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Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom to the primary cultured preadipocyte, adipocytes, and localized fat tissue. Methods : Decreased preadipocyte proliferation and decreased lipogenesis are mechanisms to reduce obesity. So, preadipocytes and adipocytes were performed on cell cultures using Sprague-Dawley Rats and treated with 0.01-1mg/㎖ Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom. And porcine skin including fat tissue after treated Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom according to the dosage dependent variation are investigated the histologic changes after injection of these Pharmacopuncture. Result : Following results were obtained from the preadipocyte proliferation and lipolysis of adipocyte and histologic investigation of fat tissue. 1. Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom showed the effect of decreased preadipocyte proliferation depend on concentration. 2. Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom showed the effect of decreased the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH) significantly. 3. Bee Venom was not showed the effect of lipolysis, but Sweet Bee Venom was increased in low dosage and decreased in high dosage. 4. Investigated the histologic changes in porcine fat tissue after treated Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom, we knew that these Pharmacopuncture was activated nonspecific lysis of cell membranes depend on concentration. Conclusion : These results suggest that Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom efficiently induces decreased proliferation of preadipocyte and lipolysis in adipose tissue

Capitalocentrism refers to the discursive hegemony of capitalism or capitalism's hegemony in discourse. Capitalism occupies a special and privileged position in its social representation. While the social totality and the subject in it have been reevaluated in a postmodern vein as plural, multivocal, decentered, ruptural, partial, and in constant flux, capitalism has been successful in avoiding this line of reconceptualization. Capitalism's hegemony in discourse is best epitomized in its ability to present capitalism as the monolithic unity, singularity, and totality. Capitalism's tenacious grip on capitalocentric representations continues and the construction of alternative visions remains distant. It is no surprise then that capitalocentrism goes hand in hand with the discursive hegemony of U. S. capitalism. In opposition to capitalocentrism's essentialism, overdeterminism posits that aspects of society influence one another in their own shaping. Hence it is not possible to reduce society or history to the determinant effect of one aspect or a few of them. In this logic of overdeterminism, there is no room for simple bifurcations between such as cause and effect, essence and phenomenon, base and superstructure, surface and depth, male and female, center and periphery, and so on. It follows from this that overdeterminism rejects the rigid dichotomy between capitalism and non-capitalism. Overdeterminism, coupled with its notion of decentered class, tries to lay bare or denude capitalocentrism's essentialism, thus bringing into question the ways in which capitalism in general and U. S. capitalism in particular portray themselves as unified, total, invincible, and natural. Overdeterminism attempts to deconstruct this hegemonic discursive construction as partial, fragile, and vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infliximab is a chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a used in the treatment of steroid refractory or dependent Crohn's disease (CD). Patients with active CD are more likely to experience stillbirth, preterm labor, or small for gestational aged babies. The safety of administering infliximab in pregnant patients is not well documented. A 25-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with small bowel CD three years ago, was admitted to our hospital due to the aggravation of abdominal pain. She had been treated with mesalazine, azathioprine and intermittent steroid for three years. After admission, she did not respond to steroid therapy, we decided to try infliximab. After the administration of infliximab, epigastric pain was relived and Crohn's disease activity index score decreased significantly. However after the fourth infusion of infliximab, the patient became aware that she was ten gestational weeks old pregnancy state After then, infliximab was stopped and maintained by mesalazine. The patient gave birth to a healthy baby via normal vaginal delivery without the recurrence of CD. This case suggests that infliximab administration is safe during the early period of pregnancy. Thus, we report this case with a review of literature.

Purpose: This study was designed to examine the effects of abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage on menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea., Method: Eighty-five women (of 110 screened) enrolled in this study and were employed full-time with more than 6.0 points (in 0-10.0 VAS scale) in menstrual cramps or more than 20 points on the dysmenorrhea scale (range 13-52). The forty-two participants in the experimental group received abdominal meridian massage for 5 minutes per day during 6 days from the fifth day before menstruation to the first day of menstruation and the forty-three participants in the control group didn't receive any treatment. Data were collected from June 1st to August 30th, 2003 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, and t-test., Result: Menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea of the experimental group were significantly lower after abdominal meridian massage than those of the control group (p<.001)., Conclusion: Abdominal meridian(Kyongrak) massage was very effective for relief of menstrual cramps and dysmenorrhea. Therefore, we suggest that abdominal Kyongrak massage can be a useful nursing intervention for women with menstrual cramps or dysmenorrhea.

Background/aims: The diagnosis of clonorchiasis is based on demonstrating eggs in stool or bile. It is believed that bile examination is the most precise method for detecting eggs. We evaluated diagnostic usefulness of intradermal test (IDT) by comparing it with the result of bile examination., Methods: For 88 patients with pancreatobiliary diseases, we examined Clonorchis sinensis eggs in bile and performed IDT for clonorchiasis. The bile was obtained from endoscopic nasobiliary or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tubes., Results: We calculated ROC curve to decide the cut-off value of IDT in determining diagnostic accuracy on the basis of bile examination. We chose a value of 40 mm2, which significantly improved the sensitivity, without reducing the specificity. With a cut-off value of 40 mm2, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of IDT were 81.5%, 67.2%, 52.4%, and 89.1%, respectively. The value of IDT was not affected by age and showed no difference between benign and malignant diseases. However, in egg-positive patients, the mean value was lower in malignant diseases than in benign diseases., Conclusions: In patients with pancreatobiliary diseases, IDT with a cut-off value of 40 mm2 seems to be a valuable supplementary diagnostic test for clonorchiasis in view of its high sensitivity.