial management strategy are evaluated based on average scores, namely low, medium and high. The results show that the financial management strategies of married students in UKM and UBDI is at a moderate level. This study suggests that students who are married while studying need to adopt the right financial management strategies to facilitate their financial management and control their financial behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia and Indonesia are two countries in Southeast Asia region that has established a long-standing close relationship due to similarity in culture and socioeconomic background. Statistics on the arrival of tourists reveals that both countries are interdependent in attracting tourists during the period of study. Traditonally both Malaysia and Indonesia are very popular in tourism which are focused on enviromental attractions, rich cultural heritage and religious tourism which had become an attraction among international tourists. This study uses monthly data for the period from 1995-2016 by applying the concept of Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) to investigate the extent tourism prices and volatility of global oil prices determines the bilateral tourism demand between these two countries. The results of this study reveal that Malaysian tourists to Indonesia displays a bidirectional Granger causality relationship with the effect of elastic oil prices. On the other hand, the presence of Indonesian tourists to Malaysia has a unidirectional Granger causality relationship towards the elasticity of demand of tourism prices in Thailand. Both countries have a differing level of speed of adjustment from short run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium with the magnitude of 10.8% (for Malaysian tourist to Indonesia) and 33% (for Indonesian tourist to Malaysia). It is evident that tourism development between these two countries have grown immensely and impacted the economic growth of these countries. As such, we can conclude that bilateral tourism demand between Malaysia and Indonesia does not have any influence on tourism price elasticity of demand. The findings of this study are useful to policy-makers to plan strategies to increase the bilateral tourism demand as a long-term strategy specifically in transforming Southest Asia region which has its own uniqueness as an attractive international tourist destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an archipelago country, Indonesia has faced a lots of threats from the sea. Because of that, Indonesia has implemented Global Maritime Axis Policy (GMA) as a new strategy to protect its national interest and sovereignty. One of the GMA objective is to modernise Indonesia Naval Force. Using data and research findings from 2014- 2018, this article will debate about the modernization of Indonesia naval force under Jokowi Administration. This study has three objectives, namely toexplains the Indonesia naval capabilities, toanalyse the development of Indonesian naval force and to analyse the evolving of Indonesian navy doctrine. The findings reveal that first, Indonesia's government has taken in an effort to get in the linkages between the changing contours, its function in the area, which, shifted, is being backed through its naval modernisation and expansion, and second, Indonesia has collectively doubled their military spending with warships, maritime patrol aircraft, radar systems, submarines and naval defence systems based on their Minimum Essential Forces (MEF) doctrine so that Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL) capable an enhance the Green Water Navy concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhanced development of sharia banking in Indonesia in terms of assets, third party funds (DPK), and distributed financing (PYD) is potentially caused by the joint efforts to fertilize Indonesian Islamic banking. It is indicated by the commitment of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) by establishing fatwa, for instance, the fatwa DSNMUI NO: 101 / DSN-MUI / X / 2016 about 101-Akad Al-Ijarah Al-Maushufah Fi Al-Dzimmah. However in the practice, the contracts (finance transactions) performed by Islamic banking are still dominated by Murabahah. Therefore, the author argues that it is crucial to examine the role and implementation of products and services contracts in Islamic banking. As for the novelty, the present research discusses the perspective of Fiqh about the contract of al-Ijarah al-Maushufah Fi al-Dzimmah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this acticle is to discuss employment relationship in Indonesia, especially in the private sector, according to legalhistorical perspectives. The problem of labour relations in Indonesia has existed before the declaration of independence on August 17, 1945. The methodology used is qualitative descriptive with a historical-regulatory perspective approach. The results of the study shows that during the early stages of the history of employment relations in Indonesia, the workers were socially and economically vulnerable if compared to employers, thus they need to be protected by law to fight for their rights. The protection of the law on the workers and the employers basically is premised on two principles - the basis of governmental law and on human rights. All of this was not available to the workers before Indonesia achieved independence. When Indonesia achieved independence, new labour legislation was introduced to give protection to the workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on reconciliation as a process of strengthening Malaysian and Indonesian relations, specifically in the context of Southeast Asian regionalism. Malaysia and Indonesia have many historic interconnections and share many similarities in language, religion, belief and culture. Terms such as nusantara, the Malay world and bangsa serumpun, reflect their socio-cultural closeness and numerous familial networks work to bind the countries together. For the past 50 years however, their relationship has been unstable. As globalization has increased international interdependence, many nations have been encoraged to move towards a process of reconciliation to improve relations with their neighbouring states. Reconciliation is one of the strategies commonly used to resolve interstate conflict and is widely practiced in international politics. The eventual goal of reconciliation is to create an intimate and lasting harmony between the respective governments and citizens of neighbouring countries in the quest for prolonged peace. The process involves far more than signing an agreement; it works on developing a mutual understanding between governments and encouraging national programs that engage all levels of society in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that political parties in post-reformasi Indonesia have been cartelized. They were only competitive before and during the elections and not after that. This is because all parties conspired with each other to form a cartel in government. As a result, reformasi which was expected by the people to bring about a change in Indonesian politics did not happen because cartelization resulted in no opposition that could help check increasingly widespread corruption and abuse of power by the government. The question is what are the main factors that led to the emergence of cartelization and how resilience is it? This article answers this phenomenon. Assumptions presented to answer the above questions are that financial need, has prompted political parties to participate in the cabinet and the leadership in parliamentary committees. Their participation in the government has got nothing to do with ideological believe or party program, but is about protecting their financial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Minangkabau people of West and Central Sumatera have traditionally followed a matrilineal social system, a fact that has allowed women to play a major role in many socio-political activities central to Indonesian national life. Since the early twentieth century, for example, Minangkabau women have time and again proven their ability as journalists, writers, teachers and politicians. As journalists, Minangkabau women have been very influential in the Indonesian and Sumatran press. Indeed, the first female newspapers to have been published in the Malay world, Soenting Melajoe (1912) and Soeara Perempoean (1914) were edited by Minangkabau women. These publications, amongst many others, played a formative role in a burgeoning Indonesian nationalist movement and actively promoted ideas about female emancipation. This article explores the printed press of early-twentieth century Indonesia and Sumatra as a close, lens into the social and political world of Minangkabau women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a comparitive analysis of the national development policies of the Indonesian and Malaysian governments under the guidance of premier's Soeharto and Mahathir Mohamad respectively. Despite many distinct differences in the formulation, style and implementation of each country's development policies, both political leaders have been considered to have implemented successful development strategies. Soeharto's top-down approach known as military modernization contrasts most strikingly with Mahathir's public-driven civilian modernization method. The economic consquences of the two leader's differing ideological positions were witnessed most starkly during Southeast Asia's financial crisis of 1997 and 1998. In Indonesia, Soeharto accepted the IMF's help in order to salvage Indonesia's economy, but Dr. Mahathir rejected the same offer of assistance. The results were perhaps unexpected. Soeharto's , actions caused economic hardship and ultimately led to his political downfall, while Mahathir managed to restore Malaysia's economy. This article explores the comparative strengths and weaknesses of each country's developmental policies, with the financial crisis providing the focal point of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A drastic increase in the number of elderly people (above 60 years) in several countries in Southeast Asia including Malaysia and Indonesia has raised concerns. The numbers of elderly population in Malaysia are projected to grow to 2.2 million by the year 2020. Statistics also shows that the birth rate in Malaysia has been decreasing in the last few decades. Both these statistics describe a global phenomenon relating to the caring for elderly parents by adult children. Challenges faced by adult children who are taking care of their elderly parents (i.e., career, care of their own family, and care of elderly parents) have not been analysed or discussed widely. This article discusses the experience of adult children (daughters) who are taking care of their elderly parents by using role theory. The data collection was done using in-depth interview method on 8 respondents and the survey method on 399 respondents both of which were conducted by enumerators. The survey and in-depth interview results show that daughters are more involved in caring for their elderly parents. The elderly parents also expect help and support from their daughters more than from their sons. This phenomenon will have negative implications on women's career, family and nation development. This article concludes that employers should take into consideration more flexible hours, increase formal and informal support for the working women who are caring for their elderly parents and family in achieving our goal as a caring society in a developed nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]