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Purpose: This descriptive study aimed to determine the mediating effect of self-efficacy on symptom experience and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Data were collected between November 7 and November 20, 2023, from patients receiving outpatient treatment at the pulmonology department of a tertiary general hospital in Jeonju City, following a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hayes's PROCESS macro 3.5 was utilized to verify the significance of the indirect effect of the mediator. Results: Symptom experience had a significant negative effect on self-efficacy (β=-.50, p<.001), with the model explaining 22.2% of the variance. Additionally, symptom experience negatively impacted health-related quality of life (β=-.20, p=.032), while self-efficacy positively influenced health-related quality of life (β=.33, p<.001), with the model explaining 52% of the variance. The indirect effect of symptom experience on health-related quality of life, mediated by self-efficacy, was significant (Indirect effect=-0.17, 95% Boot confidence interval=-0.33-0.03). Conclusion: To improve health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, it is essential to assess symptom experience and self-efficacy levels. Developing and implementing nursing strategies that incorporate collaborative self-management to enhance self-efficacy is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the relationships between perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and dementia prevention behavior among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional, correlational design using a structured questionnaire. This study participants were 218 older adults aged at least 65 years who visited a senior citizen center and lived in S City C Province. The survey was conducted in August 2022. Perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy were measured using a tool developed by Song & Park (2018). Dementia prevention behavior was measured using a tool developed by Lim, Kim, and Kim (2018). Results: The scores for perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy were 5.52±0.69, 3.04±0.85, and 4.98±0.97 points, respectively (possible range: 1-7). The score for dementia prevention behavior was 3.91±0.51 (possible range: 1-5). Dementia health behavior was significantly correlated with perceived benefits (r=.32, p<.001), perceived barriers (r=-.40, p<.001), and self-efficacy (r=.64, p<.001). Self-efficacy (β=.43, p<.001), perceived barriers (β=-.23, p<.001), and experience of using a dementia center (β=.20, p<.001) explained 48.6% of the variance in dementia prevention behavior (F=19.63, p<.001). Conclusion: Prior to developing a nursing intervention program to improve dementia health behavior in community-dwelling older adults, it is necessary to clarify perceived barriers and consider self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors that influence self-management behaviors in older people with multiple chronic conditions based on the Individual and Family Self-Management Theory. Methods: Data were collected in metropolitan cities Busan and Yangsan in South Korea from September 2 to October 4, 2023. A total of 149 older people with multiple chronic conditions completed a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 73.92±7.33 years, and 65.8% were women. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, the factors influencing self-management behavior were family functioning (β=.32, p<.001), self efficacy (β=. 24, p<.001), subjective economic status (β=.15, p=.032), duration of chronic disease (β=-.14, p=.012). This regression model was explained by 56% of the self-management behaviors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that continuous and comprehensive approaches to improving family functioning, increasing individual confidence in health care, and addressing economic barriers lead to more effective management of chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The term “outsider behavior” refers to the practice of not responding to cyberbullying, while the term “defender behavior” involves reacting to the perpetrator’s actions and seeking assistance from friends to support the victims. This study examined behavior mechanisms in the context of cyberbullying, focusing on the role of maternal anxious rearing behavior and the mediating roles of adolescents’ self-efficacy and moral motivation. Methods: The study participants were 234 adolescents (Mage = 13.92, SD = .96) who witnessed cyberbullying while attending middle schools in South Korea. Adolescents’ perceived maternal anxious rearing behavior, self-efficacy, moral motivation, and cyberbullying outsider and defender behavior were measured using self-reported questionnaires. Data analyses were conducted to examine descriptive statistics using SPSS and a structural equation model using AMOS. Results: The results indicated that while maternal anxious rearing behavior is not directly associated with cyberbullying outsider behavior, it is significantly associated with lower levels of cyberbullying defender behavior. Higher levels of maternal anxious rearing behavior are associated with lower levels of self-efficacy in adolescents, leading to lower moral motivation, which, in turn, is associated with an increase in cyberbullying outsider behavior. In contrast, moral motivation is not significantly associated with cyberbullying defender behavior. Conclusion: Adopting an integrated perspective, our findings underscore pathways to shaping different cyberbullying behavior in adolescents linked with their perceived maternal anxious rearing behavior, self-efficacy, and moral motivation. These findings highlight the crucial role of maternal anxious rearing behavior in practical implications, suggesting the need for effective interventions when adolescents witness cyberbullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of resilience and nursing managers' empowering leadership on turnover intention among new nurses, as well as the mediating role of transition shock. Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 167 new nurses working in tertiary hospitals in Korea between July 1st and July 13, 2022. The relationships among the variables were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients, and the factors affecting turnover intention were identified using PROCESS macro analysis. Results: Resilience (direct effect=-0.02, p=.781) and nursing managers' empowering leadership (direct effect=-0.00, p=.992) did not directly affect new nurses' turnover intention. Transition shock had mediating role in the relationship between resilience and turnover intention (indirect effect=-0.12, 95% Boot confidence interval=-0.23~-0.04) and between nursing managers' empowering leadership and turnover intention (indirect effect=-0.14, 95% Boot confidence interval=-0.23~-0.06). Conclusion: Resilience and nursing managers' empowering leadership indirectly influence turnover intention through transition shock among new nurses. To reduce turnover intention among new nurses, programs for preventing or mitigating their transition shock should be provided. In addition, improving the resilience of new nurses and nursing managers' empowering leadership may contribute to reducing turnover intention among new nurses by mitigating their transition shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an app-based self-management program based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) for breast cancer survivors' exercise practice, as well as to investigate the program's effects on the stage of change for exercise, exercise self-efficacy, exercise decisional balance, exercise amount, and body composition. Methods: This non-randomized controlled study included 52 participants (26 in each of the experimental and control groups, respectively). An app-based self-management program based on the TTM was conducted with the experimental group for a 12-week period. The program comprised three components: individual coaching for each stage of change for exercise based on TTM, amount of exercise and body composition monitoring, and online self-help meetings. Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher stages of change for exercise (p < .001), exercise self-efficacy (p < .001), exercise decisional balance (p = .002), exercise amount (p < .001), and body composition (body weight [p = .006], body mass index [p = .005], and body fat percentage [p = .010]) immediately and four weeks after the intervention. Conclusion: An appbased self-management program based on the TTM improves exercise behaviors in breast cancer survivors and provides physical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mobile-based breastfeeding promotion program (M-BFGDM) that helps mothers with gestational diabetes. Methods: Forty-seven mothers participated in the study, of whom 22 were in the experimental group and 25 in the control group. To verify the effects, a lag design before and after the non-equivalence control group was used. The data collection for the experimental group was done before and after the intervention. Results: In the results, breastfeeding knowledge showed a significant difference in the interaction between measurement period and group (χ² = 8.14, p = .017), whereas breastfeeding intention did not show a significant difference in the interaction (χ² = 4.73, p = .094). There was no difference in self-efficacy interaction (F = 0.13, p = .856). The breastfeeding method showed no difference in interaction (F = 0.04, p = .952), whereas cross-analysis showed a significant difference in breastfeeding practice rate between the experimental group and the control group at 1 month postpartum (χ² = 7.59, p = .006). Conclusion: A mobile-based breastfeeding promotion program was developed and applied for gestational diabetic mothers, resulting in an increase in breastfeeding knowledge and an improvement in breastfeeding practice rate one month after childbirth. In addition, M-BFGDM managed to create a breastfeeding practice environment with fewer time and place restrictions. A program study that complements motivation is needed to improve breastfeeding in pregnant diabetic mothers in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study developed and tested a hypothetical model of health promotion behavior on migrant workers based on the Health Promotion Model and the Health Literacy Skills Framework. Methods: Data were collected from 298 migrant workers in 9 regions across the country from December 2020 to March 2021. The exogenous variables were e-health literacy, occupational stress, acculturation, and social support. The endogenous variables were perceived benefits of action, self-efficacy, and health promotion behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 25.0, AMOS 20.0, and R-4.0.3 program. Results: The model fit was appropriate. Social support had the most significant direct impact on the health promotion behavior of migrant workers. Perceived benefits of action and self-efficacy played a mediating role in the relationship among e-health literacy, social support, and health promotion behavior. Based on multi-group analysis, the migrant worker group with less than 5 years of residency had a more statistically significant effect on the relationship between perceived benefits of action and health promotion behavior than those with over 5 years. Conclusion: Providing social support as a critical administrative strategy to enhance the health promotion behavior of migrant workers is necessary. Furthermore, when developing an intervention program utilizing the internal mechanism between social support and health promotion behavior, a self-efficacy-enhancing strategy is considered to be more effective. Additionally, educating migrant workers with short-term residence of less than 5 years about the benefits of health behaviors is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to apply a health partnership program using commercially available mobile health apps to improve cardiovascular risk factors in male employees and verify its effectiveness. Methods: Using a randomized control group pretest-posttest design, male employees with cardiovascular risk factors from five small and medium-sized workplaces were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 32) and a control group (n = 31). The experimental group was encouraged to use three mobile health apps for 12 weeks to acquire the necessary cardiovascular disease-related information and practice strengthening training, walking, and diet management appropriate to their level. They also received feedback on their weekly activities and motivational text messages from health partners. Hypotheses were tested using the SPSS WIN 22.0. Results: The experimental group showed a significant difference compared to the control group in terms of their perception of mobile health app (p < .05), self-efficacy for exercise and diet, self-management partnership, and cardiovascular disease prevention health behavior (p < .001). In particular, there were significant decreases in the body mass index, ratio, serum fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in the experimental group (p < .001); however, there was no significant difference in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Conclusion: Intervention using mobile apps based on partnership with health managers is effective in improving the objective cardiovascular risk index in male employees; therefore, such intervention should be continuously used as a useful lifestyle modification strategy in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify degrees of symptoms, self-efficacy, fear of cancer recurrence, anti-hormone therapy beliefs, and medication adherence, and to pinpoint factors influencing medication adherence among patients with breast cancer who were undergoing hormone therapy. Methods: The data of 144 breast cancer patients who had breast cancer surgery and were undergoing anti-hormone therapy were collected from July to August 2022. The collected data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and hierarchy multiple regression analysis. Results: Medication adherence significantly differed according to the breast cancer stage (F=3.35, p=.38) and presence of comorbidities other than breast cancer (t=-2.26, p=.025). Medication adherence was explained by breast cancer stage (β=.15), the presence of comorbidities other than breast cancer (β=.16), symptom (β=.17), and Anti-Hormone Therapy Beliefs (β=-.44)(F=11.47, p<.001). The model explained 34% of the variance. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that share the patient's symptom experiences among medical staff, and educate about the importance of anti-hormone therapy beliefs and prior methods. The findings of this study highlight the need to develop and implement education or interventions to enhance medication adherence among breast cancer patients who are undergoing anti-hormone therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aimed to construct a structural equation model to explain and predict factors affecting the health-related quality of life (QoL) in female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients based on the health-related QoL model by Ferrans et al. (2005) and a literature review. Methods Patients (N=243) who were either registered members of an internet cafe composed of patients with RA or rheumatology outpatients at two tertiary general hospitals in Busan, Korea, were recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected from July 2 to September 9, 2021, and the survey was conducted using a web-based questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS 26.0. Results The goodness-of-fit statistics of the final model exhibited good results (χ2/degree of freedom=2.68, Turker-Lewis index=.94, comparative fit index=.96, standardized root mean-squared residual=.04, root mean- square error of approximation=.08), and 11 out of 14 paths of the model were supported. The squared multiple correlation, which reflected the explanatory power of the environmental characteristics, symptoms, functional status, and perceived health status on health-related QoL, was 80%. In the hypothesis model, 10 paths had significant direct effects, 6 paths had significant indirect effects, and 12 paths had significant total (direct and indirect) effects. Conclusion Considering that factors directly affecting the health-related QoL of female patients with RA were social support, symptoms (fatigue and depression), resilience, and perceived health status, and that resilience was the most influential factor, clinicians can encourage resilience. Hence, to improve the health-related QoL of female patients with RA, continuing management is necessary, using various intervention methods that focus on enhancing resilience from the early stage to the end of treatment for RA.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and examine the effectiveness of the stepwise handoff protocol based on the situation, background, assessment, recommendation (SBAR) application for long-term care hospital nurses. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was used for this study. There were 23 subjects in the experimental group and 23 subjects in the control group. Using SPSS Statistics 21.0, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: The effectiveness of the stepwise handoff protocol based on the SBAR for long-term care hospital nurses showed a difference in the communication self-efficacy by group (F=8.81, p=.005), by time (F=11.43, p<.001), the interaction effect of group point and time (F=9.67, p<.001), the communication clarity by group (F=10.05, p=.003), by time (F=5.74, p=.005), interaction effect between group point and time (F=3.37, p=.039), and the quality of handoff by group (F=12.48, p=.001), by time (F=7.03, p=.010), and interaction effect between group point and time (F=4.29, p=.042). Conclusion: The stepwise handoff protocol based on the SBAR is expected to improve the work by systematically implementing the transfer of long-term care hospital nursing to increase nurses’ job efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study analyzed the effects of virtual reality simulation-based problem-based learning on nursing students' critical thinking ability problem-solving ability and self-efficacy in the nursing care of women undergoing induction of labor. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest and posttest design was employed. The study participants included 52 nursing students (24 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group). The experimental group took a problem-based learning (PBL) class in the first week, and then engaged in self-directed learning using virtual reality simulation. In the second week, lectures about emergency nursing care for induction of labor and drug administration were given. The control group participated in PBL in the first week and lectures in the second week. The study was conducted from April 17 to May 19, 2023. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Fisher exact test, analysis of variance, and the independent t-test. Results Before-and-after differences between the two groups were statistically significant in problem solving ability (t=-5.47, p<.001) and self-efficacy (t=-5.87, p<.001). Critical thinking ability did not show a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The score for satisfaction with the virtual reality simulation program was 3.64±5.88 out of 5 in the experimental group. Conclusion PBL education using a virtual reality simulation was found to be an effective way of teaching. Although convenience sampling was used, PBL education using virtual reality can be used as an educational strategy to enhance nursing students' problem-solving ability and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a mobile app-based musculoskeletal exercise program (AMSEP) for operating room (OR) nurses and evaluate its effects on self-efficacy, the flexibility of the shoulders, lower back, and legs, and musculoskeletal symptoms and fatigue. Methods: The AMSEP was developed based on the information-motivation-behavioral skill model. In total, 48 OR nurses were recruited at a university hospital in Korea and divided into an experimental group (n=24) and a control group (n=24), matched for career experience in the OR. The experimental group participated in the AMSEP, while the control group received a booklet regarding musculoskeletal exercise. Results: The experimental group showed significant increases in self-efficacy (t = -2.77, p = .008) and flexibility of the right shoulder (t = -4.08, p < .001), left shoulder (t = -3.28, p = .002), lower back (t = -3.75, p < .001), and legs (t = -3.96, p < .001) compared to the control group. Musculoskeletal symptoms (t = 2.75, p = .008), and fatigue (Z = -1.98, p = .048) significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the AMSEP for OR nurses provided information on the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and methods of exercise, as well as an opportunity for continued exercise performance through self-management. The AMSEP was easily accessible and effective in increasing self-efficacy and flexibility and reducing musculoskeletal symptoms and fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The number of breast cancer patients in Korea has steadily increased. However, there are few studies addressing quality of life of patients undergoing breast cancer treatment in Korea. This study aimed to identify predictors of quality of life among patients undergoing breast cancer treatment. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included 142 patients with breast cancer undergoing treatment in a cancer hospital. Data were collected using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Breast Cancer Survivors Scale, eHealth Literacy Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer through self-administered questionnaires from January 12 to December 6, 2022. Differences in the level of quality of life according to demographic and clinical variables and correlations among continuous variables were identified using univariate statistics, and hierarchical multiple regression was used to identify predictors of quality of life. Results: Employment status, comorbidities, disease duration, and cancer stage were demographic and clinical variables that showed significant associations with quality of life. Symptom burden, social support, self-efficacy, and eHealth literacy were also significantly associated with quality of life. The predictors of quality of life were employment status (β=.13, p=.009), cancer stage (β=.12, p=.033), symptom severity (p=-.14, p=.044), symptom interference (β=-.30, p<.001), social support (β=.13, p=.025), and self-efficacy (β=.46, p<.001). The explanatory power was approximately 69% (F=26.90, p<.001). Conclusion: Nursing interventions should be implemented for patients undergoing breast cancer treatment to improve their quality of life while reducing the symptom burden and enhancing self-efficacy and social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This descriptive correlational study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of self-efficacy and social support on the relationship between eHealth literacy and self-care competency in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: The participants of this study were 146 patients who underwent multiple percutaneous coronary interventions at the Department of Cardiology at Y General Hospital in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. Data were collected between September 19, 2022 and February 3, 2023, and analyzed using a parallel multiple mediation model in SPSS/WIN 23.0 and Model 4 of the PROCESS Macro 3.5 program. To determine the statistical significance of the indirect effect, 10,000 bias-corrected bootstrapping with 95% confidence intervals was used. Results: The effect size of the indirect effect of eHealth literacy on self-care competency via self-efficacy was 0.07, which was statistically significant, and the effect size of the indirect effect of eHealth literacy on self-care competency via social support was statistically significant at 0.13. These results verified the mediating effects of self-efficacy and social support. Conclusion: This study is significant in that it confirmed the effects of self-efficacy and social support on the relationship between eHealth literacy and self-care competency. In order to improve self-care competency in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions, it is necessary to provide customized education that can improve eHealth literacy. Furthermore, there is a need for self-efficacy enhancement programs and social support strengthening programs that use various educational and material support systems to help individuals accept and access health information easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop an integrated online and offline medication management program and to examine the program's effects of the program for older adults with hypertension residing in the community. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 57 older adults with hypertension (intervention group: 29, control group: 28). The experimental group participated in the medication management program, which included the following: verbal and video education, individual counseling, and using medication note over 3 weeks. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. The data were analyzed by Generalized Estimation Equation. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups in terms of their knowledge of hypertension and self-efficacy for appropriate medication. Conclusion: The integrated medication management program was effective as indicated in knowledge of hypertension and self-efficacy for appropriate medication. Future studies are required to explore the medication management program’s effects on older adults with hypertension using more rigorous research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to construct a structural equation model to explain and predict factors affecting the health-related quality of life (QoL) in female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients based on the health-related QoL model by Ferrans et al. (2005) and a literature review. Methods: Patients (N=243) who were either registered members of an internet cafe composed of patients with RA or rheumatology outpatients at two tertiary general hospitals in Busan, Korea, were recruited via convenience sampling. Data were collected from July 2 to September 9, 2021, and the survey was conducted using a web-based questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS 26.0. Results: The goodness-of-fit statistics of the final model exhibited good results (χ²/degree of freedom=2.68, Turker-Lewis index=.94, comparative fit index=.96, standardized root mean-squared residual=.04, root mean-square error of approximation=.08), and 11 out of 14 paths of the model were supported. The squared multiple correlation, which reflected the explanatory power of the environmental characteristics, symptoms, functional status, and perceived health status on health-related QoL, was 80%. In the hypothesis model, 10 paths had significant direct effects, 6 paths had significant indirect effects, and 12 paths had significant total (direct and indirect) effects. Conclusion: Considering that factors directly affecting the health-related QoL of female patients with RA were social support, symptoms (fatigue and depression), resilience, and perceived health status, and that resilience was the most influential factor, clinicians can encourage resilience. Hence, to improve the health-related QoL of female patients with RA, continuing management is necessary, using various intervention methods that focus on enhancing resilience from the early stage to the end of treatment for RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of Shively and colleagues' self-efficacy for HIV disease management skills (HIVSE) among Korean participants. Methods: The original HIV-SE questionnaire, comprising 34 items, was translated into Korean using a translation and back-translation process. To enhance clarity and eliminate redundancy, the author and expert committee engaged in multiple discussions and integrated two items with similar meanings into a single item. Further, four HIV nurse experts tested content validity. Survey data were collected from 227 individuals diagnosed with HIV from five Korean hospitals. Construct validity was verified through confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients with the new general self-efficacy scale. Internal consistency reliability and test-retest were examined for reliability. Results: The Korean version of HIV-SE (K-HIV-SE) comprises 33 items across six domains: "managing depression/mood," "managing medications," "managing symptoms," "communicating with a healthcare provider," "getting support/help," and "managing fatigue." The fitness of the modified model was acceptable (minimum value of the discrepancy function/degree of freedom = 2.49, root mean square error of approximation = .08, goodness-of-fit index = .76, adjusted goodness-of-fit index = .71, Tucker-Lewis index = .84, and comparative fit index = .86). The internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = .91) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .73) were good. The criterion validity of the K-HIV-SE was .59 (p < .001). Conclusion: This study suggests that the K-HIV-SE is useful for efficiently assessing self-efficacy for HIV disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to develop an evidence-based extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) nursing protocol for critically ill patients receiving ECMO treatment by using an adaptation process, and to verify the effects of the protocol. Methods: The protocol was developed according to the adaptation guidelines. A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the protocol's effects. Data were collected between April 2019 and March 2021. The differences in physiological indicators and complication rates between the two groups were investigated using a chart review to evaluate patient outcomes. The nurses' outcome variables were evaluated using a questionnaire. Results: First, after reviewing 11 guidelines by appraisal of the guidelines for research and evaluation collaboration II, 5 guidelines with a standardization grade of over 50 points were selected. An ECMO nursing protocol was developed based on these guidelines. Second, there were no statistically significant differences in physiological indicators between the two groups of patients. However, the experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in the infection rate (p = .026) and pressure injury rates (p = .041). The levels of satisfaction with ECMO nursing care, and empowerment and performance of the nurses who used the ECMO nursing protocol were higher than those of nurses who did not (p < .001). Conclusion: This protocol may help prevent infections and pressure injuries in patients, and improve nurses' satisfaction and empowerment. The nursing protocol developed for critically ill patients receiving ECMO treatment can be utilized in evidence-based nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Developing infection control capabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic was critical. This study aimed to develop a simulation program to control patients with COVID-19 in nursing students and examine the effects on COVID-19 knowledge, COVID-19 nursing intention, self-efficacy learning, and clinical performance. Methods: The study used nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Sixty nursing students were recruited from two different colleges using purposive sampling. For the intervention group (n=30), the pretest was administered before the simulation program, involving six sessions of online lectures and simulation practices. Immediately, the posttest was conducted following the program. Results: COVID-19 knowledge (t=9.87, p < .001), COVID-19 nursing intention (t=4.45, p < .001), learning self-efficacy (t=6.49, p < .001), and clinical performance (t=6.77, p < .001) increased significantly after the program, revealing the positive effect of the COVID-19 infection control simulation program in nursing students. Conclusion: The results of the study and the curriculum may be used as practical evidence for COVID-19 infection control in nursing schools and medical institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationships between participative decision-making, psychological empowerment, and organizational citizenship behavior of nurses working in hospitals; moreover, we verified the moderated mediating effect of power distance orientation in these relationships. Methods: A total of 201 nurses working at a university hospital in South Korea responded to the survey. Self-report surveys were used to gather data from July 15-August 15, 2021. SPSS 22.0, AMOS 22.0, and SPSS PROCESS macro were used for data analysis. Results: Psychological empowerment significantly mediated the relationship between participative decision making and organizational citizenship behavior. Moreover, the moderating effect of power distance orientation on the relationship between participative decision making and psychological empowerment was also significant when the power distance orientation was at a low and average levels. However, the moderated mediating effect of power distance orientation on the relationship between participative decision making, psychological empowerment, and organizational citizenship behavior was insignificant. Conclusion: Involving nurses with lower power distance orientation in decision making is crucial to elicit positive work performance and different strategies are necessary for those with higher power distance orientation. Finally, further studies are needed to understand the power distance orientation and positive work outcomes of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the effect of patient safety environment (PSE) and health literacy (HL) on patient safety participation (PSP) and the mediating effect of HL. Methods: We recruited patients who were hospitalized at a tertiary general hospital in "D" city. A total of 230 people responded to a questionnaire survey we conducted from March 15 to July 10, 2020. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, and hierarchical regression using SPSS/WIN 26.0. Results: PSP was found to be significantly associated with PSE (r=.29, p<.001) and HL (r=.44, p<.001). PSE and HL were found to have a significant effect on PSP (power: 23%). HL was found to have a partial mediating effect (indirect effect: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.04~0.14) between PSE and PSP. Conclusion: The findings from this study can contribute to developing interventions for patient participation in the PSE and providing directions for offering safe and high-quality medical care to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE This research explores the underlying mechanism that determines how people perceive their goal progress and its relation with their motivation and self-efficacy. METHODS Three hundred and sixty Koreans who participated in an online survey were given salient individual exercise goals (11 workouts), and they reported their self-efficacy, goal progress perception, and motivation. We conducted dummy variable multiple regression analysis (2 [absolute progress-low (27%) vs. high (73%)] X 2 [categorization vs. no-categorization]) and multiple moderated mediation analysis based on Process Model 7 and 21 (Hayes, 2017). RESULTS The findings showed significant interaction between categorization and absolute progress on progress perception. In low progress condition, the categorization group perceived more progress than no categorization group and contrary effect in high progress condition. For motivation, in low progress condition, categorization group was more motivated than no categorization group, and inverse effect in high progress condition. Moreover, there was no direct effect, but only low self-efficacy group played the moderating role between perceived progress and motivation in conditional indirect effect. Lastly, the result indicated significant multiple moderated mediation effect. CONCLUSIONS This research theoretically contributes to the domains of categorization and motivation. Sport marketers can utilize categorization as a strategy by breaking down yearly memberships into monthly categories based on consumers perceptions. Future research can include subsequent motivation after a superordinate goal is completed.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate whether a telephone-based self-care intervention improved self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care performance of gynecologic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants included 38 gynecologic cancer patients who were admitted to Seoul National University Hospital and received chemotherapy. To reduce the spread of the experimental treatment, the control group was recruited prior to the experimental group, with matching inclusion criteria for age, diagnosis, and chemotherapeutic agent. The experimental group received education on managing chemotherapy side effects in the form of a booklet prior to chemotherapy and four telephone-based self-care interventions after discharge. The control group received only education on managing chemotherapy side effects in the form of a booklet prior to chemotherapy. Data were collected prior to the intervention and 3 weeks after the first-line chemotherapy cycle ended. Outcomes were measured using a self-care knowledge measurement tool, the New General Self-Efficacy Scale and a self-care performance assessment scale. The statistical analysis was performed using the χ² test, Fisher's exact test, Shapiro-Wilk normality test, paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: Significant differences were found between the two groups in scores for self-care knowledge (t=-2.64, p=.012), self-efficacy (t=-4.32, p<.001), and self-care performance (t=-2.53, p=.016) after the telephone-based self-care intervention. Conclusion: This telephone-based self-care intervention was effective for improving self-care knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES The current study aimed at identifying the theoretical relation of the transtheoretical model (TTM) to explain physical activity in Korean adults with physical disabilities. METHODS A total of 194 participants (Age Mean = 48.65 years) were voluntarily recruited for this study. Dissemination sources for participant recruitment included: (a) a press release issued through the authors’ university; (b) recruitment flyers posted on various websites (e.g., Independent Living Centers, Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers, Veteran’s Administration Hospitals); and (c) announcements made through and in conjunction with the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Health and Wellness consortium members. Through these procedures, 194 adults (80.83%) completed the survey form; there were 113 males (58.3%) and 81 females (41.7%). The remaining 46 (19.17%) were excluded because they did not complete the survey form or return. RESULTS Results indicated that the TTM constructs assessed were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the stages of change for physical activity. The largest portion of variance was derived from the behavioral processes of change (ƞ2 = .40), followed by self-efficacy (ƞ2 = .30), the pros for exercise (ƞ2 = .19), the cognitive processes of change and the cons for exercise (ƞ2 = .16, respectively). Moreover, four discriminant functions (i.e., composite scores of the predictors) were produced in the first DDF analysis. These accounted for 71.0% (Wilks’ Λ = .31, χ2 [56] = 368.04, P < .001), 20.9% (Wilks’ Λ = .66, χ2 [39] = 129.91, P < 0.001), 6.3% (Wilks’ Λ = .88, χ2 [24] = 39.39, P < 0.05), and 1.8% (Wilks’ Λ = .97, χ2 [11] = 9.04, P = .62), respectively, of the between-group (stage of change) variability. CONCLUSIONS The results provide further cross-sectional support for the internal validity of the transtheoretical model, as the processes of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance were important variables of a stage of change for physical activity, Additionally, the study is in general agreement with existing evidence among nondisabled populations and, therefore, it supports the external validation of TTM to a unique and understudied population segment.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of clinical nurses' job crafting on organizational effectiveness based on the job demands-resources model proposed by Bakker and Demerouti (2017). Methods: The participants consisted of 393 nurses working in nursing units of a tertiary general hospital located in Cheongju region. The data, collected using questionnaire from August 9 to August 20, 2021, were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 27.0. Results: The goodness-of-fit (GoF) test results on the modified model (χ² = 2.7, GFI = .94, SRMR = .03, RMSEA = .06, NFI = .92, CFI = .94, TLI = .92, AGFI = .90), indicated that the GoF index satisfied the recommended level. Regarding the effects of each variable on organizational effectiveness, job crafting showed statistically significant direct (β = .48, p < .001), indirect (β = .23, p < .001), and total effects (β = .71, p < .001). Burnout showed statistically significant direct effect (β = - .17, p < .001). Work engagement showed statistically significant direct (β = .41, p < .001) and total effects (β = .41, p < .001). The factors explaining organizational effectiveness were job crafting, burnout, and work engagement, which had an explanatory power of 76.7%. Conclusion: Nurses' job crafting is an important mediating factor for enhancing the organizational effectiveness of nursing organizations. Hospitals should develop job-crafting success cases and related education and training programs as a strategy for enhancing the job crafting of nurses and, consequently organizational effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of an interactive smoking cessation coaching program on smoking cessation motivation, smoking knowledge, smoking shame, urine cotinine levels, tobacco craving and smoking abstinence self-efficacy. The conceptual framework of the study applied Cox's interaction model of client health behavior for female college students who smoked. Methods: This was a before-and-after experimental design study with a non-equivalent control group. The participants were smoking female college students, who were assigned either to an experimental group (n=22) or a control group (n=24). The interaction model of client health behavior was the theoretical basis. The core tactic of smart management and strategy for health was applied as a coaching technique. The experimental group attended 11 sessions of an interactive smoking cessation coaching program, (60 to 120 minutes per session) for 6 weeks, and the control group received education regarding smoking cessation after the program finished. The data collection period was from January 23, 2019 to March 7, 2019. Results: This study showed differences in smoking cessation motivation (F=71.09, p<.001), smoking knowledge (F=20.77, p<.001), smoking shame (t=5.11, p<.001), urine cotinine levels (t=-9.58, p<.001) and smoking abstinence self-efficacy (t=11.68, p<.001). However, no difference in tobacco cravings (t=-1.57, p=.127) was found. Conclusion: As a result of the interactive smoking cessation coaching program, statistically significant differences were found in smoking cessation motivation, smoking knowledge, smoking shame, urine cotinine levels and smoking abstinence self-efficacy. However, further research is needed because there was no statistically significant difference in tobacco cravings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated the dementia preventive behavior of older adults living in the community by adding fear of dementia to the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Method: The data was collected from October 10~31, 2019 by using structured questionnaires for 202 older people aged over 65 living in the community. The data was analyzed independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple regression and Bootstrapping by using SPSS/WIN 24.0. Results: As a result of the analysis, it was shown that factors associated dementia preventive behavior were age, social support, self- efficacy, and fear of dementia, which explained 20.9% dementia preventive behavior (F=13.01, p<.001). The verification result of the mediating effects of self-efficacy and dementia fear by using Bootstrapping method in the relationship between dementia knowledge, dementia attitude, social support and dementia prevention behavior based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model showed that indirect effects. Conclusion: When an effective dementia preventive behavior program is developed and provided for improving social support and self-efficacy and for reducing fear of dementia based on the results, it will contribute to the improvement of dementia prevention behavior for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of empowering leadership and job crafting on work engagement among nurses. Methods: Data were collected from 161 hospital nurses. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Hayes's PROCESS macro method for the mediation effect. Results: Empowering leadership and job crafting showed a significantly positive correlation with work engagement. Furthermore, job crafting had a mediating effect on the relationship between empowering leadership and work engagement. Conclusion: A strategy that enhances task job crafting and cognitive job crafting of members by strengthening manager's empowering leadership can lead to work engagement and have a positive effect on organizational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify the level of digital informatization, self-efficacy, social support, and digital health literacy and the factors influencing digital health literacy in the elderly with cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on 140 cancer patients aged 65 years and over who are undergoing treatment or follow-up observation in university hospital. The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean score of digital health literacy was 2.78±0.79, and it showed a significant differences according to age, education level, and religion. Digital informatization and self-efficacy had a significant association with digital health literacy. With regard to social support, a significant correlation was found with friend support in relation to digital health literacy. The regression analyses showed that significant predictors on digital health literacy were digital informatization (β=.59, p<.001) and self-efficacy (β=.20, p=.003). These variables explained 42.0% of the digital health literacy in the elderly with cancer. Conclusion: These results suggest that health care providers should consider individuals' age and education level when developing digital intervention for elderly cancer patients. Moreover, greater focus on strategies to improve the digital informatization level and self-efficacy could enhance digital health literacy in the elderly with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a Delphi survey was conducted to generate the framework of a mathematics competency, called Attitude and Practice. Sixteen participants in the two consecutive rounds of the Delphi survey included mathematics education expert in student affect or educational psychology, and in-service mathematics teachers with a master’s degree or higher. We first established the definition of Attitude and Practice and identified their components while securing validity evidence from the Delphi survey results. Attitude and Practice are the competency to engage in mathematical activities with the joy and passion of doing mathematics as an individual or a group. Next, we characterized the components of Attitude and Practice as follows: (1) pleasure of learning mathematics, including interest, self-efficacy, and meta-affect (2) passion for mathematics including perseverance and seeking challenges, (3) doing mathematics together, including resolving conflicts and motivation for collaboration, and (4) global citizenship and enjoying mathematics culture. We defined and validated the specific components with the literature review and the Delphi survey responses. The results of this study will serve as a foundation of research to develop scenario-based assessments for students’ attitudes and practices. Furthermore, the framework established in this study can provide insights into the evaluation of mathematics competency of Attitude and Practice regarding Korean mathematics educators who have experienced difficulties in defining and assessing Attitude and Practice.

Purpose This study aimed to identify factors associated with diabetes management self-efficacy in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Korea. Methods A total of 173 pregnant women with GDM in Korea were recruited by posting announcements at two Korean online communities focusing on pregnancy and GDM. Participants completed a structured online survey from July to September 2018. Thirteen inappropriate responses were excluded and a total of 160 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multiple regression with the enter method was done to identify the associations of depressive mood, anxiety, emotional intelligence, and sleep quality with diabetes management self-efficacy. Results Respondents reported a moderately depressive mood (mean, 10.36), low to moderate anxiety (mean, 41.65), above-average emotional intelligence (mean, 78.04), moderate sleep quality (mean, 42.01), and above-average diabetes management self-efficacy (mean, 52.29). The major factor associated with diabetes management self-efficacy of pregnant women with GDM was emotional intelligence (β=.51, p

Purpose: This study was performed to develop and evaluate an online self-management program for enhancing hemodialysis-related knowledge, self-efficacy, ways of coping, self-management behavior, physical and mental health-related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney failure undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: The research used a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group pre-post test design with convenience sampling. The participants were 53 patients (27 in the experimental group and 26 in the control group). A pretest and posttest were conducted to measure the main variables. For the experimental group, the online selfmanagement program, consisting of counseling-centered activities in small groups, was administered for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, t-test and independent/paired t-test with the SPSS 27 statistics program. Results: Statistically significant increases were found in hemodialysis-related knowledge, self-efficacy, active ways of coping, self-management behavior, physical and mental health-related quality of life but not in passive ways of coping in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the online self-management program was effective in increasing hemodialysis-related knowledge, self-efficacy, active ways of coping, self-management behavior, physical and mental health-related quality of life among patients with hemodialysis. Therefore, it can be safely utilized as a nursing intervention for patients with chronic kidney failure undergoing hemodialysis in pandemic situations with high risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the health empowerment, social support, and health-promotion behavior of older adults. Furthermore, the factors influencing healthpromotion behavior were identified. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using self-report questionnaires. Questionnaires were disseminated offline and online to a total of 152 older adults from April 26, 2021 to July 15, 2021. Data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results: Statistically, health empowerment, social support, and subjective economic status reportedly affected health-promotion behavior, and the total explanation power was 44%. Conclusion: In conclusion, strategies for strengthening health empowerment and social support are needed to increase health-promotion behavior among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors related to self-management of older patients with diabetes. Methods: The subjects of the study were 255 older patients with diabetes registered at the public health center in C-do O-gun. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS ver. 24.0. Results: The self-management had significant positive correlations with diabetes knowledge (r=.29, p<.001) and self-efficacy (r=.62, p<.001), and had a significant negative correlation with depression (r=-.47, p<.001). A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted to analyze the factors effecting self-management. In the Model II, subjects with religion (β=.10, p=.033), subjects of higher than middle school graduate (β=.12, p=.036), subjects with one comorbidity (β= .16, p=.034), diabetes knowledge (β=.12, p=.017), self-efficacy (β=.49, p<.001), and depression (β=-.27, p<.001) had significant effects on self-management, and the explanatory power increased to 48.7% (F=22.88, p<.001). Conclusion: To improve the self-management of older patients with diabetes, not only sufficient diabetes knowledge should be provided through systematic education, but also development of the self-management program that improves self-efficacy and includes psychological support for the prevention and mitigation of depression is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to design and develop an automated personalized self-care (APSC) program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The secondary aim was to present a clinical protocol as a mixed-method research to test the program effects. Methods: The APSC program was developed in the order of analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation according to the software development life cycle, and was guided by the self-regulatory theory. The content validity, heuristics, and usability of the program were verified by experts and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: The APSC program was developed based on goal setting, education, monitoring, and feedback components corresponding to the phases of forethought, performance/volitional control, and self-reflection of self-regulatory theory. Using the mobile application, the participants are able to learn from educational materials, monitor their health behaviors, receive weekly-automated personalized goals and feedback messages, and use an automated conversation system to solve the problems related to self-care. The ongoing two-year study utilizes a mixed method design, with 180 patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus randomized to receive either the intervention or usual care. The participants will be reviewed for self-care self-efficacy, health behaviors, and health outcomes at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Participants in the intervention group will be interviewed about their experiences. Conclusion: The APSC program can serve as an effective tool for facilitating diabetes health behaviors by improving patients' self-care self-efficacy and self-regulation for self-care. However, the clinical effectiveness of this program requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of organizational justice on the relationship between self-efficacy and nursing performance among clinical nurses. Methods: In January 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 224 clinical nurses recruited from a university-affiliated hospital in Suwon, South Korea. Participants completed online-based, self-report structured questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using multiple regression and a simple model of PROCESS macro with a 95% bias-corrected bootstrap confidence interval. Results: Self-efficacy and organizational justice were found to be significant predictors of nursing performance. These two predictors explained the additional 34.8% variance of nursing performance in the hierarchical regression model, after adjusting the other covariates. In addition, organizational justice moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and nursing performance among the clinical nurses. In particular, at low self-efficacy level, participants with high organizational justice had higher nursing performance compared to those with low organizational justice. Conclusion: Enhancing organizational justice can be used as an organizational strategy for improving the organizational culture in terms of distribution, procedure, and interaction. Ultimately, these efforts will contribute to the improvement of nursing performance through a synergistic effect on organizational justice beyond nurses' individual competency and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the clinical ladder system (CLS) by identifying the perception of the CLS, professional self-concept, self-efficacy, and organizational commitment among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. Methods : Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 173 nurses working in 11 ICUs at a tertiary hospital in Seoul. Results : The perception of the CLS, self-efficacy, and organizational commitment showed significant difference according to the CLS level. As a result of the partial Spearman correlation analysis after adjusting for demographic difference according to CLS (age, marital status, education, and clinical career), CLS positively correlated with the perception of the CLS (r=.16, p=.045), professional self-concept (r=.24, p =.001), and self-efficacy (r=.21, p=.007). On the contrary, organizational commitment negatively correlated with the perception of the CLS (r=-.43, p<.001) and self-efficacy (r=-.32, p<.001). Conclusion : The CLS is effective for professional self-concept and self-efficacy. However, specialists 2 nurses, who had high professional self-concept and self-efficacy, showed low level of organizational commitment. Thus, it is necessary to examine the factors of work burden and career plateau that are imposed after promotion and improve experience and planning according to the growth needs. Moreover, regular evaluation of the CLS will require hospital support to ensure that ICU nurses appreciate and actively participate in the support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the impact of health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support on the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of Korean patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI). Methods: A cross-sectional design was used, and a total of 189 participants were enrolled. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires and patient medical records between September and November of 2021. Health literacy, self-efficacy, social support, and HRQoL were measured. The HRQoL was measured using the 12-item Short Form Survey, which included Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 26.0 program. Results: The findings revealed statistically significant differences in the PCS according to gender, presence of hypertension, exercise, and sleep state. Furthermore, there were statistically significant differences in the MCS according to disease period and stress management. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that higher social support was a significant factor of better PCS (p<.005). Higher health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support were significant factors of better MCS (p<.005). Conclusion: Nurses should play a key role in providing social support to ACS patients, particularly to female patients and patients with hypertension and poor sleep state and no regular exercise for better PCS. Also, nurses should think about how to promote health literacy, self-efficacy, and social support for better MCS, particularly in ACS patients who had undergone PCI, had longer diagnosis periods, and had no stress management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a self-care education program using a QR-Code on self-efficacy, self-care performance, and education satisfaction among pneumothorax patients after discharge from a hospital. Methods: The participants comprised 60 inpatients diagnosed with spontaneous pneumothorax and operated on at a tertiary general hospital in G city. The experimental group (n=30) attended a self-nursing education program using handouts and a QR-Code, and the control group (n=30) was provided discharge education through existing handouts. x2 test, fisher's exact test, independent t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA were performed to analyze the collected data using the SPSS 26.0 version program. Results: After three weeks of intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in self-efficacy (t=-4.50, p<.001) and self-care performance (t=-5.54, p<.001). The experimental group also showed significant increases in self-efficacy (F=37.72, p<.001) and self-care performance over time (F=52.00, p<.001). and reported significantly higher education satisfaction com- pared to the control group (t=-6.84, p<.001). Conclusion: QR-Code-based self-care education increases self-efficacy, self-care performance, and education satisfaction among pneumothorax patients. Thus, this program can be used as an effective nursing intervention to maintain and improve the health of pneumothorax patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was designed to construct and test a structural equation model of nurses' experience of workplace incivility based on the model of the Affective Events Theory. Methods: A total of 299 nurses from five general hospitals responded to structured questionnaires measuring personality traits (emotionality and agreeableness), structural empowerment, workplace incivility experience, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Results: The hypothetical model showed a good fit with the data: χ²/df=1.88, GFI=.93, CFI=.95, NFI=.91, TLI=.94, SRMR=.03, RMSEA=.05. Structural empowerment had an effect on the experience of workplace incivility among nurses, but the influence of personality was not significant. Workplace incivility had significant direct effects on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. The experience of workplace incivility mediates the impact of structural empowerment on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Conclusion: Structural empowerment in nursing unit can reduce nurses' experience of workplace incivility and emotional exhaustion and increase their job satisfaction. At the same time, nurses' experience of workplace incivility can increase their emotional exhaustion and decrease job satisfaction. This suggests that nurse managers should consider enhancing structural empowerment and develop programs or activities to improve it and manage workplace inciviltiy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify changes in knowledge, self-efficacy and anxiety achieved through the provision of video education on chemotherapy with a portable infusion pump to colorectal cancer patients. Methods: This study is a nonequivalent control group and non-synchronized design as a quasi-experimental study. Participants in this study were colorectal cancer patients who received chemotherapy with a portable infusion pump through an ambulatory care unit. For 48 subjects, the education was divided into printed materials and videos, and knowledge, self-efficacy, and anxiety were measured. Data were analyzed using independent t test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results: In the video education group, knowledge (Z=-4.09, p<.001) and self-efficacy (Z=-2.72, p=.012) significantly increased after education, and anxiety significantly decreased after education (Z=2.24, p=.035). However, there was no difference in knowledge (t=0.09, p=.931), self-efficacy (t=1.22, p=.229), and anxiety (t=-1.16, p=.250) between the groups after education. Conclusion: To improve the quality of life of cancer patients, it is necessary to promote self-efficacy and reduce anxiety. The results of this study suggest that more diverse educational methods should be attempted to improve knowledge and self-efficacy and reduce anxiety in colorectal cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to test a hypothetical model of Korean nurses' patient safety management activities using meta-analytic path analysis. Methods: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-analytic path analysis were conducted following the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. Seventy-four studies for the meta-analysis and 92 for the meta-analytic path analysis were included. The R software program (Version 3.6.3) was used for data analysis. Results: Four variables out of 49 relevant variables were selected in the meta-analysis. These four variables showed large effect sizes (ESr = .54) or median effect sizes (ESr = .33~.40) with the highest k (number of studies) in the individual, job, and organizational categories. The hypothetical model for the meta-analytic path analysis was established using these variables and patient safety management activities. Twelve hypothetical paths were set and tested. Finally, the perception of the importance of patient safety management and patient safety competency directly affected patient safety management activities. In addition, self-efficacy, the perception of the importance of patient safety management, patient safety competency, and patient safety culture, indirectly affected patient safety management activities. Conclusion: Self-efficacy, the perception of the importance of patient safety management, patient safety competency, and the organization's patient safety culture should be enhanced to improve nurses' patient safety management activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated the factors affecting depression in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The participants of this descriptive study were 183 nursing students at four nursing colleges. Data were collected from August 27 to September 10, 2021 through an online questionnaire comprising 101 questions, and analyzed using SPSS/Win 25.0 program by frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, pearson's correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The results revealed that the average score for depression in the participants was 9.19±9.23 out of 63 points. The factors affecting depression in the participants during the COVID-19 pandemic were satisfaction with major (moderate) (β=-.38, p=.009), satisfaction with major (satisfied) (β=-.35, p=.018), job-seeking anxiety (β=.33, p<.001), health status (good) (β=-.28, p=.016), and self-efficacy (β=-.26, p=.001), and the explanatory power of these variables for depression in the participants was 43.0%. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that for early prevention and management of depression in nursing students, to increase their satisfaction with the nursing major, it is necessary to implement learning enhancement programs and adopt strategies to improve their understanding of nursing. It is also necessary to develop and implement various extracurricular programs for reducing job-seeking anxiety and enhancing self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of moral distress, empowerment, and nursing practice environment on nurses’ person-centered care in long-term care hospitals. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using self-report questionnaires. Participants included 128 nurses working in eight long-term care hospitals. Data were collected from July 24 to August 31, 2018 and analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression using the SPSS/WIN 26.0 program. Results: Person-centered care showed significantly negative correlations with moral distress (r=-.18, p=.048) and positive correlations with empowerment (r=.52, p<.001) and nursing practice environment (r=.46, p<.001). Person-centered care was significantly affected by empowerment (β=.42, p<.001) and nursing practice environment (β=.26, p=.002), and the explanatory power of these variables was 34% (F=22.29, p<.001). Conclusion: Research results suggest it is necessary to develop a program to improve the empowerment of nurses for person-centered care and nursing practice environment in long-term care hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study developed an integrated health management program for metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients and examined its effects on self-efficacy, healthy lifestyle, physiological indicators, knowledge of metabolic syndrome, attitudes toward healthy behavior, and social support. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest posttest design was used. The participants were 65 psychiatric patients with metabolic syndrome in psychiatric rehabilitation centers, with 33 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. The experimental group participants engaged in daily mobile application and walking exercises three times a week for more than 40 minutes over 8 weeks, while those in the control group were provided education booklets. The outcomes were measured using self-report questionnaires, anthropometrics, and blood analyses. Intervention effects were analyzed using the independent t-test, Mann--Whitney U test, ANCOVA, and Ranked ANCOVA. Results: The experimental group showed a significant increase in self-efficacy (F = 8.85, p = .004, ηp² = .13) and knowledge of metabolic syndrome (t = 2.60, p = .012, d = 0.60) compared to the control group. Additionally, the experimental group demonstrated a significant decrease in waist circumference (Z = - 2.34, p = .009, d = 0.58) and body mass index (Z = - 1.91, p = .028, d = 0.47) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The integrated health management program for psychiatric patients with metabolic syndrome is effective in improving self-efficacy and knowledge of metabolic syndrome and decreasing physiological indicators such as waist circumference and body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate factors affecting the job embeddedness of clinical nurses. Methods: Participants were 204 nurses working in four general hospitals. Data were collected from September 3 to October 8, 2020 and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. Results: The mean scores for positive psychological capital, organizational justice, and job embeddedness were 3.31±0.38, 3.16±0.46, and 3.17±0.38, respectively. The job embeddedness of the participants had a positive correlation with optimism (r=.57, p<.001), hope (r=.56, p<.001), self-efficacy (r=.44, p<.001), and resilience (r=.38, p<.001) in the sub-factors of positive psychological capital. It also had a positive correlation with procedural (r=.58, p<.001), distributive (r=.52, p<.001), and interactional (r=.35, p<.001) justice in the sub-factors of organizational justice. The factors affecting nurses' job embeddness were procedural justice, optimism, position, distributive justice, and hope. In addition, the explanatory power of the model was 60% (F=39.11, p<.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that to improve the job embeddedness, positive psychology-based coaching and counseling programs suitable for individual clinical nurses, organizational management through transparent procedures and objective and systematic distribution are needed. In addition, a position system suitable for the characteristics of a nursing organization is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting patient satisfaction in an emergency department based on the use of the Korea Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS). Methods: A survey and medical record review were conducted. Participants included 100 patients and 20 nurses from an emergency medical institution located in B city, between June and August 2020. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way analysis of variance, partial correlation, and multiple regression. Results: The mean score of patient satisfaction was 3.99±0.63. The mean waiting time, duration of stay, and occupation rate were 14.29±10.97 min, 104.96 ±67.35 min, and 22.0±7.4%, respectively. From the multiple regression analysis, waiting time (β=-.36, p<.001), nurse's self-efficacy (β=.19, p=.013), and professional competence (β=.36, p<.001) explained 57.9% of the patients' satisfaction with their use of the emergency medical institution (F=34.50, p<.001). Conclusion: Patient satisfaction after experiencing the KTAS was influenced by waiting time, nurses' self-efficacy, and professional competence. Therefore, institutions need to define an appropriate waiting time that does not reduce patient satisfaction, and introduce an internal marketing strategy to increase nurses' professional competence and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between triage competency, nursing task performance, and self-efficacy among nurses working at local emergency departments, and to identify factors that affect triage competency. Methods: Participants in this descriptive study were 111 nurses working at 20 local emergency departments. Data were collected from August 1 to August 31, 2019, and then analyzed in terms of Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression by using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Results: Triage competency was positively correlated with nursing task performance, and self-efficacy was positively correlated with nursing task performance. There were significant predictors of nursing task performance (β=41, p<.001) and self-efficacy (β=35, p<.001), thus explaining the 60.4% variance in triage competency. Conclusion: Nursing task performance was identified as the most significant factor affecting the triage competency of nurses working in emergency departments. Going forward, it is recommended to conduct a follow-up study to confirm the impact of developing a program for increasing triage competency by expanding subjects and scope in terms of regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]