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Background As the need for a nationwide organ-transplant registry emerged, a prospective registry, the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY), was initiated in 2014. Here, we present baseline characteristics and outcomes of the kidney-transplant cohort for 2014 through 2019. Methods The KOTRY consists of five organ-transplant cohorts (kidney, liver, lung, heart, and pancreas). Data and samples were prospectively collected from transplant recipients and donors at baseline and follow-up visits; and epidemiological trends, allograft outcomes, and patient outcomes, such as posttransplant complications, comorbidities, and mortality, were analyzed. Results From 2014 to 2019, there were a total of 6,129 registered kidney transplants (64.8% with living donors and 35.2% with deceased donors) with a mean recipient age of 49.4 ± 11.5 years, and 59.7% were male. ABO-incompatible transplants totaled 17.4% of all transplants, and 15.0% of transplants were preemptive. The overall 1- and 5-year patient survival rates were 98.4% and 95.8%, respectively, and the 1- and 5-year graft survival rates were 97.1% and 90.5%, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 3.8 years, biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes occurred in 17.0% of cases. The mean age of donors was 47.3 ± 12.9 years, and 52.6% were male. Among living donors, the largest category of donors was spouses, while, among deceased donors, 31.2% were expanded-criteria donors. The mean serum creatinine concentrations of living donors were 0.78 ± 0.62 mg/dL and 1.09 ± 0.24 mg/dL at baseline and 1 year after kidney transplantation, respectively. Conclusion The KOTRY, a systematic Korean transplant cohort, can serve as a valuable epidemiological database of Korean kidney transplants.

Background : Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but near-fatal complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Despite the high mortality rate of EPS, the surgical treatment strategy of severe EPS is yet to be established.Methods : We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of patients with EPS who underwent enterolysis for intractable EPS at Seoul National University Hospital between 2001 and 2018. EPS was diagnosed based on the clinical symptoms and radiological findings of abdominal computed tomography (CT). CT scans were scored according to an EPS scoring system that assessed peritoneal thickening and calcification as well as bowel thickening, tethering, loculation, and dilatation.Results : Thirteen patients (nine males and four females; age, 48 [29–63] years) underwent enterolysis for severe EPS. PD duration (11 [6–21] years) was not associated with survival. Two patients were newly diagnosed with EPS following kidney transplantation. Five patients died of infectious complications immediately after the surgery. Eight patients survived after the first surgery; however, five of them underwent reoperation but died of persistent infection, fistula formation, or adhesive bowel obstruction. Four young (< 60 years) male patients with relatively low CT scan scores (< 13) survived for > 2 years after the first surgery. Median survival duration from EPS diagnosis was 22 (1.3–184) months and that from the first surgery was 9 (0.3–153) months.Conclusion : The high mortality rate of EPS suggests the importance of appropriate surgical intervention in young symptomatic male EPS patients with relatively low CT scan scores.

ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi KT) was introduced to expand the donor pool and minimize shortage of kidneys for transplantation. Because improved outcomes of ABOi KT were reported in Japan in the early 2000s, the number of ABOi KTs has been increasing worldwide. In addition, a better understanding of immune pathogenesis and subsequent aggressive immunosuppression has helped to make effective desensitization protocols. Current strategies of ABOi KT consist of pretransplant antibody removal using plasmapheresis or immunoadsorption to prevent hyperacute rejection and potent maintenance immunosuppression, such as tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, to inhibit antibody-mediated rejection. Recent outcomes of ABOi KT are comparable with ABO-compatible KT. However, there are still many problems to be resolved. Very high anti-ABO antibody producers are difficult to desensitize. In addition, ABOi KT is associated with an increased risk of infection and possibly malignancy due to aggressive immunosuppression. Optimization of desensitization and patient-tailored immunosuppression protocols are needed to achieve better outcomes of ABOi KT. This review provides an overview of the history, immune mechanism, immunosuppressive protocol, outcomes, current obstacles, and future perspectives in ABOi KT.

Highly sensitized (HS) patients seldom have chance to receive kidney transplant. To increase transplantation rate among those population, previous IV immunoglobulin and rituximab desensitization protocol showed good transplant conversion rate, but also carried moderate rate of antibody mediated rejection. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor can control the production of anti-HLA antibodies through plasma cell apoptosis. A single center waitlist desensitization program was employed to facilitate successful kidney transplantation in HS patients group. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 23 patients from Jul 2010 to Dec 2013. Desensitization protocol included two doses of IVIG (2 g/kg), single dose of rituximab (375 mg/m2, max 500 mg), and 4 days of bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 on days 1,3,7 and 9). Anti-HLA class I and II antibodies were determined by Luminex solid phase bead assay at baseline and M2, M3 and M6. We investigated the difference of transplant conversion rate between desensitized HS patients and non-desensitized HS waitlist patients. Also we analyzed the difference of PRA % values and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) between pre- and post-desensitization serum. Results: Mean age of treatment group was 48.7±11.2 years old. Male to female ratio was 12:11. O+ blood type patients were 34.8% of patients. Mean duration of previous renal replacement therapy were 153.5±65.5 months. Baseline mean class I and II PRA % values were 86±15.3 and 66±34. Baseline class I and II MFI values were 13,893±6,147 and 12,274±6,891. After desensitization, kidney transplant were successfully performed in 34.8% of patients, compared to 13.8% transplant conversion rate among non-desentized HS controls (p=0.001 by Log-Rank). Among KT recipients, median duration of waiting after desensitization was 3 months with interquartile range 2-8.1 months. Class I PRA % had showed decreased values until 3 months after desensitization. After 6 months, there were no differences between the class I PRA values between pre-desensitization samples and post-desensitization samples. There were no other differences except class I PRA % values. Desensitization protocol were generally well tolerated, with the completion rate of 92% patients. There were no serious adverse events, but moderate adverse event were in 46%, most commonly fever and diarrhea. Conclusion: Highly sensitized waitlist patients are manageable by desensitization protocol including bortezomib.