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This thesis investigates models for the 3-month interbank offered rates in the currencies of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, the euro, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The objective of this thesis is to compare different methods of modeling and out-of-sample forecasting. The following methods are applied to the analysis: ARIMA, ETS, BATS, automatic variable selection methods, regression with ARIMA errors. The evidence presented in this thesis shows that a regression model with ARIMA errors or BATS model tends to have superior predictive performance, compared to other interbank offered rate models, forecasting for a period of 15 days.

Relevance of the problem: stable anchorage is a pre-requisite for successful orthodontic treatment. Nowadays, skeletal anchorage with orthodontic mini-implants (MIs) expands the treatment options, but their use is not always successful. The aim of the work: to evaluate the success of orthodontic treatment using mini-implants in the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences (LUHS) Clinic of Orthodontics and to identify the factors affecting the clinical success of orthodontic mini-implants and possible treatment complications. Materials and methods: in this retrospective study, 48 patients with a total of 93 mini-implants screwed in 2016 - 2018 were investigated. The variables potentially related to mini-implants success were assessed through four categories: patient-related (age, sex), implant-related (length, diameter), location-related (jaw, jaw area, anatomical area) and treatment-related (type of orthodontic treatment, timing of force application). Peri-implant inflammation, mini-implant mobility and adjacent tooth damage were registered. This study was approved by the Bioethics Center of the LUHS and all the necessary data was collected from the patients’ medical records at the LUHS Clinic of Orthodontics ensuring the confidentiality of the subjects. Results: the overall success rate of MIs was 51,6%. The clinical variables of treatment-related factors (type of orthodontic treatment, timing of force application) and mini-implant length showed statistically significant differences in success rates. All patient-related factors, mini-implant diameter, all location-related factors did not show any statistically significant difference in success rates. Also, during this study the complications of treatment were recorded: mini-implant mobility (44,1%), peri-implant inflammation (20,4%) and adjacent tooth damage (3,2%). Conclusions: significantly more successful treatment with orthodontic mini-implants is achieved by threading longer (10 mm) MIs, loading them at least 3 weeks after tapping and using MIs for distalization.

This thesis analyses Lithuania’s birth and death rate monthly data from 2001 January to 2022 April. The aim of this study is to find out if seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model is applicable for monthly birth and death rate forecast. During this study training and testing sets were created, the requirements of stationarity were tested, SARIMA model’s order was selected from observed ACF and PACF graphs, the requirements of residual analysis were tested, MAPE and MSE measurements were assessed. For both death and birth rate data best SARIMA model was selected.

The authors have examined the large variation in adolescent fertility rates between and within countries to better understand the regional and individual factors underlying early childbearing. Using low spatial level data from the Lithuanian Census, they found that there is a high degree of regional differentiation within Lithuania, with differences of up to 20-fold between rates in different regions. Therefore, they investigated whether the regional differentiation in adolescent fertility rates is determined by different regional contexts or by the individual characteristics of teenage mothers. Surprisingly, the results of their regression models showed that the regional context did not have a large effect on adolescent fertility – the large differences between regions appeared due to the unequal spatial distribution of socio-economically disadvantaged teenagers. Their results also showed that women who had their first child during adolescence were statistically significantly different from those who postponed motherhood: those who gave birth during adolescence were more likely to belong to ethnic minorities (1.4 times more likely), receive government benefits (10 times), live in large households (10 times), and reside in rural areas (1.4 times). They were also more likely to terminate their education early, acquiring only a primary (7 times more likely) or lower-secondary (8 times) education. The study’s findings suggest that public strategies and policies should address individual factors to reduce adolescent fertility rates and regional disparities. Teenage mothers should be supported to return to the education system as early as possible, thus preventing a further widening of the gap between their socioeconomic status and that of their childless peers.

There is not enough information about suicide since it is a sensitive topic amongst society, this is the main reason encouraging further data analysis on this topic. Keynote – relationship between high rates of suicide per hundred thousand people and living in a post-soviet country analysis. The main goal – review data from 1985-2015 years: classifying it by age and sex, finding the differences between global, post soviet countries and Lithuania. If there is one, to find a dependency on belonging to post soviet countries and having high suicide rates. This thesis shows that a relationship between high rates of suicide per hundred thousand people and living in a post-soviet country exists. Moreover, the dependency on belonging to a top ten countries by suicide per hundred thousand people and belonging to a post soviet country is shown.

Palūkanų normos vaidina svarbų vaidmenį, skatinant verslo aktyvumą bei visos šalies ekonomikos vystymąsi. Dėl 2007–2008 metais prasidėjusios pasaulinės finansinės krizės, padėtis finansų rinkose tapo nestabili ir sunkiai prognozuojama, todėl palūkanų normų analizė leidžia objektyviau įvertinti esamą situaciją bei nustatyti jas lemiančius veiksnius. Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti nefinansinių korporacijų paskolų palūkanų normas lemiančius veiksnius Lietuvoje. Tyrime naudojami sisteminės mokslinės literatūros analizės, koreliacinės, statistinių duomenų tyrimo bei grafinės analizės metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog visu analizuojamu 2005–2014 m. vidurio laikotarpiu, nefinansinės korporacijos daugiausia paskolų likučių turėjo eurais – tai galima sieti su vidutine paskolų palūkanų norma, kuri visu nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu imant paskolas eurais buvo 0,36– 4,90 proc. punktais mažesnė nei imant paskolas litais. Nustatyta, jog stipriausią įtaką Lietuvos nefinansinių korporacijų paskolų palūkanų normoms daro ECB nustatomos palūkanų normos. Interest rates play an important role in promoting business activity and all country’s economic development. The aim of this work is to identify determinants of non-financial corporations’ loan interest rates in Lithuania. Methods used in the analysis are: systematic analysis of the scientific literature, correlation analysis, statistical research and graphical analysis methods. The results showed that in the analyzed 2005–2014 mid period loans of non-financial corporations residue was mainly in euros. It may be related to the average interest rates of loans, which the entire analyzed period taking out loans in euros was 0.36 to 4.90 percent point less than taking out loans in litas. Analyzing new issued loans to non-financial corporations, it was found that almost the entire analyzed period, new loans (up to one year) was more issued in euros. There was also found that the strongest impact on Lithuanian non–financial corporations’ lending interest rates makes the ECB interest rates to non–financial corporations.

Šiuo metų informacinės technologijos vystosi labai sparčiai, tai ypač pastebima internete. Įmonės stengiasi kuo daugiau informacijos apie save ir savo paslaugas pateikti savo interneto svetainėse, kadangi žmonės informacijos vis dažniau ieško internete. Ne išimtis ir bankai, kurie pateikia visą informaciją apie save, ir savo paslaugas savo interneto svetainėse, tačiau kiekvieno banko interneto svetainės struktūra yra skirtinga, todėl norint sužinoti ir palyginti valiutų kursų duomenis skirtinguose bankuose užima daug laiko. Taip pat bankai neteikia tokios paslaugos kaip valiutos kurso kitimo istorija, kas yra aktualu atliekant valiutos keitimo operaciją. Bakalauro baigiamojo darbo tikslas – sukurti valiutų kursų stebėjimo sistemą, paremta Lietuvos bankų pateikiamais valiutų kursų duomenimis, pateikti vartotojams valiutų kursų duomenis iš skirtingų Lietuvos bankų vienoje vietoje, bei suteikti jiems įrankius, kurių dėka jie galėtų palyginti duomenis tarp skirtingų bankų. Pasinaudodami kuriama sistema vartotojai sutaupytų daug laiko, ne tik dėl to kad visi duomenys pateikiami vienoje vietoje, bet ir dėl to kad kiekvieno banko duomenys bus pateikiami vienoda forma, todėl juos bus lengva suprasti ir analizuoti. Nowadays everybody use internet to either find or spread information. Banks do the same, in fact clients no longer need to visit bank, because everything can be done online, which means that banks provide a lot of information to it’s customers. Aim of the project is to create a system, which would provide users with Exchange rates data from Lithuanian banks in an unified, easy to understand format. System must monitor and collect Exchange rates fluctuation data supplied by Lithuanian banks automatically. System requirements and architecture were determined after carrying out an analysis of similar systems. Main requirements for the system are that the data collection should be performed automatically, so that the system can operate with minimum maintenance required. Users must be able to view daily Exchange rates data as well as have the ability to view historic graphs for a specific currency in a specific bank, perform currency Exchange calculations in a specific bank or compare the results between selected banks. Based on system requirements specification and architectural specification system testing was conducted in order to find and fix system errors and also check system compatibility with different server-side and user-side software. User manual is also available for both, system administrators and end-users.

Šio straipsnio tikslas - pamėginti ištirti viso pohiperinfliacinio laikotarpio palūkanų normos dinamiką, atlikti jos periodizaciją, nustatyti buvusius dėsningumus, išskirti pagrindinius veiksnius. Tai galėtų būti naudinga prognozuojant palūkanų normų pokyčius ateityje, ypač kartojantis ekonomikos ciklui. Palūkanų normos vaidina svarbų vaidmenį skatinant verslo aktyvumą. Skolinimo sandoriuose nustatomos palūkanų normos. Bankai moka palūkanas už indėlius ir gauna palūkanas už suteiktas paskolas. Palūkanų normų kaitos ir jos veiksnių analizė leidžia geriau pažinti palūkanų normos susiformavimo mechanizmą ir ją prognozuoti. Straipsnyje aptariami palūkanų normų analizės teoriniai pagrindai, analizuojama palūkanų normų kaita Lietuvoje 1994-2006 m. laikotarpiu, išskiriami penki laikotarpiai ir jiems būdingi palūkanų normos dinamikos dėsningumai, nustatomi ir kiekybiškai įvertinami pagrindiniai veiksniai, darę įtaką palūkanų normų kaitai. Pamėginta pateikti palūkanų normų prognozę artimiausiam laikotarpiui. Interest is the amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain period. Interest rate is the price of lending money. Investigation of interest rates dynamics and its factors can be carried out according to three main theories: unbiased expectations, liquidity preference, and market segmentation theory. Interest rates' factors are divided into three groups: economical, political, and social factors. Lithuanian banks' loan and time deposit interest rates analysis shows, that there were decreasing interest rates and net interest margin in the period of 1994-2006. The main reason, which influenced interest rates to fall, was decreasing price level. Crisis in Russia caused sharp increase in loan and time deposit interest rates in 1999. On the other hand, competition in the loan and time deposit markets became more severe and it led to a decrease in interest rates. Economic cycle in Lithuania and general interest rates level have the opposite relation, which was confirmed by correlation analysis. As a result of analysis the authors make the interest rates forecast. As history of last years shows - ECB will increase the minimum bid rate on the main refinancing operations within limits of 0.25-0.5 p. p. This would effect interest rates level in Lithuania from 0.4 to 0.7 p.p. in 2007. For the reason that inflation in fast growing country will reach 4.5 percent (forecast), real interest rate of deposits in most banks will be negative.

Norint tiksliai įvertinti įmonės veiklos efektyvumą įvairiais aspektais, jos konkurencingumą ir tęstinumo galimybes, nepakanka analizuoti absoliutinius pelno rodiklius ir jais remiantis priimti tam tikrus sprendimus. Daug išsamesnė informacija gaunama apskaičiavus pelningumo rodiklius ir juos lyginant su ankstesnių metų rodikliais, kitų įmonių rodikliais, vidutiniais šakos rodikliais, taip pat su pelningumu, kuris galėjo būti gautas pasirinkus alternatyvaus investavimo būdus. Tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti alkoholio pramonės bendrovių veikos efektyvumo rodiklius 2002 - 2008 m. juos lyginant su maisto produktų ir gėrimų sektoriaus vidurkiu. Apskaičiavus ir išanalizavus bendrojo, grynojo, turto ir nuosavo kapitalo pelningumus paaiškėjo, kad analizuojamos įmonės pasižymi geresniais pelningumais, nei sektorius, kuriam jos priklauso. Visu analizuojamu laikotarpiu sunkiausiai sekėsi AB „Anykščių vynas“. Geriausiai sekėsi AB „Stumbras“. Apskaičiavus ir išanalizavus debitorinio įsiskolinimo, atsargų, ilgalaikio turto ir viso turto apyvartumus paaiškėjo, kad analizuojamos įmonės turėjo prastesnius apyvartumo rodiklius, nei maisto produktų ir gėrimų gamybos sektorius. Analizuojant šiuos rodiklius yra sunku išskirti įmonę, kuriai sekėsi geriausiai ar prasčiausiai. 2002-2004 m. veiklos efektyvumo rodikliams teigiamą įtaką darė palanki ekonominė aplinka, kuri suteikė galimybes plėsti įmonėms savo veiklą, nes tuo metu buvo taikomi nedideli pelno ir PVM mokesčių tarifai, be to, šiuo laikotarpiu Lietuva ruošėsi stoti į Europos Sąjungą, siekdama įvykdyti nustatytus Mastrichto kriterijus. It is expedient to invoke comparative rates while analyzing and assessing the state of companies. Profitability is the most important criterion and the main condition of companies' continuance. Also the turnover rates are relevant, it helps to find out, how the private capital and unoriginal asset of company are managed. On purpose to survey indicators of companies in alcohol industry, authors analyse the efficiency rates in 2002-2008 years of for selected companies: "Stumbras", "Alita", "Vilniaus degtinė", and „Anykščių vynas", compare them with food products and drinks segment. The article gives the calculations, analysis and comparison of profitability and turnover rates with reference to data of financial reports and statistics department. The obtain findings shows that both internal and external factors are affecting the effectiveness of companies mentioned above, but the macroeconomic surroundings did the most influence over the variations of analysed indicators.

The statistical analysis of interest rates on loans for non-financial institutions and other related economical indexes of Euro zone are accomplished in this work. The data in bachelor thesis is covered by monthly 2007–2016 years data of eleven countries and annual 2016 year data of eighteen countries. The data is used from European Central Bank, Eurostat, The World Bank and Nation Master databases. The aim of this work is to identify whether there is a relationship between interest rates and other investigated economical indexes and to predict the nearest future of interest rates on loans in Lithuania. In the work there were used these statistical methods: linear regression, stepwise regression, pooled, dynamic and fixed effects models for panel data, Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Pagan, Shapiro-Wilk, Dicky-Fuller, Ljung-Box tests and Cook's distance. The Statistical analysis of interest rate on loans in Euro zone revealed that in 2007–2016 interest rates are influenced by the financing cost, inflation and the annual growth of loans. Base on the data of 2016 the interest rates is dependent on loans for manufacturing sector share, credit to growth domestic product gap and the most important is non-performing loans share. There were observed that banking model in North is less risky and more risky in South Europe countries and that leads to higher interest rates. It is predicted that in Lithuania interest rates will fall by 0.1 percentages in two years.

Regional Distribution of Suicide Rates in the European Union: A Comparative Analysis The aim of the study is to determine factors related to different regional distribution of suicide rates in the European Union when the lowest suicide rates are attributable to South European states, the highest to – Eastern Europe countries. Western and Nordic countries have higher levels of suicide than Southern European states but, despite their generous public health and social protection, similar to those of Central European states. In order to explain regional variation in suicide rates, five structural variables are distinguished which are income, economic inequality, civic society, culture and level of corruption. To evaluate the influence of these variables study employs qualitive comparative analysis. Three models which explain high suicide rates in West and North, Central and East Europe regions are found: •High income x low income inequality x self-expression values x low corruption. Model explains high suicide rates in: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands and France. •Low income x weak social integration – civic society x survival values x highly corrupt public sector. Set of factors determines high suicide levels in Chezh Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia. •Low income x highly unequal distribution of income x weak social ties – civic society x survival values. Countries which are implied by the model: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania and Poland. The only difference between latter two models – income inequality and corrupted public sector. Factors are closely related that is why these models can be explained together. The first configuration of factors suggests that economic development, economic and physical security which is ensured by high income, income equality and stable political climate lead to changes in society and social structures. That is why developed countries are characterized by self-expression and emancipative values. These values, in turn, determine that suicide comes up as a possible option more often, it‘s social costs are reduced and that it becomes a matter of a personal choice. Second and third model which generates high suicide rates are attributable to less developed countries. These societies are characterized by importance of survival values – economic wealth mostly. Non-existence of this wealth negatively affects public health. Moreover, corruption and inequality erode social ties, which is important protective factor from suicides. Corruption and inequality also reduce consumer surplus which affects possibilities of consumption and life satisfaction. Therefore, corruption and income inequality are associated with reduced investments in health and social protection. However, models do not explain countries with low suicide rates in the European Union. But it is possible to make an assumption that if certain factors X generate outcome Y, non-existance of these factors do not cause the outcome Y, in this case – high suicide rates. In the cultural map that was made by political scientists R. Inglehart and Ch. Welzel, Southern European states are in the middle, which means that they are not explicitly self-expression nor survival countries. And the evidence shows, that on the one hand, rich, advanced countries with self-expression values are characterized by high suicide rates, on the other hand, countries which are economically insecure, unequal and materialistic. However, in order to better evaluate phenomenon of different regional distribution of suicide rates, the newest fuzzy version of QCA is needed. It is important to mention, that the aim of the study is not to deny relevance of individual and psychologial factors but to reveal combinations of structural factors which lead to regional differences in suicides levels. It is argued that these structural factors affect public climate and atmosphere which in turn people‘s thinking and actions.

Objective. We aimed to compare the outcomes and postoperative complications rates between the anterior rectal resection (AR), obstructive resection (OR) and abdominoperineal resection (APR). Research tasks. To determine the impact of preoperative variables on the choice of the surgery, to compare the complications occurence rates between AR, OR and APR, and to identify and evaluate the factors, that influenced the treatment outcomes. Methods. A retrospective analysis of case histories of patiens, who were treated in Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Hospital Kaunas Clinics‘, Department of Surgery in 2012-2014, and underwent either PR, OR or APR, was carried out. Results. Of 267 patients selected for the survey, 164 (61.4%) underwent AR, 47 (17.6%) – OR, and 56 (21%) - APR. Patients, who had ASA III-IV score, were 57.3% in AR group, 85.1% in OR group and 66.1% in APR group (p = 0.002). There were 71.2%, 93.5% and 66.7% patients who had T3-4 cancer (p = 0.001) in those groups. Cases of N1-4 stage cancer rates were 49.4%, 67.4% and 38.2%, respectively (p = 0.048). Complicated cancer rates were 4.3% in AR, 48.9% in OR and 12.5% in APR groups (p = 0.001), recurrent - 1.2%, 8.5% and 7.1%, respectively (p = 0.001). Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy was applied in 30.3% of patients in PR, 23.5% in OR and 47.3% ir APR group (p = 0.033). Erithrocyte mass (EM) trasfusion rates were 5.5%, 19.1% and 12.5% respectively (p = 0.012). Intraoperative perforation rates were 4.3% in OR and 1.8% in APR group (p = 0.044), pelvic abscess - 6.4% and 8.9% respectively (p = 0.001). Lenght of stay after surgery were 9.02 ± 4.64 (5-43) in AR, 10.36 ± 4.83 (5-26) in HR, and 10.25 ± 5.99 (4-42) in APR groups, (p < 0.05). There were no other significant differences in other variables. Binary logistic regression showed that the probability of developing postoperative complications increases with older age (OR-1.13; p = 0.046), higher ASA Score (OR-1.56; p = 0.011) and EM transfusions (OR-3.38; p = 0.01). Conclusions. With impaired general condition of the patient, advanced and complicated cancer, OR is chosen. APR is preferred when the cancer is low in the rectum. Complications, that require treatment in ICU and prolong the lenght of stay, occur more often if OR is performed, and after APR, there are higher chances to develop pelvic abscess. Postoperative complications rates increase with age, higher ASA score and blood transfusions.

Age of society is increasing, so supplementary pension system is becoming more and more relevant topic. Therefore, there is an issue what income the public pension’s scheme provides for a retired person. The goal of the final paper is to offer information about rate of return of Payas-You-Go Pension System in Lithuania. The public pension rate in Lithuania is described; also, it is provided rate of return of public pension, which is calculated in several different methods, like internal rate of return, money‘s worth ratio, tax-benefits ratio, repayment time and net subsidy. A description of made assumptions, which influence calculation and results, are given. Depending on the number of employed people and their incoming salary (based on statistics in 2015) rate of return of several cohorts is estimated in different cases (1996 and 2013); also, the return for individuals (men and women separately) is calculated. Furthermore, some alternative estimation which compute rate of return for workers on the basis of the individual (the individual activities certificate and a business certificate) are provided. Stochastic calculations are accomplished and an average of present value of cash flow while being involved in pension scheme is rated. Eventually, the findings are made, such as rate of return is decreasing while earning higher wages; rate of return is higher for women then for men; also, it is higher for cohort then for individual; expectations of the individual have a big influence for the minimum required return (discount rate).

Aim of the study: to evaluate Lithuanian female participation rates in cancer screening programmes and to analyze cervical cancer screening programme and it's organizational issues Methods: The basis of our research was made up of quantitative and qualitative studies. Chi-square and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to analyse how participation in screening programs has changed since 2004. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between social, demographic and lifestyle factors and participation levels in cervical cancer screening. The qualitative study was based upon interviews in order to identify problems related to the screening process management. Results: The proportion of women who have participated in cancer screening varies from 60 to 74.2 % (p

Lietuvos gyventojų mirtingumo dėl savižudybių tematiką plačiai nagrinėja įvairių sričių mokslininkai. Tiek Lietuvos, tiek tarptautiniuose mokslo leidiniuose publikuojama straipsnių apie socialinius, psichologinius, medicininius, teisinius savižudybės aspektus. Vis dėlto Lietuvos gyventojų geografi niai savižudybių diferenciacijos aspektai pastaraisiais metais susilaukia mažai mokslininkų dėmesio. Nuo 2002 m. standartizuoti Lietuvos gyventojų mirtingumo dėl savižudybių rodikliai ėmė mažėti ir šiandien yra beveik ketvirtadaliu žemesni. Nepaisant bendro teigiamo pokyčio, pastaraisiais metais standartizuoti savižudybių mirtingumo rodikliai vėl ėmė didėti. Šio demografi nio aprašomojo darbo tikslas – įvertinti vidutinio amžiaus vyrų mirtingumo dėl savižudybių skirtumus Lietuvos savivaldybėse. Darbe naudojami Lietuvos Respublikos mirties atvejų ir jų priežasčių valstybės registro duomenys. Naudojant tiesioginį standartizacijos metodą apskaičiuoti standartizuoti vidutinio amžiaus vyrų (30–59 metų) mirtingumo dėl savižudybių rodikliai visose Lietuvos savivaldybėse 2010–2013 m. Nustatyta, kad nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu dideliu mirtingumu dėl savižudybių išsiskyrė šiaurės rytų ir pietų Lietuvos regionai. Ypač dideli savižudybių mirtingumo rodikliai buvo Varėnos rajone. Mažiausias mirtingumas dėl savižudybių buvo didžiuosiuose miestuose ir šiaurės vakarų Lietuvoje. Mokslinis tyrimas fi nansuojamas Europos socialinio fondo lėšomis pagal visuotinės dotacijos priemonę (sutarties Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-02-067). According to the World Health Organization Lithuania has one of the highest suicide mortality rates in the world. The data of the suicide rates shows decrease by one fourth in the period 2002-2013 in Lithuania. Despite of this positive change we see some suicide rate stagnation from the year 2006. Lithuania has very high level of socio-economical suicide mortality differentiation. The data of Institute of Hygiene and the World Health Organization shows very high mortality rates from external causes of death in Lithuania, specifi cally in the middle-age male group. Male suicide mortality rates are 5.8 times higher compared to females in the year 2013 in Lithuania. The other suicide risk group in Lithuania is rural population. Suicide rates in rural areas are twice as high as in urban areas. This paper presents geographical middle-age male suicide mortality differentials in Lithuanian municipalities. We used mortality data from Lithuanian Causes of Death Register. We have calculated middle-aged (30-59 years) male age-standardized suicide mortality rates in 60 municipalities in Lithuania 2010-2013. We have used World Health Organization European standard population distribution. Causes of death were classifi ed according to ICD-10: X60–X84. Calculations were performed using MS Excel and GeoDa. The age-standardized suicide rates were above average in 6 municipalities and below average in 18 municipalities. The difference of age-standardized suicide rates was statistically insignifi cant in 36 municipalities. The results of geographical suicide mortality analysis showed very high suicide mortality in northeastern and southern regions of Lithuania. Particularly high standardized suicide mortality rates were in Varena municipality. The lowest middle-aged male suicide mortality rates were in cities and northwestern Lithuania. This research is funded by the European Social Fund under the Global Grant measure (project No. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-02-067).

Straipsnyje analizuojamas ES struktūrinių fondų paramos įsisavinimo intensyvumas Lietuvos smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo sektoriuje, apžvelgiant SW sektoriaus vystymosi tendencijas ir išskiriant jo svarbą šalies ekonominei plėtrai. Lyginamas SVV finansavimo instrumentų įsisavinimo intensyvumas 2004-2006 m. ir 2007-2013 m. Apibendrinus SVV finansavimo instrumentų įsisavinimo intensyvumą, nustatyta, kad 2004-2006 m. paramos įgyvendinimo laikotarpiu iš viso įsisavinta 3198,1 mln. Lt ES lėšų. Tačiau smulkus ir vidutinis verslas per minėtą laikotarpį įsisavino tik 14,80 proc. visų šiam programavimo periodui skirtų lėšų (473,01 mln. Lt). Vertinant 2007-2013 m. ES paramos įgyvendinimo intensyvumą nustatyta, kad SVV turėjo didesnių galimybių dėl ES struktūrinės paramos nei 2004-2006 m., nes buvo siūloma daugiau priemonių, atsirado nauja ES lėšų panaudojimo forma - priemonės, paremtos finansų inžinerija (grįžtančios lėšos, kurios skirstomos ne subsidijų principu, o suteikiant lėšas grąžintinai). Iki 2012 m. kovo 31 d. SVV įsisavino 1827,26 mln. Lt ES paramos (beveik 4 kartus daugiau nei buvo įsisavinta per 2004-2006 m. paramos programavimo laikotarpį). Tyrimas parodė, kad SVV turi gana ribotas sąlygas dalyvauti ES priemonių įgyvendinimo procese, siekiant gauti tiesioginę paramą nes daugelis paramos atitenka savivaldos institucijoms, švietimo, sveikatos apsaugos, aplinkosaugos ir kitoms viešąsias paslaugas teikiančioms įstaigoms, taip pat ūkininkams ir stambioms energetikos, transporto srityje išteklius valdančioms įmonėms. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad dauguma lėšų skiriama ne konkrečių verslo subjektų projektinei veiklai finansuoti, bet bendrai socialinei, ekonominei, fizinei infrastruktūrai kurti, skiriant lėšas viešąjį interesą atstovaujančioms ne pelno siekiančioms organizacijoms. The paper deals with absorption rates of EU structural funds by small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) in Lithuania, SMB sector development tendencies and benefits for the country's economic development. Information for 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 were analysed and compared. Support provided by EU structural funds is an important issue in Lithuania. Benefits from support have gained particular significance in recession time: if properly used these are contributions to economic growth, reduction of regional disparities, implementation of innovations in small and medium-sized businesses, human resources development, investment into scientific research. Benefits from of EU support, problems related to absorption rates, efficiency of implemented programmes and use of resources in long-term are pointed out in the study. Research problem. Analysis of statistical information on absorption of EU structural funds and benefits in particular countries showed that absorption rates by SMBs in Lithuania for 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 and impact have not been sufficiently studied. Research object: absorption rates of EU structural funds by SMBs in Lithuania. Research aim: to analyse absorption rates of EU structural funds by SMBs in Lithuania for 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 and to evaluate impact on sector development. Summarised research results showed that in 2004- 2006 Lithuania absorbed 3198.1 million Lt from EU funds; 970.5 million Lt in 2007 and 1 218.5 million Lt in 2008 (the highest rates). 68.45% of all EU support was absorbed in 2004-2006. SMBs, including state companies, JSCs, agricultural companies, individual companies with less than 250 employees and individuals engaged in economiccommercial activities except for farmers, absorbed 473 014 million Lt. Summarized research results showed that from 2007 until the beginning of 2012 Lithuania absorbed 10 677.1 million Lt (45.7% of all EU support). Absorption rates were highest in 2011 - 3 463.5 million Lt (i.e. 113.91 million Lt more than in 2010). SMBs absorbed 1 827.26 million Lt (7.8% of all the EU support). In 2007-2012 the total amount of absorbed support by SMBs was 4 times bigger than in 2004-2006, however, it made up only 7.82% of all support. Research results showed that the biggest part of absorbed funds was invested not in business activities but in social, economic, physical infrastructure in general. The results of correlation regression analysis showed that EU support absorbed by SMBs had little impact on the country's economic development and the added value created by SMBs. That leads to the conclusion that EU support did not facilitate the country's economic development because effective use of support absorption depends on the business environment.

The present paper describes the empirical Bayesian approach applied in the estimation of several small rates. Modeling by empirical Bayesian approach the probabilities of several rare events, it is assumed that the frequencies of events follow to Poisson’s law with different parameters, which are correlated Gaussian random values. The unknown parameters are estimated by the maximum likelihood method computing the integrals appeared here by Hermite–Gauss quadratures. The equations derived that are satisfied by maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters.

In Lithuania only 25.7% of babies are exclusively breastfed (BF) up to 6 months. Evidence has proved that prenatal teaching on BF and lactation management(LM) can prolong exclusive BF. Objective: to determine the influence of prenatal BF training over the rates of exclusive BF and the initiation of complementary feeding(CF) and to assess the mothers‘ knowledge and efforts in solving BF-related problems. Tasks: 1.Assess the influence of prenatal BF training over the rates and length of exclusive BF. 2. Assess the influence of prenatal BF training over the initiation of CF. 3. Assess the knowledge and efforts in solving BF-related problems by mothers who have undergone and who haven‘t undergone prenatal BF training. 4. Determine mothers‘ attitudes toward the length of BF and the factors influencing this length. 5. Determine mothers’ attitudes toward the personnel’s assistance at the initiation of BF. Methods: The investigation was carried out at the IRSMN at the MF of VU and the NNC in 2006 – 2008. The survey included 50 women raising children aged 6–18 months, having completed a prenatal BF and LM course (“intervention group” IG) and 50 - raising children of the same age but having not completed such course (“control group” CG). The first part of the anonymous questionnaire was aimed at determining the practices of BF and initiating CF, the successful BF factors, the assessment of assistance in BF and trust in nurses in solving BF-related problems; the second - a test aimed at determining the women’s knowledge of BF and LM contributing to successful BF. The analysis of the data was made using the SPSS statistical analysis software, version SPSS 13.0. The data were processed by calculating the absolute values and percentage shares of the indicators; the Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to determine the correlation among features; the reliability of group differences was measured by the χ2 test; the data is considered reliable when p

Straipsnyje išskiriant alternatyvius ekonominio augimo apibrėžimus, paaiškintas ekonominio augimo koncepcijos interpretavimas ir įvardinti ekonominio augimo tempams nustatyti taikytini matavimo rodikliai. [...] Konceptualios analizės metu pastebėta, jog iš idėjos, kad kapitalo globalizacija yra neišvengiama jo vystymosi pasekmė, atsirado konvergencijos teorijos užuomazgos. Išnagrinėjus konvergencijos teoriją nustatytos esminės tendencijos, kur, viena vertus, pastebima, kad kapitalas, veikiamas įvairiausių veiksnių, neišvengiamai bus globalizuotas ir išplis po visą pasaulį, tad pajamų atotrūkis tarp turtingų ir skurdžių šalių laikui bėgant sumažės, kol galiausiai visa planeta funkcionuos palyginti panašiame pajamų lygmenyje, kita vertus, kad net ir esant sėkmingai globalizacijai, nebūtinai vyksta palankus konvergencijos procesui eksportas, priešingai, eksporto srautai išauga ir plėtojami iš nedidelės turtingųjų šalių grupės į mažesnę grupę ir taip plečiamas „turtingųjų klubas“, o ne pakeliamas trečiojo pasaulio šalių lygis, ko pasekoje skirtumas tarp turtingų ir skurdžių šalių vis didėja. Empirinio tyrimo metu atlikta ekonominio augimo tempų analizė, įvertinant ar Lietuvai integruojantis į Ekonominę ir valiutinę sąjungą, visos ekonomikos sistemos veiklos rezultatas artėja prie minėtos sąjungos šalių lygio. Nustatyta, kad nuo 2001 m. iki pasaulinės krizės pasekmių pasireiškimo tirtų šalių ekonomikų rodikliuose (iki 2009 m.), konvergencijos procesas buvo tvarus. Kita vertus, nuo EVS šalių, Lietuva atsilieka vidutiniškai apie 2,3 karto (atitinkamai nuo ES-27 šalių vidutinio lygio) ir realios galimybės įveikti šį atsilikimą, egzistuoja tik per 30-40 m Strategic purpose of economic development of many new Europe Union (EU) countries is orientated in to decreasing backwardness of economic level from economically developed countries. Seeking this purpose rapid economical growth is a must. Most of the Economic and Monetary (EMU) States are old residents EU countries and new comers aligns to their economic level, so urgent to compare Lithuanian economic growth rate convergence with latter countries average level. Examining aspects of economic growth raises few debatable questions: what is the inclination of poorer countries to grow faster than developed ones and so to equalize the standards of living; how substantiated is the notion, that rich countries will become richer, and the poor poorer; how "club of riches" will expend, that the whole world will become full and equal member of the club. In addition to the above questions, why other country's economies grow faster than others? why the difference between regional economics exists? and so on. Also, the noticeable aspects of economic growth in scientific research and in these references widely examined excluding factors of economical growth and estimating their influence to the late defining compound parts of economical growth, solving economical growth regulation problems, and evaluating negative and positive consequences of the later. From the twentieth century's 6thdecade, we started to pay attention to globalization, international and economical convergence, aspects estimating late connections with economical growth, revealing advantages and disadvantages. Considering the research, it is noticeable, that in the context of convergence of economical growth, urgency of research is indubitable, because it is yet to find a way to resolve earnings inequalities between the countries. In the article generalizing opinions of most researchers, noticed, that economical growth can be defined as a long term development of the countries production potential, occurrence of growth of produced production and services, expansion of the production opportunities, conditioned by the economic agents of change, measured by the percentage increase in GDP level and covering the rise and decline periods, quantitative and qualitative changes. Conceptual study reported, from the idea, that capital globalization - an inevitable consequence of its development, appeared rudiments of convergence theory, where convergence can be defined as convergence of different economies in the regional groups. After Lithuania's economy growth rate assessment point of convergence with the countries of EVS, it is clear that since 2001 before the occurrence of the consequences of the global crisis in the indicators of the surveyed countries economies (before 2009), convergence process has been sustained, because Lithuanian economy (on the basis RGDP) grew at average annual rates of 7,3% - about 2,8 times faster than the average of EMU states. On the otherhand, though convergence is quite rapid, according to GDP in PPS per person, the lag is about 2,3 times and real possibilities to overcome this lag may be reached only in30-40 years.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama 2002–2008 m. Lietuvoje užregistruotų nusikalstamų veikų priklausomybė nuo nedarbo lygio šalyje. Pasirinktiems savivaldybių junginiams buvo apskaičiuotas nagrinėjamų kintamųjų koreliacijos koeficientas įvertinant atsiliekantį nusikalstamumo rodiklių svyravimą ir palyginant su nedarbo rodiklių svyravimais. Aptariamas galimas gautų reikšmių priežastingumas. Remiantis didžiausia sąsaja tarp nedarbo ir registruoto nusikalstamumo, sudarytas prognostinis nusikalstamumo grafikas Lietuvoje iki 2011 m., o pagal 2008 m. nedarbo rodiklius sudarytas žemėlapis, kuriame akcentuojamos užregistruotų nusikalstamų veikų tendencijos 2010 m. savivaldybių lygiu The paper is based on a study on spatial trends and relationships between registered crime rate and unemployment in Lithuania, performed in 2008-2010. Data at the municipal level for the period 2002-2008 have been analysed with the purpose to determine territorial differences among the groups of municipalities and to reveal the dependence of crime rate on unemployment within different spatial groups and across the country. The paper describes the part of the research that concerns the relationship between the crime rate and unemployment and provides a prognosis of the crime rate growth in 2010-2011. A correlation between the crime rate and unemployment has been calculated for different groups of municipalities taking into account delays in the variation of the crime rate compared to the unemployment rate. In most municipalities, there is a strong correlation between the crime rate and unemployment indicators with the delay of crime rate growth of one or two years depending on different additional factors that impact the crime rate, besides unemployment. Two specific spatial clusters of municipalities are described in detail: a) the Klaipėda city and the resort town Neringa with a relatively high crime rate and b) the Alytus city and Alytus country district with a relatively low crime rate. In the former, the impact of unemployment on crime rate growth is generally less significant due to the other strong factors such as annual variation of tourist flows, especially in Neringa. In the Alytus cluster, the dependence of crime rate growth on unemployment is very strong and the delay is just one year. The reasons for variations in these municipalities are discussed in detail, and a prognosis of crime rate growth until 2011 is presented for the whole country. According to the prognosis, the crime rate in Lithuania will grow and reach the maximum of the period 2004-2011 in 2011. There is a trend of the growth of crime rate in the municipalities where it was high, and a trend of a decrease in the municipalities where the crime rate was relatively low. The trends of registered crime rates at municipality level for 2010 are presented on a map

Didelio meistriškumo krepšininkų varžybų laikotarpis trunka 8 mėnesius. Jo metu sportininkai patiria didelius fizinius ir psichinius krūvius, rungtyniauja kas 3-4 dienas, pavargsta keliaudami į varžybas. Visi šie reiškiniai veikia sportininko miego rodiklių vertinimus. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti didelio meistriškumo krepšininkų miego rodiklių vertinimo ir rungtyniavimo rodiklių kaitą bei sąsajas varžybų laikotarpio mikrocikluose. Nustatyta, kad didelio meistriškumo krepšininkų varžybų laikotarpio nakties miego kokybė yra gera ir jos kaitai būdingi 4 etapai, kurių trukmė svyruoja nuo 6 iki 9 savaičių. Užmigimo greičio vertinimai varžybų laikotarpio pradžioje labai varijuoja, stabilizuojasi laikotarpio viduryje. Varžybų laikotarpio paskutiniame trečdalyje greta esančiuose mikrocikluose užmigimo greičio vertinimai labai varijuoja. Du trečdalius varžybų laikotarpio mikrociklų krepšininkų paros, nakties ir dienos miego trukmė vertinama patenkinamai, o paskutiniame laikotarpio trečdalyje – blogai. Krepšininkų parengiamojo laikotarpio mikrocikluose užmigimo laiko optimalumo vertinimai nežymiai viršija patenkinamo įvertinimo reikšmes. Kompleksinio miego rodiklio kaita varžybų laikotarpio mikrocikluose patvirtina patenkinamą miego, kaip darbingumo regeneracijos priemonės, panaudojimą. Varžybų veiklos efektyvumo koeficientą ir užmigimo laiko optimalumą, miego kompleksinį rodiklį, užmigimo kokybę, miego naktį trukmę sieja vidutiniškai išreikšta priklausomybė. The competition period for highly skilled basketball players lasts 8 months. The athletes suffer heavy physical loads and mental tension, the matches are held every 3-4 days and the players get tired of traveling to the match. All these factors influence sleep indicators measured among the athletes. The aim of the present thesis is to analyse the variation and correlation between sleep and competition indicators among highly skilled basketball players over the microcycles of the competition period. It has been found that night sleep quality among highly skilled basketball players over the competition period is good and passes 4 stages, the duration of which varies from 6 to 9 weeks. The assessment of the rate of getting asleep varies at the beginning of the competition and gets steady in the middle of the period. The estimates of the rate of getting asleep vary significantly in adjacent microcycles over the last third of the competition period. For two-thirds of the competition period microcycles, daily sleep duration, nocturnal sleep duration and daytime sleep duration among basketball players has been found satisfactory, while for the last third of the period it was considered bad. In the preparatory period microcycles, the estimates of the optimum rate of getting asleep are slightly above satisfactory evaluation values. The variation of complex sleep indicators in the competition period microcycles confirms satisfactory utilization of sleep as a regenerative capacity measure. There is an average correlation between the competition performance factor and the optimum rate of getting asleep, the integrated indicator of sleep and the quality of falling asleep and night sleep duration.

Straipsnyje retrospektyviniu aspektu analizuojama būsimųjų statutinių pareigūnų pirminio fizinio pasirengimo, fizinių gebėjimų rodiklių dinamika. Apžvelgiami 2003-2012 metais užregistruoti greitumo, ištvermės, staigiosios jėgos, pilvo preso bei rankų raumenų jėgos gebėjimus apibūdinantys rodikliai. Tyrime naudojami atsitiktine tvarka atrinktų studentų (grupių), tik pradėjusių Kovinės savigynos ar Kovinių imtynių dalyko studijas, pirminio testavimo rezultatai. Tiriami moterų ir vyrų pagrindinių fizinių gebėjimų rodikliai. Straipsnio pagrindinę dalį sudaro du skyriai. Pirmajame pateikiami fizinių gebėjimų išugdymo lygį nusakantys rodikliai, jų kitimo ypatumai. Antrajame – aptariami kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai šių rodiklių dinamikos ypatumai.

Straipsnyje analizuojami aukštųjų universitetinių ir neuniversitetinių mokyklų studentų iškritimo (nubyrėjimo) statistiniai duomenys, jų kaitos dinamika 1999 – 2005 m., lyginami dieninių, vakarinių ir neakivaizdinių studijų programų studentų iškritimo rodikliai; akcentuojamos studentų mokymosi motyvacijos, stipendijų gavimo, sąlygų teikti prašymus net į 20 specialybių sudarymo problemos, pateikiamos teorinės išvados apie iškritimo prevencijos galimybes The article analyses statistical data about higher education (university and non-university) student drop out rates, and the dynamics of their change from 1999 to 2005. A comparison is made of the drop out rates for day students, evening students, and extramural students. Highlighted are students’ educational motivations, receipt of scholarships, the problems of creating conditions for writing application for entry into up to 20 areas of specialised study. Theoretical conclusions are offered about ways to reduce the drop out rate.

Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto Vėžaičių filiale 1998-2001 m. buvo tiriamos azoto trašų normos pašariniams griežčiams. Dirvožemis - nepasotintas giliau glėjiškas balkšvažemis - lengvas priemolis, kurio pHKCl 5,5-6,0. 1998-2000 m. rugpjūčio mėnesio pirmoje pusėje pašariniai griežčiai (Brassica napus L. rapifera Metzger.) 'Vėžaičiai' sėti (4 kg ha-1) bepasodiniu būdu. Foninis tręšimas P90K120 atliktas prieš sėją. Tirtos azoto trąšų normos nuo N60 iki N180 buvo išbertos pavasarį, atsinaujinus griežčių vegetacijai, o papildomai tręšta sėklojų butonizacijos pradžioje - po 2-3 savaičių. Vidutiniais bandymų duomenimis, didinant azoto trąšų normą iki N120, sėklų derlius nuosekliai didėjo iki 825 kg ha-1 arba, palyginus su netręštais augalais, vidutinis sėklų derliaus priedas sudarė 401 kg ha-1, arba 94 %. Azoto trašų norma didinant iki N150 ir N180 didesnio sėklų derliaus negauta. Pašariniai griežčiai pasiekė didžiausią 1000-cio sėklų masę - 3,5 g, sėklojus patręšus mažiausia - N60 trąšų norma. Didžiausias sėklų daigumas (94 %) nustatytas, kai sėklos buvo išlaikytos 6 mėn. ir kai buvo panaudota per vieną kartą 120 kg ha-1 azoto trąšų. Už sunaudotą vieną kilogramą azoto didžiausias sėklų derliaus priedas gautas tręšiant N60 ir N120 ir sudarė 3,37 ir 3,34 kg. Azoto trąšų N120 normos paskirstymas griežčiams per du kartus nebuvo pranašesnis už vienkartinį tręšimą. Toliau didinti azoto normą neapsimoka. The effects of nitrogen fertiliser rates on fodder swede were studied at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture's Vežaiciai Branch during the period 1998-2001. The soil of the experimental site is characterised as Dystri-Endohyperstagnic Albeluvisol light loam with a pHKCl of 5.5-6.0. The fodder swede (Brassica napus L. rapifera Metzger.) variety 'Vežaiciai' was grown not from mother roots, "from seed to seed" method was used. The crop was sown at a seed rate of 4 kg ha-1 in the second half of August of 1998-2000. Background fertilisation P90K120 was applied before sowing. The tested nitrogen fertiliser rates from N60 to N180 were spread in spring upon resumption of vegetative growth of fodder swede and extra fertilisation was given after 2-3 weeks at the beginning of budding stage of seed stalks. Averaged experimental data suggest that increasing of nitrogen fertiliser rate to N120 kg ha-1 resulted in a consistent seed yield increase to 825 kg ha-1 or compared with the plants that did not receive any nitrogen fertilisation, the average seed yield increase amounted to 401 kg ha-1 or 94 %. Further increase of nitrogen fertiliser rate up to N150 and N180, did not result in increased seed yield. The highest 1000 seed weight of 3.5 g was obtained having fertilised fodder swede seed stalks with the lowest N60 fertiliser rate. The highest seed germinating power (94 %) was identified when the seed had been stored for 6 months and N120 kg ha-1 had been given in one application. The... [to full text]

Ilgamečiuose bandymuose, įrengtuose 1959 m. nepasotintajame balkšvažemyje LŽI Vėžaičių filiale, septynlaukės sėjomainos šeštos rotacijos tyrimų duomenimis, tręšiant didėjančiomis mėšlo normomis (20, 40, 80, 120 t ha-1), nekalkintame dirvožemyje mažėjo rūgštumo rodikliai, o kalkintame - mėšlas jiems įtakos beveik neturėjo. Judriųjų P2O5 ir K2O esminis padidėjimas nekalkintame dirvožemyje gautas nuo mėšlo 80 t ha-1 ir 120 t ha-1 normų, o kalkintame - beveik nuo visų. Sistemingas tręšimas mėšlu ne tik 120 t ha-1, bet ir 80 t ha-1 tapo panašaus veiksmingumo kaip kalkinimas. Didinant mėšlo kiekį nuo 20 iki 120 t ha-1, nekalkinto dirvožemio pasėliuose nuosekliai mažėjo visų augalų piktžolėtumas, o kalkinto - esminių pokyčių nebuvo. Long-term trials were established in 1959 at the Vežaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture on a Dystric Albeluvisol soil in a seven-field crop rotation. According to the data of the sixth crop rotation increasing manure rates (20, 40, 80, 120 t ha-1) in unlimed soil decreased acidity indicators. On limed soil manure application had no significant effect on soil acidity indicators. A significant increase in mobile P2O5, K2O in acid soil was identified after application of 80 and 120 t ha-1 of manure, and on limed soil all rates of manure had a significant effect. Regular fertilization with manure from 80 to 120 t ha-1 became similar in action to liming by 1 rate according to hydrolytic soil acidity. At increasing rates of manure from 20 to 120 t ha-1 a consistent decrease in weed infestation in acid soil was observed in all crops, however no significant changes in weed infestation were found in limed soil.

2000-2002 m. Lietuvos sodininkystės ir daržininkystės institute tirti makroelementų – azoto, fosforo, kalio, kalcio ir magnio – kiekiai įvairiomis azoto normomis tręštų pekininių kopūstų gūžėse ir augalų liekanose. Nustatyta, jog pekininių kopūstų sausojoje medžiagoje vidutiniškai yra 3,87% azoto (N), 0,67% fosforo (P), 4,40% kalio (K), 0,82% kalcio (Ca), 0,20% magnio (Mg). Maisto medžiagų kiekiui augaluose klimato sąlygos ir azoto trąšos turėjo nevienodą įtaką: azoto kiekiui didesnės įtakos turėjo azoto trąšos, o fosforo, kalio, kalcio, magnio kiekiui – klimato sąlygos. 135 kg ha-1 (v.m.) azoto norma pekininiams kopūstams buvo optimali, nes nuo didesnių normų gūžių derlius nedidėjo. Patręšus šia norma gauta, 76,6 t ha-1 augalų masės, iš kurios 44 t ha-1 sudarė gūžių derlius. Šiai masei išauginti augalai sunaudojo 170 kg ha-1 azoto (N), 70 kg ha-1 fosforo (P2O5), 240 kg ha-1 kalio (K2O), 37 kg ha-1 kalcio (Ca) ir 9,5 kg ha-1 magnio (Mg). In 2000-2002 in Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture the experiment was carried out on the changes of the macro-elements amounts in the heads and plant residues of the Chinese cabbage crop under the influence of different nitrogen fertilization rates. The Chinese cabbage crop was fertilized with P90K150 rate, and the nitrogen rates were as follows: 1) N0, 2) N45, 3) N90, 4) N135, 50 N180, 6) N225. The Chinese cabbage hybrid Manoko F1 was planted in the period of the last ten days of July, planting distances 40´40 cm. The soil texture was loamy sand on light loam. The characteristics of the plough horizon: pHKCl 6,9-7,2, mobile phosphorus (A-L method) – 441-473 mg kg-1, mobile potassium (A-L method) – 157-203 mg kg-1, humus – 1,96-2,36%. The amount of mineral nitrogen in 0–60 cm soil layer before planting: 98 kg ha-1 in 2000, 157 kg ha-1 in 2001. Based on the data obtained during the three years of experiments, it can be concluded, that on the average there are 3,87% of nitrogen (N), 0,67% of phosphorus (P), 4,40% of potassium (K), 0,82% of calcium (Ca), 0,20% of magnesium (Mg) in the dry matter of Chinese cabbage. The amounts of different nutrients were influenced by the climatic conditions and nitrogen fertilisation. Nitrogen amount depended mostly on the rate of nitrogen fertilizers, the amounts of phosphorus, potassium calcium and magnesium were more influenced by the climatic conditions. The rates of nitrogen fertilisers from N0 to N225 increased the amounts of nitrogen... [to full text]

Pridėtinės vertės mokesčio (PVM) įstatymai įsigaliojo nuo 1994 m. gegužės 1 d. Jis pakeitė bendrąjį akcizo mokestį ir tapo svarbiausiu biudžetinių įplaukų šaltiniu Lietuvoje. PVM yra netiesioginis mokestis. Nors jį moka verslo įmonės, tačiau reali mokėjimo našta gula ant gyventojų pečių. Pridėtinės vertės mokestį taiko apie 50 šalių, iš jų visos Europos Sąjungos (ES) šalys. Daugelis mokesčių specialistų mano, kad PVM yra efektyvus mokestis ir lengvai surenkamas, nes tiesiogiai apmokestinamas vartojimas.PVM paprastai padeda surinkti daug pajamų, esant nedideliems tarifams ir per daug nemenkinant veiklos skatinimo. Straipsnio tyrimo objektas - Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos šalių pridėtinės vertės mokesčio tarifų taikymo praktika. Tyrimo tikslas - Lietuvos ir Europos Sąjungos (ES) šalių pridėtinės vertės mokesčio tarifų lyginamoji analizė. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti Lietuvos nacionalinio biudžeto pajamų struktūrą ir įvertinti vyraujančius mokesčius. 2. Išanalizuoti pridėtinės vertės mokesčio (PVM) tarifų kitimą Lietuvoje 1994-2004 m. laikotarpiu. 3. Palyginti ES ir Lietuvoje taikomus PVM tarifus ir numatyti jų kitimo tendencijas harmonizuojant ES mokesčių sistemą. Straipsnyje taikyti tyrimo metodai: norminių dokumentų, literatūros, statistinių duomenų analizė, duomenų grupavimas ir lyginamoji analizė. The law on value-added tax (VAT) entered into force on 1 May 1994. It replaced the general excise duty and became the key source of budgetary revenues in Lithuania. VAT is an indirect tax. Although it is paid by business undertakings, the real tax burden has to be born by members of population. VAT is applied in app. 50 states, including all member states of the European Union (EU). Many tax specialists believe the VAT is an effective easily collectable tax, because it directly taxes consumption. In general, VAT helps to collect a lot of revenues, despite low rates and does not have an excessively negative impact on entrepreneurship. The subject of the research of the article is the practice of VAT rates in Lithuania and EU member states. The aim of the research – analysis of VAT rates in Lithuania and EU member states. Objectives of the research: 1. Analyse the budgetary revenues structure of Lithuania‘s national budget and evaluate prevalent taxes. 2. Analyse changes in VAT rates from 1994 to 2004. 3. Compare EU and Lithuanian VAT rates as well as forecast tendencies of changes during harmonisation with the EU tax system. Methods of the research applied: analysis of rules and regulations, literature and statistics, grouping and comparative analysis of data.

Nors daugelis Lietuvoje ir pripažįsta investavimo į išsilavinimą svarbą, iki šiol dėl statistinių duomenų trūkumo nebuvo skaičiuotos privačios vidinės išsilavinimo pajamų normos. Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti investicijų į išsilavinimą naudą ir kaštus, apskaičiuoti privačią aukštojo mokslo išsilavinimo pajamų normą Lietuvoje, palyginti gautus rodiklius su kitų šalių analogiškais rodikliais. Tiesioginė išsilavinimo nauda lygi padidėjusių atlyginimų, atskaičius mokesčius, ir paskolų, kurios buvo suteiktos studijų laikotarpiu ir turi būti grąžintos baigus studijas, skirtumui. Prie tiesioginės naudos galime priskirti ir sumažėjusią nedarbo riziką. Netiesioginė išsilavinimo nauda ta, kad žmogus, įgijęs aukštąjį išsilavinimą, turi didesnes galimybes gauti prestižinį darbą, dirbti patrauklesnį, įdomesnį, perspektyvesnį darbą. Autorių apskaičiuota privati vidinė universitetinio mokslo išsilavinimo pajamų norma yra gana didelė (12,87 proc.) ir rodo, kad yra stiprios paskatos vidutiniam moksleiviui, sėkmingai įgijusiam vidurinį išsilavinimą, mokytis aukštojoje mokykloje. Lietuvoje išsilavinimo pajamų norma yra 5,63 punktais mažesnė nei JAV, tačiau 6,35 punktais didesnė nei Italijoje. Atskirų veiksnių įtaka „išsamioms“ išsilavinimo pajamų normoms yra skirtinga. Asmeninių pajamų mokesčiai išsilavinimo pajamų normą sumažina nuo 2,3 punktų JAV iki 0,1 punkto Danijoje. Skirtinga nedarbo rizika tarp žmonių, turinčių vidurinį ir aukštąjį išsilavinimą, turi nedidelę įtaką išsilavinimo pajamų normoms. In this article rates of return on investment in education are analysed. Using cost-benefit model the authors estimated private rates of return to university higher education. The estimation results show that private internal rates of return to university education in Lithuania are higher than the real interest rate of return on other productive assets and equal 12,87 per cent, suggesting that human capital investment is an attractive way for an average person to build up wealth. The internal private rate of return to university education in Lithuania is 5,63 percentage points lower than in United States, but it is 6,35 percentage points higher than in Italy. Results show that there are strong incentives for an average student to engage in education activity. The authors prove that earnings differentials the length of education, taxes, tuition fees and public student support are the prime determinants of the private internal rates of return.

Bendrojo vidaus produkto (BVP) apimties kitimo tempas yra vienas svarbiausių makroekonominių rodiklių, atspindinčių šalies ekonomikos išsivystymo lygio pokyčius. BVP apimties kitimo tempams, arba dar kitaip vadinamiems apimties indeksams, apskaičiuoti reikia BVP ir jo komponentus įvertinti ne galiojusiomis, o palyginamosiomis kainomis. BVP palyginamosiomis kainomis įvertinamas gamybos ir išlaidų metodais. Grandininio susiejimo metodas pradedamas taikyti nuo ekonominės veiklos rūšių pridėtinės vertės (BVP įvertinant gamybos metodu) arba išlaidų komponentų (BVP įvertinant išlaidų metodu) elementariojo agregavimo lygio. Šis metodas gali būti taikomas jau apskaičiuotiems duomenims fiksuotų metų palyginamosiomis kainomis. Taip buvo 2005 m. įvertintas SD Nacionalinių sąskaitų skyriuje BVP praėjusių metų kainomis remiantis BVP 2000 m. palyginamosiomis kainomis ir apskaičiuoti grandininiai apimties indeksai. Grandininio susiejimo metodas gali būti taikomas tiesiogiai, iš karto apskaičiuojant ekonominės veiklos rūšių pridėtinę vertę arba išlaidų komponentus praėjusių metų kainomis, t. y. veiklos rūšies pridėtinė vertė ar išlaidų komponentai nėra įvertinami bazinių metų kainomis. Veiklos rūšies pridėtinė vertė bazinių metų kainomis įvertinama naudojant veiklos produkcijos apimties indeksus, palyginti su baziniais metais. Analogiškai, tiesiogiai apskaičiuojant veiklos pridėtinę vertę praėjusių metų kainomis naudojami produkcijos apimties indeksai, palyginti su praėjusiais metais. Šie indeksai apskaičiuojami remiantis produkcijos įvertinimu praėjusių metų kainomis. Toliau atliekamas pridėtinės vertės grandininių apimties indeksų ir naujos pridėtinės vertės apimties įvertinimas. The growth rates of the gross domestic product (GDP) are one of the main macroeconomic indicators. The National Accounts Division of Statistics Lithuania introduced a new method for the estimation of the volume indices of GDP - a chain-linking method - in 2005. The chain-linking method was introduced according to the Commission Decision 98/715/EC instead of the fixed base method, which had been used until then. Time series were recalculated from constant prices of 2000 (base year) to constant prices of the previous year. Chain indices and chain-linked volumes of indicators were estimated. The article presents the main principles of constant price estimation of annual national accounts stated in Commission Decision 98/715/EC, the methods of the application of chain-linking for quarterly national accounts and the ways of practical calculations when using the chain-linking method.

Straipsnyje susisteminami mokslinėje, metodinėje literatūroje ir statistikos praktikoje dažniausiai naudojami apimties rodiklių faktorinės analizės indeksų modeliai, nurodomi jų privalumai ir trūkumai. Nagrinėjama kodėl naudojant skirtingas indeksų formas įvertinant vieno ir to paties veiksnio poveikį rezultatiniam rodikliui, gaunami nevienodi rezultatai bei teikiami pasiūlymai, kaip šią problemą spręsti. Darbe siūloma dvifaktorį apimties rodiklio indeksų modelį papildyti indeksais, leidžiančiais atskirti kokybinio veiksnio poveikį nuo jo struktūrinių poslinkių įtakos rezultatiniam rodikliui Pateikiamas papildytas multiplikatyvusis daugiafaktoris indeksų modelis, leidžiantis nustatyti keturių pagrindinių veiksnių poveikį apimties rodikliui. Teoriniai teiginiai grindžiami konkrečiais statistiniais duomenimis apie Lietuvos ūkių javų derlingumo, pasėlių plotų ir bendrojo derliaus pokyčius 2005 m., palyginus su 2001 m., tačiau sudarytas indeksų modelis gali būti naudojamas ir kitų ekonominių apimties rodiklių priežastiniams – pasekminiams ryšiams analizuoti. Article systematizes index number models of factor analysis of extent rates, generally used in scientific and methodical literature and in practice of statistics, and shows their advantages and disadvantages. Consideration why the use of different forms of index numbers, while evaluating the influence of the same factor to the final rate, gives different results is discussed and proposals how to solve this problem are given. It is suggested to supplement di-factor model of extent rate index number with index numbers, which allows to separate the influence of qualitative factor from the influence of its structural change on the final result. Theoretical propositions are based on concrete statistical data about productivity, area and total harvest variations of crops in Lithuanian farms in 2005 in comparison with those in 2001.

Lietuvos nacionalinė regionų plėtros politika žengia pirmuosius žingsnius, vyriausybė deda daug pastangų tam procesui gerinti. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamo tyrimo tikslas – remiantis statistine medžiaga atlikti Lietuvos Respublikos apskričių ekonominių ir socialinių rodiklių lyginamąją analizę, atskleisti apskričių plėtros tendencijas, nustatyti Šiaulių apskrities padėtį kitų apskričių atžvilgiu. Bene geriausiai regionų išsivystymo lygį atspindi bendrasis vidaus produktas (BVP), tenkantis vienam gyventojui, nors matuojant regionų ekonominę gerovę tai nėra visiškai patikimas rodiklis. Duomenys rodo, kad Vilniaus apskrityje BVP, tenkančio vienam gyventojui, augimo tempai žymiai didesni nei Lietuvos vidurkis, tuo tarpu Šiaulių apskrityje – ženkliai atsilieka. Dar viena bloga Šiaulių apskrities tendencija: Lietuvos vidurkį imant šimtą procentų, Vilniaus ir Klaipėdos apskričių BVP, tenkančio vienam gyventojui, procentinė dalis palyginti su Lietuvos vidurkiu gerokai padidėjo, o Šiaulių apskrities procentinė dalis nuo 1996 iki 2000 m. sumažėjo nuo 89,6 proc. iki 74 proc. Iš visų apskričių blogiausias Šiaulių apskrityje nedarbo lygis: 2000 m. jis sudarė 16,3 proc., tuo tarpu Lietuvos vidurkis – 11,5 proc. Šiaulių apskritis priklauso daugiausiai „pravalgančiųjų“ grupei, nes materialinės investicijos Šiaulių apskrityje tesudaro vidutiniškai 9,2 proc. BVP. Taigi Šiaulių apskritis, sudarydama 13 proc. Lietuvos teritorijos ir turėdama 11 proc. Lietuvos gyventojų, daugeliu ekonominių bei socialinių rodiklių tarp 10 apskričių teužima 8 vietą ir stipriai atsilieka nuo atitinkamo Lietuvos vidurkio. The main economical and social rates of ten districts in the Republic of Lithuania in 1995-2001 are being analyzed in the article: gross national product for one inhabitant, the level of unemployment, an average salary, material investments, direct foreign investments and the construction of flats. The tendencies of these rates are being analyzed. The rates of separate districts are being compared with the corresponding rates in Lithuania. As it is demonstrated by this analysis, according to many rates Šiauliai district stands eighth among other districts and is strongly behind the average of Lithuania. The tendencies of the change of the Lithuanian regional structure, which intend to enlarge regional structures, are defined.

Mokesčiai yra kaip ekonominė kategorija, kuri atspindi paskirstymo santykius. Pirmiausia mokesčiai didina valstybės galią, o kartais net ją riboja. Tikslas – išanalizuoti netiesioginių mokesčių tarifų keitimo poveikį Lietuvos biudžeto pajamoms. 2005–2008 m. PVM tarifas išliko pastovus ir tai lėmė didėjančias mokestines pajamas iš šio mokesčio, per šį laikotarpį jos padidėjo net 90 proc. Tuo tarpu prasidėjus ekonominei krizei Lietuvos vyriausybė, siekdama padidinti mokestines įplaukas į biudžetą, PVM tarifą 2009 m. padidino iki 21 proc., tačiau tai neužtikrino mokestinių pajamų augimo. Surinkta PVM mokesčio suma sumažėjo 26 proc. Analizuojamu laikotarpiu, išskyrus 2008 m., PVM surinkta daugiau nei planuota. 2005–2009 m. laikotarpiu dažnai keitėsi akcizai energetiniams produktams, apdorotam tabakui bei alkoholiniams gėrimams. Per minėtą laikotarpį labiausiai akcizų tarifai padidėjo cigaretėms, naftos ir dujiniams angliavandeniliams bei etilo alkoholiui. Remiantis Laffero koncepcija galima daryti išvadą, jog šiuo metu galiojantis 21 proc. PVM tarifas yra per didelis, kadangi esant pastoviam 18 proc. PVM tarifui mokestinės įplaukos į biudžetą didėjo. Tarifui padidėjus iki 21 proc. pajamos iš PVM sumažėjo. Nors optimalus mokesčio tarifas matematiškai neskaičiuojamas, atsiribojus nuo kitų veiksnių vienareikšmiškai galima teigti, kad buvo pasiektas optimalus PVM mokesčio tarifas, kadangi mokestinės pajamos iš PVM didėjo, tuo tarpu padidinus tarifą jos sumažėjo. The article analyzes indirect taxes, which are applicable in Lithuania and other countries. The article deals with indirect taxes, which are compose of goods and services, in addition that taxes are paid by final consumer, because taxes are included in the price. First deals with Lithuanians indirect taxes - value-added tax, tolls, excises and sugar taxes, also definable kind of taxes tariff and considerate point of taxing limit. It also provides indirect taxes performance of plan, its part in national budget revenue, and there are analyses relation between value-added tax revenue ant its tariff on Laffer concept.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos palūkanų normos ir palūkanų normos rizikos sąvokos, jų sudedamosios dalys ir veiksniai, pateikta palūkanų normos rizikos valdymo samprata ir aptarti metodai, apžvelgtos palūkanų normos ir jos rizikos valdymo tendencijos ir galimybės Lietuvos komerciniuose bankuose. Straipsnyje pamėginta išskaidyti palūkanų normą į sudedamąsias dalis pagal veiksnių poveikį žiūrint per palūkanų normos rizikos prizmę, paliesti palūkanų normų prognozavimo problemą. Lietuvoje nedaug mokslo darbų skirta palūkanų normų tyrinėjimui, todėl šis straipsnis yra bandymas rasti atsakymus į išvardintus klausimus. Kadangi palūkanų normų ir palūkanų normos rizikos problematika labai plati, straipsnyje apsiribojama, autorės nuomone, svarbesniais aspektais. Tyrimo tikslas: atskleisti palūkanų normų formavimosi veiksnius ir palūkanų normos rizikos valdymo problemas. Tyrimo objektas: komercinių bankų palūkanų normos, palūkanų normų rizika ir jos valdymas. Naudoti metodai: teorinė problemos analizė, pagrįsta Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslo darbais, bei Lietuvos komercinių bankų palūkanų normų ir jų įtakos grynųjų palūkanų pajamų normai tyrimas, taikant statistinio grupavimo, lyginamosios ir dinaminės analizės metodu. Investigation of interest rates and their factors can be divided in general into two groups according Liquidity preference theory or Loanable funds theory. A very traditional determination of interest rates is explanation as the price at which loanable funds' supply and demand is in equilibrium. Interest rates play an important role in distribution of loanable funds between sources and users. Interest rate risk is the risk related to unexpected changes in interest rates that may raise or lower net interest income, net interest margin, and market value of stockholders' equity. Asset/liability and interest rate risk management is a fluid process. The dynamics of the balance sheet and frequently changing market interest rates force it to be continuous activity. Banks can take two basic approaches to reduce exposure to interest rate risk: to hedge interest rate risk: to hedge interest rate risk or to accurately forecast interest rate movements. There is the large number of serious forecasters and wide variety of forecasting methods and models, however, published publicly interest rates' forecasts are not reliable. The ultimate responsibility for the establishment of interest rate risk management policy lies with the Bank's Board. The specific responsibilities of administering the policy usually are delegated to the Asset/Liability Management Committee (ALCO). ALCO is responsible for formulation, revision, and administration of the interest rate risk management policy and strategies. Development of an interest rate risk management process includes the development of information and monitoring system and formulation of appropriate strategies and tactics. Most banks use either a GAP model, duration model, or their combination. As Lithuanian banks' interest rate analysis shows, we have had decreasing interest rates and net interest margin during last years. However, the net interest margin is much higher in large banks than in small banks. It confirms in indirect way better skills and possibilities for managing interest rate risk in large banks

Straipsnyje analizuojami BVP ir infliacijos kitimo tempai bei jų įtaka vykdant bendrą pinigų politiką. Nustatyti BVP ir infliacijos tempų skirtumai parodė, kad Ekonominėje ir pinigų sąjungoje (EPS) egzistuoja asimetriniai paklausos bei pasiūlos šokai, kurie lemia tai, kad pinigų politika yra palanki ne visoms sąjungos narėms. The essence of monetary union derives from the fact that when a country relinquishes its national currency, it also loses the ability to conduct an independent monetary policy. The possible asymmetric shocks of a supply or demand determine the optimality of monetary policy. If there are asymmetric shocks in the union, they might cause inflation in one country and deflation in another one, so different monetary policy should be applied. In practice, shocks are always some mixture of demand and supply movements. The major problem with witch the European Central Bank confronts is how to conduct monetary policy when asymmetric shocks occur. The situation is more complicated when supply shock originates in the country of monetary union. This shock lowers output and increases prices. The ECB is responsible for maintaining price stability, also for stabilizing the economy, if it does not interfere with price stability. The price stability is the primary aim in any case. If countries are affected by asymmetric shocks, the common monetary policy won’t be appropriate for some of them. The countries which differ from the union as a whole have difficulties with stabilizing output and employment.

Problem of inquiry: There are no named sow‘s impregnation influence for Lithuanian swine-breeding farms. When sows are non-impregnate fall all manufacture efficiency, getting less gaining’s and enlarge the prime cost for products. Goals of inquiry: Identify sow‘s impregnation efficiency influence reasons, rate their influence for swine-breeding economics indexes. Inquiry tasks: • Identify leading reasons for saw‘s impregnation. • Rate with sow connected actions influence for impregnation indexes. • Rate with boar connected actions influence for impregnation indexes. • Rate with farm factors connected actions influence for impregnation indexes. • Rate sow‘s non-impregnation influence for swine-breeding farm‘s economic process. Conclusions: In this prospecting work were analyzing sow‘s impregnation influence for Lithuanian swine-breeding farm‘s economic process. Clear, that for impregnation has influence genetic indexes and feature of the farm. Sows impregnation directly has influence for farms practices profitability. If enlarge sows non-impregnation percentage, then profitability is lowing and enlarge price for shoats.