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The paper deals with the sustainability assessment of electricity generation technologies in the EU, which was performed by applying the multi-criteria analysis approach. Integrated indicators for sustainability assessment of electricity generation technologies were calculated for specific technologies. These integrated indicators were obtained by summing up the normalized social, economic and environmental indicators for specific electricity generation technologies. The electricity generation technologies were ranked according to their positive impact on sustainable energy development in the EU, based on these integrated indicators. Sustainability assessment indicators for specific technologies were evaluated by applying results of empirical studies conducted in the EU. The sustainability assessment performed in the present study has indicated that the best technologies in terms of sustainability in the energy sector are technologies based on renewables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal framework regulating the EU policy in promoting renewable energy sources (RES) is discussed and the main policy goals of the EU Member States in this area are described. There are two main approaches to promoting RES in the EU Member States: feed-in tariffs and green certiicates (purchase quotas). The first one is applied in 21 member states. The most frequent mistakes in supporting RES-based electricity production are the use of feed-in tariffs, too high or too low levels of the tariffs, no diferentiation of the tariffs based on technology, capacity and other important factors, unpredictable, unstable tariffs, etc. The other hurdles in promoting the RES electricity are long-lasting procedures of obtaining a license or permission, complicated planning procedures, underdeveloped electrical networks. Concrete examples of an inadequate use of feed-in tariffs are presented. Also, the Lithuanian case is critically analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Lithuanian industry, there is a huge - about 458.027 toe - potential of waste heat energy. Therefore, it is very important to look for the solutions of this problem. One of such solutions could be implementation of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) which could be employed for utilization of low-temperature heat sources for electric power generation. Analysis has shown that ORC efficiency depends on working fluid thermodynamic characteristics, waste heat temperature and other factors such as the source of utilizing waste heat, etc. Waste heat is used for evaporation of organic liquid which is characterized by a low evaporation temperature circulating in a closed cycle. The vapour of organic liquid is used to spin the gas turbine that produces electric power. The vapour coming out of the turbine is condensed in a condenser. In this study, analyzed are the ORC working fluid selection and the efficiency of the heat conversion process in electricity production. he employment of ORC would help to decrease the dependence of our state on imported fossil fuel, increase the energetic efficiency of industrial companies and help to decrease environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While using the instrumentation control system at the Ignalina NPP, some short-time jumps of the coefficient of linear load margin values were indicated. These jumps were not related to the operational regime changes and were caused by errors in estimating the coefficient of energy production unevenness. The common form of energy production has two similar local maximum values. A change of global maximum location causes short-time jumps of the coefficient of linear load margin, even though the maximum value change is negligible. This paper deals with the analysis of the calculation algorithm and the identification of possible modifications that can prevent random short-time jumps. The reasons for these disturbances are identified, and algorithm improvements are introduced and verified. The improved calculation algorithm is verified using existing databases of the I & C system and the test runs on the reserve I & C system at the Ignalina NPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jurbarkas regional municipality (Jurbarkas region till 1995) lies in the south-west of Lithuania, in Tauragė County, on the right bank of the Nemunas river. The area of the municipality is 1507 sq. km (or 2.3% of the total Lithuania's area), population appr. 360,000 (1.1% of the total Lithuania's population).Various plans regarding the industrialization of the Jurbarkas region existed during the period 1958-1970: a location was selected for the construction of the Mituva nuclear power plant, the project on the construction of a new hydro-power station (Coвeтскaя ΓЭC) on the Nemunas river with the capacity 205 MW, terms of reference were elaborated for construction of an oil refinery with a CHP plant in Jurbarkas. Neither of these projects were implemented; thus, cultivation and processing of agricultural production traditionally dominates in the Jurbarkas region. Only 0.1% of the Lithuanian industrial production was produced in Jurbarkas regional municipality in 2003. Small scale boiler-houses prevail in the heat sector, with only several larger ones. The paper provides an expert analysis data on the functioning of a part of small-scale boiler-houses during 1993-2007. It discusses the development of boilers' stock, fuel types, heat tariffs, firewood prices. The paper also presents the moisture content in wood fuel and the cost of heat, fuel accountancy and other problems in the low-capacity boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of emission allowance trading in the European Union has been functioning for several years and has shown a significant impact on electricity markets over the EU. The main purpose of the article is to assess such impact on the Lithuanian electricity market. Based on the performed analysis, one can state that the impact of the emissions trading scheme varies very much in the EU electricity markets. Unfortunately, experiences gained from analysis of this impact in competitive electricity markets cannot be applied directly to the Lithuanian electricity market because of its strong regulation. Therefore, special principles for assessing the impact of the emissions trading scheme on the electricity market with a strong regulation are offered in this article. Based on the application of these principles, projections of electricity generation costs are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With implementation of the EU directive 2004/8/EC, all EU countries must determine the potential of CHP and targets for its implementation including small-scale CHPs. These prognoses are important for the Lithuanian Energy Strategy, too. In this paper, an overview of the possibilities of small-scale CHP installation in Lithuanian economy sectors is presented with a detailed description of CHP development possibilities in two consumer groups -- hospitals and water treatment plants. Different conditions of power plant instalation and working are foreseen due to the specifications of fuel and differences in electricity procurement costs. The modelling programme used for economic calculations is made in Excel. The possibilities of CHP development in seven energy supplier and consumer groups are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future alternatives must be developed for long-term and environment-friendly energy supply needed by the constantly growing world's population. Electrical-generation efficiencies of 70% are possible nowadays, along with heat recovery possibility. Fuel cells appear to be an important technology for the future. They can run on a variety of fuels, from solar hydrogen to methanol, from biomass to gasified coal. As the technology develops, and if the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise, this clean, efficient alternative will find more and more practical uses. The paper discusses stationary applications of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cells system. Fuel, oxygen and produced energy calculations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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