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PURPOSE Rapid urbanization has witnessed a dramatic decrease in physical activity. The purpose of this research was to explore the vulnerable inactivity group influenced by urbanization in China. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey were utilized. A total of 7,319 households, including 20,914 individuals within 12 provinces, were pooled. Seven types of physical activity were included in statistical testing. Commu-nity-level urbanization was measured on an urbanicity scale consisting of 12 dimensions. Cross-level logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the direct and interactive effects of individual socioeconomic statuses and community-level urbanization on a leisure time physical activity (LTPA). After removing incomplete responses, 8,617 samples were selected for the statistical analyses. RESULTS Community-level urbanization was positively related to participation probability in the LTPA. With an increase of one standard deviation (SD) in the level of urbanization, the odds of participating in the LTPA increased by approximately six times in the most urbanized areas compared with the least urbanized areas. The effect of employment status on the probability of participation in the LTPA differed across the levels of urbanization in each community. For white-collar workers who resided in the most urbanized communities, the odds of participating in the LTPA decreased by approximately 46% compared to their peers in the least urbanized communities. CONCLUSIONS Community-level urbanization should be addressed when developing interventions and health policies to promote physical activity during leisure time, especially for individuals who are white-collar workers living in urbanized communities.

Recent clinical research strongly approves that low-protein diet supplemented with keto-amino acid can effectively delay progression of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN). Anti-inflammation is one of these effects, but the mechanism is still controversial. This study is designed to further explore roles of ketogenic diets in regulation of inflammation status of type 2 DN. Twenty-one patients with type 2 DN (mean age at 65.14±7.34 years), were followed-up for 52 weeks in this study. All patients were in CKD stages 3–4 with glomerular filtration rates 26–55 ml/min/1.73 m2 and were all on a low-protein diet containing 0.8 g protein/kg BW per day and 30–35 Kcal /kg BW per day. The diet was randomly supplemented with keto-amino acids at a dosage of 100 mg/kg BW per day in 10 patients, who were assigned into Group II. Other 11 patients were assigned into Group I. At the end of this study, related clinical data showed there was a significant increase in the serum level of TNF-α which could mediate inflammation systemically in Group I (from 230.25±54.34 to 332.11 pg/ml, P < 0.01), but non-significant increase in Group II (from 224.59±41.24 to 253.41±31.28 pg/ml, P>0.05). The level of CRP, which is produced in response to inflammation, rose greatly in Group I (from 7.5±1.07 to 20.4±3.72 ug/ml, P < 0.01), but decreased in Group II (from 8.2±3.07 to 3.9±1.22 ug/ml, P < 0.01). The level of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory factor, was decreased in Group I (from 9.42±0.8 to 7.64±1.4 μg/ml, P< 0.05), but showed slight increase in Group II (9.04±0.9 versus 10.47±1.2= μg/ml, P>0.05). Nutritional markers including serum albumin, hemoglobin and basal metabolic index showed no malnutrition happened during the follow-up period. In conclusion, low-protein diet supplemented with keto-amino acids contribute to ameliorate inflammation in the progression of type 2 diabetic nephropathy through regulating inflammatory factors production, including TNF-α, CRP and adiponectin.

Appearance and progressive development of malnutrition significantly influence the efficacy and treatment outcome in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) therapy. The aim of the present investigation was estimation of incidence and risk factors of the malnutrition development in CRF patients treated with CAPD. Nutritional status was studied in 244 PD patients (97 women, 146 men; age 59.58±16.55 years) being under CAPD during 1-104 (median 30) months. Anthropometric (body mass index, dermato-fatty fold over 3-headed muscle, Subjective Global Assessment SGA, normalized protein catabolic rate nPCR) and biochemical indices (hemoglobin Hb, serum albumin SALB, serum pre-albumin Spre-ALB, serum cholesterol SChol) were used for nutritional status estimation. The overall mean body mass index was 28.18±47.11. The mean level of hemoglobin was 101.30±23.81 g/L, Scr was 857.28±336.17 umol/L, KT/V was 2.25±0.73. The overall mean SALB was 30.67±5.58 g/L, 74.2% patients on low SALB (SALB