18 results on '"Spektras"'
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2. Prienų šnektos sprogstamųjų priebalsių spektro sklaida ir kitos skiriamosios ypatybės
- Author
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Jurgita Jaroslavienė
- Subjects
eksperimentinė fonetika ,lietuvių dialektologija ,Prienų šnekta ,sprogstamieji priebalsiai ,spektras ,spektro sklaida ,skiriamosios ypatybės ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
THE SPECTRA AND OTHER DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF PLOSIVE CONSONANTS IN THE SUBDIALECT OF PRIENAI SummaryEvery plosive consonant has a similar impact on both the beginning (when preceding a vowel) and the end (when following a vowel) of the spectrum of respective vowels. Second and third formant differences of consonants have special prominence, including their initial position in the spectrum and the dynamics of adjacent vowel formant beginnings, as well as intensity, height and shortness of their spectra.In the articulation of voiced plosive consonants a significant role is played by friction and voice. At the moment of plosion, vibrations are distributed throughout a wider range of frequencies compared with the pronunciation of respective voiceless consonants. The main role in the pronunciation of voiceless plosive consonants belongs to the source of noise or friction. They are characterised by a pause and a burst of low energy which is seen in spectrograms as a certain kind of a column. It is the widest in the case of the consonants [k] and [k̑], and the narrowest – with [p] and [p̑].The labial plosives [p] and [p̑] are pronounced with the least noise;regarding the qualitative differences of adjacent vowels, it is possible to attribute these sounds to the class of low sounds. Concerning the voiced consonants, the least intense and lowest ones are [b] and [b̑] respectively. When comparing [p], [p̑] and [b], [b̑], it should be noted that they differ in sonority;a slightly lower pitch is typical of the voiced consonants respectively. These labial plosives differ clearly from other plosives in the height of their pitch, i.e. as low consonants from high ones.The front-tongue consonants [t] and [t̑] are more intense sounds in comparison with [p] and [p̑];regarding the spectrum of their adjacent vowels, it is possible to attribute them to the class of high sounds. Respectively, the voiced consonants [d], [d̑] are also more intense than the labial [b], [b̑]. Besides, voiced sounds differ from their voiceless correlates [t] and [t̑] in sonority, yet [d] and [d̑] are more intense and have a slightly lower pitch than [t] and [t̑] respectively. Regarding the spectral dispersion of adjacent sounds, it should be noted that the hard consonants [t] and [d] noticeably increase the pitch of adjacent back vowels at their beginning and the end respectively.The most intense consonants in the subdialect of Prienai are the front-tongue (front-palate) and mid-tongue (mid-palate) sounds [k] and [k̑], as well as [g] and [g̑];they are also attributable to high-pitch consonants, except for being compact sounds. As in the case of [t] and [d], the hard [k] and [g] also noticeably increase the height of pitch in the articulation of adjacent back vowels.It should be noted that the spectra of respective voiced and voiceless plosives are similar, except for the fact that at word-initial positions, the spectrum of voiceless consonants is much more dispersed and not so prominent from the moment of plosion until the beginning of sonority because vocal folds do not vibrate during the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant.Palatalised plosive consonants differ from their counterpart hard plosives in the height of pitch: the following plosives of raised pitch should be regarded as sharp consonants: [b̑], [d̑], [g̑], [p̑], [t̑] and [k̑]. Pitch height differences are particularly noticeable between [k] and [k̑] as well as [g] and [g̑].The duration of plosive consonants has been noticed to be related to the place of consonant articulation: the shortest duration in the subdialect is typical of labial plosives. Perhaps the obstruction caused by speech organs at the front of the mouth is overcome faster than the one existing deeper in the mouth cavity.The prominence of aspiration depends both on the type of the syllable and adjacent consonants, their type, etc. The clearest aspiration is found with short stressed and circumflex syllables. Aspiration is also amplified by a penultimate consonant of the same type, i.e. a plosive (nulùpkʽ ~ nulùpk ‘please peel’).Experimental investigation of the plosive consonant spectra has shown that phonological peculiarities and distinctive features of [p], [p̑], [t], [t̑], [k], [k̑], [b], [b̑], [d], [d̑], [g] and [g̑] are determined by the initial or final part of the spectrum of adjacent vowels, the duration, intensity and height of consonant spectrum. Plosive consonants are especially different in the character of dynamics that the second and the third formants in the initial or final sections of adjacent vowels possess, as well as in the tempo of shifting and in the position in their spectrum.The strongest impact of all the plosive (and other) consonants is on the initial or final section of the formants of adjacent vowels. For example, the influence of palatalised and non-palatalised consonants on the adjacent vowels is increasingly stronger the closer the vowel stands to the consonant.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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3. Vėjo jėgainių generuojamo akustinio triukšmo ir jo poveikio aplinkai tyrimai.
- Author
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Katinas, Vladislovas, Marčiukaitis, Mantas, and Tamašauskienė, Marijona
- Subjects
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WIND turbines , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *FAST Fourier transforms , *PARAMETER estimation , *AERODYNAMICS - Abstract
The variation of the regularities of the statistical parameters of wind turbine noise emission is described in the article. The Fast Fourier Transform algorithm was used for establishment of the wind turbine noise emission spectrum. A considerable difference of the wind turbine noise emission spectrum was established in the range of frequencies from 200 to 3 150 Hz. In the spectrum of infrasound, low frequencies (from 16 to 200 Hz) and ultrasound there are found only small changes of the noise components. The wind turbine noise emission has a broadband range and its level increases as wind velocity increases. The level of the noise decreases when the distance from wind turbines increases. The analysis of the literature shows that the wind turbine noise emission depends on aerodynamic processes and the level of the mechanical noise emission. The background noise could be evaluated when the level of the wind turbine noise emission is calculated. The investigation shows that the level of background noise, when wind velocity achieves 12 m/s, becomes equal to wind turbine noise at the distance 100 meters from the wind turbine. The theoretical model for evaluation of wind turbine noise emission depending on the distance was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Tembras muzikos psichologijoje.
- Author
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AMBRAZEVIČIUS, Rytis
- Subjects
MUSICOLOGY ,MUSIC education ,MUSIC theory ,TONE color (Music theory) ,HISTORIOGRAPHY of music - Abstract
Copyright of Musicology of Lithuania / Lietuvos muzikologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Music & Theatre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
5. DABARTINIŲ BALTŲ BENDRINIŲ KALBŲ KIRČIUOTŲ IR NEKIRČIUOTŲ ŽEMUTINIŲ BALSIŲ SPEKTRAI BEI TRUKMĖ.
- Author
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Kaukėnienė, Lidija
- Subjects
LATVIAN language ,LITHUANIAN language ,VOWELS ,PHONETICS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,LANGUAGE & languages - Abstract
Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Lietuvių bendrinės kalbos žemutinių ilgųjų balsių spektrai ir trukmė.
- Author
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Kaukėnienė, Lidija
- Subjects
VOWELS ,PHONEMICS ,LITHUANIAN language ,PHONOLOGY ,PHONETICS ,LINGUISTICS - Abstract
Copyright of Man & the Word / Zmogus ir zodis is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
7. Mikroburbulų tėkmėje charakterizavimas ultragarso spektrine analize
- Author
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Dubosas, Raimondas and Jurkonis, Rytis
- Subjects
kavitacija ,cavitation ,ultrasound ,flow ,tėkmė ,mikroburbulai ,spektras ,ultragarsas ,microbubbles ,spectrum - Abstract
Mikroburbulai – tai burbulai, kurių dydis yra nuo 1 µm iki 1 mm. Jie yra užpildyti dujomis, kur dujas nuo išorinės aplinkos skiria išorinis apvalkalas, kuris dažniausiai būna sudarytas iš lipidų ar baltymų. Šiuo metu mikroburbulai plačiausiai naudojami medicinoje, ultragarsinių tyrimų metu, kai mikroburbulai yra kontrastinė medžiaga. Tačiau mikroburbulai turi didelį potencialą dar ir dėl to, kad jie gali būti panaudoti vaistų transportavimui ir jų paskleidimui pasirinktose paciento kūno vietose, kas pavyzdžiui leistų efektyviau naudoti vaistus, padidintų gydymo efektyvumą. Mikroburbulų savybių žinojimas, gebėjimas juos charakterizuoti, priklausomai nuo poreikio, leistų arba su jais kovoti, arba plėsti jų panaudojimo galimybes., Microbubbles are bubbles, where diameter varies from 1 µm to 1 mm. Microbubbles are filled by gas and coated with lipid or proteins shell. This moment microbubbles are widely being used in medicine as ultrasound contrast agents. Furthermore microbubbles have big potential to be used as transport for drug delivery to specified places in the patients. Microbubble properties awareness, ability to characterize it, depending on situation, would allow to fight with them or expand their potential.
- Published
- 2016
8. The spectra and the duration of low vowels in standard lithua¬nian and latvian
- Author
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Kaukėnienė, Lidija
- Subjects
Standard Latvian language ,Quality of vowel ,Quantity ,Vowels [e],[a ,long and short low vowels ,duration ,quantity ,quality ,spectra ,Spectra ,Quality ,Fonetika. Fonologija / Phonology ,Latvių kalba / Latvian language ,Duration ,Long and short low vowels ,Spektrai ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Kiekybė ,Phionetic ,Latvija (Latvia) ,Standard Lithuanian language ,Kalbos garsai. Abėcėlė / Speech sounds. Alphabet ,Duration of vowel ,Kokybė / Quality ,Bendrinė kalba. Kalbos norminimas / Standard language. Language standartization ,Spektras - Abstract
Straipsnyje analizuojamos dabartinių baltų bendrinių kalbų žemutinių fa], [e] ilgųjų ir trumpųjų, kirčiuotų ir nekirčiuotų balsių spektrinės charakteristikos bei trukme. Lietuvių ir latvių kalbos tirtos objektyviaisiais tyrimo metodais, dirbant naudotasi variacine statistika. Darbas yra sinchroninio eksperimentinio aprašomojo ir lyginamojo pobūdžio. Palyginus abiejų kalbų kirčiuotus ir nekirčiuotus žemutinius [e], [a] paaiškėjo, kad iš kirčiuotų balsių labiausiai akustinėmis ir artikuliacinėmis ypatybėmis skiriasi [e]. Lietuvių kalbos nekirčiuotų balsiųformančių vidurkiai artimesni neutraliojo [э] dažniams; pastebimi blankesni nekirčiuotų ilgųjų ir trumpųjų balsių kokybės požymiai, jiems nebūdinga kraštutinė artikuliacija nei pagal eilę, nei pagal pakilimą. Latvių kalbos nekirčiuotų balsių kokybės požymiai raiškesni, artikuliacijapreciziškesnė, aiškesnė ir ryškesnė. Kirčiuoti ilgieji balsiai trukme beveik nesiskiria. Latvių kalbos pokirtiniai ilgieji variantai beveik visose pozicijose gerokai ilgesni už lietuvių. Kirčiuotų ir nekirčiuoti{ trumpiyų balsių trukmė skiriasi labai nežymiai. Article analyses the quantity and quality features of the stressed and unstressed short and long low vowel phonemes [a] and [e] in Standard Lithuanian and Latvian, focussing on Lithuanian and Latvian trisyllabic words. This choice was dictated by the need to analyse the vowels in different positions, i.e., stressed, pre-accented, and post-accented. The spectra and duration of pre-acccnted and postaccented [a] and [e] were compared with those of the corresponding stressed vowels. The analysis is based on empirical research methods including the method of variational statistics. The article embraces synchronie, experimental, descriptive, and comparative approaches. The results of the investigation showed that the stressed and unstressed [a] and [e] differ in the Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Among stressed vowels, [e] demonstrates the greatest differences in acoustic and articulatory characteristics. The stressed Lithuanian [e] demonstrates greater diffusion (it is closer), higher timbre, and more advanced frontness than the Latvian equivalents. The Lithuanian [e] is of lower timbre and more retracted back; [a] is of higher timbre and more front than the equivalent Latvian sounds. The [a] variants are more compact (open) than the Latvian vowels. The Lithuanian unstressed [e], [e], [a] are more diffuse (closer), of higher timbre, and show more retracted front than the equivalent Latvian vowels. Among unstressed vowels of the investigated languages, it is [a] that differs least in its acoustic and articulatory characteristics. The averages of the formants of Lithuanian unstressed vowels are closer to the frequencies of the neutral [a]; less distinct qualitative characteristics of all long and short unstressed vowels were observed. The qualitative characteristics of Latvian unstressed vowels are more distinct. Their articulation is more precise and clearer. In both languages, the long stressed vowels [a] and [e] almost do not differ in their duration. The Lithuanian stressed long vowels are a little longer. In Standard Latvian, in nearly all positions, the long unstressed variants [a] and [e] are considerably longer than in Standard Lithuanian. The qualitative reduction of Lithuanian unstressed long vowels is significantly greater than it is in the Latvian language. That is why, in Lithuanian, the duration contrast between long stressed and long unstressed vowels is stronger than in Latvian. The duration of the short stressed and unstressed vowels [a] and [e] differs imperceptibly.
- Published
- 2012
9. Diskrečiojo Le Gall spektro apskaičiavimo dvimačio vaizdo fragmentams algoritmų analizė
- Author
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Ribokas, Jonas, Saulis, Leonas, Valakevičius, Eimutis, Aksomaitis, Algimantas Jonas, Janilionis, Vytautas, Navickas, Zenonas, Pekarskas, Vidmantas Povilas, Rudzkis, Rimantas, Barauskas, Arūnas, Rindzevičius, Ramutis, Valantinas, Jonas, and Kaunas University of Technology
- Subjects
Decorrelation ,Two-dimensional image ,Dekoreliacija ,Dvimatis vaizdas ,Spectrum ,Discrete Le Gall transformation ,DLGT ,Spektras ,Diskrečioji Le Gall transformacija ,Mathematics - Abstract
Darbe analizuojama diskrečioji Le Gall transformacija (DLGT) yra viena iš bangelių transformacijų, kurios naudojamos skaitmeninių vaizdų glaudinime. Vaizdų glaudinimas ypač svarbus, kai kalbama apie vaizdų siuntimą mažo pralaidumo kompiuteriniu kanalu. Šiai problemai spręsti pasitelkiama diskrečioji Le Gall transformacija, bei didelis dėmesys darbe skirtas vaizdo fragmento DLGT spektrui. Šio spektro radimui sukurtas ir realizuotas naujas algoritmas − greitoji procedūra. Palyginamosios analizės metu įrodyta, kad sukurta greitoji procedūra randa vaizdo fragmento DLGT spektrą daugiau nei 50 kartų greičiau nei tiesiogiai taikant DLGT vaizdo fragmentui. Darbo pradžioje aptariamos pagrindinės bangelių ir jų transformacijų savybės. Šių savybių svarba iliustruojama pateiktais pavyzdžiais ir sąsajomis su taikymu praktikoje. Viena iš svarbesnių aptariamų savybių būtų transformacijos lokalizavimas erdvėje. Nors DLGT pilnai netenkina šios savybės, tačiau darbe apžvelgtas dekoreliacijos metodas leidžia išspręsti šią problemą. Be to, pateikiami išsamūs DLGT algoritmai vienmačiams ir dvimačiams vaizdams. Šių algoritmų dėka buvo sukurta programinė įranga, padedanti analizuoti DLGT. Galiausiai darbo pabaigoje pateikiama sukurtos programinės įrangos instrukcija. In this paper the main attention is dedicated to discrete Le Gall transformation (DLGT), the family of discrete wavelets transformations, which usage in the image compression is quite popular. Image compression is very important when it comes to low bandwidth network and computer channels. To deal with this problem the discrete Le Gall wavelets are brought up and focused on the image fragment DLGT spectrum. For calculation of this spectrum the new fast procedure is suggested and realized. In comparative analysis the fast procedure is proved to work more than 50 times faster than applying DLGT direct to image fragment. In the beginning of this paper the main concepts of wavelets and their transformations are analyzed. An importance of these properties is illustrated by examples and applications in practice. One of the most important properties is localization in space. Even though DLGT does not fully meet this property decorrelation technique, introduced in paper, benefits in solving localization problem. Moreover, DLGT algorithms are proposed for one-dimensional and 2-dimensional images. According to these algorithms the new program was created, which is dedicated for image analysis. Finally, in the end of paper the instructions of program are presented.
- Published
- 2011
10. Lithuanian language consonats spectrum analysis
- Author
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Šimkus, Ramūnas, Stumbras, Tomas, Tamošiūnas, Albertas, Daunys, Gintautas, Lauruška, Vidas, Laurutis, Vincas, Ramanauskas, Nerijus, Daubaras, Algimantas, and Siauliai University
- Subjects
Formants ,Electronics and Electrical Engineering ,Spectrum ,Kalbos sintezė ,Speech recognition ,Spektras ,Kalbos atpažinimas ,Formnatės ,Speech synthesis - Abstract
20 amžiaus antrojoje pusėje ypač suaktyvėjo tyrimai kalbančiojo atpažinimo ir kalbos sintezavimo srityje. Jau nuo penktojo dešimtmečio vykdomi tyrimai siekiant sukurti sistemas galinčias atpažinti šnekamąją kalbą. Ypač svarbu šioje srityje yra kokybiškai atskirti kalbos signalus. Aštuntajame dešimtmetyje buvo sukurta eilė požymių išskyrimo metodų. Svarbesni iš jų yra melų skalės kepstras, suvokimu paremta tiesinė prognozė (perceptual linear prediction), delta kepstras ir kiti.[3] Naudojant šiuolaikinę kompiuterinę įrangą, signalų atskyrimo uždavinys gerokai supaprastėja, tačiau vis tiek išlieka labai sudėtingas. Kalbos sintezatorius yra kompiuterinė sistema, kuri gali atpažinti žmogaus balsą bet kokiame tekste. Sistema gali automatiškai sugeneruoti žmogaus balsą. Viena iš perspektyviausių balso technologijų panaudojimo sričių – įvairūs neįgaliems žmonėms skirti taikymai (akliems ir silpnaregiams, nevaikščiojantiems arba turintiems ribotas judėjimo galimybes). Balso technologijų panaudojimas dažnai yra esminis arba net vienintelis tokių žmonių integravimo į visuomenę būdas. Dar yra daugybė tokių sistemų panaudojimo sričių: • telefoninių ryšių centrai, automatiškai aptarnaujantys telefoninius pokalbius, atpažįstantys ir suprantantys, ką skambinantis sako; • automatinės transporto tvarkaraščių užklausimo sistemos; • automobilio mazgų valdymo žmogaus balsu priemonės; • nenutrūkstamos kalbos atpažinimo sistemos darbui teksto redaktoriais; Kalbos signalams analizuoti bei atskirti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] In 20th century speech recognition and synthesis became very important part of science. In last 50 years were a lot of researches in speech recognition. And for the moment there are many systems for speech recognition and synthesis for popular European languages, such as French, English, Germanic languages. One of the most important benefits of this is for disabled people to make their life more comfortable and adopt them to normal life, to create new interfaces and possibility to use personal computers for them. For Lithuanian language need researches, because of our language unique. An aim of research is a spectrum of Lithuanian consonants. Main method is linear prediction is used for finding formants. There are some main methods for speech signals analysis: linear prediction, Furier transformation, cepstral analysis. For linear prediction are several different algorithms. We used Burg algorithm for finding formants. In this research paper records of words were annotated and analyzed by PRAAT software. Formant movement obtained with same program. Obtained data of research was processed with MATLAB 6.5 software. All consonants were divided to groups, such as voiced and unvoiced, semivowels, plosives and fricatives. In our research was analyzed influence of vowels following after consonant. Obtained data is useful for increasing quality in speech recognition and synthesis. Paper includes: 1. Speech generation analysis. 2. Spectrum analysis methods. 3. Experiment methodology... [to full text]
- Published
- 2010
11. La- Ni oksidinių junginių Rentgeno fotoelektroninių spektrų tyrimas
- Author
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Tribockij, Tomaš, Bondarenko, Vladimiras, Alkauskas, Andrius, Vaišnoras, Rimantas, Audzijonis, Algirdas, Gaigalas, Gediminas, Rimeika, Alfonsas, Svirskas, Kęstutis, Lazauskaitė, Roma, Udris, Arvydas, Siroicas, Janas, Bondarenka, Vladimiras, Šatkovskis, Eugenijus, and Vilnius Pedagogical University
- Subjects
XPSPeak ,Physics ,LaNiO3-x ,Spectrum ,X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy ,Spektras ,Rentgeno fotoelektronų spektroskopija ,Junginiai - Abstract
Darbo tikslas yra ištirti neatkaitintų ir atkaitintų prie aukštų temperatūrų vakuume LaNiO3 sluoksnių Rentgeno fotoelektronų spektrus. Darbe aprašyti Rentgeno fotoelektronų spektroskopijos (RFS) (XPS- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) metodo, naudojamo įvairių medžiagų paviršių cheminei sudėčiai nustatyti, pagrindai. Pirmame skyriuje aprašyti: La- Ni oksidiniai junginiai ir jų tyrimų metodika, plonų nanostruktūrizuotų medžiagų sluoksnių nusodinimo iš dujų fazės (plazmos) metodas- magnetroninis dulkinimas (magnetron sputtering), aparatūra, XPSPeak programos pritaikymas Rentgeno fotoelektronų spektrų tyrimui bei jos naudojimo galimybės. Antrasis skyrius yra skirtas Rentgeno fotoelektroninių spektrų matavimų, naudojant spektrometrą XSAM 800 (Kratos Analytical, Didžioji Britanija) ypatumams ir bandinių gamybos metodikai aptarti. Trečiajame skyriuje pateikiami eksperimentiniai rezultatai gauti, matuojant LaNiO3-x Rentgeno fotoelektronų spektrus. Darbo pabaigoje yra pateikiamos išvados, kurios galėtų būti naudingos, tobulinant LaNiO3-x bandinių gamybos technologiją. The aim of presented work was to investigate the X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of LaNiO3-x thin films. The films were produced by DC magnetron sputtering. It is known that the temperature dependence of resistivity of as grown films has the metallic character. After the temperature annealing in the high vacuum condition this dependence changes to the semiconductor like character. XPS spectra of the oxygen region of as grown samples indicate that oxygen ions are in three states – O2-, hydroxyl groups (OH)-, and water. After the temperature annealing in the high vacuum condition oxygen ions are only in the two states - O2- and hydroxyl groups (OH)-. Thus the changes of the resistivity temperature dependence are caused by the changes of the oxygen ions system after the temperature annealing in the high vacuum. After temperatures processing in vacuum the samples some time have been sustained in atmospheric conditions, the temperature dependence of resistance again came back to an initial metal condition. This fact means that for the synthesis of qualitative thin layers it is necessary to change technological conditions of production.
- Published
- 2010
12. The spectra and other distinctive features of plosive consonants in the subdialect of Prienai
- Author
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Jurgita Jaroslavienė
- Subjects
Consonant ,Linguistics and Language ,Tarmės. Dialektai. Dialektologija / Dialects. Dialectology ,Speech recognition ,Prienų šnekta ,skiriamosios ypatybės ,lietuvių dialektologija ,Obstruent ,Prienai ,Language and Linguistics ,lcsh:Philology. Linguistics ,Combinatorics ,Formant ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,sprogstamieji priebalsiai ,lcsh:P1-1091 ,eksperimentinė fonetika ,Vowel ,Sonority hierarchy ,Voice ,spektras ,spektro sklaida ,Syllable ,Articulation (phonetics) ,Mathematics - Abstract
THE SPECTRA AND OTHER DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF PLOSIVE CONSONANTS IN THE SUBDIALECT OF PRIENAI SummaryEvery plosive consonant has a similar impact on both the beginning (when preceding a vowel) and the end (when following a vowel) of the spectrum of respective vowels. Second and third formant differences of consonants have special prominence, including their initial position in the spectrum and the dynamics of adjacent vowel formant beginnings, as well as intensity, height and shortness of their spectra.In the articulation of voiced plosive consonants a significant role is played by friction and voice. At the moment of plosion, vibrations are distributed throughout a wider range of frequencies compared with the pronunciation of respective voiceless consonants. The main role in the pronunciation of voiceless plosive consonants belongs to the source of noise or friction. They are characterised by a pause and a burst of low energy which is seen in spectrograms as a certain kind of a column. It is the widest in the case of the consonants [k] and [k̑], and the narrowest – with [p] and [p̑].The labial plosives [p] and [p̑] are pronounced with the least noise;regarding the qualitative differences of adjacent vowels, it is possible to attribute these sounds to the class of low sounds. Concerning the voiced consonants, the least intense and lowest ones are [b] and [b̑] respectively. When comparing [p], [p̑] and [b], [b̑], it should be noted that they differ in sonority;a slightly lower pitch is typical of the voiced consonants respectively. These labial plosives differ clearly from other plosives in the height of their pitch, i.e. as low consonants from high ones.The front-tongue consonants [t] and [t̑] are more intense sounds in comparison with [p] and [p̑];regarding the spectrum of their adjacent vowels, it is possible to attribute them to the class of high sounds. Respectively, the voiced consonants [d], [d̑] are also more intense than the labial [b], [b̑]. Besides, voiced sounds differ from their voiceless correlates [t] and [t̑] in sonority, yet [d] and [d̑] are more intense and have a slightly lower pitch than [t] and [t̑] respectively. Regarding the spectral dispersion of adjacent sounds, it should be noted that the hard consonants [t] and [d] noticeably increase the pitch of adjacent back vowels at their beginning and the end respectively.The most intense consonants in the subdialect of Prienai are the front-tongue (front-palate) and mid-tongue (mid-palate) sounds [k] and [k̑], as well as [g] and [g̑];they are also attributable to high-pitch consonants, except for being compact sounds. As in the case of [t] and [d], the hard [k] and [g] also noticeably increase the height of pitch in the articulation of adjacent back vowels.It should be noted that the spectra of respective voiced and voiceless plosives are similar, except for the fact that at word-initial positions, the spectrum of voiceless consonants is much more dispersed and not so prominent from the moment of plosion until the beginning of sonority because vocal folds do not vibrate during the pronunciation of a voiceless consonant.Palatalised plosive consonants differ from their counterpart hard plosives in the height of pitch: the following plosives of raised pitch should be regarded as sharp consonants: [b̑], [d̑], [g̑], [p̑], [t̑] and [k̑]. Pitch height differences are particularly noticeable between [k] and [k̑] as well as [g] and [g̑].The duration of plosive consonants has been noticed to be related to the place of consonant articulation: the shortest duration in the subdialect is typical of labial plosives. Perhaps the obstruction caused by speech organs at the front of the mouth is overcome faster than the one existing deeper in the mouth cavity.The prominence of aspiration depends both on the type of the syllable and adjacent consonants, their type, etc. The clearest aspiration is found with short stressed and circumflex syllables. Aspiration is also amplified by a penultimate consonant of the same type, i.e. a plosive (nulùpkʽ ~ nulùpk ‘please peel’).Experimental investigation of the plosive consonant spectra has shown that phonological peculiarities and distinctive features of [p], [p̑], [t], [t̑], [k], [k̑], [b], [b̑], [d], [d̑], [g] and [g̑] are determined by the initial or final part of the spectrum of adjacent vowels, the duration, intensity and height of consonant spectrum. Plosive consonants are especially different in the character of dynamics that the second and the third formants in the initial or final sections of adjacent vowels possess, as well as in the tempo of shifting and in the position in their spectrum.The strongest impact of all the plosive (and other) consonants is on the initial or final section of the formants of adjacent vowels. For example, the influence of palatalised and non-palatalised consonants on the adjacent vowels is increasingly stronger the closer the vowel stands to the consonant.
- Published
- 2010
13. Ce I atomo energijos spektro ir šuolių tyrimas vienkonfigūraciniu Hartrio ir Foko artiniu
- Author
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Grybaitė, Rita, Udris, Arvydas, Karpuškienė, Rasa, Bondarenka, V., Rancova, Olga, Vaišnoras, Rimantas, Audzijonis, A., Rimeika, A, Siroicas, J, Svirskas, K., Lazauskaite, R., Banenienė, M, and Vilnius Pedagogical University
- Subjects
Energy ,Physics ,Spectrum ,One-configuration approximation ,Energija ,Vienkonfigūracinis artutinumas ,Spektras - Abstract
Darbą sudaro 2 skyriai. Pirmajame skyriuje yra pateikiama trumpa literatūros apžvalga. Antrajame skyriuje yra aprašomas rezultatų aptarimas eksperimentinio ir teorinio energijos spektro palyginimas grafiškai ir skaičiavimo metodu; šuolių tipai bei jų pasiskirstymas ir tikimybės. Darbo prieduose pateikiami eksperimentiniai skaičiavimo rezultatai. The work consists of 2 chapters. Chapter 1 deals with a short literature review. Chapter 2 deals with experimental and theoretical energy spectrum comparison in diagram form and calculating form, and their results’ analysis; bound types and their distribution and probabilities. The results of experimental calculating are given in appendices.
- Published
- 2009
14. Analyses of energy levels and determination of the coupling type of the rare-earths Praseodymium (Pr) and Holmium (Ho)
- Author
-
Satkauskaitė, Renata, Vieštartienė, Lilija, Karazija, Romualdas, Karpuškienė, Rasa, Svirskas, Kęstutis, Vaišnoras, Rimantas, Udris, Arvydas, Audzijonis, Algirdas, Rimeika, Alfonsas, Lazauskaitė, Romualda, Lazauskas, Valentinas, and Vilnius Pedagogical University
- Subjects
Elektronas ,Physics ,Ryšys ,Principas ,Atomas ,Lygmuo ,Taisyklė ,Hund ,Energija ,Hundo ,Momentas ,Pauli ,Spektras ,Paulio - Abstract
Master‘s theses, 62 pages, 9 tables, 22 pictures, 19 literary resources, 2 appendixes, language – Lithuanian. Thesis includes important key words and concepts: rare-earth atom, energy, level, coupling, spectrum, electron, moment, Hund, Pauli, lanthanide. The purpose of this work – to analyse Praseodymium (Pr) and Holmium (Ho) and their ions energy level spectrum and analyses. Indoctrinate different coupling types, and give explanations of the rules how to definite terms. There are several problematical tasks set, to help in reaching this purpose: • analysis of the energy spectrum properties of lanthanides; • plotting of Pr and Ho and their ions energy levels from the experimental data; • analysis of Pr and Ho and their ions energy level plot and compare them; • presentation of fundamental theory of angular momentum; • traversing basic coupling types; • overview the definition of terms for each type of coupling. Thesis contains six chapters and two appendices. In the first chapter the periodic table is presented, together with the electron distribution in atoms and the filling of the electron shells. Shortly, the basic properties of lanthanides are introduced as well. In the second chapter the analysis of the multi-electron atomic spectra are analysed. In the third chapter the basic rules of addition of moments are presented. The fourth and the fifth chapter include studies of coupling types and rules for the calculation of the terms of one-electron , two-electron and... [to full text]
- Published
- 2006
15. Spectra of isolated vowels of the standard baltic languages
- Author
-
Lidija Kaukėnienė
- Subjects
balsiai ,Linguistics and Language ,bendrinė kalba ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Latvian ,Art ,Lithuanian ,Language and Linguistics ,language.human_language ,Linguistics ,lcsh:Philology. Linguistics ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,lcsh:P1-1091 ,Vowel ,language ,baltų kalbos ,Baltų kalbos / Baltic languages ,Kalbos garsai. Abėcėlė / Speech sounds. Alphabet ,Spectral analysis ,Spektras ,Articulation (phonetics) ,Baltic languages ,media_common - Abstract
Straipsnyje siekiama aprašyti lietuvių ir latvių bendrinių kalbų izoliuotų balsių sistemas bei jas palyginti su tokiu pat būdu ištartų Danielio Joneso kardinaliųjų balsių akustiniais ir artikuliaciniais požymiais. Iki šiol visuose tarmėms skirtuose darbuose kardinalinių balsių formančių reikšmės buvo imamos iš Wictoro Jassemo akustinės fonetikos veikalo. Palyginus lietuvių ir latvių bendrinių kalbų izoliuotų balsių sistemas matyti, kad artikuliacinėmis ir akustinėmis savybėmis dabartinių bendrinių kalbų basliai panašūs tiek į pirminius, tiek į antrinius D. Joneso kardinalinius balsius. W. Jassemo duomenimis, nė vienas dabartinių baltų bendrinių kalbų izoliuotas balsis neužima kraštutinių pozicijų. The article examines the spectra of isolated vowels of the standard Baltic languages, their acoustic, articulation features and their relationship with D. Jones' cardinal vowels. The acoustic features of the separate vowels of Lithuanian and Latvian are not the same. The vowels [a'], [a], [i], [e'], [u] are not pronounced in the same place. The timbre of Latvian [i], [e'] is higher than that of similar vowels in Lithuanian, but the timbre of isolated Lithuanian [e'] is higher than that of the similar Latvian vowel. The timbre of the Latvian isolated vowels [a'], [a], [ɔ], [u'], [u] is lower than that of similar Lithuanian vowels. The Latvian isolated vowels [i'], [u'] have a higher F1, that is, they are more open than the corresponding Lithuanian vowels. Besides Latvian isolated [i], [e'], [u'] are more tense and [u], [ɔ] are more rounded than similar Lithuanian vowels but Lithuanian [i'] is more tense than its Latvian correspondent. The spectral analysis and acoustic data allow us to claim that the isolated vowels of the standard Baltic languages are similar to the secondary and primary cardinal vowels. The marked extreme articulation is typical of Latvian and Lithuanian [o'], [ɔ], [i'], [u'].
- Published
- 2004
16. Bendrinės kalbos nekirčiuotų trumpųjų balsių spektrų dinamika
- Author
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Regina Kliukienė
- Subjects
lcsh:Language and Literature ,lcsh:Philology. Linguistics ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,lcsh:P1-1091 ,lcsh:P ,Kalbos garsai. Abėcėlė / Speech sounds. Alphabet ,Spektras - Abstract
Remiantis straipsnio autorės atliktų tyrimų rezultatais, kurie parodė, kad bendrinėje kalboje prieš minkštuosius priebalsius tariami skirtingos kokybės ir skirtingos artikuliacijos garsai. Šiame darbe tiriama, kaip kinta garsų kokybė nuo garso tarimo pradžios iki pabaigos - ypač atsižvelgiant į tai, kad žvalgomoji trumpųjų balsių spektrų dinamikos analizė parodė akivaizdžius trumpųjų balsių spektrų dinamikos analizė parodė akivaizdžius trumpųjų balsių spektro vidurio ir pabaigos skirtumus. Darbe atliktoji nekirčiuotų trumpųjų balsių [i], [u], [e], [a] spektrų dinaminė bei formančių reikšmių analizė nė kiek nekelia abejonių, kad bendrinėje kalboje tariami trumpieji balsiai, tariami prieš minkštuosius bei kietuosius priebalsius, yra skirtingos kokybės ir artikuliacijos garsai. Prieš minkštuosius priebalsius [i], [u], [e], [a] supriešakėję, gerokai uždaresni ir aukštesni poziciniai variantai. Ypač ryškus fonemos [e] variantas, kuris pozicijoje prieš minkštuosius priebalsius girdimas sudvibalsėjęs fonemos [a] alofonas, neabejotinai turintis diftongoido požymių. Aptariamose pozicijose lyginamų balsių kokybinius skirtumus lemia akustinės savybes, t.y. tembro, tonalumo, kompaktiškumo, įtempimo ir bemoliškumo požymiai. Tembro, tonalumo, įtempimo požiūriu minkštųjų priebalsių poveikio mažėjimo tvarka trumpieji balsiai išsidėsto taip: [i], [e], [a], [u]. Balsių kompaktiškumui ir bemoliškumui minkštieji priebalsiai didesnio poveikio nedaro. Iš pateiktų grafikų matyti, kad prieš minkštuosius ir kietuosius priebalsius vartojami skirtingos kokybės balsiai yra tų pačių fonemų kombinaciniai variantai. The results of the studies, performed by the author of the article, showed that sounds of different quality and articulation are pronounced before soft consonants in the common language. The study examines the ways the quality of sound changes from the beginning to the end of pronunciation of the sound, especially taking into consideration the fact that the analysis of the dynamics of the spectrum of short vowels shows obvious differences between the middle and the end of the spectrum of short vowels. The dynamic and formants’ meanings analysis of spectrums of non-stressed short vowels [i], [u], [e], [a], performed in the study, eliminates any doubt that the short vowels, pronounced in the common language before soft or hard consonants are sounds of a different quality and articulation. Fronted, closer and higher positional variants are pronounced before soft consonants [i], [u], [e], [a]. The variant of the phoneme [e] is especially prominent, since, in the position before soft consonants, it is heard as an allophone of a diphthongized phoneme [a] with evident characteristics of a diphthongoid. The quality differences of the vowels, compared in the positions under discussion result from their acoustic features, i. e. characteristics of quality, tonality, compactness, tension and flatness. In terms of quality, tonality and tension, according to the order of reduction of the influence of soft consonants the short vowels are arranged in the following order: [i], [e], [a], [u]. The soft consonants have no major influence on compactness and flatness of vowels. The provided diagrams show that the vowels of different quality, used before soft and hard consonants are combinational variants of the same phonemes.
- Published
- 2003
17. Regressive influence of palatalised consonants on the spectrum of the short vowels in standard Lithuanian
- Author
-
Regina Kliukienė
- Subjects
lcsh:Language and Literature ,lcsh:Philology. Linguistics ,Tarmės. Dialektai. Dialektologija / Dialects. Dialectology ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,lcsh:P1-1091 ,lcsh:P ,Kalbos garsai. Abėcėlė / Speech sounds. Alphabet ,Spektras - Abstract
Šis darbas yra pirmasis bandymas atlikti sistemingą bendrinės kalbos balsių spektrinę analizę, nustatyti, kaip minkštieji priebalsiai veikia prieš juos vartojamų balsių kokybę. Iš klausos nesunkiai atskiriamas tokių balsių tarimas: prieš minkštuosius priebalsius balsiai daug uždaresni, prieš kietuosius tariami atviresni tų pačių fonemų kombinaciniai variantai. Tirti keturi trumpieji balsiai: aukštutiniai [i], [u] ir žemutiniai [e], [a] balsių spektrai. Apibendrinant tyrimo rezultatus galima teigti, kad bendrinėje kalboje priebalsių palatalizacija daro stiprų regresyvinį poveikį trumpųjų balsių spektrui ir artikuliacijai. Prieš minkštąjį priebalsį tariamas gerokai aukštesnio tembro garsas, kurio išraiška yra aukšta antroji formantė. Reikšmingiausiai skiriasi priešakinės eilės aukštutinio pakilimo trumpojo [i] ir žemutinio pakilimo trumpojo [e] alofonai. Ne ką prasčiau diferencijuojami užpakalinės eilės žemutinio pakilimo balsio [a] variantai prieš minkštąjį ir kietąjį priebalsį. The study is the first ever attempt to perform a systematic spectral analysis of the vowels in the common language and identify the ways the soft consonants influence the quality of the vowels, which precede them. The pronunciation of such vowels can be easily told aurally: the vowels are much more closed before soft consonants and more open combinational variants of the same phonemes are pronounced before hard consonants. Four short vowels were examined: upper [i], [u] and lower [e], [a] vowel spectrums. When summarizing the results of the study, it can be stated that the palatalization of consonants in the common language has a strong regressive influence on the spectrum and articulation of short vowels. A significantly higher sound, whose expression is the high second format, is pronounced before a soft consonant. The allophones of the upper short [i] and lower short [e] of the front row are most significantly different. The variants of the back row lower [a] are also similarly differentiated before a soft or hard consonant.
- Published
- 2002
18. Analysis of isolated vowels in the subdialect of Lukšiai
- Author
-
Bacevičiūtė, Rima
- Subjects
Formantė ,Tarmės. Dialektai. Dialektologija / Dialects. Dialectology ,Lukšiai ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Aukštaičiai / Aukštaitian dialect ,Kalbos garsai. Abėcėlė / Speech sounds. Alphabet ,Spektras ,Aukštaitija ,Artikuliacija - Abstract
Lingvistikos darbuose gana dažnai pateikiamos akustinės bei artikuliacinės balsių charakteristikos, pagrįstos jų spektrų analize. Tačiau išsamesnių šio tipo darbų, skirtų pietinėms vakarų aukštaičių šnektoms, nėra gausu. Straipsnyje bandoma paanalizuoti Lukšių šnektos, priklausančios vakarų aukštaičių kauniškių šiaurinei daliai, izoliuotai tariamų balsių spektrines charakteristikas, šiek tiek palyginti jas su ankstesniais panašaus pobūdžio darbais ir aptarti šių balsių santykį su visuotinai pripažintais balsių kokybės etalonais - D. Joneso kardinaliniais balsiais. Apibendrinant tyrimo rezultatus, daromos išvados, kad Lukšių šnektos balsiams nebūdinga ryški kraštutinė artikuliacija; labiausiai išsiskiria priešakinės eilės, aukštutinio pakilimo balsis [r], tačiau ir jis, lyginant su panašius artikuliacinius požymius turinčiais kardinaliniais balsiais, atrodo daug blankesnis. Pagal tarimo eilę griežtai galime atskirti tik aukštutinius balsius, daug neaukštutinių balsių šiuo atžvilgiu užimtų tarpinę padėtį. Nelabai ryškus ir liežuvio vertikalusis poslinkis: nemažai balsių galima būtų laikyti vidutinio pakilimo garsais. Savo padėtimi balsių sistemoje išsiskiria trumpieji-neįtemptieji balsiai [i], [u]. Balsis [i] yra žemesnio pakilimo ir užpakalesnis negu balsis [e], o balsis [.], nors ir aukštesnio pakilimo, tačiau šiek tiek priešakesnis negu balsis [o]. Skiriasi žemutiniai skirtingos kilmės balsiai: istorinio ilgumo balsiai yra aukštesnio pakilimo, uždaresni negu atitinkami pozicinio ilgimo balsiai. Greičiausiai to priežastis - išlikusios nazalizacijos pėdsakai. Studies of linguistics quite frequently present acoustic and articulation characteristics of vowels, based by their spectrum analysis. However there are little comprehensive studies of the type, dedicated to the dialects of Southwestern Upper Lithuanians. The article attempts to analyze the spectral characteristics of the vowels, pronounced in the isolated way in the dialect of Lukšiai, belonging to the Northern part of the Western Upper Lithuanians, compare them with the previous similar studies and discuss the relation between the said vowels and the universally recognized reference standards of quality of vowels, i. e. D. Jones’s cardinal vowels. When summarizing the results of the study the conclusions are made that the vowels of the dialect of Lukšiai do not characterize with the clear edge articulation; the front high vowel [r] stands out the most [r], however the vowel, compared with the cardinal vowels with similar articulation characteristics, seems significantly dimmer. According to the row of pronunciation only the upper vowels can be stricter distinguished, a lot of non-upper vowels in this regard would occupy an interim position. The vertical slip of the tongue is also not very significant: a good deal of vowels could be considered medium sounds. The short lax vowels [i] and [u] distinguish by their position in the vowel system. The vowel [i] is lower and more back than [e], and the vowel [.], although high, is more front than the vowel [o]. The low vowels of different origins are different: the vowels of historical length are higher and closer than the corresponding vowels of positional length. The reason most likely is the remaining nasalization traits.
- Published
- 2000
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